Ce 2258 Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory Manual

MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TRICHY-SALEM HIGHWAY, NEAR NO.1 TOLLGATE,
THUDAIYUR POST, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI- 621 213
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE 2258 / HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

FOR IV SEMESTER B.E. DEGREE COURSE
[REGULATION 2008]
As per the common syllabus prescribed by

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
2012-2013
PREPARED BY
Mr.P.Dhanabal
AP / CIVIL
Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.
Page 1
CE 2258 / HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

MANUAL
Page 2
INDEX
S.No
DATE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
MARK
SIGNATURE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Completed date:
Average Mark:
Staff - in charge
Page 3
CE 2258 / HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LAB
1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter.
2. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter.
3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rota meter.
4. Determination of friction factor of given set of pipes.
5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of centrifugal pump.
6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of reciprocating

pump.
7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Gear pump.
8. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Pelton wheel.
9. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine.
10. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Kaplan turbine.
Page 4
DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF

DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICE METER
Exp No : 1
Date
:
AIM:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Orifice meter
Piping system.
Measuring tank.
Sump tank.
Differential Manometer.
Supply pump set.
PROCEDURE:
While taking reading, close all the Ball valves in the pressure feed pipes except
the two (downstream and upstream) Ball valves which directly connect the
manometer to the required flow meter for which the differential head is to be
measured.
Make sure while taking reading that the manometer is properly primed.
Priming is the operation of filling the upper part of the manometer and the
connecting pipes with water and venting air from the pipes.
First open the inlet gate valve of the apparatus.
Adjust the control valves kept at the exit end of the apparatus to a desired flow
rate and maintain the flow steadily.
Note the time required for 100mm rise in measuring tank and manometer
reading. Take reading for different flow rates.
FORMULAE:
ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Page 5
Ah 3
m /sec
t
A = Area of the measuring tank in m2
Actual rate of flow Qa =

Where
h = Difference in levels of water in m x (13.6 - 1)

t = Time in seconds
THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:
The Theoretical discharge through an orifice meter is given by the following formula.
Qt = k
h m3/sec
The above equation is simplified from the formula.

a1.a2 . 2gh
Qt = ------------------
a1
a2
Where
k =
a2 2g
1 m2
a2 = Area of Orifice in m2
m = Area ratio = a2/a1
h = Differential head of manometer in meters
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
a1 = Inlet Area of orifice meter in m2
CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE:
Co- efficient of discharge = Q a / Q t (no units)
This orifice meter is designed for the following area and diameter ratios.
The flow constants are given below for the Orifice meter.
Orifice meter
Size (mm)
25
Orifice dia (mm)
Flow constant (k)
16.77
1.095 x 10-3
Page 6
RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter is
TABULAR COLUMN:
Manometer
Head h
Time
for
100
m
rise t
Actual
discharge
Qa
Theoretical
Discharge
Qt
hm
m of water
sec
m3/sec
m3/sec
Manometer
Reading
(mm of hg)
Sl
No
h1
h2
Co-efficient of
discharge
cd
1.
520 150
370
4.662
6.03
1.493x10-3
2.364 x10-3
0.63
2.
490 180
310
3.906
6.41
1.404 x10-3
2.164 x10-3
0.65
3.
460 210
250
3.15
7.00
1.286 x10-3
1.943 x10-3
0.66
430 240
190
2.394
8.13
1.107 x10-3
1.694 x10-3
0.65
5.
400 270
130
1.638
9.75
0.923 x10-3
1.401 x10-3
0.66
370 300
70
0.882
13.5
0.667 x10-3
6.
1.0283 x103
0.65
ORIFICEMETER TEST RIG DETAILS

Size of orifice meter inlet d1
= 25mm
Orifice meter diameter
d2
= 16.77mm
Area ratio a2/a1
= 0.45
Measuring area in collecting tank A = 0.3 x 0.3m2
Page 7
K Value
a 2 2g
1 m2
= 1.095 x 10-3
DETERMINATION OF THE CO EFFICIENT OF

DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER
Exp No : 2
Date
:
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge for liquid flowing through venturimeter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Venturimeter
Piping system
Measuring tank
Sump tank
Differential Manometer
Supply pump set
PROCEDURE:
While taking reading, close all the Ball valves in the pressure feed pipes except
the two (downstream and upstream) Ball valves which directly connect the
manometer to the required flow meter for which the differential head is to be
measured.
Make sure while taking reading that the manometer is properly primed.
Priming is the operation of filling the upper part of the manometer and the
connecting pipes with water and venting air from the pipes.
First open the inlet gate valve of the apparatus.
Adjust the control valves kept at the exit end of the apparatus to a desired flow
rate and maintain the flow steadily.
Page 8
Note the time required for 100mm rise in measuring tank and manometer
reading.
Take reading for different flow rates
FORMULA:
ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Ah 3
m /sec
t
h = Difference in levels of water in m x (13.6 - 1)
t = Time in seconds
Actual rate of flow Qa =

Where
THEORITICAL DISCHARGE:
The Theoretical discharge through an orifice meter is given by the following formula.
Qt= k h m3/sec
The above equation is simplified from the formula.
a1.a2. 2gh
Qt= ------------------
a1
a2
Where
k=
a2 2g
1 m2
a2= Area of Orifice in m2
m = Area ratio = a2/a1
h = Differential head of manometer in meters
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
a1= Inlet Area of Venturimeter in m2
CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE:
Co- efficient of discharge = Q a / Q t (no units)
The venturimeter is designed for the following area and diameter ratios.
Page 9
The flow constants are given below for the venturimeter.

Venturimeter
Size (mm)
25
Throat dia (mm)
Flow constant (k)
14.79
8.12 x 10-4
RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through Venturimeter is
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl
No
Manometer
Reading (mm
of hg)
h1
h2
hm
Manometer
Head h
Time
for
100m
rise t
Actual
discharge
Qa
Theoretical
Discharge
Qt
m of water
sec
m2/sec
m2/sec
Co-efficient of
discharge cd
1.
550 155 395
4.977
5.91
1.523x10-3
1.812 x10-3
0.84
2.
520 185 335
4.221
6.10
1.475 x10-3
1.668 x10-3
0.88
3.
485 220 265
3.339
6.78
1.327 x10-3
1.484 x10-3
0.89
455 250 205
2.583
7.59
1.186 x10-4
1.305 x10-3
0.91
5.
420 285 135
1.701
9.16
0.983 x10-4
1.059 x10-3
0.93
6.
380 315
0.819
13.09
0.688 x10-3
0.735 x10-3
0.94
Average
0.9
62
Page 10
VENTURIMETER TEST RIG DETAILS

Size of Venturimeter
Throat diameter
Area ratio
d1
= 25mm
d2
= 14.79mm
a2/a1 = 0.35
Measuring area in collecting tank A = (0.3 x 0.3) m2

K Value
a2 2g
1 m2
= 8.12 x 10-4
CALCULATION OF THE RATE OF FLOW USING ROTAMETER

Exp No : 3
Date
:
AIM:
To determine the percentage error in Rotameter with the actual flow rate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Rotameter (0 10 LPM range)
2. Single phase monoblock pumpset (0.5 HP, 1440 RPM)
3. Reservoir tank arrangement.
4. Measuring tank arrangement.
5. Piping System
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe

Page 11
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotameter, for example say 50 liters per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotameter readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotameter reading Vs percentage error of the Rotameter
FORMULAE:
ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Actual rate of flow Qact =
Where
Ah 3
m /sec
t

h = Difference in levels of water in m x (10- 2)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank in
Seconds
CONVERSION:
Actual flow rate (lit / min), Qact = Qact x 1000 x 60 lit /min
Percentage error of Rotameter =
Rotameter reading ~ Actual

