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Turmeric
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Turmeric(Curcumalonga)/trmrk/isarhizomatousherbaceous
perennialplantofthegingerfamily,Zingiberaceae.[2]Itisnativein
southeastIndia,andneedstemperaturesbetween20and30C(68
and86F)andaconsiderableamountofannualrainfalltothrive.[3]
Plantsaregatheredannuallyfortheirrhizomes,andpropagatedfrom
someofthoserhizomesinthefollowingseason.

Turmeric

Whennotusedfresh,therhizomesareboiledforabout3045
minutesandthendriedinhotovens,[4]afterwhichtheyareground
intoadeeporangeyellowpowdercommonlyusedasaspicein
Indiancuisineandcurries,fordyeing,andtoimpartcolorto
mustardcondiments.Oneactiveingredientinitiscurcumin.Ithasa
distinctlyearthy,slightlybitter,slightlyhotpepperyflavoranda
mustardysmell.
India,asignificantproducerofturmeric,[5]hasregionalnamesbased
onlanguageandcountry.

Contents
1Historyandetymology
2Botanicaldescription
2.1Appearance
2.2Inflorescence,flower,andfruit
3Biochemicalcomposition
4Uses
4.1Culinary
4.2Folkmedicineandtraditionaluses
4.3Preliminarymedicalresearch
4.4Dye
4.5Ceremonialuses

Curcumalonga

Scientificclassification
Kingdom:

Plantae

(unranked):

Angiosperms

(unranked):

Monocots

(unranked):

Commelinids

Order:

Zingiberales

Family:

Zingiberaceae

Genus:

Curcuma

Species:

C.longa
Binomialname
Curcumalonga
L.[1]

Synonyms
CurcurmadomesticaValeton

5Possibilityofleadcontamination
6Seealso
7References
8Externallinks

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Historyandetymology
Knownaskasturimanjalorjustmanjal,turmerichasbeenusedinAsiaforthousandsofyearsandisa
majorpartofSiddhamedicine.[6]Itwasfirstusedasadyeandthenlaterforitsmedicinalproperties.[7]
ThenameappearstoderivefromMiddleEnglish/earlymodernEnglish
asturmeryteortarmarethavinguncertainorigin.TheremaybeLatin
origin,terramerita(meritedearth).[8]
Thenameofthegenus,CurcumaisfromanArabicnameofboth
saffronandturmeric(seeCrocus).

Botanicaldescription
Appearance
Turmericisaperennialherbaceousplant,whichreachesupto1mtall.
Highlybranched,yellowtoorange,cylindrical,aromaticrhizomesare
found.Theleavesarealternateandarrangedintworows.Theyare
dividedintoleafsheath,petiole,andleafblade.[9]Fromtheleaf
sheaths,afalsestemisformed.Thepetioleis50to115cmlong.The
simpleleafbladesareusually76to115cmlongandrarelyupto
230cm.Theyhaveawidthof38to45cmandareoblongtoelliptic
narrowingatthetip.

BotanicalviewofCurcumalonga

Inflorescence,flower,andfruit
InChina,thefloweringtimeis
usuallyinAugust.Terminally
TurmericfieldinanIndian
onthefalsestemisa12to20
village
cmlonginflorescencestem
containingmanyflowers.The
bractsarelightgreenandovatetooblongwithabluntupperend
withalengthof3to5cm.
Atthetopoftheinflorescence,stembractsarepresentonwhichno
flowersoccurthesearewhitetogreenandsometimestinged
reddishpurpleandtheupperendsaretapered.[10]

Nativeturmericinthebushnear
Cooktown,Queensland,Australia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric

Thehermaphroditeflowersarezygomorphicandthreefold.The
three0.8to1.2cmlongsepalsarefused,white,havefluffyhairs
andthethreecalyxteethareunequal.Thethreebrightyellowpetals
arefusedintoacorollatubeupto3cmlong.Thethreecorollalobes
havealengthof1.0to1.5cm,andaretriangularwithsoftspiny
upperends.Whiletheaveragecorollalobeislargerthanthetwo
lateral,onlythemedianstamenoftheinnercircleisfertile.Thedust
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bagisspurredatitsbase.Allotherstamensareconvertedtostaminodes.Theouterstaminodesareshorter
thanthelabellum.Thelabellumisyellowish,withayellowribboninitscenteranditisobovate,witha
lengthfrom1.2to2.0cm.Threecarpelsareunderaconstant,trilobedovaryadherent,whichissparsely
hairy.Thefruitcapsuleopenswiththreecompartments.

