Module 8-Abbreviations

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Chapter II - Human Anatomy

Human anatomy or anthropotomy is a special field within anatomy. It studies gross
structures and systems of the human body, leaving the study of tissues to histology and
cells to cytology. The human body, like the bodies of all animals, is made up of systems that
are made up of organs that are made up of tissues that are made up of cells.

Human organ systems:

1. Cardiovascular system: Blood circulations with heart and blood vessels.
2. Digestive system: Processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines.
3. Endocrine system: Communicating within the body using hormones.
4. Immune system: Defending against disease-causing agents.
5. Integumentary system: Skin, hair and nails.
6. Lymphatic system: Structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the
bloodstream.
7. Muscular system: Moving the body
8. Nervous system: Collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and
nerves
9. Reproductive system: The sex organs
10. Respiratory system: The organs used for breathing, the lungs
11. Skeletal system: Structural support and protection through bones
12. Urinary system: The kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and
excretion of urine
External body features:

Fig: External Body Features

Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:
Skin
Head -- Forehead -- Eye -- Ear -- Nose -- Mouth -- Tongue -- Teeth -- Jaw -- Face -- Cheek
-- Chin
Neck -- Throat -- Adam's apple -- Shoulders
Arm -- Elbow -- Wrist -- Hand -- Fingers -- Thumb
Spine -- Chest -- Breast -- Ribcage
Abdomen -- Belly button -- Sex organs (Penis/Scrotum or Clitoris/Vagina) -- Rectum -- Anus
Hip -- Buttocks -- Leg -- Thigh -- Knee -- Calf -- Heel -- Ankle -- Foot -- Toes
Internal organs:
Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order):
Adrenals
Appendix
Bladder
Brain
Duodenum
Eyes
Gall bladder
Heart
Intestines
Kidney
Liver
Lungs
Ovaries
Pancreas
Parathyroids
Pituitary
Prostate
Spleen
Stomach
Thymus
Thyroid
Testicles

Womb
Anatomy of the brain
Amygdala -- Brainstem -- Cerebellum -- Cerebral cortex -- Hypothalamus -- Limbic system
-- medulla-- midbrain -- Pituitary gland -- pons
Studying Human Anatomy
Certain professions, especially medicine and physiotherapy, require the study of human
anatomy in depth. Textbooks usually split the body into the following regional groups:
Head and Neck - includes everything above the thoracic inlet
Upper limb - includes everything from your hand, forearm, arm, shoulder, axilla, pectoral
region and scapular region.
Thorax - contains the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
Abdomen - Everything from the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
The back - about the spine and its components, the intervertebral disks and bodies
Pelvis and Perineum - the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic
diaphragm. The perineum is everything below the pelvic diaphragm.
Lower limb - the lower limb is usually everything below the inguinal ligament, including the
thigh, the hip joint, the leg, and the foot.

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