Rotameter reading
x 100 %
= (R ~ Qact )/ R x 100
Page 12
Graph :
Rotameter reading Vs percentage error
RESULT:
The percentage error of the Rotameter was found to be.. %
ROTAMETER APPARATUS
Internal area of measuring tank = 0.3 x 0.2 m2
Rotameter
reading
(Theoretical
discharge)
LPM
Time
taken For
50mm
Rise sec
Actual
discharge(m3/sec)
Co-efficient
of discharge
Cd
1.
101.5
1.77
0.89
2.
44.0
4.09
1.02
3.
29.0
6.20
1.03
Sl No.
Percentage
Error of
Rotameter
(%)
Page 13
4.
23.0
7.83
0.97
5.
20.7
8.70
0.96
DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF

GIVEN SET OF PIPES
Exp No: 4
Date:
AIM:
To find the friction f for the given pipe.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
Differential u-tube manometer
Collecting tank with piezometer
Stopwatch
Scale
Page 14
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the
collecting tank and the length of the pipe line is measured
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h 1
and h2 are noted
4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow rate and
then the corresponding readings are noted.
FORMULAE
1. FRICTION FACTOR (f ):
f = 2 x g x d x h f / l x v2
(no unit)
Where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity
(m / sec2)
d = Diameter of the pipe
(m)
l = Length of the pipe
(m)
v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe
h f = Loss of head due to friction
(m / s)
(m)
= h1 ~ h2
Where
h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs
h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs.
2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q=Axh/t
(m3 / sec)
Where
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
Page 15
h = Rise of water for 5 cm
(m)
t = Time taken for 5 cm rise
(sec)
3. VELOCITY:
V=Q/a
(m / sec)
Where
Q = Actual discharge
A = Area of the pipe
(m3/ sec)
(m2)
RESULT :
1. The frictional factor f for given pipe = ..
2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method = .....
Page 16
TABULATION:
Sl
Pipe dia
No.
d
Manometer Reading
h1
m
1.
2.
3.
0.025
0.02
0.015
h2
Loss of
head
hm
mm of hg
Time for
100mm rise
Discharge
Velocity
hf
V=Q/a
Sec
m3/sec
m/s
V2
Frictional
factor
f
m2/s2
545
465
80
1.008
15
1.667x10-3
3.4
11.57
0.0014
540
475
65
0.819
17.2
1.453 x10-3
2.96
8.79
0.0153
530
480
50
0.63
19.6
1.27 x10-3
2.591
6.71
0.0154
525
490
35
0.441
23.2
1.077 x10-3
2.197
4.82
0.0015
515
495
20
0.252
30.5
8.19 x10-4
1.671
2.8
0.0025
600
415
185
2.331
17.1
1.46 x10-4
4.65
21.62
0.0141
580
435
145
1.827
19.
1.31 x10-4
4.172
17.4
0.0137
557
452
105
1.323
22.5
1.11 x10-4
3.53
12.47
0.01387
537
472
65
0.819
30
8.33 x10-4
2.652
7.03
0.0152
515
490
25
0.315
49.5
5.05 x10-4
1.608
2.58
0.0159
725
290
435
5.481
24.5
1.02 x10-4
5.77
33.32
0.0161
675
335
340
4.284
28.5
8.77 x10-4
4.966
24.66
0.017
630
380
250
3.15
32.5
7.69 x10-4
4.354
18.96
0.0163
585
425
160
2.016
40
6.25 x10-4
3.539
12.52
0.0157
540
470
70
0.882
65
3.85 x10-4
2.18
4.75
0.0182
Page 17
PIPE FRICTION APPARATUS DETAILS:

Type & Brand
Length between Pressure tappings
Measuring area
Pump set used
: G.I. Pipe, GEM Brand

