%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 

$ESIGN AND #ONTROL OF 'AIN &LATTENED %RBIUM $OPED

&IBER !MPLI`ER FOR 7$- !PPLICATIONS
(YANG +YUN +IM 3EO 9EON 0ARK $ONG (O ,EE AND #HANG 3OO 0ARK

#/.4%.43

!"342!#4

)

).42/$5#4)/.

))

$%3)'. /& 4(% '!). &,!44%.%$

%$&!

! SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD TO DESIGN

GAIN aATTENED ERBIUM DOPED `BER AMPLI`ER IS
PROPOSED AND DEMONSTRATED BASED ON THE TWO
LINEAR RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OUTPUT POWER AND
THE PUMP POWER AND BETWEEN THE GAIN AND
THE LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AT THE
GAIN aATTENED STATE 4HE SPECTRAL GAIN VARIA
TION OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AMPLI`ER CON
STRUCTED BY THIS METHOD WAS LESS THAN  D"
OVER  NM i NM WAVELENGTH
REGION 4HE GAIN aATNESS IS ALSO CONTROLLED
WITHIN  D" OVER THE INPUT POWER RANGE
OF p i p D"MCH THROUGH THE FEED
BACK CONTROL UTILIZING THE AMPLI`ED SPONTA
NEOUS EMISSION POWER IN THE  NM REGION

))) #/.42/, /& 4(% '!).

&,!44%.%$ %$&!
)6 #/.#,53)/.
!#+./7,%$'-%.4
2%&%2%.#%3

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 

) ).42/$5#4)/.
7AVELENGTH
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXED
7$- LIGHTWAVE TRANSMISSION O_ERS THE
POTENTIAL OF UPGRADING TRANSPORT NETWORK
WITH HIGH CAPACITY LONG DISTANCE TRANSMIS
SION SYSTEMS )N PARTICULAR THE SUCCESSFUL
DEMONSTRATION OF AMPLI`ED 7$- SYSTEMS
IN THE LOW LOSS  }M `BER REQUIRES HIGH
PERFORMANCE OPTICAL AMPLI`ERS TO BE USED
AS POWER BOOSTER REPEATER AND PREAMPLI
`ERS )N THAT RESPECT ERBIUM DOPED `BER
AMPLI`ERS %$&!S HAVE MANY ATTRACTIVE
FEATURES SUCH AS HIGH GAIN LOW NOISE AND
LOW POLARIZATION DEPENDENCY THAT HAVE
PUSHED THEIR INVESTIGATION DEVELOPMENT
AND UTILIZATION TO A LARGE SCALE (OWEVER
%$&!S EXHIBIT THE IRREGULAR EMISSION AND
ABSORPTION SPECTRA WHICH NOT ONLY CHANGE
THE GAIN AND OUTPUT POWER AS A FUNCTION
OF THE OPERATING WAVELENGTH BUT ALSO YIELD
VARIATIONS IN THE OPTICAL SIGNAL TO NOISE
RATIO /3.2 AMONG CHANNELS IN CASE OF
7$- TRANSMISSION -OREOVER FOR A GIVEN
%$&! DESIGN VARIATION OF TOTAL INPUT SIG
NAL POWER CHANGES THE CHANNEL BY CHANNEL
GAIN AND THE /3.2 4HESE %$&!S MAKE
THE 7$- SYSTEM MORE COMPLICATED AND
LESS EbCIENT &OR THE ROBUST OPERATION
OF THE 7$- SYSTEMS %$&!S SHOULD BE
DESIGNED AND CONTROLLED TO A GAIN aATTENED
CONDITION FOR A GIVEN INPUT POWER RANGE
)N THIS PAPER A SIMPLE METHOD TO DE
TERMINE THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER LENGTH AND
THE PUMP POWER OF THE %$&! O_ERING THE
DESIRED aAT GAIN OVER A  NM WAVELENGTH
FROM  NM TO  NM IS DEMONSTRATED



!LSO THE CONTROL OF THE GAIN aATNESS IS PRO

POSED AND DEMONSTRATED BY UTILIZING THE
AMPLI`ED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION !3% IN
THE  NM REGION )N OUR SCHEME THE
!3% POWER IS COUPLED OUT BY A `BER "RAGG
GRATING &"' REaECTOR INSERTED AT THE END
OF THE %$&! )N 3ECTION )) WE DESCRIBED THE
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS OF
THE %$&! FROM THE SIMPLI`ED THEORY SHOW
ING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ERBIUM DOPED
`BER LENGTH AND THE aAT GAIN AND BETWEEN
THE INPUT OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER AND THE RE
QUIRED PUMP POWER 4HE CONTROL OF THE aAT
GAIN FOR THE INPUT POWER VARIATION IS DEMON
STRATED IN 3ECTION ))) &INALLY WE CONCLUDED
IN 3ECTION )6

