Ram Shanti Vidya Mandir,

Pandhurna (M.P)
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

DIABETES DETECTION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the 12th board project.
Central Board of Secondary Education

Submitted to:
Mrs. Tanvi Madam

Submitted by:
Khushbu Wadhwani
Date:

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Ram Shanti Vidya Mandir,

Pandhurna (M.P)
Certificate
This is to certify that project entitled Diabetes detection is bona fide
work of Khushbu Wadhwani during the academic year 2012-2013 in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the 12th board project in CBSE.
Under the guidance of

Mrs. Tanvi Madam

(Lecturer)

Dr. A. Panda
(Principal)

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Acknowledgement
I wish to avail this opportunity to acknowledgement my profound
indebtedness & extend my deep sense of gratitude to my guide
Respected Mrs. Tanvi madam.
Her valuable guidance profound advice and encouragement that has feel
to the successful completion of this project.

My sincere thanks to our respected principle Dr. A. Panda sir of the

institute for providing us the necessary facility to carry out the work.

I would also like to thank all the people who directly or indirectly helped
us in completion of my project.

Finally I would like to express my deepest gratitude & relevance of my

parents for the encouragement throughout the process of this work.

PROJECTEES
Khushbu Wadhwani

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ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a major health problem in both developing and developed
countries and its incidence is rising dramatically. In this study, we
investigate a novel automatic approach to diagnose Diabetes disease
based on Feature Weighted Support Vector Machines (FW-SVMs) and
Modified Cuckoo Search (MCS). The proposed model consists of three
stages: Firstly, PCA is applied to select an optimal subset of features out
of set of all the features. Secondly, Mutual Information is employed to
construct the FWSVM by weighting different features based on their
degree of importance. Finally, since parameter selection plays a vital role
in classification accuracy of SVMs, MCS is applied to select the best
parameter values. The proposed MI-MCS-FWSVM method obtains
93.58% accuracy on UCI dataset. The experimental results demonstrate
that our method outperforms the previous methods by not only giving
more accurate results but also significantly speeding up the classification
procedure. Diabetes disease diagnosis via proper interpretation of the
Diabetes data is an important classification problem. Diabetes occurs
when a body is unable to produce or respond properly to insulin which is
needed to regulate glucose. Diabetes not only is a contributing factor to
heart disease, but also increases the risks of developing Kidney Disease,
Blindness, Nerve damage, and blood vessel damage. Statistics show that
more than 80 percent of people with Diabetes die from some form of
heart or blood vessel diseases. Currently there is no cure for Diabetes;
However, it can be controlled by injecting insulin, changing eating
habits, and doing physical exercises (Polat and Gnes, 2007). Diabetes
disease diagnosis via proper interpretation of the Diabetes data is an
important classification problem.

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INDEX
S.No.

Topic

Pg. No.

1.

Introduction

2.

System Analysis

a. Working

10

b. Requirement

12

c. Feasibility study

13

d. Future purpose

14

e. Methodology

15

3.

System design

17

a. Flow diagram

18

b. Source code

21

c. Processed output

32

4.

Testing & Implementation

35

5.

Application of the project

40

6.

Advantages & Disadvantages

42

7.

Conclusion

44

8.

Bibliography

46

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Aim of the project:

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This project uses the concept of data file handling and other concepts of object
oriented programming. Its Aim is to detect the diabetes in people using
programming and having a look at symptoms. This project helps to detect the
diabetes in patients easily. This Project is for the academic year 2012-2013 in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the 12th board project in CBSE. In this
project we are detecting the diabetes in patients.

What Is Diabetes? What Causes

Diabetes?
Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of
metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either
because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not
respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically
experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty
(polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).
Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not make any insulin or can't use the
insulin it does make as well as it should. Insulin is a hormone made in the body. It
helps glucose (sugar) from food enter the cells where it can be used to give the
body energy. Without insulin, glucose remains in the blood stream and cannot be
used for energy by the cells. Over time, having too much glucose in the blood can
cause many health problems.
Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness, kidney disease, and amputation,
and it contributes greatly to the state's and nation's number one killer,
cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke). People with diabetes are more
likely to die from flu or pneumonia.
Diabetes is not caused by eating too much sugar; in fact there is no such thing as
"having a touch of sugar," as some people believe. Only a doctor or health care
provider can diagnose diabetes either by conducting a fasting plasma glucose
(FPG) test or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