: 3 metres
: 0.5 x 0.3m2
: CRI
Page 18
CHARACTERISTICS TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Exp No: 5
Date:
AIM :
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine
the characteristic with maximum efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Centrifugal pump setup
Meter scale
Stop watch
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the pump and run it in a particular head on it.
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water
level in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy
meter disc
FORMULAE
Head (H) = (P x 10) + Vm x (13.6-1) +Z

1000
Z = datum head = 0.7m
P = P 2 P1
Vm = Vacuum gauge reading
Q = A x h m3 /sec
t
Page 19
Input = 3600 x n x 0.8

Nxt
Efficiency of the motor = 0.8

Output = QH
Where = Density of water = 9.81 kN/ m3
Efficiency = Output x 100
Input
GRAPHS:
1.
2.
3.
Head Vs Discharge
Head Vs Discharge
Head Vs Power
RESULT:
Page 20
Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied and the
maximum efficiency was found to be _____________
Page 21
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

TABULATION:
Sl.
No.
Pressure gauge reading
1st stage
P1
kg/cm2
2nd stage
P2
kg/cm2
Vacuum
Gauge
Reading
Head
Time for 2
rev of EM
Time for
100mm
rise
Discharge
Input
Output
Efficiency
te
tm
IP
OP
Vm
Sec
Sec
m2/sec
kW
kW
1.
0.4
660
13.676
75.6
7.5
3.3333x10-3
1.2698
0.4472
35.2
2.
0.8
640
17.404
67.2
7.8
3.2051 x10-
1.4286
0.5472
38.3
1.536
0.6209
40.4
1.6410
0.6102
37.2
1.3793
0.4639
33.6
1.2308
0.1906
15.4
3.
0.2
1.2
630
21.268
62.5
2.9762 x10-
8.4
4.
0.5
1.6
510
23.636
58.5
2.6316 x10-
9.5
5.
0.85
2.0
300
24.78
69.6
13.1
1.9084 x103
6.
1.15
2.4
110
26.196
78
33.7
7.4184 x103
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG DETAILS:

Brand & model
: DUI, 2 Stage
Power
: 5 HP, Three phase
Measuring Area: 0.3 x 0.3 m2

Energymeter constant
: Ref/kW-hr
Page 22
Electric Motor
: SUGUNA, B Class
Datum Head Z = 0.7m
Page 23
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
EX.No:6
Date:
AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and determine
the characteristic with maximum efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Reciprocating Pump
An electric motor to drive the pump.
Belt and pulley arrangement.
Measuring tank.
Panel board arrangement.
Piping system.
Sump Tank.
PROCEDURE:
1. Pour in lubricating oil SAE 20/40 in the crank of the reciprocating pump to the
required level (250 cc).
2. Prime the pump and start the motor. Before starting open the delivery valve and
close the gauge as a safety measure.
3. The total head is measured with the help of the pressure and vacuum gauges.
The total head is the sum of the pressure gauge reading, vacuum gauges
reading and the height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge.
4. Discharge is the amount of liquid delivered by the pump over a definite period of
time. It is usually expressed in m3/sec. The actual discharge is determined with
the help of the measuring tank. The time taken for h metre of rise in water is
noted. The amount of water discharge is calculated using the formula.
Flow rate = quantity of water collected in measuring tank in unit time.
5. The A.C. motors power input is measured with the help of the energy meter
connected in the line. The time taken for n revolutions for energy meter disc is
noted. The power input is calculated using formula.
6. The output power is determined using the discharge and head of water.
7. Then the efficiency is calculated as
Output
Page 24
Efficiency = ---------------- x 100%

