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= 10 Marks
5 Sessions
= 30 Marks
4 Sessions
= 20 Marks
[10]
In addition to knowing the Oscilloscope this topic also demonstrates how to represent an idea
in a block diagram format.
Cross-Sectional view and explanation of a CRT
Electron gun
How to move the beam horizontally
How to move the beam vertically
Block Diagram and explanation of an Oscilloscope
Applications of Oscilloscope
Practicals
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
[10]
1.1
Signal sources Two alternate representations
1.2
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
1.3 Analogue and Digital Signals
1.4
Amplifiers
1.4.1
Signal Amplification
1.4.2
Amplifier Circuit Symbol
1.4.3
Voltage Gain
1.4.4
Power Gain and Current Gain
1.4.5
Expressing Gain in Decibels
1.4.6
The Amplifier Power Supplies
1.4.7
Amplifier Saturation
1.4.8
Non-linear transfer characteristics and Biasing
1.4.9
Symbol Convention
1.5
Circuit Models for Amplifiers
1.5.1
Voltage Amplifiers
1.5.2
Cascade Amplifiers
1.5.3
Other Amplifier Types
CHAPTER 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
2.1
[20]
2.3
CHAPTER 3 DIODES
3.1
3.2
3.3
[20]
3.2.2
3.3.5
3.3.6
The Constant-Voltage-Model
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.5
3.9
Limiter Circuits
The Clamped Capacitor DC Restorer
The Voltage Doubler
3.8
3.7
Rectifier Circuit
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.6
5.2
5.3
[20]
5.4
BJT Circuits at DC
5.5
Include a 9 V relay in the collector circuit so that this circuit could be used as
an emergency lamp that will switch on a 9 V lamp when night falls and will switch
off at day break.
2.6
2.4.2
2.7
DC Imperfections
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.8
Offset Voltage
Input Bias and Offset Currents
4.2
Device Structure
Operation with No Gate Voltage
Creating a Channel for Current Flow
Applying a small vDS
Operation as vDS is Increased
Derivation of iD vDS relationship
The p-Channel MOSFET
Complementary MOS of CMOS
Operating the MOS in the Subthreshold Region?
Circuit Symbol
The iD vDS Characteristics
Finite Output Resistance in Saturation
Characteristics of the p-Channel MOSFET
The Role of the Substrate The Body effect?
4.3
MOSFET Circuits at DC
4.4
4.5
4.6
[20]
4.6.2
4.7
4.12
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.6.6
The Transconductance gm
4.6.7
4.6.8
4.7.2
Characterizing Amplifiers
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
CHAPTER 5
Revision (5.1 5.5)
5.6
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
Voltage Gain
5.6.5
5.6.6
5.6.7
The T Model
5.6.8
5.6.9
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
5.7.5
5.7.6
5.7.7
ADDITIONAL TOPIC
Voltage Regulators
Zener Diode Regulator
Series Voltage Regulator Using one BJT
Series Voltage Regulator Using two or more BJT
Series Voltage Regulator with Short-Circuit Protection
Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
1.6
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Measuring the Amplifier Frequency Response
Amplifier Bandwidth
Evaluating the Frequency Response of the Amplifiers
Single-Time-Constant Networks
Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response
4.8 The MOSFET Internal Capacitance and the High-Frequency Models
The Gate Capacitive Effect
The Junction Capacitances
The High-Frequency MOSFET Model
The MOSFET Unity Gain Frequency (fT)
4.9 Frequency Response of the CS Amplifier
The Three Frequency Bands
The High-Frequency Response
The Low-Frequency Response
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CHAPTER 8 FEEDBACK
8.1 The General Feedback Structure
8.2 Some Properties of Negative Feedback
8.2.1 Gain De-sensitivity
8.2.2 Bandwidth Extension
8.2.3 Noise Reduction
8.2.4 Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion
8.3 The Four Basic Feedback Topologies
8.3.1 Voltage Amplifiers
8.3.2 Current Amplifiers
8.3.3 Transconductance Amplifiers
8.3.4 Transresistance Amplifiers
8.4 The Series Shunt Feedback Amplifier
8.4.1 The Ideal Situation
8.4.2 The Practical Situation
8.4.3 Summary
8.5 The Series Series Feedback Amplifier
8.5.1 The Ideal Case
8.5.2 The Practical Case
8.5.3 Summary
8.6 The Shunt Shunt and Shunt Series Feedback Amplifiers
8.6.1 The Shunt Shunt Configurations
8.6.2 An Important Note
8.6.3 The Shunt Series Configuration
8.6.4 Summary of Results
8.7 Determining the Loop Gain
8.7.1 An Alternative Approach for Finding A?
8.7.2 Equivalence of Circuits from a Feedback-Loop Point of View
8.8 The Stability Problem?
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13.2
13.3
CHAPTER 14
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
of fH
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CHAPTER 7
Large-Signal Operation
7.2 Small-Signal Operation of the MOS Differential Pair
7.2.1
Differential Gain
7.2.2
Common-Mode Gain and Common-Mode Refection Ratio (CMRR)
7.3 The BJT Differential Pair
7.3.1
Basic Operation
7.3.2
Large-Signal Operation
7.3.3
Small-Signal Operation
7.4 Other Non-ideal Characteristics of the Differential Amplifier
7.4.1
Input Offset Voltage of the MOS Differential Pair
7.4.2
Input Offset Voltage of the Bipolar Differential Pair
7.4.3
Input Bias and Offset Currents of the Bipolar Pair
7.4.4
Input Common-Mode Range
7.5 The Differential Amplifier with Active Load?
7.5.1
Differential to Single-Ended Conversion
7.5.2
The Active Loaded MOS Differential Pair
7.5.3
Differential Gain of the Active-Loaded MOS Pair
7.5.4
Common-Mode Gain and the CMRR
7.5.5
The Bipolar Differential Pair with Active Load
7.6 Frequency Response of the Differential Amplifier
7.6.1
Analysis of the Resistively Loaded MOS Amplifier
7.6.2
Analysis of the Active-Loaded MOS Amplifier?
7.7 Multistage Amplifiers
7.7.1
A Two-Stage MOS Op Amp
7.7.2
A Bipolar Op Amp
7.8 Spice Simulation Example
Revision 8.8 8.11
CHAPTER 9 OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIER AND DATA-CONVERTOR CIRCUITS
9.1 Two-Stage CMOS Op-Amp
The Two-Stage CMOS Op Amp
Input Common-Mode Range and Output Swing
Voltage Gain
Frequency Response
Slew Rate (SR)
9.2 The Folded Cascode CMOS Op Amp?
9.2.1
The Circuit
9.2.2
Input Common-Mode Range and Output Voltage Swing
9.2.3
Voltage Gain
9.2.4
Frequency Respose
9.2.5
Slew Rate
9.2.6
Increasing the Input Common-Mode Range: Rail-to-Rail Input Operation
9.3 The 741 OP AMP Circuit?
9.3.1
Bias Circuit
9.3.2
Short-Circuit Protection Circuitry
9.3.3
The Input Stage
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
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