Biochemicalcomposition
Themostimportantchemicalcomponentsofturmericarea
groupofcompoundscalledcurcuminoids,whichinclude
curcumin(diferuloylmethane),demethoxycurcumin,and
bisdemethoxycurcumin.Thebeststudiedcompoundis
curcumin,whichconstitutes3.14%(onaverage)ofpowdered
turmeric.[11]Inaddition,otherimportantvolatileoilsinclude
turmerone,atlantone,andzingiberene.Somegeneral
constituentsaresugars,proteins,andresins.[12]

Curcuminketoform

Uses
Culinary

Curcuminenolform

TurmericgrowswildintheforestsofSouthandSoutheastAsia.Itis
oneofthekeyingredientsinmanyAsiandishes.Indiantraditional
medicine,calledSiddha,hasrecommendedturmericformedicine.Its
useasacoloringagentisnotofprimaryvalueinSouthAsiancuisine.
Turmericismostlyusedinsavorydishes,butisusedinsomesweet
dishes,suchasthecakesfouf.InIndia,turmericplantleafisusedto
preparespecialsweetdishes,patoleo,bylayeringriceflourand
coconutjaggerymixtureontheleaf,andthenclosingandsteamingitin
aspecialcoppersteamer(goa).
InrecipesoutsideSouthAsia,turmericissometimesusedasanagent
toimpartarich,custardlikeyellowcolor.Itisusedincanned
beverages,bakedproducts,dairyproducts,icecream,yogurt,yellow
cakes,orangejuice,biscuits,popcorncolor,cereals,sauces,gelatins,
etc.Itisasignificantingredientinmostcommercialcurrypowders.

Turmericpowderisused
extensivelyinSouthAsian
cuisine.

Mostturmericisusedintheformofrhizomepowderinsomeregions(especiallyinMaharashtra,Goa,
KonkanandKanara),turmericleavesareusedtowrapandcookfood.Turmericleavesaremainlyusedin
thiswayinareaswhereturmericisgrownlocally,sincetheleavesusedarefreshlypicked.Turmericleaves
impartadistinctiveflavor.
Althoughtypicallyusedinitsdried,powderedform,turmericisalsousedfresh,likeginger.Ithas
numeroususesinFarEasternrecipes,suchaspicklethatcontainslargechunksofsoftturmeric,madefrom
freshturmeric.

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TurmericiswidelyusedasaspiceinSouthAsianandMiddleEasterncooking.ManyPersiandishesuse
turmericasastarteringredient.AlmostallIranianfrieddishesconsistofoil,onions,andturmericfollowed
byanyotheringredients.
InIndiaandNepal,turmericiswidelygrownandextensivelyusedinmanyvegetableandmeatdishesfor
itscolor,andisalsousedforitssupposedvalueintraditionalmedicine.
InSouthAfrica,turmericisusedtogiveboiledwhitericeagoldencolour.
InVietnamesecuisine,turmericpowderisusedtocolorandenhancetheflavorsofcertaindishes,suchas
bnhxo,bnhkht,andmiquang.ThepowderisalsousedinmanyotherVietnamesestirfriedandsoup
dishes.
InIndonesia,turmericleavesareusedforMinangeseorPadangesecurrybaseofSumatra,suchasrendang,
satepadang,andmanyothervarieties.
InThailand,freshturmericrhizomesarewidelyusedinmanydishes,inparticularinthesouthernThai
cuisine,suchastheyellowcurry(
)andturmericsoup(
).