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The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple a etiology

characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or
both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long term damage, dysfunction and
failure of various organs. Diabetes mellitus may present with characteristic
symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss. In its most
severe forms, ketoacidosis or a nonketotic hyperosmolar state may develop and
lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death. Often symptoms
are not severe, or may be absent, and consequently hyperglycemia sufficient to
cause pathological and functional changes may be present for a long time before
the diagnosis is made. The longterm effects of diabetes mellitus include
progressive development of the specific complications of retinopathy with
potential blindness, nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy
with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and features of autonomic
dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction. People with diabetes are at increased
risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebra vascular disease.

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Chapter II
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
WORKING
REQUIREMENT
FEASIBILITY STUDY
FUTURE PURPOSE
METHODOLOGY

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS:
WORKING:
This program supports two different programming paradigms: rule based, objectoriented. In rule-based programming, it allows knowledge to be represented as
heuristics, or rules of thumb, which specify a set of actions to be performed for a
given situation. Object-oriented programming allows complex systems to be
modeled as modular components. These modules could be easily in other
components & programs.
This program is designed to detect the diabetes in patients using their complete
information and by looking at the symptoms.
In this section of the diabetes detection, the system prompts the user to enter
information about the patient. Patient information includes name, age, sex &
family history of diabetes. Next, diabetes program presents the nurse with
yes/no (or y/n ) question. As each question is answered, another question is
displayed. The questions presented are similar to the question that Doctor
would ask a patient during a normal visit to a medical office.
Firstly, we have to enter the complete information about particular person i.e.,
Name, age, weight, height, sex. Then, for detecting the diabetes in that person we
have to keep a look at the symptoms of the diabetes according to the level of the
diabetes i.e., level 1, level 2 or level 3. For detecting the diabetes we should have

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the complete information about the patient, which should be accurate. The working
of this program consists of the following conditions:
Enter the name, age, weight, height and sex (M/F) of the person whose
diabetes is to be detected.
Then, fill the medical diagnosis form which includes the following
information:
Appetite
Frequency of thirst
Frequency of Urination
Vision
Urine sugar
Ketonurea
Fasting blood sugar
R.B.S.
Family history of diabetes
Then, have a look at the symptoms of level 1.
The symptoms of level 1 includes the following conditions:

If the person is not diabetic, then the process will be over.

If the person is diabetic then if we wish we can proceed.

If it is primary diabetes then also we can proceed.
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 If it is secondary diabetes then we have to quit.

If it is insulin dependent diabetes then also we have to quit.
If it is non insulin dependent diabetes then also we have to quit.
After proceeding from level 1s symptoms we should have a look at level 2s
symptoms, which are:
Pancreatitis (P/A)
Carcinoma (P/A)
Cirrhosis (P/A)
HCTS (H/L/N)
Hepatitis (P/A)
Hormonal disorder (P/A)
Pancreatectomy (P/A)
Then, we will move towards level 3 of diabetic symptoms, which mainly
take care about some of these factors:
Age (young(Y) / Middle aged(M) / Elderly(E)
Weight (normal(N) /Above normal(A) / Below normal(B) / obese)
Duration (weeks(W) /Months(M) /Years(Y)
Ketonurea (P/A)
Auto antibodies (P/A)

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REQUIREMENTS:
Hardware requirements:

PC with 2 GB hard-disk
For Linux:
GNU gcc: 4.0 upto 4.3.2
For Windows:
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2005
SP1 with all security updates
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2008
SP1**
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2010
256 MB RAM
SVGA color monitor

Software requirements:

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Windows 95/98/XP/7.
MS-office 2007
Turbo C++ 3.0
Intel Pentium, 100 MHz processor
or higher

FEASIBILITY STUDY:
FEASIBILITY STUDY is a report directed management. It evaluates the impact of
the proposed changes in the area(s) in question. The report is a formal document
for management, brief enough and sufficiently, on technical to be understandable,
yet detailed enough to provide the basis for design.

Technical Feasibility Technical feasibility centers around the existing system (hardware,
software, etc) into what it can sort the proposed addition.

Economical Feasibility
Economical analysis in the most frequently used method for
evaluation the effectiveness of a candidate system. This procedure is to
determine the benefits and saving that are expected from a candidate system
and compare it with cost.

