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Cooperation
Ministryof
EnvironmentandEnergy
Firstconsiderations onthe
Roadmapto Carbon Neutrality
DetlefLoy
GIZConsultant
StakeholderMeeting,Male,April16,2013
Notincluded:
Fresh water supply and
sewerage (MWSCoperates
own generation)and other
selfgenerators
Annualincrease inthe past 512%a.Furthergrowth insimilar range expected for years ahead (810%/a).
Demandforecast for 2020is 54MW(peak load of STELCO)according to USAID2010.
Source:IRENA,2012
Electric DemandForecast
Greater Malearea
Regionalelectricity consumption
Priority sectors
Transportsector (marine,land 51%of totalenergy consumption in2009)
Domestic sector (46%of totalelectricity consumption,excluding resorts)
Tourism sector Resortsand transport for tourism (36%of allGHG
emissions in2009,increase of 67%expected until 2020;resorts produce
and consume 60%of nationalelectricity)
Geographically:MaleGreater Area(responsible for 33%of allGHG
emissions)
Morethan 50%of this amount went to customers with amonthly bill of more than RF1000.
Subsidies are needed where nonsupportwould lead to major economic downturns and
social conflicts.
Subsidies should notassist ingenerally maintaining lower prices for energy supply (this will
lead to increasing burdens for the nationalbudget if fuel market prices go up).
13
Renewable Energy:
Outer Islands
D.Loy:Roadmapto Carbon Neutrality inthe Maldives,April16,2013
Bringing REto outer islands is important as asocial measure (if generation costs can be lowered)and for
securing energy supply,butrelatively low impact onnationalGHGmitigation.
REsupply should be tendered always with the objective to take over the complete island supply as IPP
(includes operation of diesel generator).Grid operation and distribution (including consumption metering)
should be left with FENAKA.
Within tenders,the GoM should request minimum shares of REelectricity generation;this share should be
incrementally raised over the contractual period.Sanctions need to be determined incase of non
compliance.
ThePowerPurchase Agreement(PPA)should be based onthe price offered by the bidder.If subsidies are
needed to cover costs they should notbe higher than inthe lastyear of 100%fossilfuel based generation.
Consumertariffs should be raised stepbystep to the point of full cost recovery for generation and
distribution (including profit margin).
Local administrations should be involved inany decisionmaking processes (and possibly even participate
actively inthe generation process this would raise the acceptance among the local population).
15
Renewable Energy:
Greater Malearea
Some roof space exists inMalefor PV,butit needs to be assessed if it can house 11MW(SREP).All
new highrise buildings should be obliged to reserve roof space for PVinstallations.
Newdevelopments onHulhumale offer sufficient room for PVinstallations:HDCcould sign contract
with third parties for installation and operation of PVsystems onsocial housing complexes.Private
developers could be inspired to use PV.
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Renewable Energy
Netmetering /FIT/Auctions
D.Loy:Roadmapto Carbon Neutrality inthe Maldives,April16,2013
Netmetering for those REoperators that primarily produce for selfconsumption; banking possible into
future billing periods,butno reimbursement for excess electricity.Dueto space limitations options to allow
for wheeling of electricity should be considered (REgeneration remotefrom location of electricity
consumption)
FeedinTariffs (FIT)should be paid only to those inthe private,commercial or public sector inthe Greater
Malearea that are exclusively operating REplants and feed allor part of the generated electricity into the
grid.
FITshould be well below consumer tariff level and reflect costs for maintaining diesel backup and
transmission. (Thecurrent production cost of STELCOis inthe range of US$0.30perkWh.Thedifference
between full costs and FITneeds to cover transmission,administration and backup power.)
PowerPurchase Agreementfor Operatorsof hybridgeneration systems (wind/solarwith diesel)onouter
islands based onoffer inbidding process (auctions).PPAprice needs to be lower than former generation
costs inclusive of subsidies.
Acceptable price levels for FITand PPA(maximum)need to be established !
Administrativerequirements and costs for permissions should be kept atthe very minimum !
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InterconnectioninGreater Maleregion
Energy Efficiency
Energy audits for largerbuildings could be undertaken
and encouraged by GoM and STELCO(starting with
public buildings),benchmarking of major buildings
Utilitiesshould provide EEinformation to their
customers (e.g.saving tips onbackof bills)
Retailers and staff should be encouraged and trained
to display and explain energy efficiency labels if they
come with imported electrical appliances and are
relevantfor the Maldives
Website/brochure with information onEEof major
domestic appliances
Comparative consumption measurements of
appliances inpublic places (stores etc.)
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Energy Efficiency
Replacement programmes for outdated
refrigerators and a/cunits (old units use up to 4
times more energy than new ones)
Indication of quality standards for CFLs
EEbuilding standards for new housing
settlements,inparticular inHulhumale (HDCin
the lead)
Guidelinesfor energyefficient buildings (GEF
Project)
Informationand Awareness campaigns for
consumers (see example of St.Vincent)
20
TransportSector
Use of imported biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel)
for either replacing 100%conventional fuel (diesel)
or for blending with regular fuel (gasoline) integral
assessment needed
Landand sea based transport:Taxing of CO2
emission instead of engine capacity
Motorbikeand car sharing as aviable solution ?
Pilotproject with hybridsolarferry for short
distance transport (example of HongKong)
Introduction of bikerental system inMaleand
nearby islands (example of MexicoCity)
21
ResortIslands
Financing
Carbon tax could be considered onimport of fossilfuels which would feed
into the GreenFundand finance extracosts (see example of Mauritius)
Local banks should be brought onbord;normalinterest rates could be
compensated by limitedgrants from the GreenFund
Guarantee issue needs to be solved for longtermREinvestments
Fiscal incentives need to be clear and nonnegotiable (reduction or waiving
of duties and sales taxes)
Airportdeparture tax (currently US$12included inflight ticket)could be
raised and increment used for feeding the GreenFundor direct CC
measures inthe tourism sector
Priority spending sectors from GreenFundneed to be defined
23
Education/Capacity building
Advanced training needed for professionalsonEEand RE
(electricians,architects,sales personnel etc.)
Technicaleducation institutions need to be made fitfor suchtraining
Trainingfor technical personnel should have astrongpractical
component (possibly small PVinstallation needed for demonstration)
Some training can be done through internationaloffers of distance
elearning onthe internet
24
Institutional capacity
Energy Agency
25