ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

1
Universidad
de Puerto Rico
Recinto
Universitario
de Mayagez

Environmental Proposal: Puerto Rico's relience on fossil fuel

University of Puerto Rico Mayagez
For: INGL 3236 Dra. Sandra Ros

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

Table of Contents
Abstract

Background Information 3
Purpose Statement 5
Rationale

Scope

Plan for work

Methods and Methodology

Research questions 8
Data Collection 9
Data Analysis 10
Literature Review 10
Wind Power Evaluation 11
Cost 12
Conclusion 14
Works Cited 15
Appendixes 16

Abstract

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

Energy is one of the most important commodities in any developed economy

of a country. We require take care of almost everything in our daily lives. An
aspect of concern can result when this important energy to part of our lives
gets too expensive to use. Energy in Puerto Rico is among the highest in
America , due to the total dependence of fossil fuel to produce the
electricity. Alternative energy sources are required for commencing the
phasing of fossil fuel, Puerto Rico has started this undertaking with the Green
Energy Fund and a wind farm in the city of Santa Isabel. Wind Power is the
best developed energy source apart from fossil fuels to generate electricity
for a city or a country so this proposal will present a plausible solution for the
high energy prices in Puerto Rico, considering that the phasing of fossil fuel
would require great work and a gradual approach through different
alternative energy sources working together. The plausible solution is the
adoption of a wind farm in the city of Arroyo, through a methodology and a
six step approach covering the logistics and the general implementation.
Background Information
The prospect of increasing energy prices in Puerto Rico has become an
aspect of concern in the societal framework. Heavy reliance on fossil fuels
has led to the ever increasing prices of fossil fuels which have posed a
daunting environment to the middle and low income. The need for
investment into alternative energy sources has generated the need for
plausible proposals in regards to the alternative energy solutions available.
Generating plausible alternatives has become the most plausible solution
towards curbing or handling over reliance coupled with depletion of the
environment as a result of fossil fuel energy. Furthermore, the prices of
electricity have been on the upward trend.
Energy prices in Puerto Rico are among the highest in America. This is due to
several factors which among them are the government taxes on fuel and the
conflicts in the middle east. The country relies on a total dependence of fossil
fuel to produce electricity thus generating such high prices in electricity bills.
The purpose of this proposal is to examine the energy crisis that Puerto Rico
is facing in regards on the country's extensive use of fossil fuel to provide
energy and electricity and to provide a plausible and save alternative, wind
power energy generation on the south east area of the country on Arroyo
city. This proposal investigates a project that can assist in the phasing of
fossil fuel energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

The country has invested in the past into various alternatives apart from
fossil fuel but success has not been evident(Green Energy Fund, ELA)with the
exception of the Santa Isabel project details to follow. As such the
implementation facet of the approach has been evidenced by various
bureaucracies and challenges. As such the main challenges have been initial
cost and the inability of various organizations to produce electricity within a
lower price point. Hence diverse analysts have come up with various
solutions to the prevailing energy crisis that this country faces today(Green
Energy Fund, Estado Libre Asociado), one example can be the Santa Isabel
wind turbine project.
The process of phasing or at least reducing fossil fuel for energy in Puerto
Rico started with the Santa Isabel Wind farm, a project which won "Project of
the year" in 2012 , the project met or exceeded the criteria for this award
bequeath by the Professional College of Engineers and Land Surveyors of
Puerto Rico. The project consist of developing 74 MW and up to 101 MW
through a wind farm. Today Puerto Rico would need an excess of 3260
MW(mega watts) to fully supply the energy demand every year. Puerto Rico's
land capabilities do not allow for such a development. So for the phasing or
partial phasing of fossil fuel different projects throughout the terrain have to
be developed, researched and improved(Allan Afuah,2009).
This proposal proposes an implementation of wind power energy because it
is the best renewable energy to date(Elliot ,D 2003) and it is the best way to
begin the partial phasing of fossil fuel energy production; a process that is
long and very complicated. The energy problem in Puerto Rico is too big for it
to be solved with one proposal or with one solution so this proposal focuses
on one plausible solution that can be integrated into the networks of
solutions that we count on today.
The proposal plans to accomplish the first generation iteration of wind
turbines in the city of Arroyo Puerto Rico, that consists of a very delicate
process that involves: research, implementation and continuing revision of
the project for a continuous improvement and further implementations.
Wind technology has become an approach that has been evident in various
developed countries. Sweden, Germany and other diverse developed
countries have taken the front step towards sustainable energy. As such,
through the inculcation of wind energy, many analyst assert that
diversification and beneficial outcomes are bound to prevail(Elliot, D 2003).
However, as a developing economy, Puerto Rico convey diverse prospects in