Operational feasibilityEmployees of any organization are inherently resistant to changes

because they believe that it will be very difficult to adapt in the new system.
Computers have been to facilitate changes. it is well known that computerization
has something to do with transfers, retraining and changes in employee job status.

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METHODOLOGY:
Following are the header files used:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<process.h>

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FUTURE PURPOSE:
The application certainly has same striking advantage over manual system. There
will be no paper work as possible and the information will be updated as it
changes.
The operator does not require any previous training because of its user
friendliness the operator is free from any technicality of the backend
processing, that is how database is maintained.
If the process of the working changes in future then the alteration in the
system will be done easily and will not cause in the mismanaging of data.
Furthermore with its implementation very large amount of data will be secure
and editing and addition or deletion of data is done very easily.
In future according to the users requirement it can be updated so that to reach
the user specification.

Project Plan The Objective of the software project planning is to provide a framework
that enables an owner to make reasonable estimate of the resources, cost and
schedule. The project leader is responsible for designing the system precisely
according the requirement specified by the patient. He is also responsible for
maintenance of the system for certain period of time. Since cost of maintenance is
much higher than cost of developing system. Thus to reduce developing and
maintenance cost, to provide the system in predefine time proper planning of
system is necessary.

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For this project, we used the Waterfall Model. The methodology has the following
phases:

Initial Investigation
The most crucial phase of managing system projects is planning to
launch a system investigation, we need a master plan detailing the steps to be
taken, the people to be questioned, and outcome expected. The initial
investigation has the objective of determining whether the users request has
potential merits the major steps are defining user requirements, studying the
present system and defining the performance expected by the candidate system
to meet user requirements. The first step in the system development life cycle is
the identification of need. There may be a user request to change, improve or
enhance an existing system. The initial investigation is one way of handling
these needs. The objective is to determine whether the request is valid and
feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing, improve or modify
the existing system, are to build a new one.
Thus for an effective test, paper follow-up and handling of the
data resulting from different patients, it felt necessary to develop a DIABETES
DETECTION so that monitoring and testing of diabetes could be done.

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CHAPTER III.
SYSTEM DESIGN
FLOW DIAGRAM
SOURCE CODE
PROCESSED OUTPUT

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FLOW DIAGRAM:

n
a
P
w
s
h

a m e
g e
e r s o n a l In fo r m a t io n
e ig h t
e x
e ig h t

If t h
It is
L e v
If t h
It is
It is
It is

e p e rso n
in s u lin d
e l 1 o f d
e p e rso n
p r im a r y
n o n in s u
se co n d a

is d ia b e t ic
e p e n d e n t d ia b e t e s
ia b e t e s s y m p t o m s
is n o t d ia b e t ic
d ia b e t e s
lin d e p e n d e n t d ia b e t e s
r y d ia b e t e s

K
F
A
F
R
M
F
U
V
F

K
A
L
A
W
D

H
H
P
P
H
C
L
C

E T O N U R E A (P /A )
U T O A N T IB O D IE S ( P /A )
e v e l 3 o f d ia b e t e s s y m p t o m s
G E ( y o u n g ( Y ) /M id d le a g e d ( M ) / E ld e r ly ( E )
E IG H T ( n o r m a l( N ) /A b o v e n o r m a l( A ) / B e lo w n o r m a l( B ) /o b e s e )
U R A T IO N ( w e e k s ( W ) /M o n t h s ( M ) /Y e a r s (Y )

O R M O N A L D IS O R D E R ( P /A )
C T S (H /L /N )
A N C R E A T E C T O M Y (P /A )
a n c r e a t it is ( P / A )
e p it it is ( P /A )
ir h h o s is ( P /A )
e v e l 2 o f d ia b e t e s s y m p t o m s
a r c in o m a ( P /A )

e to n u re a
a s t in g b lo o d s u g a r
p e t t it e
a m ily h is t o r y o f d ia b e t e s
.B .S .
e d ic a l D ia g n o s is F o r m
r e q u n c y o f t h r is t
r in e s u g a r
is io n
r e q u e n c y o f U r in a t io n

Flow chart for the detection of diabetes with

complete process

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Flow diagram showing the processing of the program

