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I. INTRODUCTION
from the storage and from the power system through tie-line
interconnections. As the traditional power system response is
slow, when integrated with fast response energy storage, the
transients become more prone to subsystem dynamic variations
and their control becomes complicated. Of particular interest
are the inter-area oscillations, which are more dynamically coupled and hard to control. One control technique is to create a
disjoint decentralize system. However, strong interactions on
shared state variables require decoupling of system dynamics.
Overlapping decomposition reflects the shared state dynamics
to each related subsystem and creates isolated subsystems. This
will create a robust and computationally more efficient controller against power generation and load demand disturbances
by reducing the inter-area oscillations [11], [17][23]. These
techniques have been used in traditional power systems where
slow dynamics of large thermal power generation units [22]
and predictable loads influence the power system operations.
However, emerging technologies such as distributed generation
of intermittent renewable energy power units (e.g., wind and
solar), fast dynamics of storage charge-based inverter controls,
connection of stochastic loads (e.g., PHEVs) [24], and many mobile generation sources [16], [25] have introduced fast dynamics
which may cause instabilities in load-frequency control.
In this paper, a two-area power system with influence of wind
power and micro-hydro generation units is studied. This power
system has two types of backup energy sources such as diesel
and battery to provide long-term energy and short-term power
demands respectively. Each area has many state variables associated with generation units and load. In addition, the system
has one shared state variable (tie-line power) between two areas.
Decentralized overlapping decomposition is used to decouple
the subsystems and control the power transients of the studied
large-scale storage-based renewable energy systems. The effect
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1301
KHAYYER AND ZGNER: DECENTRALIZED CONTROL OF LARGE-SCALE STORAGE-BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
of a battery storage unit on the overlapping decomposition controller performance, robustness and the system oscillations are
analyzed and compared with a power system without energy
storage unit. Droop in power electronics [26] and batterys state
of charge (SOC) are considered in the modeling and the control
design.
II. LARGE-SCALE CONTROL FOR HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEMS
(1)
(13)
(2)
(10)
where
and
are the state vectors of subsystems 1 and 2
respectively. New state vector for the expanded system is defined as:
(11)
(12)
For this example, the transformation given in (6) can be represented as:
where
and
are states, input and output
vectors of system . In system
and
as states, input and output vectors. is represented by triplet
and is represented by triplet
. It is assumed that
and
. Considering the existence
of transformations (3)(5) [27], as follows:
(3)
(4)
(5)
(14)
(15)
(16)
and
(17)
(18)
(7)
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Fig. 2. A two-area power system. Area 1 consists of storage, wind and diesel
and area 2 consists of micro hydro power generation [30], [32].
KHAYYER AND ZGNER: DECENTRALIZED CONTROL OF LARGE-SCALE STORAGE-BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
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where
system),
Fig. 6. Dynamic model of the hydro power generation unit in area 2 [31].
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Fig. 10. Area 2 frequency variation profile under the load variation and wind
power generation variation events.
section analyzes the transient response when sudden wind generation and load changes occur. The response is obtained under
battery charge and size variations. Controllers are obtained
according to the overlapping decomposition to balance the load
and power generation and damp the short-term oscillations. In
addition, the controller should maintain normal operation under
maximum allowable system parameter deviation [31].
Perturbations include, a 0.01 pu increase in load demand at
time
second, and a 0.01 pu power decrease in wind system
at time
second. The power system dynamics and the
control response due to these perturbations are shown in Fig. 7
for area 1 (wind-BESS-Diesel). Figs. 8 and 9 provide closer
views of Fig. 7 under load change and generation variation.
KHAYYER AND ZGNER: DECENTRALIZED CONTROL OF LARGE-SCALE STORAGE-BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Fig. 12. Area 2 frequency variation profile. A focus on wind power decrease
event.
Fig. 14. Frequency variation in area 1 with different battery SOC levels.
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Overlapping decomposition demonstrated a reduced sensitivity of the control system to the battery state of charge. In
order to evaluate the effect of battery SOC on overall system
performance, a 10%, 50%, and 100% SOC variation that represent low, medium, and high charge levels were considered. The
droop was adjusted according to the profile showed in Fig. 4.
The results of this study on frequency variation in area 1 are
shown in Fig. 14. The control results showed the reduced dependency of the transient stability on the system parameters using
overlapping decomposition.
In order to evaluate the performance of the controller under
larger load perturbations, a 0.05 pu load increase was applied
to the system. The effect of this large load disturbance on the
frequency variation is shown in Figs. 15 and 16. As these figures
demonstrate, larger perturbations resulted in larger transients.
However, the controller proposed in this paper recovered the
system frequency variations in short time in both areas. This
demonstrated the robust behavior of the controller with respect
to large load disturbances.
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Fig. 15. Frequency variation in the area 1 under a large load perturbation.
Fig. 16. Frequency variation in the area 2 under a large load perturbation at the
area 1.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a dynamic model for battery storage unit was
obtained. The model included the effect of battery droop control
and state of charge. Interconnection of strongly coupled state
variables such as tie-line power was reduced using overlapping
decomposition principle. A controller was designed to reduce
the effect of load variation and the influence of intermittent generation reverberated to entire power system. The dependency of
the power system performance on the size of storage and state
of charge was also reduced.
APPENDIX
Hybrid system dynamic model parameter values [32], [47]:
,
,
,
Battery values:
KHAYYER AND ZGNER: DECENTRALIZED CONTROL OF LARGE-SCALE STORAGE-BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
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