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

regards to successful inculcation of wind energy. Most specifically, Arroyo,

with diversity in landscape, poses a plausible city in which various pundits
can incorporate wind turbines construed towards generating electricity.
Thus, the main research objectives include:

To comprehend what wind energy denotes and the various beneficial

outcomes that are bound to emanate from the approach by both
Puerto Rico and Arroyo mostly in tourism.

To determine the costs and benefits of wind farms on Arroyo and

feasibility options.

To develop a clear and transparent understanding of the various wind

turbines and the wind production process.

Electricity generated from wind has been the best developed and available
renewable energy to date, the research supports this; thus a plausible
solution to the energy problem that Puerto Rico faces is the implementation
of wind turbines in the city of Arroyo. The proposal will evaluate the wind
power option, the costs, feasibility, benefits and the methodology to execute
such operation in the country and all within the bounds of the Green Energy
Fund in Puerto Rico.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this proposal is to examine the energy crisis that Puerto Rico
is facing in regards on the country's use of fossil fuel to provide energy and
electricity and to provide plausible and save alternatives on energy sources
through the aforementioned elucidation. The country of Puerto Rico currently
relies on a 97.2% (Central Intelligence Agency) percent of energy production
from fossil fuel, making the cost of energy in Puerto Rico among the highest
in the American nation (Cecil D. MacGregor, "Nueva Tarifa Elctrica", El
Nuevo Da, 15 enero 2009, pg. 53). The proposal will examine how the first
steps toward phasing fossil fuel use for electricity can be achieved, this with
the implementation of wind turbines for the creation of wind farms in Puerto
Rico a solution can be presented in a feasible way as per the Green Energy
Fund of Puerto Rico(Green Energy Fund, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto
Rico).
Electricity generated from wind has been the best developed and available
renewable energy to date(Elliot, D 2003). So this proposal takes on the
analysis of wind energy implementation on the city of Arroyo on a 6 step

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

approach to analyze the benefits of the implementation and analyze the

feasibility of the options presented in the proposal and finally in this way
present a plausible solution as per the Green Energy Fund. The proposal will
evaluate the wind power option, the costs, feasibility, benefits and the
methodology to execute such operation in the country and all within the
bounds of the Green Energy Fund in Puerto Rico.

Rationale
Puerto Rico relies on a 97.2% of fossil fuel to generate energy(CIA World Fact
Book) so the problem in Puerto Rico is the heavy reliance on fossil fuel to
generate the such essential resource. Mark Jacobson showed how renewable
energy: water, wind and solar can power the world by 2030(A Plan to Power
100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables, Mark Jacobson , 2009). There
isn't a silver bullet to the energy crisis in the world but some approaches are
better than others. Efficiency is the main idea behind renewable energy
research(Solar cell efficiency tables, Green, M 2011), the topic is waste less
energy to power the electric devices. Wind power is at the forefront of
renewable energies; Wind power is the best developed and the best
documented alternate energy to date(Elliot, D ,2003). Sustainable energy is
imperative within the operational mandate of any society. The inculcation of
sustainable energy is essential towards ensuring a more plausible
environment for the various individuals in the public scene. Thus, from the
evaluation of Arroyo and the research on sustainable energy, it is significant
to undertake the research based on:
i.

The need for a more plausible source of energy since the use of
petroleum and other carbon based sources is extensively
expensive

ii.

Sustainable energy leads to plausible outcomes such as

generation of employment in regards to the public scene

iii.

Sustainable energy is a proper approach towards ensuring a

more widespread accessibility to energy to the local community.

Scope
The scope of this proposal consists of proposing a plausible implementation
of wind turbine in the city of Arroyo for helping the partial phasing of the
extensive fossil fuel use in Puerto Rico's energy production. The high energy

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

prices in Puerto Rico are due to the total dependence of petroleum and coal
use to produce electricity(Green Energy Fund). So to start the phasing of
fossil fuel so the energy prices in Puerto Rico can be reduced an alternative
energy capable of sustaining a city needs to be developed. In this proposal
this alternative energy is the wind power turbines for energy production in
the city of Arroyo capable of producing 100 kW(kilo watts) details to follow
trough out the proposal.