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Source code:
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#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<process.h>
class diabetes
{
private:
char name[40];
float age;
int wt;
float ht;
char sex;
char *s;
public:
void welcome_screen(void);
void getvalue(void);
void getlevel1_symptoms(void);
void getlevel2_symptoms(void);
void getlevel3_symptoms(void);
int analyse_symptoms(int);
char display_message(int,int);
};
void main()
{
char ch,choice,cho;
//int m,n=2;
float m;
int n=1;
void diagnosis(void);
diabetes dts;
dts.welcome_screen();
dts.getvalue();
diagnosis();
dts.getlevel1_symptoms();
m=dts.analyse_symptoms(n);
choice=dts.display_message(m,n);
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choice=toupper(choice);
if(choice=='Y')
{
++n;
dts.getlevel2_symptoms();
m=dts.analyse_symptoms(n);
choice=dts.display_message(n,m);
choice=toupper(choice);
if(choice=='Y')
{
++n;
dts.getlevel3_symptoms();
m=dts.analyse_symptoms(n);
cho=dts.display_message(n,m);
cho=toupper(cho);
if(cho=='Y')
{
++n;
dts.getlevel3_symptoms();
m=dts.analyse_symptoms(n);
choice=dts.display_message(m,n);
}
}
}
}
void diabetes::welcome_screen()
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(23,7);
textcolor(YELLOW);
cputs("********* W E L C O M E ********* " );
gotoxy(25,9);
cputs("RAM SHANTI VIDYA MANDIR, PANDHURNA " );
gotoxy(18,12);
cputs(" M E D I C A L D I A G N O S I S S O F T W A R E ");
textcolor(GREEN+BLINK);
for(int x=50;x>=22;x--)
{
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sound(2000);
delay(120);
nosound();
gotoxy(x,14);
cputs("D O N E B Y : ");
gotoxy(x,16);
cputs("Khushbu Wadhwani ");
gotoxy(43,18);
}
gotoxy(17,25);
cputs("********** PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE ********* ");
getch();
return;
}
void diabetes::getvalue()
{
clrscr();
textcolor(WHITE);
gotoxy(20,8);
cputs(" P E R S O N A L I N F O R M A T I O N");
gotoxy(25,10);
cputs("N A M E :
");
gotoxy(25,12);
cputs("A G E :
");
gotoxy(25,14);
cputs("W E I G H T :
");
gotoxy(25,16);
cputs("H E I G H T :
");
gotoxy(25,18);
cputs("S E X (M/F):
");
textcolor(WHITE);
gotoxy(42,10);
gets(name);
gotoxy(42,12);
cin>>age;
gotoxy(42,14);
cin>>wt;
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gotoxy(42,16);
cin>>ht;
gotoxy(42,18);
cin>>sex;
getch();
return;
}
void diagnosis(void)
{
clrscr();
textcolor(WHITE);
gotoxy(20,5);
cputs(" ** D I A G N O S I S W I N D O W ** ");
cout<<"\n\n\n";
cputs(" Let's have alook at symptoms.........");
cout<<"\n\n\n";
cputs(" Please enter the form in next page .");
cout<<"\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t ";
textcolor(YELLOW);
cputs("***** PRESS ANY KEY ***** ");