)) $%3)'. /& 4(%

'!). &,!44%.%$ %$&!
)T IS WELL KNOWN THAT THE GAIN OF THE
%$&! IS REPRESENTED AS ;=
'  %XPF;Gs N p _ p N =,G



OR IN D" SCALE
'  aS ,



WHERE , IS THE LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED

`BER N IS THE UPPER LEVEL POPULATION
WHICH IS NORMALIZED BY THE TOTAL POPULATION
OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AND AVERAGED OVER
THE ENTIRE ERBIUM DOPED `BER _ AND Gs ARE
THE ABSORPTION AND GAIN PER UNIT LENGTH RE
SPECTIVELY AND aS IS THE SIGNAL GAIN COEb
CIENT DE`NED BY ;Gs N p_ p N = 4HE SIG
NAL GAIN COEbCIENT aS DETERMINES THE GAIN

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 

SPECTRUM OF THE %$&! REGARDLESS OF THE

LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER 4HUS THE
GAIN IN D" IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE DOPED `BER
LENGTH FOR A GIVEN GAIN SPECTRUM ;= /N THE
OTHER HAND THE SIGNAL GAIN COEbCIENT aS IS
AGAIN DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF THE PUMP AND
THE SIGNAL POWERS AS FOLLOWS ;= 
00 00TH p 3
aS  Gs
  00 00TH


 
  03 ;0SAT   00 00TH =

WHERE 00 IS THE PUMP POWER 00TH

IS THE THRESHOLD PUMP POWER REPRESENT
ING Hh0 !0 ;_0 j = 03 IS THE OUTPUT SIG
NAL POWER 0SAT IS THE INTRINSIC SATURA
TION POWER REPRESENTING Hh3 !3  F;A h3 
E h3 =j G 3  A h3 E h3 WHERE E h3
AND A h3 ARE THE STIMULATED EMISSION AND
THE ABSORPTION COEbCIENTS OF THE ERBIUM
DOPED `BER RESPECTIVELY H IS 0LANK CON
STANT AND !3  !0 AND j ARE MODE `ELD
AREAS OF SIGNAL PUMP AND THE UPPER LEVEL
LIFE TIME RESPECTIVELY !T THE HIGH PUMP
POWERS  COULD BE SIMPLI`ED AS FOLLOWS
AFTER SOME CALCULATION 
00  #0

a3
03 
Gs p a3



WHERE #0 IS A CONSTANT REPRESENTING

00TH 0SAT  &OR A GIVEN GAIN SPECTRUM IE
SIGNAL GAIN COEbCIENT aS  THE REQUIRED
PUMP POWER IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE OUTPUT
SIGNAL POWER %QUATIONS  AND  GIVE
TWO LINEAR RELATIONS THE GAIN VERSUS THE
LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER LENGTH AND
THE OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER VERSUS THE REQUIRED
PUMP &ROM THESE TWO RELATIONS THE LENGTH

OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AND THE REQUIRED

PUMP POWER GIVING THE BEST aAT GAIN OVER
THE TRANSMISSION CHANNEL COULD BE DETER
MINED FOR A GIVEN INPUT SIGNAL POWER AND
THE GAIN OF THE %$&!

$%  #
 #

  




,$

,$$

,+

! " #

&IG  4HE GAIN AND ABSORPTION SPECTRUM PER UNIT

LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER USED IN THE
EXPERIMENT

&OR OUR SYSTEM THE INPUT SIGNAL OF THE

%$&! IS p D"MCH AND THE REQUIRED
GAIN IS ABOUT  D" 4HE CHANNELS THE DE
SIRED NUMBER OF WHICH IS  ARE DISTRIBUTED
WITH EQUAL SPACING AT THE WAVELENGTH RANGE
FROM  NM TO  NM 4HE ERBIUM
DOPED `BER IS CODIRECTIONALLY PUMPED BY
USING  NM ,$ 4HE MAXIMUM AVAIL
ABLE PUMP POWER IS ABOUT  M7 )N THE
EXPERIMENT WE USED  CHANNELS OF SIGNAL
SOURCES INSTEAD OF  CHANNELS WHERE THE
INPUT OUTPUT POWER PER CHANNEL IS p
D"M D"M  WHICH GIVES THE SAME RESULT
FOR THE  CHANNELS WITH THE INPUT OUTPUT
POWER OF p D"MCH  D"MCH 