Plan for work

1.Gantt Approach
A Gantt approach in the dictation of the diverse activities that are to be
undertaken in the research mandate will be incorporated. Thus, a Gantt chart
denotes an alignment of the diverse activities that will be undertaken in the
research project. A Gantt chart, as a layout of the diverse activities, is a
pictorial representation of the activities to be undertaken within the research
process. Thus, a plan for work, using the Gantt chart is as follows(though not
final):

GRANTT
CHART
TASK
Initial
meeting
with
respondent
s
Questionna
ire

Desktop
auditing of

start
Week Week
1
3

Week
5

Week
6

Week
8

Week
9

Week
10

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

reports

Write up

Final report

2.Goals
The steps toward accomplishing the objectives of this proposal and the
general implementation with all the logistics involved are the following:
1. Planning and Organization
i. Meeting with top management
ii.
Form a team and inform staff
iii.
Pre assessment to collect general information
iv.
Select focus areas
2. Assessment
i. Staff meeting and training
ii.
Prepare focus flow charts
iii.
Quantify inputs and outputs and costs to establish a baseline
iv.
Quantify losses through material and energy balance
3. Identification of Options
i. Identify possible options
ii.
Screen options for feasibility analysis
4. Feasibility Analysis of Options
i. Technical, economic and tourism evaluation of options
ii.
Rank options for feasibility
iii.
Prepare implementation and monitoring of proposal for approval
5. Implementation
i. Evaluation meeting and implementation
6. Continuous Improvement
i. analysis on the continuing improvements on renewable energy
technology

Through the assessment, identification of options and the feasibility analysis

steps(2,3,4) a concise break down of the budget can be formed coupled with
the logistics involved in the project. These steps can help examine how the
first steps toward phasing fossil fuel use for electricity can be achieved, this
with the implementation of wind turbines for the creation of wind farms in

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

Puerto Rico. And the continuous research of alternate energies by the top
universities in the country. With implementation of wind turbines and more
research the efficiency of wind energy power generation can be improved
which results in lowering the fossil fuel dependency in Puerto Rico and the
wind power option can be further improved as technology and research
advances.
Methods
1.Methodology
In this study, following a Gantt approach, will be used in the interview of the
various officials and visitors in Arroyo. The target population of 100
interviewees is welcomed into a rented hall for a short discussion of up to
half an hour on the various issues. As such, in the topic of analysis will be the
importance of wind energy and impact of wind farms on reducing the cost of
energy. However, the potential benefits in regards to tourism will pose as a
slight avenue of discussion. However, on the analysis of the contentious
topic of importance of the natural landscapes and the natural scenery,
exclusions are to be made. After the interview, questionnaires will be
handled out to the various businesses in Arroyo. Through the questionnaires,
questions based on business performance prior and after the inculcation of
wind farms will be answered. Further, the businesses willing to give out their
statements will play a formidable role in the analysis of the business
performance in terms of electricity costs. Through the methodology of this
proposal the following are the research questions:
Research Questions
1. What denotes wind energy?
2. What are the tourism benefits of wind energy?
3. Is wind energy cost effective in its initial installation?
4. What are the effects of incorporating wind energy?
5. What is the market share of renewable energy?
6. What is the maintenance cost of wind power solutions?
7. Which are the responsible authorities for the design and
implementation?

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8. What changes due to the proposed design?

9. Potential impacts and mitigative measures?
Through the methodology and the 6 step approach these six questions can
be answered.
2.Data Collection
In data collection, the two important sources that play an extreme role to the
access of data to the study are:
i. Primary sources
The primary sources will mainly be inclusive of the use of questionnaires,
interviews and the sampling of businesses, officials within the city, tourists
and sample of Arroyo population. As such, questionnaires will be meted to a
sample of a hundred chosen individuals randomly who will comprise from the
aforementioned portions of study. On the other hand, interviews will be made
in terms of the various organizational and national park managers.
ii. Secondary sources
Admittedly, the secondary sources will comprise of the annual reports from
the various businesses as per the various electricity costs incurred within
Arroyo. Accordingly, the reports will be before and after the inculcation of
wind technology to the city. As well, through the reports from the various
businesses a vivid picture will be painted in respect to the impact of the
prevailing energy sources. Additionally, reports from the complementary
sector players will be handled. Accordingly, some of the complimentary
players to the business sector include individuals who rent abodes,
institutions and so forth.