getch();
}
void diabetes::getlevel1_symptoms(void)
{
clrscr();
int i=0;
gotoxy(23,3);
textcolor(WHITE);
cputs( " *** MEDICAL DIAGONOSIS FORM *** ");
gotoxy( 3,6);
cputs("APPETITE (H(HIGH),/L(LOW),/N(NORMAL):") ;
gotoxy(64,6);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,8);
cputs("FREQUENCY OF THIRST(H(HIGH),/L(LOW)/N(NORMAL):");
gotoxy(64,8);
cin>>s[i];
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s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,10);
cputs("FREQUENCY OF URINATION(H(HIGH),/L(LOW),/N(NORMAL):");
gotoxy(64,10);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,12);
cputs("VISION (I(IMPAIRMENT),/N(NORMAL)");
gotoxy(64,12);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,14);
cputs("URINE SUGAR(P(PASSIVE)/A(ACTIVE);");
gotoxy(64,14);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,16);
cputs("KETONUREA(P(PASSIVE)/A(ACTIVE)");
gotoxy(64,16);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,18);
cputs("FASTING BLOOD SUGAR(H(HIGH)/L(LOW)/N(NOMAL)");
gotoxy(64,18);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,20);
cputs("R B S (H(HIGH)/L(LOW)/N(NORMAL)");
gotoxy(64,20);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,22);
cputs("FAMILY HISTORY OF DIABETES(P(PASSIVE)/A(ACTIVE)");
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gotoxy(64,22);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
gotoxy(3,24);
cputs("OGTT(D/N)");
gotoxy(64,24);
cin>>s[i];
s[i]=toupper(s[i]);
++i;
}
int diabetes::analyse_symptoms(int n)
{
int i=0;
int count=0;
int result=0;
switch(n)
{
case 1: if(s[9]=='D' )
result=-1;
else
if(s[5]=='P'&& s[6]=='P' && s[7]=='H')
result=-1;
else
{
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(s[i]=='H'||s[i]=='P'||s[i]=='D'||s[i]=='I')
count++;
}
if(count>5)
result=-1; }
break;
case 2: if((s[0]=='P')||(s[1]=='P')||(s[2]=='P')||(s[3]=='H')||(s[4]=='P')||
(s[5]=='P')||(s[6]=='P'))
result=-1;
else
result=0;
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break;
case 3:
if((s[0]=='Y')&&(s[1]=='N')&&(s[2]=='W')&&(s[3]=='P')&&(s[4]=='P')||
(s[0]=='Y')&&(s[1]=='B')&&(s[2]=='W')&&(s[3]=='P')&&(s[4]=='P')||
(s[0]=='Y')&&(s[1]=='N')&&(s[2]=='M')&&(s[3]=='P')&&(s[4]=='P')||
(s[0]=='Y')&&(s[1]=='N')&&(s[2]=='Y')&&(s[3]=='P')&&(s[4]=='P'))
result=0;
else
result=-1;
break;
default:break;
}
return(result);
}
char diabetes::display_message(int n,int m)
{
char ch;
clrscr();
switch(n)
{
case 1:
switch(m);
{
case 0: gotoxy(30,12);
cputs("THE PERSON IS NOT DIABETIC");
gotoxy(50,20);
cputs("PRESS ANY KEY TO QUIT." );
// gotoxy(70,20);
//cin>>ch;
//break;
exit(0);
case -1:
gotoxy(30,20);
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cputs("THE PERSON IS DIABETIC ");

