GEOGRAPHY

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system designed

to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of
spatial or geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for
geographical information science or geospatial information studies
to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic
information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic
discipline of Geoinformatics.[1] What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data
infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries.
In a general sense, the term describes any information system that
integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic
information. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive
queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in
maps, and present the results of all these operations. [2][3] Geographic
information science is the science underlying geographic concepts,
applications, and systems
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in
contrast to on site observation. In modern usage, the term generally refers
to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on
Earth (both on the surface, and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of
propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into
active remote sensing (when a signal is first emitted from aircraft or
satellites)[1][2][3] or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely
recorded
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather
conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. [1] The system provides critical
capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is
maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to
anyone with a GPS receiver.
The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of
previous navigation systems,[2] integrating ideas from several predecessors,
including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and
was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1995.

Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A. Getting are credited with
inventing it.
There are five primary components of a GIS which are critical to its success:
GIScomponents.png
Hardware capabilities affect the processing speed, ease of use and
the type of output available. A GIS can run on a wide range of
hardware types, ranging from desktop computers to large computer
servers. Other hardware components include graphics devices,
plotters, printers and scanners.
Software tools provide the functions and tools required to store
analyze and display the spatial data. This includes the GIS software,
database and drawing software.
Data is the core of any GIS. There are two types of data used in a GIS spatial and tabular (also known as attribute data). The availability and
accuracy of data will affect the results of any analysis. A GIS can
integrate data from a number of different sources and store in a
database management system.
Procedures are the defined methods used to analyse the data and
produce accurate results. The procedures include access protocols,
standards and guidelines.
People are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the GIS. Users
include technical experts, managers, administrators and end users.

BIOLOGY
Refuse disposal system, technique for the collection, treatment, and
disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation
of these systems is often called solid-waste management.
solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid
material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer
useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary
conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the
environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne diseasethat is, diseases
spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste management
present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of

administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and

solved.
Sewage collection and disposal systems transport sewage through cities
and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to protect public
health and prevent disease. Sewage is treated to control water pollution
before discharge to surface waters.[
Protection of water: The drinking water we receive from our local
drinking water utilities or individual wells comes from ground water,
streams, rivers, springs or lakes in a watershed. Although most water
requires some treatment before use, protecting this source water is an
important part of providing safe drinking water to the public. Protecting
drinking water sources usually requires the combined efforts of many
partners such as public water systems, communities, resource managers
and the public.
Control of diseases is a more appropriate term when disease is already
present. Control efforts consist of the steps taken to reduce the problem to a
tolerable level.
Eradication is the final step in disease control efforts; it consists of complete
elimination of the disease-producing agent from a defined geographic
region.
The success of control programs, particularly those in which the disease has
been eradicated, has been based on the epidemiologic principle of
interrupting the cycle of infection at its weakest link.
Prevention of disease is divided into 3 levels. Primary prevention is aimed at
maintaining a healthy population; i.e., preventing the occurrence of disease.
Secondary prevention (also called disease control) attempts to minimize
resultant damage after disease has occurred and primary prevention has
failed. Tertiary prevention consists of rehabilitation after primary and
secondary prevention have failed.
Primary prevention involves the healthy population. Secondary and tertiary
Prevention is aimed at the diseased or patient population. The economic
aspect of disease prevention is of paramount importance; particularly in
considering food animals. Simply stated, as one progresses from primary
through secondary to tertiary prevention, the cost per animal unit usually
increases.
Health organizations provide health care, which is the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and

mental impairments in human beings. Health care is delivered by

practitioners in allied health, dentistry, midwifery (obstetrics), medicine,
nursing, optometry, pharmacy, psychology and other health professions. It
refers to the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and
tertiary care, as well as in public health.