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 







 
 



(



+







+



(



+











6#
"
" &'

7

# &8'







&IG  4WO LINEAR RELATIONS OF A GAIN VERSUS THE LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AND B THE REQUIRED PUMP
POWER VERSUS THE OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER OF THE %$&! AT THE BEST GAIN aATTENED CONDITION 4HE SOLID LINE IN A
IS LINEAR `TTING RESULT AND THAT IN B IS THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULT 4HE OPEN TRIANGLE AND THE CLOSED
CIRCLE IN B ARE THE RESULTS FOR THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER LENGTHS OF  M AND  M RESPECTIVELY

4HE ABSORPTION AND THE GAIN PER UNIT

LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER USED IN
CONSTRUCTING THE %$&! ARE SHOWN IN &IG 
4HE ABSORPTION PER UNIT LENGTH FOR THE 
NM PUMP WAVELENGTH IS  D"M &ROM
THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS N AT THE BEST
aAT GAIN IN THE i NM REGION IS
FOUND TO BE ABOUT 
)NITIALLY WE DETERMINE THE ABOVE TWO
LINEAR RELATIONS EXACTLY USING TWO ARBITRARY
LENGTHS OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER WITHOUT
THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONSTANT Gs  #0  OR
EVEN aS AT THE BEST GAIN aATTENED CONDI
TION )N THE EXPERIMENT WE USED  M
AND  M LENGTHS OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER
&IGURE A REPRESENTS THE GAIN VERSUS THE

ERBIUM DOPED `BER LENGTH 4HE SOLID LINE IS

THE LINEAR `TTING RESULT OF THE DATA 4HE SIG
NAL GAIN COEbCIENT aS IS FOUND TO BE ABOUT
 4HIS VALUE IS ALSO CON`RMED FROM THE
CALCULATION WITH N OF  AND USING THE
VALUES OF _ AND Gs WHICH ARE AVERAGED FOR
THE WAVELENGTH REGION FROM  NM TO
 NM RESULTING IN _ OF  AND Gs
OF  IN LINEAR SCALE 4HE CALCULATED aS
IS  WHICH SHOWS GOOD AGREEMENT WITH
THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 4HE PUMP POWER
AND THE RELATED OUTPUT POWER FOR THOSE TWO
LENGTHS OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER IS SHOWN
IN &IG B  &ROM THE BEST `T OF THE EXPER
IMENTAL RESULT THE SLOPE COEbCIENT IS FOUND
TO BE  5SING THE VALUES OF aS AND Gs

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 



"9:;-



"9:;-







./0

-$

-$

,$$

,$$

8#
"&'

,$+$



-$

-$

,$$

,$$

8#
"&'

,$+$



&IG  A /UTPUT SPECTRUM OF THE %$&! CONSTRUCTED BY THE PARAMETERS OBTAINED FROM THE RELATIONS IN &IG 
4HE INPUT SIGNAL IS MULTIPLEXED FOUR CHANNELS WITH INPUT POWER OF p D"MCH B REPRESENTS THE SIMULATION
RESULT USING THE  CHANNELS OF INPUT SIGNAL WITH THE POWER OF p D"MCH

IN LINEAR SCALE #0 IS FOUND TO BE ABOUT

 4HE SOLID LINE IS THE NUMERICAL SIMU
LATION RESULT )N THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
THE VALUES OF THE PARAMETERS !3  !0 AND
j ARE SLIGHTLY ADJUSTED SO THAT RESULTING #0
COINCIDES WITH THE VALUE OBTAINED FROM THE
EXPERIMENT 4HE EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMU
LATION RESULTS SHOW GOOD LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER AND THE
REQUIRED PUMP POWER
&ROM THE RESULTS OF &IG A AND B  WE
DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED
`BER AND THE REQUIRED PUMP POWER AT THE
DESIRED CONDITION IE THE GAIN OF  D" AND
THE OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER OF  D"M  M7 
#ONSIDERING THE INSERTION LOSS OF THE DEVICES
IN THE %$&! SUCH AS ISOLATORS AND PUMP
SIGNAL COMBINING COUPLER WE DETERMINE THE

LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AS  M

WHICH GIVES THE aAT GAIN OF  D" 4HE
REQUIRED PUMP POWER IS ABOUT  M7
&IGURE A SHOWS THE OUTPUT SPECTRUM
OF THE %$&! CONSTRUCTED BY THE ABOVE RE
SULT 4HE GAIN aATNESS OVER THE  NM FROM
 NM TO  NM IS WITHIN  D"
AND THE OBTAINED GAIN IS ABOUT  D" &IG
URE B IS THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULT
USING THE INPUT SIGNAL SOURCE AS MULTIPLEXED
 CHANNELS 4HE SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATION IS
ABOUT  D" WITH THE GAIN OF ABOUT  D"
EXCLUDING THE INSERTION LOSS OF THE ISOLATORS
AND THE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER ;=

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 



6,
7,

66.
6/

(*

8

7-

7.

=:9,:
*
@

;
<6
 &=>:'

7
 
 

!?



"





  


79

696
(*9( 
*
@9*
###
#

&IG  %XPERIMENTAL SETUP OF THE GAIN aATNESS CONTROL AND THE CON`GURATION OF THE %$&! EMPLOYING THE
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF THE GAIN aATNESS

))) #/.42/, /& 4(% '!).

&,!44%.%$ %$&!
!LTHOUGH THE %$&! IS CONSTRUCTED WITH
OPTIMUM PARAMETERS GIVING THE BEST aAT
GAIN CONDITION AT THE `XED INPUT OUTPUT
SIGNAL POWER THE SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATION
COULD BE CHANGED ACCORDING TO THE INPUT
POWER VARIATIONS DUE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS
BROADENING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ERBIUM ION
;= 4HEREFORE IT IS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN
THE GAIN aATNESS REGARDLESS OF THE INPUT SIG
NAL POWER 'AIN aATTENING COULD BE MAIN
TAINED BY CLAMPING THE GAIN OF THE %$&!
TO A GIVEN VALUE BASED ON   /PTICAL
FEEDBACK OR THE BACKWARD !3% POWER MON
ITORING METHODS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AND
DEMONSTRATED TO CONTROL THE GAIN aATNESS
BASED ON THE GAIN CLAMPING ;= ;= )N THIS
PAPER WE UTILIZE THE REJECTED !3% IN THE
 NM REGION TO CONTROL THE GAIN SINCE
THE !3% POWER IN THE GIVEN BANDWIDTH IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE GAIN ;= 4HE !3% IN

THE  NM REGION IS COUPLED OUT BY USING

A `BER "RAGG GRATING TO PREVENT THE SATURA
TION IN CONCATENATED SILICA BASED %$&!S
&IGURE  SHOWS THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
WITH THE ACTIVELY CONTROLLED %$&! CON`GU
RATION 4HE %$&! IS CONSTRUCTED WITH THE
 M LONG ERBIUM DOPED `BER WHICH IS DE
TERMINED AT THE PREVIOUS SECTION !N &"'
IS INSERTED TO REJECT THE !3% COMPONENT IN
THE  NM REGION AFTER THE SECOND ISOLA
TOR )3/  4HE MAXIMUM REaECTION AND
THE  D" BANDWIDTH OF THE &"' ARE 
AND  NM CENTERED AT  NM RESPEC
TIVELY 4HE REaECTED !3% POWER FROM THE
&"' IS MONITORED THROUGH A  `BER DI
RECTIONAL COUPLER 4HE LAST ISOLATOR )3/
IS USED TO REMOVE THE POSSIBLE REaECTION
FROM THE END OF THE CONNECTOR WHICH DIS
TURBS THE !3% POWER DETECTION AT THE PHO
TODETECTOR 4O MEASURE THE GAIN aATNESS
MULTIPLEXED FOUR CHANNELS WITH WAVELENGTHS
IN THE RANGE OF i NM ARE ALSO
USED 4HE INCIDENT POWER INTO THE %$&!
IS CONTROLLED BY USING AN ATTENUATOR

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

(



+

$







$





(

-$

+

-



-$



-

-$

-

-$

   

 

