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2
l
x
A
k2
l
k1
y
1
d T
T V
nc
( )
Qi ,
dt qi
qi qi
i 1,2,3,......
Here,
T1 (ml2 / 3)12 / 2;
v G2 v A v G2/ A ;
v A 1k r OA
Q2 Plsin 2 ;
d T
(
) ml2 [1 / 3 1 2 cos( 2 1 ) / 4
dt 1
2 (1 2 )sin(2 1 ) / 4]
T
ml221 sin(2 1 ) / 4
1
V
3mglsin 1 / 2 (k1 k 2 )1 k 22
1
ml2 [41 / 3 2 cos(2 1 ) / 4 22 sin(2 1 ) / 4]
(k1 k 2 )1 k 22 3mglsin 1 / 2 Plsin 1
d T
(
) ml2 [2 / 3 1 cos( 2 1 ) / 4
dt 2
1(1 2 )sin(2 1 ) / 4]
T
2
ml 21 sin(2 1 ) / 4
2
V
mglsin 2 / 2 k 21 k 22
1
ml2 [2 / 3 1 cos( 2 1 ) / 4 12 sin( 2 1 ) / 4]
k 21 k 22 mglsin 2 / 2 Plsin 2
Equation for 2:
[2 / 3 1 cos(2 1 ) / 4 12 sin(2 1 ) / 4]
k1 k2 (P M)sin 2
7
y
8
W P[cos(2 ) i sin(2 ) j ] r B;
r B l(cos 1 i sin 1 j ) l(cos 2 i sin 2 j )
[2 / 3 1 cos(2 1 ) / 4 sin(2 1 ) / 4]
2
1
k1 k2 PSin Msin 2
11
X (t ) A sin(t )
ground
my mg or y g
y=y0 g (t t0 )
12
y=y0 -g(t-t 0 )
Integrating once gives:
1
Integrating again, we get: y y0 y0 (t t0 ) g (t t0 )2
2
The position of the ball has to remain above the
table y(t) X(t), t t 0
Finally, we have the law of
ball
interaction between the
mg
g
Y(t)
table and the ball:
If we assume simple law of
table
impact, the relative velocities
X (t ) A sin(t )
before and after impact are related
ground by coefficient of restitution.
13
mg
table
ground
ground
Pos. units : ( g )T 2 2 g 2
So, X (t ) (2 2 g 2 ) X ( )
A sin(t ) A sin(2 )
2 A
X ( ) sin(2 );
2
g
15
d dt
d 2
d
d2 z
g d2 Z d
g d2 Z
g d2 Z
( ) 2
( ) 2
( ) 2
2
dt
d dt
d 2
2 d
ball
Y(t)
mg
table
ground
Now,
z g Z 2 .
Integrating,
Z ( ) Z 0 2( 0 ),
Z ( ) Z 0 Z 0 ( 0 ) ( 0 ) 2
16
Y(t)
mg
table
X( )
sin(2)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
Z0 W0 X( 0 )
Z0 W0 cos(20 )
(5)
ball
Y(t)
mg
table
( 0 )
sin(2)
2
ground Using (3)-(5)
2
(6)
18
W()
[sin(20 ) sin(2)]
2
[W0 cos(20 )]( 0 ) ( 0 )2
mg
table
W( 1)
[sin(20 ) sin(21)]
2
[W0 cos(20 )](1 0 )
(1 0 )2 0
(7)
dW( )
mg
(8)
W1 eW1
(e coefficient of restitution)
or:
table
W1 e[ {cos(20 )
cos(21)} W0 2(1 0 )]
(9)
ground
20
and
[sin(2i ) sin(2i1)]
2
[Wi cos(2i )]( i1 i ) (i1 i )2 0
W (i1)
Y(t)
(A)
mg
2(i1 i )]
(B)
table
ground
21
temperature in
r
cooling
buoyancy and
centrifugal terms, i.e. in
R
Rotating Thermosyphon
There are many ways to develop a model for the
system. If the tube radius r is much smaller than the
torus radius R, one can assume that there is
negligible flow in the
motion are:
23
0
t R
(1)
Continuity:
Here, V average flow velocity at any section ;
- density of the fluid and (V) is independent of .
Momentum:
2
r
cooling
R
(V) 1 (V)
1 p
g cos
t
R
R
2 w
2
R cos sin
(2)
heating
Here, p fluid
pressure at a section,
w- shear stress at the
wall
24
Rotating thermosyphon:
Equations
2
T
V
(
T
)
k
T 2
Energy: r 2 C
2
r q( )
p
2
t R R
(3)
r
k thermal conductivity,
cooling
q applied heat source
per unit length.