gotoxy(54,20);
cputs("PROCEED (Y/N) ?");
gotoxy(70,20);
cin>>ch;
break;
// default: break;
}
break;
case 2:
switch(m)
{
case 0: gotoxy(30,12);
cputs("IT IS PRIMARY DIABETES.");
gotoxy(50,25);
cputs("Proceed(Y/N)?");
gotoxy(70,25);
cin>>ch;
break;
case -1: gotoxy(30,12);
cputs("IT IS SECONDARY DIABETES");
gotoxy(50,25);
cputs("PRESS ANY KEY TO QUIT");
getch();
break;
}
break;
case 3:switch(m)
{
case 0: gotoxy(30,12);
cputs(" IT IS INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES");
gotoxy(50,25);
cputs("press any key to quit");
getch();
break;
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case -1: gotoxy(30,12);

cputs("IT IS NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES");
gotoxy(50,25);
cputs("PRESS ANY KEY TO QUIT .");
getch();
break;
//

default: break;

}
// break ;
// default : break;
}
return (ch);
}

void diabetes::getlevel2_symptoms()
{
clrscr();
int j=0;
gotoxy(20,8);
cputs("PANCREATITIS(P/A) :");
gotoxy(60,8);
cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
j++;
gotoxy(20,10);
cputs("CARCINOMA(P/A) :");
gotoxy(60,10);
cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
++j;
gotoxy(20,12);
cputs("CIRHHOSIS(P/A) :");
gotoxy(60,12);
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cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
++j;
gotoxy(20,14);
cputs(" HCTS (H/L/N) :");
gotoxy(60,14);
cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
++j;
gotoxy(20,16);
cputs("HEPATITIS(P/A) :");
gotoxy(60,16);
cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
++j;
gotoxy(20,18);
cputs(" HORMONAL DISORDER(P/A):");
gotoxy(60,18);
cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
++j;
gotoxy(20,20);
cputs(" PANCREATECTOMY(P/A) :");
gotoxy(60,20);
cin>>s[j];
s[j]=toupper(s[j]);
++j;
return;
}
void diabetes::getlevel3_symptoms()
{
int k=0;
clrscr();
gotoxy(10,8);
cputs(" AGE(young(Y)/Middle aged(M)/Elderly(E))");
gotoxy(73,8);
cin>>s[k];
s[k]= toupper (s[k]);
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++k;
gotoxy(10,12);
cputs("BODY WEIGHT(normal(N)/Above normal(A)/Below
normal(B)/obese)");
gotoxy(73,12);
cin>>s[k];
s[k]= toupper(s[k]);
++k;
gotoxy(10,16);
cputs(" DURATION (weeks(W)/Months(M)/Years(Y))");
gotoxy(73,16);
cin>>s[k];
s[k]= toupper(s[k]);
++k;
gotoxy(10,20);
cputs("KETONUREA(P/A)");
gotoxy(73,20);
cin>>s[k];
s[k]= toupper(s[k]);
++k;
gotoxy(10,24);
cputs("AUTO ANTIBODIES(P/A)");
gotoxy(73,24);
cin>>s[k];
s[k]= toupper(s[k]);
++k;
return;
}

Processed output:
Personal information
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 Name:
Age:
Weight:
Height:
Sex (M/F):

Diagnosis Window
Lets have a look at symptoms.
Please enter the form in next page

******PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE******

******MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS FORM*******
APPETITE (H(HIGH),/L(LOW),/N(NORMAL):
FREQUENCY OF THIRST (H/L/N):
FREQUENCY OF URINATION (H/L/N):
VISION (I(IMPAIRMENT)(/N(NORMAL):
URINE SUGAR (P/PASSIVE, A/ACTIVE):
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 KETONUREA (P,A)
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR: (H,L,N):
R B S (H,L,N):
FAMILY HISTORY OF DIABETES (P,A):
OGTT (D/N):
_________________________________________________________
IF THE PERSON IS DIABETIC
PROCEED(Y/N)
____________________________________________________________
IF N QUIT
____________________________________________________________
IF Y
____________________________________________________________
PANCREATITIS (P/A):
CARCINOMA (P/A):
CIRRHOSIS (P/A):
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 HCTS (H/L/N):
HEPATITIS (P/A):
HORMONAL DISORDER (P/A):
PANCREATECTOMY (P/A):
_______________________________________________________
IF IT IS A SECONDARY DIABETES QUIT
____________________________________________________________
IF IT IS A PRIMARY DIABETES PROCEED(Y/N)
IF Y
___________________________________________________________
AGE (YOUNG(Y)/MIDDLE AGED (M)/ELDERLY (E)):
BODY WEIGHT (NORMAL)(N)/ABOVE NORMAL(A)/BELOW
NORMAL(B)/OBESE(O):
DURATION (WEEKS (W)/MONTHS (M)/YEARS(Y):
KETONUREA (P/A):
AUTO ANTIBODIES (P/A):

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____________________________________________________________
IF IT IS A NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES

PRESS ANY KEY TO QUIT

___________________________________________________________
IF IT IS A INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES

PRESS ANY KEY TO QUIT.

CHAPTER IV
TESTING & IMPLEMENTATION

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 TESTING & IMPLEMENTATION

Testing techniques The development of software systems involves series of production

activities where opportunities for injection of human fallibilities are
enormous. Errors may begin to occur at every inception of the process where
the objectives may be erroneously or imperfectly specified as well as later
design and development stages. Because of human inability to perform and
communicate with perfection, software development is accompanied by
quality assurance activity.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and

represents the ultimate review of specification, design and coding.. The increasing
visibility of software as a system element and attendant costs associated with a
software failure is motivating forces for well planned, through testing.

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 Software Testing Fundamentals During earlier definition and development phases, the engineer
attempts to build software from a concept to tangible implementations. Now
comes the testing. The engineer creates a series of test cases that are
intended to demolish the software has been built. In fact testing is the one
step in the software engineering process that could be viewed as destructive
rather than constructive.
Testing required that the developer discard preconceived notion of the correctness
of the software just developed and overcome a conflict of the interest that occurs
when error are uncovered.

Testing objective A numbers of rules that can serve well as testing objectives:

Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.

Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.
A good test case is one that has high probabilities of finding an as yet
undiscovered error.
A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.

