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Contents
[hide]
1 Air pump
2 Metering element
3 Instrumentation
5 Limitations
o 5.1 Steady state flow vs dynamic flow
o 5.2 Pressure differential
o 5.3 Air only vs mixed gas/fuel mist flow
o 5.4 Bulk flow vs flow velocity
o 5.5 Even room temperature vs. uneven high temperature
o 5.6 Physical and mechanical differences
o 5.7 Exhaust port conditions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit] Instrumentation
Air flow conditions must be measured at two locations, across the test piece and across the
metering element. The pressure difference across the test piece allows the standardization of
tests from one to another. The pressure across the metering element allows calculation of the
actual flow through the whole system.
The pressure across the test piece is typically measured with a U tune manometer while, for
increased sensitivity and accuracy, the pressure difference across the metering element is
measured with an inclined manometer. One end of each manometer is connected to its
respective plenum chamber while the other is open to the atmosphere.
Ordinarily all flow bench manometers measure in inches of water although the inclined
manometer's scale is usually replaced with a logarithmic scale reading in percentage of total
flow of the selected metering element which makes flow calculation simpler.
Temperature must also be accounted for because the air pump will heat the air passing
through it making the air down stream of it less dense and more viscous. This difference must
be corrected for. Temperature is measured at the test piece plenum and at the metering
element plenum. Correction factors are then applied during flow calculations. Some flow
bench designs place the air pump after the metering element so that heating by the air pump
is not as large a concern.
Additional manometers can be installed for use with hand held probes, which are used to
explore local flow conditions in the port.
proportional rather than absolute. For comparison with tests by others the characteristic
diameter used to determine lift must be the same.
Flow coefficients are determined by comparing the actual flow of a test piece to the
theoretical flow of a perfect orifice of equal area. Thus the flow coefficient should be a close
measure of efficiency. It cannot be exact because the L/D does not indicate the actual
minimum size of the duct.
A real orifice plate showing how the fluid would actually flow
A theoretical orifice plate showing perfect flow which is used as a standard for comparing the
efficiencies of real flows
An orifice with a flow coefficient of .59 would flow the same amount of fluid as a perfect
orifice with 59% of its area or 59% of the flow of a perfect orifice with the same area (orifice
plates of the type shown would have a coefficient of between .58 and .62 depending on the
precise details of construction and the surrounding installation).[1]
Where:
V = Velocity in feet per minute
H = Pressure drop across test piece in inches of water measured by the test pressure
manometer
d = density of air in pounds per cubic foot (0.075 pound per cubic foot at standard
conditions)[2]
For SI units
Where:
V = Velocity in meters per second
H = Pressure drop across test piece in pascals measured by the test pressure
manometer
d = density of air in kilograms per cubic meter (1.20 kilograms per cubic meter at
standard conditions)
This represents the highest speed of the air in the flow path, at or near the section of
minimum area (through the valve seat at low values of L/D for instance).
Once velocity has been calculated, the volume can be calculated by multiplying the velocity
by the orifice area times its flow coefficient.
[edit] Limitations
A flow bench is capable of giving flow data which is closely but not perfectly related to
actual engine performance. There are a number of limiting factors which contribute to the
discrepancy.
Comparison of flow bench test pressure to actual engine pressures predicted by an engine
simulation program
This graph, generated with an engine simulation program, shows how widely the pressures
vary in a running engine vs. the steady test pressure of the flow bench.
(Note, on the graph, that, in this case, when the intake valve opens, the cylinder pressure is
above atmospheric (nearly 50% above or 1.5 bar or 150 kPa). This will cause reverse flow
into the intake port until pressure in the cylinder falls below the ports pressure).
along the runner and giving the outlet flow rate slightly higher than the flow rate entering the
port-runner. A port which flows dry air well might cause fuel droplets to fall out of
suspension causing a loss of power not indicated by flow figures alone.
In a given 4-valve Dual Over Head Cam (DOHC), the head is capable of both far greater flow
and velocity characteristics, and is thusly tuned for this. The standard practice for a naturally
aspirated 4-valve DOHC engine is to match both the exhaust valves and flow to roughly 85%
of the intake size, which compliments horsepower rather than torque. Because DOHC
engines flow better than conventional 2-valve engines, the entire combustion process operates
at a lower temperature and a higher quality of oxygen concentration is realized with in the
cylinder. These two factors contribute largely to the volumetric efficiency of this head design,
which typically boasts better fuel economy and performance than 2-valve pushrod engines.
Lastly, in forced-induction applications, an exhaust valve and flow can be as-large-as the
intake side or larger. The notion is that an engine running 1 bar of boost is taking in twice as
much as it could on its own, thus there will be roughly twice the exhaust to expunge. To
encourage the best flow of exhaust, and quality of oxygen concentration in the cylinder, it's
common for turbo/supercharged camshaft profiles to have a little overlap so that both the
intake and exhaust valves are open at the same time so that the intake air assists in expunging
the cylinder.