&IGURE  SHOWS THE GAIN AND THE RELATED

SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATION FOR DI_ERENT INPUT
SIGNAL POWERS WITH `XED PUMP POWER 4HE
GAIN WITH BEST GAIN aATNESS IS ABOUT 
D" WHICH IS SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN THE VALUE
OBTAINED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION DUE TO THE
INSERTION LOSS OF THE &"' AND THE )3/
&OR THE INPUT SIGNAL POWER OF p i p
D"MCH THE GAIN AND THE SPECTRAL GAIN
VARIATION CHANGE FROM  D" TO  D" AND
FROM  D" TO p D" RESPECTIVELY 4HE
MONITORED !3% POWER VERSUS THE SPECTRAL
GAIN VARIATION IS REPRESENTED IN &IG  4HE
!3% POWER IS MEASURED WITH THE INPUT SIG
NAL POWER OF p i p D"MCH FOR DIF
FERENT PUMP POWERS 4HE MONITORED !3%
POWER AT THE MINIMUM SPECTRAL GAIN VARIA
TION IS ABOUT p D"M 4HE E_ECT OF THE
AMPLI`ED TRANSMISSION SIGNAL LEAKAGE TO THE
MONITOR PORT IS FOUND TO BE NEGLIGIBLE FOR
THE MEASURED GAIN VARIATION RANGE
"Y USING THE FEEDBACK CONTROL OF THE
PUMP POWER TO MAINTAIN THE MONITORED
!3% POWER AT p D"M THE %$&! PRO
VIDES THE BEST GAIN aATNESS REGARDLESS OF
THE INPUT SIGNAL POWER &IGURE  SHOWS THE
GAIN AND THE SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATIONS VERSUS
THE INPUT SIGNAL POWERS WITH THE FEEDBACK
CONTROL 4HE GAIN VARIATION IS MAINTAINED
WITHIN  D" FOR THE INPUT POWER RANGE
OF p i p D"MCH 4HIS INPUT POWER
RANGE IS LIMITED BY AVAILABLE PUMP POWER
AT THE STRONG INPUT SIGNAL REGION AND CAN
BE EXTENDED WITH A STRONG PUMP 4HE AC
TIVELY CONTROLLED GAIN aATNESS OF THE %$&!
CAN ALSO BE ACHIEVED EVEN IN THE CASE OF THE
CHANNEL ADDDROP

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 

-

-

%  %& % " #

&IG  'AIN AND RELATED SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATION

IN THE  NMi NM WAVELENGTH REGION
VERSUS THE INPUT SIGNAL POWER PER CHANNEL WITH
`XED PUMP POWER

  



'#% %&



12

$

12



$12

$



$













%   !  

&IG  -ONITORED !3% POWER VERSUS THE SPECTRAL

GAIN VARIATION MEASURED BY CHANGING THE INPUT
SIGNAL POWER FROM p TO p D"M FOR VARIOUS
PUMP POWERS

)6 #/.#,53)/.
! SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD TO DE
SIGN THE GAIN aATTENED %$&! HAS BEEN PRO
POSED AND DEMONSTRATED UTILIZING THE TWO

(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 



$

$









#



'



$



$





$

 



2%&%2%.#%3

 
   "&
'

&IG  'AIN AND SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATION FOR DI_ER

ENT INPUT SIGNAL POWER WITH THE FEEDBACK CONTROL
OF THE PUMP POWER USING THE MONITORED !3%
POWER

LINEAR RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OUTPUT POWER

AND THE PUMP POWER AND BETWEEN THE GAIN
AND THE LENGTH OF THE ERBIUM DOPED `BER AT
THE DESIRED GAIN aATTENED CONDITION &OR
THE %$&! CONSTRUCTED BY USING THE PRO
POSED METHOD THE SPECTRAL GAIN VARIATION
WAS LESS THAN  D" OVER THE  NM WAVE
LENGTH REGION WITH TOTAL GAIN OF ABOUT 
D"
7E HAVE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THE CONTROL
OF THE GAIN aATNESS WITHIN  D" OVER THE
INPUT POWER RANGE OF p i p D"MCH
THROUGH THE FEEDBACK CONTROL UTILIZING THE
!3% POWER IN THE  NM REGION

!#+./7,%$'-%.4
4HIS WORK WAS PERFORMED AS A PART OF
(!.")3$. PROJECT 4HE AUTHORS THANK
TO - 3 ,EE AND * ( ,EE FOR THEIR ENCOUR
AGEMENT