Our objective is to design test systematically uncover different classes of errors and
do so with minimum amount of time and effort. Data collected as testing is

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conducted provide a good indication of software reliability and some indication of

software quality as a whole. But there is one thing that testing cannot do.
Testing cannot show the absence of defects, it can only show that software defects
are present.

Test information flow -

Information flow for testing follows the pattern described in the figure:
Two classes of input are provided.
A software configuration that includes a software requirement
specification, a design specification, and Source code
A test configuration that include a Test Plane and Procedure, any testing
tools that are to be used, and test cases and there expected results.

Implementation Implementation of the project required the design of the system developed
in the design phase of the project to be coded and implemented. The
modules defines in the design phase are coded in C++ language.
The extensive implementation of expert systems in medical science has
proven to successfully reduce cost. The operation of typically diagnosis
software could potentially revolutionize the diagnostic process the way it has
impacted the commercial & industrial sectors. Thus, this project has been a
expert or non-expert-system-based method of decision-making for diagnosis
& treatment of diabetes. The prototype expert system has the potential to be
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useful for the health-care industry seeking ways to make health-care cost
effective. Furthermore, the ultimate beneficiaries of the project are the
diabetes patients. The outcome of this research project is a prototype expert
system which is intended to facilitate diagnosis, evaluation & treatment
processes at various states for type II diabetes.

Integration phase:
Integration phase requires the integration of the various modules
developed in the project implementation phases. In implementation, it is
important to follow good software

engineering practice so that tracing to

the design is straight forward and

So that the implemented system remains flexible 0and extensible, thus it
reduces cost of maintenance and enhancement of the system.

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CHAPTER V
APPLICATION OF PROJECT
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 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT:

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We propose an application to detect undiagnosed patients with type2

diabetes and pre-diabetes based exclusively on resource-use data
possessed by sickness funds.

Detection in this manner is cheap, noninvasive and can be

applied on a population-wide scale. We will achieve this by customizing
state-of the- art data mining techniques to infer clinically relevant
information from refund histories maintained by sickness funds. Using
refund histories for medical purposes represents a significant innovation
and is expected to have a high societal impact if proven successful.

Our project can be considered a proof of concept which paves

the way for many other potential applications based on refund histories.
The techniques we apply are generic.
The presence of technology in all aspects of life has enabled solutions to
real life problem that were either difficult or unfeasible. Intelligent
inference machines based upon available data are being implemented
throughout medical science. Typically expert-system-based decisionmaking software is employed to feed the rule-based knowledge and
assist human health-care professionals to interpret & implement their
decisions. It has been shown that, in association with their computer
colleagues, human health-care managers have been able to improve
efficiencies of their operation significantly.

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CHAPTER VI
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE

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ADVANTAGES

The main advantage of this project is that it is fast in executing.

It is simple, portable and provides high performance.
It requires less memory space.
Diabetes can easily be detected in patients.
Permits a non- expert to do the work of an expert.
Improves productivity by increasing work output and improving efficiency.
Saves time in accomplishing specific objective.

DISADVANTAGES
A library set is usually chosen that locks you into a single platform or
operating system.
Overly complex for very large high level programs.
Expert systems are not 100% reliable. Even with the best expert contributing
to the design, expert systems are not perfect or infallible. For that reason
their output must be weighed, tested & otherwise scrutinized before it is
used. Human beings should always provide the final judgment.

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CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSION

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 Conclusion
This project is a design & implementation of a prototype medical expert
system to aid users. Users may use the software (Diabetes detection) as a
diagnostic & reference tool. The software can facilitate early detection &
diagnosis of diabetes. The prototype uses a knowledge- based system
with front-end text based interface that enables users to answer
diagnostic questions & enter laboratory results. The system output is the
diagnosis & treatment plan to be followed.
Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic
diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not
respond to the insulin that is produced.[2] This high blood sugar produces
the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent
urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased
hunger).
The goal of the project was to improve the diagnosis & evaluation
process for diabetes by utilizing intelligence technology to build &
validate a prototype expert system. Medical software has played a
significant role in helping both patients & medical practitioners to come
up with the suitable treatment for diabetes. This prototype system could
be beneficial to medical professionals (such as users & user
practitioners) because the system aids in producing accurate result.

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CHAPTER VIII
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.icbse.com
www.diabetesjournols.org
www.google.com
www.cbseportal.com
Computer science (C++) by Sumita Arora.
www.yaahoo.com

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