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3-2.3.
where k is the curvature of the curve in space and kg is its geodesic curvature. Hence
k=
2 + k2
kN
g
2 = |k | min(|k | , |k |).
kN
1
2
N
This is false. Consider the unit sphere. Every point is an umbilic and every
principal curvature is 1. Consider the latitude curve
3-2.4.
z (t) = (
1 z 2 cos(t),
1 z 2 sin(t), z).
1.
Let (u) = (cos(u), sin(u), 0) and let X = (0, 0, 1), so that (u, v) = v(u) + uX. An
easy computation shows that
u = v0 (u) + X
v = (u)
uu = v(u)
uv = 0 (u)
vv = 0.
Since (t), 0 (t), and X form an orthonormal basis for all values of t we have
E = 1 + v2
F =0
G = 1.
From the formula N = (u v )/ |u v | it follows that
N=
Hence
1
(vX + 0 ).
(1 + v 2 )1/2
e=0
1
(1 + v 2 )1/2
g = 0.
f=
2.
Compute the normal and geodesic curvature of the lines of latitude of the unit sphere.
z (t) = ( 1 z 2 cos(t),
1 z 2 sin(t), z).
This corresponds with the fact we already know that all normal curvatures on the unit sphere
are 1 depending on the choice of unit normal. For the geodesic curvature, we note that
1 = k 2 , so
kg2 + kN
s
1
z
kg =
1=
.
2
1z
1 z2
It remains to determine the sign of kg . This is determined by the sign of hN 0 , z00 i > 0.
Suppose S is connected orientable surface and that : R2 S is a chart such that the
second fundamental form in these coordinates vanishes. Prove that (R2 ) is contained in
a plane. (This is a version for surfaces of the fact that if a curve has vanishing curvature,
then its trace is contained in a line).
3.
and so forth (along with the definition of the second fundamental form) to show that the
normal vector is constant.
See me for more hints if need be!
Notice that
0 = A(u , u ) = hDN(u ), u i
and
0 = A(u , v ) = hDN(u ), v i .
Writing DN(u ) = au + bv we conclude that
< DN(u ), DN(u ) >= a hDN(u ), u i + b hDN(u ), v i = 0 + 0 = 0.
So DN(u ) = 0. A similar computation shows DN(v ) = 0. In other words,
N((u, v)) = 0
u
and
N((u, v)) = 0.
v
Hence the function taking (u, v) R2 to N(u, v) is constant. After a rigid motion, we can
assume that (0, 0) = (0, 0, 0) and that N = (0, 0, 1). Let be any smooth curve in the
(u, v)-plane with (0) = (0, 0) and let = . Then
D
0 = N, 0 (t) .
Writing (t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t)) we conclude that z 0 (t) = 0 and hence z is constant along
(and therefore equal to z(0) = 0. Since any point in the (u, v)-plane can be connected
to the origin by a smooth curve (e.g. let be a straight line) we conclude that (R2 ) is
contained in the plane z = 0.