R
Rotating thermosyphon:
Equations
Simplification and nondimensionalization:
Integrating the momentum eqn. (2) along the
2
2
2
2
2
(V)
1
(V)
1
p
loop
d
d
d g cos d
cooling
2 w
d 2 R cos sin d
r
0
(4)
Shear stress:
R
w f V 2 / 2
(5)
Friction factor:
heating
f 16 / Re, Re 2Vr /
26
Rotating thermosyphon:
Equations
Simplification:
Introduce the variation of density with temperature
in buoyancy and centrifugal terms, and use
periodicity of variables (eqn. (4))
V
32V g
2
t
(2r )
2
(T T ) cos d
r
0
2
(T Tr ) cos sin d
2
0
2
(6)
Rotating thermosyphon:
Equations
Non-dimensional variables:
32 t
,
2
(2r )
(2 r ) 2
U
V,
32 R
2048 R 2
T
,
4
g (2r )
T Tr
,
T
q '( )
Ra * r
1
Q ( )
( )
8 C pT
Pr R 8192 2
2 ( 2r )3 q ' C p
k
2
28
Rotating thermosyphon:
Equations
Non-dimensional equations:
The resulting momentum and energy equations are:
U
U
(7)
U
Q ( )
2
(8)
r 2
where R / g , ( ) / 8 Pr
R
2
2
(
r
/
R
)
Note: - combination of geometric parameter
29
( , )
[ B ( )sin(n ) C ( ) cos(n )]
n1
(9)
Q( )
[ A sin(n ) D
n1
cos(n )]
(10)
30
[ Bn ( ) sin(n ) Cn ( ) cos(n )]
n 0
[ B ( ) sin(n ) C ( ) cos(n )]
n 0
[ Bn ( ) sin(n ) Cn ( ) cos(n )]
n 0
[ An sin(n ) Dn cos(n )]
n1
31
n 0 : C0 C0
n 1: B1 B1 UC1 A1
(sin )
C1 C1 UB1 D1
(cos )
n 2 : B2 4 B2 2UC2 A2 (sin 2 )
C2 4 C2 2UB2 D2
n 3:
B3 9 B3 3UC3 A3 (sin 3 )
C3 9 C3 3UB3 D3
n p:
(cos 2 )
(cos 3 )
B p p 2 B p pUC p Ap
C p p 2 C p pUB p D p
p 3, 4,5, 6,...........
(sin p )
(cos p )
(11)
32
Rotating thermosyphon:
Equations
Solution approach: Now, considering equation (7)
we get:
2
U
U [ Bn ( ) sin(n ) Cn ( ) cos(n )]cos d
0 n 1
2
n1
(12)
34
Buckling of elastic..
V(s) vertical displacement of the centroidal axis,
X distance measured along the centroidal axis
from left end.
Define: x X /L; u V /L; L2P / 2EI; L3K / 3EI;
Then, the strain energy of the system is:
1
u2
V
(u, , )
(
)dx
2
2 0 1 u
(1 1 u2 )dx
0
1 2
1 2
u (0) u ( )
2
2
35
u
xy
x
in the three directions are:
h
(1)
Ny
F
z
Nxy
Nx
Nxy
Ny
x
N xy
y
N y
t 2
2v
h 2
x
y
t
(2)
2
2 M xy
Nx 2 M x M y
2
2
2
xy
x
y
w
(N x
) (N y
)
x
x
y
y
w
2 w
( N xy
) ( N xy
) h 2 F (3)
x
y
y
x
t
37
Nxy
Nx
Ny
(4)
N y Eh(1 2 ) 1 [v y w 2y / 2
Nx
Nxy
v y w 2y / 2] N xi
Ny
ux w x2 / 2] N yi
(5)
i
N xy Gh[u y v x w x w y ] N xy
(6)
M x D( w xx w yy )
(7)
D Eh3 /12(1 2 )
Nxy
Nx
Nx
Nxy
Ny
y
G 2 E /(1 );
2
2
2
Nx 2 , Ny
, N xy
2
xy
y
x
(10)
Then, (1) and (2) are automatically satisfied if inplane inertia terms are neglected. Furthermore, the
expressions (7)-(9) can be substituted in (3) to get
equation for transverse displacement. Also, a
compatibility condition is (gives an equation for ):
(11)
40
p pressure at a point;
We now define the equations
of motion for the system.
41
Dur u2
ur 2 u
1 p
( ur 2 2
),
Dt
r
r
r
r
Du ur u
u 2 ur
1 p
( u 2 2
)
Dt
r
r
r
r
Duz
1 p
( uz ),
(1)
Dt
z
where
D
ur
u
uz
Dt t
r
r
z
42
2
2
2
2 2 2
rr r
r
z
2 b
a
0.
(2)
r
r r
z
dr
r
and
DD V 0
(3)
43
1
2 1
where A 1
, B 1R1
a
2
2
1
1
and
2 / 1, R1 / R2
(4)
ur
ur
ur 2 u
1 p
2u
( ur 2 2
)
t
r
r
r
u
u
u 2 ur
1 p
(D V)ur
( u 2 2
)
t
r
r
r
uz
uz
1 p
( uz )
t
z
ur ur 1 u uz
and
0
r
r r
z
45