3.Data analysis
Data attained will be looked at through the use of two critical strategies.
From the interview undertaken, it is evident that it will be in form of
qualitative research findings; hence analysis will be done through note
taking. Moreover, from the sample done of the various participants,
measurements will be done through central tendency and graphical

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representations of the findings from the various reports (Allan 2009).

Accordingly, the spread of the various scores will be in terms of the costs
incurred among the diverse business which will be noted down through
averaging the totals.
i. Reliability and validity
When interviews are being conducted, an aspect of concern will be social
bias in form of ensuring reliability and validity of the data used. Hence, when
conducting the interview, more questions will be made to the interviewees
in order to assist further to establish the truth. On the flip side, quantitative
analysis of the sample questions and reports will greatly rely on the various
theoretical models generated previously.
ii. Ethical considerations
When conducting the study into the potential impacts of wind farms and
associated grid infrastructure on the Arroyo business sector it is important to
take heed of the impact of the information obtained from the various
respondents. Admittedly, the information is of pivotal importance and may
cause loss of employment to the various respondents such as electricity
generating businesses when they give information regarding to their
performance index. Hence, in carrying out the interviews, it is important to
omit names through the incorporation of other terms in place of the
respondents. The use of names such as correspondent a, interviewee A and
so forth will avoid future cashes and negating issues. Further, the
questionnaires that will be used will not include too personal questions which
may invade the privacy of the various respondents. Hence, the various
respondents should feel free and in an open environment in which they will
answer the questions openly without rendering the study void.

Literature review
In the analysis of wind technology and its impact on the economy of Arroyo,
it is fundamental to analyses what it inculcates. Admittedly, analysis into the
various issues circumnavigating the wind technology in the city is of critical
importance. Hence, in this chapter I will look into the wind technology,
impact on tourism and cost benefit evaluation
Climatic change has been the hugest and most urgent environmental peril
that we face. As such, the greenhouse gases that have been held responsible

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12

have been as a result of human activity. The most responsible greenhouse

gas has been carbon IV oxide which is generated when fossil fuels such as
coal and oil are burnt for energy. Continuously, the increasing levels of Co 2
have significantly led to the increased global temperatures. The increased
temperatures have caused the unpredictable weather patterns leading to
more violent storms, droughts, floods, rising sea levels which have become a
threat to the eco systems. For the avoidance of the catastrophic climatic
change, countries have been on the front steps in curbing emissions through
setting up of policies and mandates to be followed by the various key
players. Majority of the countries have embarked on the task of switching the
forms of energy to safer and environmentally positive forms that reduce the
levels of Co2
In the majority of developed economies such as the greater UK and parts of
US, most of the analysts state that a third of the emissions emanate from
the power stations which are ever producing electricity. Additionally, other
emissions from the stations have been a crucial contributor to the acid rains
that are threatening the wildlife. Nuclear power stations, though not within
Puerto Rico have been a source of radioactive toxic waste. In reference to
Elliot (2003), wastes from nuclear reactors are bound to last for tens of
thousands of years. Additionally, safe storage mechanisms have been nonexistent to date. As well, the nuclear power stations have posed a major hot
spot for terrorist attacks. Hence, many of the analysts view investment into
nuclear stations as not the right path to take for many developed and
developing nations. However, the demand for energy is ever increasing both
within Puerto Rico and its various cities. Hence, despite the significant
maneuvers to reduce emissions, cleaner ways of electricity generation is
better as opposed to the prevailing pollutant forms. As such, investment into
renewable energy has been a proper step into the future of cleaner safer and
more sustainable environment for the generations to come.
Wind power evaluation
Electricity generated from wind has been the best developed and available
renewable energy to date. Technological advancements made have enabled
tapping into the wind technology to enable electricity generation.
Accordingly, wind power depends on relatively simple mechanical processes.
Once built, the wind turbines have quite minimal running costs. Additionally,
the wind technology has ever been relying on the aeronautic industry which
has contributed heavily to the technology. Hence, the fuel is free,
inexhaustible and there are absent waste products. Furthermore, it has