InmedievalEurope,turmericbecameknownasIndiansaffronbecauseitwaswidelyusedasanalternative
tothefarmoreexpensivesaffronspice.[13]

Folkmedicineandtraditionaluses
InIndia,turmerichasbeenusedtraditionallyforthousandsofyearsasaremedyforstomachandliver
ailments,aswellastopicallytohealsores,basicallyforitssupposedantimicrobialproperty.[14]Inthe
Siddhasystem(sincearound1900BCE)turmericwasamedicineforarangeofdiseasesandconditions,
includingthoseoftheskin,pulmonary,andgastrointestinalsystems,aches,pains,wounds,sprains,and
liverdisorders.Afreshjuiceiscommonlyusedinmanyskinconditions,includingeczema,chickenpox,
shingles,allergy,andscabies.[15]
Theactivecompoundcurcuminisbelievedtohaveawiderangeofbiologicaleffectsincludinganti
inflammatory,antioxidant,antitumour,antibacterial,andantiviralactivities,whichindicatepotentialin
clinicalmedicine.[16]

Preliminarymedicalresearch
AccordingtotheNationalCenterforComplementaryandAlternative
Medicine,"thereislittlereliableevidencetosupporttheuseofturmeric
foranyhealthconditionbecausefewclinicaltrialshavebeen
conducted."[7]
Althoughtrialsaregoingonfortheuseofturmerictotreatcancer,
dosesneededforanyeffectaredifficulttoestablishinhumans.[17]

Turmericrhizomeandpowder.

Someresearchshowscompoundsinturmerictohaveantifungalandantibacterialpropertieshowever,
curcuminisnotoneofthem.[18]
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AsofDecember2013,turmericisbeingevaluatedforitspotentialefficacyagainstseveralhumandiseases
inclinicaltrials,includingkidneyandcardiovasculardiseases,arthritis,severaltypesofcancer,and
irritableboweldisease.[19]TurmericisalsobeinginvestigatedforpotentialtreatmentofAlzheimer's
disease,[20]diabetes,[21]andotherclinicaldisorders.[22][23]

Dye
Turmericmakesapoorfabricdye,asitisnotverylightfast,butiscommonlyusedinIndianand
Bangladeshiclothing,suchassarisandBuddhistmonks'robes.[24]Turmeric(codedasE100whenusedasa
foodadditive)[25]isusedtoprotectfoodproductsfromsunlight.Theoleoresinisusedforoilcontaining
products.Acurcuminandpolysorbatesolutionorcurcuminpowderdissolvedinalcoholisusedforwater
containingproducts.Overcoloring,suchasinpickles,relishes,andmustard,issometimesusedto
compensateforfading.
Incombinationwithannatto(E160b),turmerichasbeenusedtocolorcheeses,yogurt,drymixes,salad
dressings,winterbutterandmargarine.Turmericisalsousedtogiveayellowcolortosomeprepared
mustards,cannedchickenbroths,andotherfoods(oftenasamuchcheaperreplacementforsaffron).
Turmericpaper(papersteepedinatinctureofturmericandallowedtodry)isusedinchemicalanalysisas
anindicatorforacidityandalkalinity.[26]

Ceremonialuses
TurmericisconsideredhighlyauspiciousandholyinIndiaandhasbeenusedextensivelyinvariousHindu
ceremoniesforcenturies.Eventoday,itisusedineverypartofIndiaduringweddingceremoniesand
religiousceremonies.
TurmerichasplayedanimportantroleinHinduspiritualism.TherobesoftheHindumonkswere
traditionallycoloredwithayellowdyemadeofturmeric.Becauseofitsyelloworangecoloring,turmeric
wasassociatedwiththesunortheThirumalinthemythologyofancientTamilreligion.Yellowisthecolor
ofthesolarplexuschakra,whichintraditionalTamilSiddhamedicineistheenergycenterrelatingtothe
metabolicanddigestivesystems.Orangeisthecolorofthesacralchakra,andtiedtothereproductive
system.
TheplantisusedinpoosaitorepresentaformofKottravai,whoissaidtoresideonthisplantasherself.
Theplantisusedasacomponentofnavapatrikaalongwithplantain(banana),taro(kachvi,kacci,or
kochu)orbarley(jayanti),woodapple(bilva),pomegranate(darimba),asoka,manaka,ormanakochuand
dhanya.
ItisusedinpoosaitomakeaformofGanesha.Yaanaimugathaan,theremoverofobstacles,isinvokedat
thebeginningofalmostanyceremonyandaformofYaanaimugathaanforthispurposeismadebymixing
turmericwithwaterandformingitintoaconelikeshape.
Gayeholud(literally"yellowonthebody")isaceremonyobservedmostlyintheregionofBengal
(comprisingBangladeshandIndianWestBengal).Thegayeholudtakesplaceoneortwodaysbeforethe
religiousandlegalBengaliweddingceremonies.Theturmericpasteisappliedbyfriendstothebodiesof

