EC602

COMPUTER SYSTEM
DIAGNOSIS
AND MAINTENANCE
1

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Computer System Diagnosis and

2
Maintenance

Chapter 1_5
PERSONAL COMPUTER
COMPONENTS
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1.1.5-Memory

Memory

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1.1.5-Memory

Single In-Line Memory Module

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Dual In-Line Memory Module

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Common Standard-Length
Modules

The standard-length module is the most commonly used module

form factor. With a typical length of 133.35mm, these DIMM
memory modules will accommodate the highest number
of DRAM components.
Most standard-length modules are 30mm high and used in
various applications where real estate is not an issue. Desktop,
servers, and workstations are not usually constrained by vertical
height restrictions and thus, the 30mm height is easy to
accommodate without restricting other mechanical obstructions.
To prevent DIMM modules from being installed in the nonsupported systems, the voltage alignment key notch is used in
different location for each technology to differentiate the various
type of memory technology.
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1.1.5-Memory

SRAM

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DRAM

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SDRAM - 168pin Unbuffered / Registered DIMM

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DDR - 184 pin Unbuffered / Registered DIMM

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DDR2 - 240 pin Unbuffered / Registered DIMM

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DDR2 - 240 pin Very Low Profile DIMM

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DDR2 244pin Mini Registered DIMM

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DDR3 - 240 pin Unbuffered / Registered DIMM

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Memory Markings

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Cache and Registers

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Cache Memory
Intel Dual Core Processor

AMD FX Processor

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1.1.5-Memory

Cache Memory

A CPU cache is a cache used by the central

processing unit of a computer to reduce the
average time to access memory.
The cache is a smaller, faster memory which
stores copies of the data from the most
frequently used main memory locations.
As long as most memory accesses are
cached memory locations, the average
latency of memory accesses will be closer to
the cache latency than to the latency of
main memory.
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1.1.5-Memory

Cache Memory
When

the processor needs to read

from or write to a location in main
memory, it first checks whether a
copy of that data is in the cache.
If so, the processor immediately
reads from or writes to the cache,
which is much faster than reading
from or writing to main memory.
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Cache Memory
Most

modern desktop and server CPUs

have at least three independent caches:
1. an instruction cache to speed up
executable instruction fetch,
2. a data cache to speed up data fetch
and store, and
3. a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) used
to speed up virtual-to-physical address
translation for both executable
instructions and data.
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Cache Memory-L1,L2,L3

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L1 Cache
L1

cache in most of Intel processor

has >90% hit function ratio, mean
cache has correct data 90% of the
times.
Run at core speed (233MHz)
<10% cache guesses wrong data
and have to retrieved from slower
main memory RAM(16MHz-60ns).
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Search in Cache MemorySecondary Memory

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L2 Cache
L2

cache mitigate slowdown every

times L1 cache miss data.
L2 cache mounted on the
motherboard and it run at
motherboards speed (66MHz-15ns).
If L1 Cache Miss, core will look kat
L2 cache as additional storage
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Volatility

Memory can be split into two main categories:

volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses any
data as soon as the system is turned off; it requires
constant power to remain viable. Most types of
RAM fall into this category.
Nonvolatile memory does not lose its data when
the system or device is turned off. A number of
types of memory fall into this category. The most
familiar is ROM, but Flash memory storage devices
such as CompactFlash or SmartMedia cards are
also forms of nonvolatile memory.
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