Input
The experiment is repeated for different discharge of pump.
FORMULAE:
1. Pressure gauge reading (P) in metre of water
= P in kg/cm2 x 10
2. Vacuum gauge reading (V) in metre of water
= V in mm of hg x (13.6-1)
1000
3. Datum head (Z) in metre
= difference in height of pressure & vacuum gauge points
= 0.6 metre
4. Total head (H) in metre
= P in metres of water + V in metres of water + Z in metre
=P+V+Z
5. Discharge (Q) in m3/sec
Area of measuring tank in m2 x Rise of water level (h) in metres
= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Time for h metre rise of level in seconds
Ah
= ---------t
6. Output in kW = specific weight of water in KN/m3 (9.81) x Discharge in m3/sec x
Total head in Metres = QH
7. Piston stroke Length in the mm = 45 mm
8. Piston Diameter in mm = 40 mm.
9. Input in kW
n revolutions of energy meter disc x 3600 x Efficiency of motor (0.8)
= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Energy meter constant in Rev/kW-hr x Time for n revolutions
Output
10. Efficiency of Pump = -------------------- x 100%
Input
GRAPHS:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
Page 25
RESULT: The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the
efficiency is calculated %
Sl.
No
Pressure
gauge
reading
Vacuum
Gauge
Reading
P
kg/cm2
Total
head
Time
for
100m
m rise
H
T
metres Sec
Discharge
Time for
n rev of
EM disc
Input
Power
Output
Power
Efficie
ncy
Q
m /sec
T
Sec
IP
kW
OP
kW
5.1282x10-4
34.8
0.3310
0.0350
10.5
1.
0.5
V
mm of
hg
100
2.
1.0
90
11.824 36.1
4.9861 x10-4
28
0.4114
0.0578
14.0
3.
1.5
90
16.824 36.6
4.9180 x10-4
25.3
0.4553
0.0812
17.8
4.
2.0
90
21.824 36.6
4.9180 x10-4
22
0.5236
0.1053
20.1
6.96
35.1
RECIPROCATION PUMP TEST RIG

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
Page 26
5.
2.5
90
26.824 36.6
4.9180 x10-4
21
0.5486
0.1294
23.6
6.
3.0
90
31.824 36.8
4.8913 x10-4
19.2
0.6
0.1527
25.4
PUMP DETAILS:
Size: 1 x 3/4"
Area of measuring tank A : 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Power: 1 HP, single phase, 1420 rpm
Pressure Head P: Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2 x 10m
Brand & model: SUGUNA
Suction Head V: Vacuum gauge reading in mm of hg x 13.6
1000
Energy meter constant N: 1200 Rev/kW-hr
Motor Efficiency m: 0.8
Datum Head Z = 0.6m
Number of disc revolution in Energy meter n: 3
Pump Speed = 285 rpm

OF GEAR OIL PUMP
Ex.No :7
Date :
AIM:
Page 27
To draw the characteristics curves of gear oil pump and also to determine efficiency of
given gear oil pump.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Gear oil pump setup
2. 1 Phase, 1 HP ,1440RPM motor
3. Reservoir tank arrangement.
4. Measuring tank arrangement.
5. Piping system
6. Input power measurement. Etc
PROCEDURE:
1. The gear oil pump is stated.
2. The delivery gauge reading is adjusted for the required value.
3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted.
4. The time taken for N revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help
of a stopwatch.
5. The time taken for h rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the
gate valve.
6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and
delivery gauge is noted.
7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted
down.
8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings.
9. Finally the readings are tabulated.
Page 28
FORMULAE:
Q=Axh
t
H = (P x 10) + (v x 13.6) + Z
1000
Input Power = n x 3600 m
NxT
Output Power = Q H
Efficiency () = Output Power x 100
Input Power
Where
A = Area of measuring tank.
H = measuring level of water in m
t = time for measuring level for 100 mm.
n = number of revolution
T = Time for number of revolution in seconds.
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8
GRAPH:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristic of gear oil pump was studied and maximum
efficiency was found to be.
Page 29
TABULATION
Sl.
No.
kg/cm2
hg
In
mm
Time
for 100
rise in
Sec(t)
m3/sec
Time for 3 Input

rev of EM
Sec(T)
kW
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
GEAR OIL PUMP TEST RIG DETAILS
Size of the Pump = 20 x 20mm
Pressure gauge reading = P = kg/cm2
Energymeter constant = 750 Rev/kW-hr
Vacuum gauge reading = V =mm of hg
Measuring Area in collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3m2
Datum head Z = 0.3 meters
Page 30
Output
Efficiency
kW

