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membrane processes
Overview
Background
Project outline
Results
Nanoparticles development
UF challenge tests
Membrane validation
What is membrane validation?
Process of demonstrating that the system can produce water of the required
microbial quality under defined operating conditions and the system can be
monitored in real time assure the water quality objectives are continuously
met.
1MFGM,
USEPA, 2005
2Department
1Water
Hep A
Norwalk
Rotavirus
Poliovirus
of Applied Microbiology , 2007, 103(5): 1632-1638, 2Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 326(1): 111-116
3Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 42,891-933.
Non-microbial alternative
MS2 Phage
Non-microbial substitute
Citrate stabilized
silver (zerovalent)
nanoparticle
Diameter 24 nm
Icosahedral
Isoelectricpoint (pI) - 3.5-3.9, net
negative change above pH 3.9
Virus sized
Spherically shaped
Negatively charged at pH 7
Stable during filtration
Synthesis of nanoparticles
Silver nitrate solution
Boil
1% sodium
citrate solution
423 nm
Characterisation of Nanoparticles
concentration, size, charge & stability
Concentration of the finished
nanoparticles Inductively
coupled plasma Optical
emission spectroscopy
Size - as average
hydrodynamic size & charge by
a dynamic light scattering,
Brookhaven 90 Plus particle
sizer
Characterisation of Nanoparticles
Transmission electron microscopy
Challenge testing
Membrane - PVDF, UF membranes, average pore size - 0.04 m
Effective membrane area - 0.025 m2
Flux - 30 or 50 L m-2 h-1
Feed solution Clean water with 5, 10 & 20 mg L-1 of silver
nanoparticles
Parameters measured and/or compared Clean water flux, TMP
Change in TMP as a function of time, due t fouling of nanoparticles
Chemical damage
o Exposure to hypochlorite solutions (Ct) of 2,500, 5,000, 10,000,
15,000 and 20,000 mg L-1.h
o Equivalent to a total exposure of 3.5, 6.9, 13.9, 20.8 and 27.8
months at 1mg/L concentration over multiple uses
Flux,
(L m2 h-1)
Nanoparticle
concentration,
(mg L-1 of Ag)
LRV
30
30
30
50
50
50
5
10
20
5
10
20
2.340.09
2.610.10
2.940.09
2.310.10
2.610.10
2.830.10
-0.3
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.3
LRV ranging from 2.3 to 2.9 was demonstrated without any impact on the
operating flux
Slightly high LRV could be established with high nanoparticle concentration
Analysis, lead
time
Generation
Plant
Preparation
Safety/hazards
Minimal PPE
Background
interference
Measurement
limitations
No known limitations
Indicator
rigidity
4 Key Conclusions
Demonstrated the suitability of new
citrate stabilised silver nanoparticles as
virus surrogates in terms of shape, size,
rigidity, charge and ease of detection
Demonstrated close to 3 LRV of virus
removal for intact UF membranes
Demonstrated the sensitivity of the
system to differentiate intact membrane
fibres from those with a low number of
physical breaches or chemical
degradation
Demonstrated the potential for the
validation of UF membranes in recycled
water applications
Project is complete..however..
Would like to work
with a water utility to use these particles in
the field
on the recovery of silver nanoparticles
Acknowledgements