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thecouple.Thisissaidtosoftentheskin,butalsocolorsthemwiththedistinctiveyellowhuethatgivesits
nametothisceremony.Itmaybeajointeventforthebrideandgroom'sfamilies,oritmayconsistof
separateeventsforthebride'sfamilyandthegroom'sfamily.
DuringtheTamilfestivalPongal,awholeturmericplantwithfreshrhizomesisofferedasathanksgiving
offeringtoSuryan,thesungod.Also,thefreshplantsometimesistiedaroundthesacredPongalpotin
whichanofferingofpongalisprepared.
InTamilNaduandAndhraPradesh,asapartoftheTamil/Telugu
marriageritual,driedturmerictubertiedwithstringisusedtemporarily
orpermanentlyasopposedtotheMangalasutraofHindusinIndia.
TheTamilmarriageactrecognizesthiscustom.Thalinecklaceisthe
equivalentofmarriageringsinwesterncultures.Inwesternandcoastal
India,duringweddingsoftheMarathiandKonkanipeople,Kannada
Brahminsturmerictubersaretiedwithstringsbythecoupletotheir
wristsduringaceremonycalledKankanabandhana.[27]
TurmericflowerinMaharashtra,

FriedrichRatzelinTheHistoryofMankindreportedin1896thatin
India
Micronesia,thepreparationofturmericpowderforembellishmentof
body,clothing,andutensilshadahighlyceremonialcharacter.[28]He
quotesanexampleoftherootsbeinggroundbyfourtosixwomeninspecialpublicbuildingsandthen
allowedtostandinwater.Thefollowingmorning,threeyoungcoconutsandthreeoldsomanutsareoffered
byapriestesswithprayer,afterwhichthedyewhichhassettleddowninthewateriscollected,bakedinto
cakesincoconutmolds,wrappedinbananaleaves,andhungupinthehutstillrequiredforuse.

Possibilityofleadcontamination
Asturmericandotherspicesarecommonlysoldbyweight,thepotentialexistsinmoderntimesforcutting
withpowdersoftoxicagentshavingsimilarcolor,suchasleadoxide,givingturmericanorangeredcolor
insteadofitsnativegoldyellow.[29][30]

Seealso
Alpiniazerumbet
Curcumaxanthorrhiza
Curcumazedoaria
Etlingeraelatior
Kaempferiagalanga

References
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"Effectsofdifferentdryingmethodsontheantioxidantpropertiesofleavesandteaofgingerspecies".Food
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Externallinks
Turmeric

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoCurcuma
longa.
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Wikispecieshasinformation
relatedto:Curcumalonga
Lookupturmericin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.

(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patientturmeric.html),fromtheU.S.National
InstitutesofHealth
TurmericListofChemicals(Dr.Duke's)(http://sun.ars
grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=331)
PlantCultures:reviewofbotany,historyanduses
(http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/turmeric_landing.html)
Turmeric(http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/turmeric)fromtheUniversityofMaryland
MedicalCenter.
HerbalMedicine:BiomolecularandClinicalAspects.2ndeditionChapter13:Turmeric,theGolden
Spice(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92752/)(nih.gov/books)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&oldid=641758133"
Categories: Chemopreventiveagents Experimentalmedicaltreatments Foodadditives Foodcolorings
Medicinalplants Monoamineoxidaseinhibitors Plantdyes Spices Zingiberaceae FloraofNepal
PlantsusedinAyurveda Plantsdescribedin1753 Indianspices
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon9January2015,at17:55.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
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