OF PELTON WHEEL
Ex.No:8
Date :
AIM:
To conduct load test on pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of pelton
wheel turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Venturimeter
Stopwatch
Tachometer
Dead weight
PROCEDURE:
1. The Pelton wheel turbine is started.
2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained
constant for different loads.
4. The venturimeter readings are noted down.
5. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted
down.
6. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings
are noted down.
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are
tabulated.
FORMULA:
Input Power
QH in kW
Where
Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Discharge in m3/sec.
Page 31
Supply head in meters.
Brake Power
2 N ReW x 9.81
= ----------------------------- kW
60000
Efficiency
Output
= --------------------------- x 100%
Input
Where
N
Turbine speed in RPM.
Torque in kg m, (effective radius of the brake

drum in meters (Re)x the net brake load in kg (W).
GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. BHP Vs IHP
2. BHP Vs speed
3. BHP Vs Efficiency
Page 32
RESULT: Thus the performance characteristic of the Pelton Wheel Turbine is done and
the maximum efficiency of the turbine is
Page 33
TABULATION:
Sl.
No
1.
Pressure
(H) gauge
reading
P.S
kg/cm2
3.45
Pressure
Gauge
Reading
P1 P2
P
2
Kg/cm
3. 3.0 0.
8
8
Venturimeter
Head
Discharge
Q
m /sec
9.0029
x10-3
2.
3.45
3.
8
3.0
0.
8
8.4214
x10-3
0.5
2.5
1400
0.4133
2.850
2
14.5
3.
3.45
3.
8
3.0
0.
8
8.4214
x10-3
1.1
3.9
1360
0.6263
2.850
2
21.9
3.45
3.
8
3.0
0.
8
8.4214
x10-3
1.9
5.1
1334
0.8033
2.850
2
28.2
5.
3.45
3.
8
3.0
0.
8
8.4214
x10-3
2.4
5.6
1294
0.8556
2.850
2
30.0
6.
3.45
3.
8
3.0
0.
8
8.4214
x10-3
10
3.0
1262
1.1921
2.850
2
41.8
Weight
on
hanger
W1
kg
0
Spring
balance
reading
W2
kg
0
Net
load
Speed
Output
Input
Efficiency
W
kg
1
N
rpm
1432
OP
kW
0.1691
IP
kW
3.047
%
5.5
PELTON TUBRINE TEST RIG 1 kW (CLOSED CIRCUIT) DETAILS:
Brake drum dia D = 0.2m

Page 34
Input total head H in m of water = Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2x 10

Venturimeter Head h in m of water = (P x 10)
Rope Dia
T = 0.015m
Discharge Q = k h (h in m of water)
Input power IP= QH kW (h in m of water)
Brake Drum net load W = (W 1 + weight of rope hanger) W 2 kg
Turbine output
OP = (2 NW Re x 9.81)/ 60000 kW
Efficiency
= (Output / Input) x 100%
Pumpset Brand & Model = CRI; 5H3
Effective radius of = (D/2 + t) = 0.115m
Break drum
Weight of rope & hanger = 1kg
Spear Opening = Full
Gate value Opening= Full
K value = 3.183 x 10-2
Page 35
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE

Exp No: 09
Date:
AIM:
To conduct load test on francis turbine and to study the characteristics of francis
turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Francis Turbine Test Rig
2. Stop watch
3. Tachometer
PROCEDURE:
1. The Francis turbine is started