;= # 2 'ILES AND $ $I'IOVANNI <3PECTRAL $E

PENDENCE OF 'AIN AND .OISE IN %RBIUM $OPED
&IBER !MPLI`ERS )%%% 0HOTON 4ECHNOL ,ETT
6OL  PP  
;= $ "AYART " #LESCA , (AMON AND * ,
"EYLAT <%XPERIMENTAL )NVESTIGATION OF THE 'AIN
&LATNESS #HARACTERISTICS FOR  }M %RBIUM
$OPED &LUORIDE &IBER !MPLI`ERS )%%% 0HO
TON 4ECHNOL ,ETT 6OL  PP   
;= ( 4OBA + .AKANISHI + /DA + )NOUE AND
4 +OMINATO <!  CHANNEL /PTICAL &$- 3IX
STAGE )N LINE !MPLI`ER 3YSTEM %MPLOYING 4UN
ABLE 'AIN %QUALIZER )%%% 0HOTON 4ECH ,ETT
6OL  PP   
;= 3 9 0ARK ( + +IM # 3 0ARK AND 3 9
3HIN <$OPED &IBER ,ENGTH AND 0UMP 0OWER
OF 'AIN &LATTENED %$&!S %LECTRON ,ETT 6OL
 PP   
;= % , 'OLDSTEIN , %SKILDSEN # ,IN AND 2 %
4ENCH <-ULTIWAVELENGTH 0ROPAGATION IN ,IGHT
WAVE 3YSTEMS WITH 3TRONGLY )NVERTED &IBER !M
PLI`ERS )%%% 0HOTON 4ECH ,ETT 6OL  
PP  
;= $ "AYART " #LESCA , (AMON AND * , "EY
LAT < }M &LUORIDE "ASED %$&! WITH 'AIN
&LATNESS #ONTROL FOR -ULTIWAVELENGTH !PPLICA
TIONS %LECTRON ,ETT 6OL   PP 

;= - &AKE 4* 3IMMONS * -ASSICOTT AND 2
7YATT </PTICALLY 3TABILIZED %$&! FOR )N "AND
7$- 3YSTEMS 0ROC OF /&# 3AN *OSE
#!  PAPER 4U0
;= ( + +IM 3 9 0ARK $ ( ,EE AND #
3 0ARK <'AIN &LATNESS #ONTROL OF THE %$&!
BY 5TILIZING A 2EJECTED !MPLI`ED 3PONTANEOUS
%MISSION IN THE  NM 2EGION 0ROC OF
!#/&4 'OLDCOST !USTRALIA  PP 




(YANG +YUN +IM ET AL

(YANG +YUN +IM RECEIVED

HER "3 DEGREE IN PHYSICS
FROM 9ONSEI 5NIVERSITY IN
 AND -3 AND 0H$ DE
GREES IN PHYSICS FROM +OREA
!DVANCED )NSTITUTE OF 3CI
ENCE AND 4ECHNOLOGY IN 
AND  RESPECTIVELY $URING THE 0H$ COURSES
HER RESEARCH TOPIC WAS POLARIMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE
RARE EARTH DOPED `BER LASERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
)N  SHE JOINED 4RANSMISSION 4ECHNOLOGY $EPART
MENT OF %42) 3HE IS CURRENTLY INTERESTED IN THE
7$- TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

3EO 9EON 0ARK SEE %42) *OURNAL 6OL  .O 

!PR  P 

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  -ARCH 

$ONG (O ,EE RECEIVED HIS

"3 AND -3 DEGREES IN
PHYSICS FROM 3OGANG 5NI
VERSITY IN  AND 
RESPECTIVELY
)N  HE
*OINED ,IGHTWAVE #OMMUNI
CATION 3ECTION OF %42) (IS
CURENT RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE OPTICAL `BER AMPLI
`ERS AND 7$- TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

#HANG 3OO 0ARK RECEIVED HIS

"3 AND -3 DEGREES IN ELEC
TRONICS FROM (ANYANG 5IVER
SITY IN  AND FROM 3EOUL
.ATIONAL 5NIVERSITY IN 
RESPECTIVELY AND HIS 0H$
DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
ING FROM 4EXAS !- 5NIVERSITY IN 4EXAS 53! IN
 )N  HE JOINED 4RANSMISSION 4ECHNOLOGY
$EPARTMENT OF %42) (IS RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK (E IS CUR
RENTLY IN CHARGE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF  'BSr
CHANNEL 7$- TRANSMISSION $R 0ARK IS ALSO SERVING
AS A CHAIRMAN OF &IVER /PTIC #OMMUNICATION 'ROUP
IN THE +OREA )NSTITUTE OF #OMMUNICATION 3CIENCES