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Compound
Composed of
Protons, Neutrons,
and Electrons
Different atoms are
called elements
A pure substance
made up of TWO or
MORE ELEMENTS
Electrons: 1- charge
Protons: 1+ charge
Neutrons: NO charge
NaCl is a compound
O2 is NOT a compound
The CHARGE of an ATOM = 0
PROTONS + NEUTRONS + ELECTRONS
= SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ATOMIC # =
# Protons
# Protons (+)
= # Electrons (-)
ATOMIC # = # of Protons
METALS
SEMIMETALS
NONMETALS
Bohr Diagrams
Period or ROW
Forming Compounds
There are 2 types of compounds:
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds form from IONS:
METAL ATOMS lose ELECTRONS to form a POSITIVE ION (CATION)
NON-METAL ATOMS gain ELECTRONS to form a NEGATIVE ION (ANION)
Non-Metal: Anion (Negative)
Charge of the
ion that forms:
-1 for Chlorine
Chlorine will GAIN 1 electron to form an ION
Some METALS can form MORE THAN ONE ion: called Multivalent
Iron can form either:
+3 charge OR +2 charge
NON-METALS
ARE NEVER
MULTIVALENT
Ionic
SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMED
3
Sodium has one electron
on VALENCE shell. It
wants to lose this
Chlorine needs ONE
more electron on its
Valence shell to make 8.
It wants to gain one
SODIUM DONATES
1 ELECTRON
SODIUM ION
FORMED +1
CHLORINE ACCEPTS
1 ELECTRON
CHLRORINE ION
FORMED -1
Covalent (Molecular)
NO electrons are
TRANSFERRED
Lewis Diagrams
F
FLUORINE ION
-
Nitrogen SHARES 3
electrons with three
hydrogen atoms. This
leaves 2 electrons not
paired to anything
Metal :
Non-Metal :
Na3P
Na
Na
Na
Means THREE Na
ions bind to
ONE P ion
Step 4: Reduce
Subscripts (if possible)
Mg3N2
Mg3N2
Mn2O4
MnO2
Multivalent Ions
Some METALS can form more than one
type of ion = multiple charges
Step 4: Reduce
Subscripts (if possible)
V2O4
VO2
VO2
Step 1: Uncross
subscripts
VO2
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are IONS MADE UP OF MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF ATOM:
Made up of :
ONE Nitrogen
THREE Oxygens
NO3-
In the formula MgSO4, to determine if you are dealing with a polyatomic ion look for a normal ion
FIRST AND CIRCLE
Mg SO4
Al (OH)3
Covalent Compounds
Covalent Compounds DO NOT have IONS: Naming is different from Ionic compounds
There is no NO METAL,
making this a
COVALENT COMPOUND
CS2
DO NOT REDUCE
THE SUBSCRIPTS FOR
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
P4O10
Naming Rules:
Covalent Compounds
are named according
to their SUBSCRIPTS
N2O
= dinitrogen monoxide
Name
CH4
methane
NH3
ammonia
H2O
water
Some COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
HAVE COMMON NAMES:
Word Equation:
Symbolic Equation:
2NO
+ O2
nitrogen dioxide
2NO2
Reactants
Products
Iron + Bromine
Fe
+ Br2
Fe
2 Fe + 3 Br2
2 Irons
Br2
3x2=
6
Bromines
Fe+3 + BrFeBr3
2 FeBr3
2 Irons
2x3=
6
Bromines
Sn+4 NO2-
K+ PO4-3
K+ NO2-
Sn+4 PO4-3
KNO2
Sn3(PO4)4
Step 3:
Sn(NO2)4
+ K3PO4
Treat each POLYATOMIC
ION AS A GROUP
Step 4: 3 Sn(NO2)4
+ K3 PO4
Four NO2
Step 5:
3 Sn(NO2)4
3 K NO2
One PO4
Sn3(PO4)4
One NO2
+ K3 PO4
Four PO4
3 KNO2
12 KNO2
Sn3(PO4)4
Balance Metals
Step 6:
3 Sn(NO2)4
+ 4 K3 PO4
Sn3(PO4)4
pH value
Corrosive?
Taste
React with metals?
Acid
Base
0 to less than 7
YES
SOUR
YES
More than 7 to 14
YES
BITTER
NO
pH Indicators
Phenolphthalein: COLORLESS TO PINK from 8.2-10.0
Bromothymol blue: YELLOW TO BLUE from 6.0-7.6
Naming Acids
Dry
Normal :
Special:
Aqueous (aq)
(in solution)
Naming Bases
Bases are H+ acceptors; usually have an OH on the right side of their formula
Caustic: a solution made from very reactive bases (e.g. concentrated Sodium Hydroxide)
NaOH
Sodium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide
NH4OH Ammonium Hydroxide
Acid versus Bases (In solution)
More H+ than OH
ACIDS
H+ = OHNEUTRAL
More OH than H+
BASES
5.2 Salts
Core Concepts
Salt: Contain a positive ion (from a base) and a negative ion (from an acid)
ACID + BASE
SALT + WATER
e.g. NaCl
Na + OH- H+ Cl-
Acid/Base Neutralization
ACID
BASE
3 H2SO4 + 2 Al(OH)3
SALT
WATER
Al2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O
Acids will react with METALS to form a SALT and HYDROGEN GAS
Na2O(s) + H2 2O --> 2 NaOH (aq)
Carbon has 4
electrons in its
valence shell
Carbon forms
4 COVALENT BONDS
e.g. Al4C3
Hydrocarbon examples
HYDROCARBONS:
Organic compound
that only contains
CARBON and
HYDROGEN
Alcohol examples
ALCOHOLS:
Organic compound
that only contains
CARBON, HYDROGEN,
& OXYGEN
A + B
2 Na + Cl2
C
2 NaCl
2 Na + Cl2
ATOM
ATOM
ION
ION
Decomposition:
AB
2 NaCl
A + B
2 Na + Cl2
ION
2 Na + Cl2
ATOM ATOM
2Al + 3CuCl2
M
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI
3Cu + 2AlCl3
M
NM
2NaNO3 + PbI2
NM
SINGLE REPLACEMENT
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
Remember:
A METAL forms + IONS
NON-METAL forms - IONS
Neutralization Reaction
ACID + BASE
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2
Combustion Reaction
SALT + WATER
CaSO4 + 2 HOH
HYDROCARBON + O2
CH4
H+ + OH- H2O
+ 2 O2
CO2 + H2O
CO2 + 2 H2O
(HOH)
1. Temperature
Temp =
2. Concentration
Reaction Rate
Concentration =
Reaction Rate
3. Surface Area
Surface Area =
Reaction Rate
4. Catalysts
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction
Natural Background Radiation: radiation that occurs in our environment. This radiation
has the potential to interact with ATOMS creating IONS
19 P
19 P
19 P
20 N
21 N
22 N
Radiation Types
Electromagnetic Radiation
Beta
Positively Charged
Same as a helium nucleus
Low-penetration
Negatively Charged
Same as an electron
Higher-penetration
Parent
Daughter
Gamma
Bottom #s = CHARGES
NO CHARGE or MASS
ARE WAVES not particles
HIGHEST-penetration
Remember:
VS
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
The fusion of 2 SMALLER NUCLEI
(JOIN TOGETHER) to make a
BIGGER NUCLEUS, LOTS OF
ENERGY, and SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES
ENERGY
ENERGY
Heaver isotope
of Hydrogen:
Deuterium