2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be
Maintained constant for different loads
4. Pressure gauge reading is ascended down
5. The venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
6. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the reading are tabulated.
FORMULAE:
1. VENTURIMETER READING:
h = (p1 - p2) x 10
(m)
Where
p1, p2 - venturimeter readings in kg / cm2
Page 36
2. DISCHARGE:
Q = 0.011 x
(m3 / s)
3. BRAKE HORSEPOWER:
BHP = ( x D x N x T) / (60 x 75)
(h p)
Where
N = Speed of turbine in (rpm)
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.315m
T = torsion in [kg]
4. INDICATED HORSEPOWER:
HP = 1000 x Q x H / 75
(hp)
Where
H Total head in (m)
5. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
% = B.H.P x 100 / I.H.P
( %)
GRAPHS :
The following graphs are drawn
1.
BHP (vs.) IHP
2.
BHP (vs.) speed
3.
BHP (vs.) % efficiency
Page 37
RESULT :
Thus the performance charactertics of the Francis wheel turbine are done and the
maximum efficiency of the turbine is . %
Page 38
TABULATION:
Sl.
No.
1.
Pressure
gauge
reading
Pressure Gauge
Reading
Orifice
meter
head
Discharge
Spee
d
Weight
on
hanger
Spring
balanc
e
readin
g
Net
load
Output
Input
Efficienc
y
P.S
Kg/cm2
W1
W2
OP
IP
kg/cm2
P1
P2
m of
water
m3/sec
RPM
kg
kg
kg
kW
kW
1.1
1.4
0.4
1.3456x10-
1620
0.3
1.7
0.467
1.452
0
32.2
1540
0.5
2.5
0.652
1.419
45.9
1450
1.0
3.0
0.737
1.47
50.1
1360
1.2
3.8
0.87
1.47
59.2
1260
1.5
4.5
0.961
1.428
1
67.3
2.
1.075
1.4
0.4
1.3456x102
3.
4.
5.
1.05
1.05
1.02
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.4
5
4.5
0.4
5
4.5
0.4
5
4.5
1.4272x102
1.4272x102
1.4272x102
6.
1.02
1.35
0.90
0.4
5
4.5
1.4272x10
1150
2.0
0.974
1.428
1
68.2
7.
1.02
1.35
0.90
0.4
5
4.5
1.4272x10
1060
2.5
5.5
0.988
1.428
1
69.2
Page 39
FRANCIS TUBRINE TEST RIG 1 kW, 1000 RPM (CLOSED CIRCUIT) DETAILS:
Brake drum dia
D = 0.2m
Rope Dia
t = 0.015m
Effective radius of
= (D/2 + t)
Brake drum
Re = 0.115m
Guide vane opening =0.5
K value
: 9.11 x 10-3

Orificemeter Head h in m of water h= (p1-p2) x 10m of water
Discharge Q = Kh (h in m of water)
Input power IP= x H x Q kW (H in m of water)
Brake Drum net load W = (W1 + weight of rope & hanger) W2 kg
Turbine output
OP = (2 NWRe x 9.81)/ 60000 kW
Efficiency
= (output / input) x 100%
PUMP MODEL: CRI; LH3
Page 40
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE

CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG
Ex.No:10
Date:
AIM:
To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Kaplan Turbine
Supply Pump
Orifice meter
Pressure & Vacuum Gauge
Sump tank
Piping System
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the runner vane at require opening