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13

meant that wind energy can compete formidably with the cost of energy
based on the conventional fossil fuels. Further, the on-going rise in fuel
prices means that wind energy can become a competitor and energy source
of choice. As such, wind turbines operate under the principles of conversion
of winds kinetic energy into electricity. As such, wind farm proposals may be
for a singular turbine or groupings of many in one location. As such, the wind
turbine is consistent of four main parts that give them their huge size. The
four are tower, nacelle, blades and the transformer. As the first part of the
turbine, the tower varies in size from 35 meters upwards. As such it is
tubular steel which has a typical base diameter consistent of 3-7 meters. As
such, the tower displays a slight tapering to the nacelle. In respect to Elliot
(2003), larger towers require larger diameter base. As the second part, the
nacelle is the engine of the turbine or the most important part. It contains
the imperative components of the turbine including the gear box and the
ever efficient generator (Elliot 2003). A yaw mechanism is used to turn the
nacelle in order for the rotor blades to face the winds prevailing. The third
parts are the blades. Blades capture and are in turn set into motion by the
wind. In most cases, the blades are made up of glass which is reinforced by
plastic or wood epoxy. In other instances, the blades can be made of
aluminum or steel. The modern blades are made up of three blades. As such,
the blades may vary in terms of the rotor diameter from 35 meters upwards.
As the last main part, the transformer is the device used for changing
voltage of the alternating current. Electricity in reference to Elliot (2003) is
typically generated at a less than 1000 volts by the ensuing wind turbine.
Accordingly, the transformer kicks up the voltage in order to match the
national grid. As such, the electricity may be housed either inside of
alongside the tower. As a complementary part of the wind turbine, the base
is typically of 7 and 18 meters square which are consistent of a hard and
formidable standing area at the ground of each turbine (Elliot 2003).
Accordingly, with such a turbine, generation of electricity may ensue hence
profiting the country. However, issues of development of wind farms, their
impact on the Arroyos tourism sector are a facet of evaluation not covered
extensively in this proposal.
Tourism impact of wind energy on Arroyo
From the evaluation of Elliot (2003) it is evident that Arroyo is a plausible
tourism destination with wide acclaim. With its sandy beaches and scenic
scenery, the impact of wind turbines is bound to enhance the profitability of
the energy approach. Accordingly, wind farms have become a major source
of tourism in the various fast paced developed economies such as Sweden

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and Germany. As such, the scenic location of the wind turbines has posed a
plausible avenue in which countries can capitalize on extra income. Thus,
from the evaluation of Arroyo, the incorporation of wind farms is bound to
lead to catapult the revenue yield from the location. As such, the city has
numerous scenic ranges and landscapes that can pose a plausible avenue for
the installation of wind farms. Through the inculcation of wind farms, an
additional income is bound to prevail for the city hence sustaining the costs
incurred from the installation of the wind farms.
Costs
1.Budget
The initial process of implementation of the wind turbines or wind farms to
solve the increasing prices of fossil energy coupled with reducing the costs of
electricity is highly cost demanding. As such, a $100,000 is highly feasible in
setting up the first medium sized turbine. The proposal will explore the Green
Energy Fund of Puerto Rico and the United States department of Energy Wind
Program budget for alternative energy sources development.
1.1 U.S. Department of energy wind program budget
The Wind Program Budget form The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has
allocated $88.2 million in fiscal year 2014 and for fiscal year 2015 the
budget request is $115 million funds for the Wind Program to reduce the cost
of wind power technologies and accelerate the deployment of wind
power(energy.gov/eere). The activities supported by this budget are the
following(energy.gov/eere):

Promote Offshore Wind: Development and demonstration of

offshore wind systems, speeding deployment of the first U.S. offshore
wind projects, and refinement of technologies by domestic wind
technology manufacturing.

Wind Plant Optimization R&D: High performance, computing-based

R&D program for complex wind plant aerodynamics and wind plant
operational optimization that will allow project developers to improve
overall wind plant capacity factors and plant interactions with the
transmission grid system.

Manufacturing R&D: R&D program focused on highimpact

innovation in wind component manufacturing to dramatically reduce

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSAL

15

the cost of wind power technology and increase U.S. manufacturing

competitiveness in the wind power industry.

Grid Integration: Conducting wind-grid integration and transmissions

studies and developing wind energy forecasting tools for grid
operators.

Streamline Siting, Permitting, and Certification: Conducting

wildlife impact analyses, assessment of radar mitigation solutions, and
investing in testing facilities at the national laboratories for academic
and industry use.

1.2 Green Energy Fund

The Puerto Rico Green Energy Incentives Act of 2010 created the Green
Energy Fund (GEF) to increase green energy production and promote
sustainability in Puerto Rico. Through the GEF, the Government of Puerto
Rico will co-invest up to $290 million in the development of renewable
energy projects on the island(Green Energy Fund, 2011). Starting in 2011
$20 million will be allocated to the GEF[Green Energy Fund]; funding then
escalates to $40 million by fiscal year 2017. The Green Energy Fund offers
rebates of up to 60% of the eligible costs for Tier 1 (0-100 kW) projects and
up to 50% for Tier 2 (101 kW - 1 MW) projects.
In the growth and development of the wind farms, there are various costs
that many analysts view as impediments to the tourism and economic sector.
Admittedly, many view that the wind farms have a foreseeable impact on the
visual aspect of the natural environment. Accordingly, through the wind
farms, visual impact is greatly minimized since many people view manmade
structures negatively when incorporated into the natural heritage. Further,
the prospect of the distraction of the behavioral aspects of the migratory
birds is a key notion to ponder. Certainly, the setting up of wind farms may
impede the migratory routes, feeding habits and other behaviors that
circumvent the various local birds in Arroyo.
The solution presented in this proposal more than satisfies both budgets
presented here the green energy fund and the DOE wind power budget. The
solution of this proposal would be categorized as tier 1 as the estimate of
power generated is at most 100 kW. This can result in a strong stepping point
for the step 6 in the plan for work which is the main idea behind presenting
the phasing of the total dependence of fossil fuel for energy production.

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Conclusion
The current cost of electricity in Puerto Rico fluctuates in approximately twice
as much as the average cost of 9.81 cents/kWh in the continental United
States. Due to this high energy costs, economic development has been
negatively affected. Wind energy is a plausible approach within the
sustainability mandate in any country. Most fundamentally, Puerto Rico is
highly reliant on fossil energy which has led to the increased costs of
electricity that have led to the losses incurred among the various businesses.
As such, from the above evaluation, it is evident that wind energy is a
plausible strategy towards facing the diverse challenges posed. As such, the
prevailing beneficial aspects emanating from tourism, the phasing of fossil
fuel dependency and the inculcation of different alternative energy sources
in the country are facets that require extensive research for Arroyo city and
the wider Puerto Rican government to determine the viability of the
approach. Through a partnership approach between the private and public
stakeholders just like we see in the Santa Isabel project for green energy,
significant changes are bound to prevail with beneficial outcomes evident as
evaluated. Hence, wind energy should pose a formidable tool within the
energy industry in Arroyo and Puerto Rico. No alternative energy source can
give the one in all solution needed in today's world economy, there is no
silver bullet for this problem, but with different energy sources and different
projects working together greener energy can be produced and generated at
lower costs.

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Routledge.
Devine-Wright, P. (2005) Local aspects of UK renewable energy development:
Exploring public beliefs and policy implications Local Environment 10(1) 5769

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Krohn, S. and Damborg, S. (1999) on public attitudes towards wind power.

Renewable Energy
16:1-4, pp. 954-960.
Redlinger, R. Y., Andersen, P. D. and Morthorst, P. E. (2010) Wind Energy in
the 21st Century: Economics, Policy, Technology and the Changing Electricity
Industry. Basingstoke: Palgrave Publishers.
Heywood, I., Cornelius, S. and Carver, S. 2011, An Introduction to
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Systems, 2nd edn, Essex, US: Pearson Prentice
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Hanley, N., Shaw, W.D. & Wright, R.E. (Eds) 2003, The New Economics of
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Recreation, 1st edn, Cheltenham, US: Edward Elgar.
Pasqualetti, M. J., P. Gipe and R. W. Righter (Eds.), (2011) Wind Power in View
Energy
Landscapes in a Crowded World. New York: Academic Press.
Revill William, 2003, Tourism public policy and the strategic management of
failure. London: Routledge.
Anthony Henry, 2008. Understanding strategic management. New York:
Wiley.
Allan Afuah, 2009. Strategic Innovation: New game strategies for competitive
advantage. New York: Routledge.
Ron Basu, 2004. Implementing quality: A practical guide to tools and
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Cengage Brain.
CIA World Fact book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/
Mark Jacobson (2009) A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with
Renewables
Green, M (2011) Solar cell efficiency tables
Appendixes
Appendix A US DOE Wind Power Budget history

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Appendix B Topographic Map of Arroyo, Puerto Rico

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