2. Keep the guide vanes at required opening
3. Prime the pump if necessary
4. Close the main sluice valve and them start the pump.
5. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor
switches from star to delta mode.
6. Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake
drum cooling water gate valve for cooling the brake drum.
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vaccum gauge readings
9. Note the orifice meter pressure readings.
10. Repeat the experiments for other loads.
FORMULAE:
Input Power
Where
=
=
QH in kW
Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Page 41
Discharge in m3/sec.
Supply head in meters.
Brake Power
2 NT x 9.81
= ----------------------------- kW
60000
Efficiency
Output
= --------------------------- x 100%
Input
Where
N = Turbine speed in RPM.
T = Torque in kgm, (effective radius of the brake in
meters (R)x The net brake load in kg (W).
Re = 0.165m
GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. BHP Vs IHP
2. BHP Vs speed
3. BHP Vs Efficiency
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristic of the Kaplan Turbine is done and the maximum
efficiency of the turbine is . %
Page 42
TABULATION:
Sl.No
.
Pressure
(H) gauge
reading
P
Orificemeter head
Pressure Gauge
Reading
P1
kg/cm2
P2
Kg/cm2
1.
0.775
0.875
0.74
1.35
2.
0.775
0.875
0.73
1.45
3.
0.775
0.875
0.73
1.45
0.775
0.875
0.73
1.45
5.
0.775
0.875
0.72
1.55
6.
0.775
0.875
0.71
1.65
7.
0.775
0.9
0.7
8.
0.75
0.9
0.7
Discharge
Weight Spring
on
balance
hanger reading
Net
load
Spee
d
Output
Input
Efficiency
W1
W2
OP
IP
m3/sec
kg
kg
kg
rpm
kW
kW
1500
0.508
2
2.089
3
24.3
1380
0.701
4
2.165
3
32.4
1300
0.880
9
2.165
3
40.6
1190
1.008
0
2.165
3
46.5
1100
1.016
5
2.238
7
45.4
1000
1.185
9
2.309
8
51.3
870
1.179
1
2.543
0
46.3
0.7
8.30
720
1.012
4
2.461
0
41.1
2.7481x102
2.8481 x102
2.8481 x102
2.8481 x102
2.8481 x102
3.0386 x102
3.3449 x102
3.3449 x102
Page 43
KAPLAN TUBRINE TEST RIG 1 kW, 1000 RPM (CLOSED CIRCUIT) DETAILS:
Brake drum dia
D = 0.3m
Orificemeter Head p in m of water h= (p1-p2) x 10
Discharge Q = Kp (h in m of water)
Input power IP= x H x Q kW (H in m of water)
Brake Drum net load W = (W 1 + weight of rope & hanger) W 2 kg
Turbine output
OP = (2 NWRe x 9.81)/ 60000 kW
Efficiency
= (output / input) x 100%
Rope Dia
t = 0.015m
Effective radius of = (D/2 + t) = 0.165m
Guide vane opening =0.8
Run away speed
= 1750RPM
K value
= 2.3652 x 10-2
Pumpset Brand & Model = CRI;1
Page 44

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MAHALAKSHMI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 2258 / HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

As per the common syllabus prescribed by

CE 2258 / HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

CE 2258 / HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LAB

1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter.

2. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter.

3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rota meter.

4. Determination of friction factor of given set of pipes.

5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of centrifugal pump.

6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of reciprocating

7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Gear pump.

8. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Pelton wheel.

9. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine.

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF

Actual rate of flow Qa =

h = Difference in levels of water in m x (13.6 - 1)

The above equation is simplified from the formula.

Orifice dia (mm)

Flow constant (k)

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

ORIFICEMETER TEST RIG DETAILS

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

DETERMINATION OF THE CO EFFICIENT OF

Actual rate of flow Qa =

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

The flow constants are given below for the venturimeter.

Throat dia (mm)

Flow constant (k)

550 155 395

520 185 335

485 220 265

455 250 205

420 285 135

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

VENTURIMETER TEST RIG DETAILS

Measuring area in collecting tank A = (0.3 x 0.3) m2

CALCULATION OF THE RATE OF FLOW USING ROTAMETER

1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened

2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe

4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank

5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotameter readings

6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted

7. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotameter reading Vs percentage error of the Rotameter

A = Area of the measuring tank in m2

Rotameter reading ~ Actual

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

d = Diameter of the pipe

l = Length of the pipe

v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe

h f = Loss of head due to friction

h = Rise of water for 5 cm

t = Time taken for 5 cm rise

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

Mr. P. Dhanabal AP/Civil, Mahalakshmi Engineering College, Trichy 621 213.

PIPE FRICTION APPARATUS DETAILS: