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Table 3-1

Synopsis of Cranial Nerves*

Cranial Nerve Component(s)

Function

Oculomotor
(CN III)

Somatic motor
(GSE/SE)
Visceral motor
(SVE/VE)
Somatic motor
(GSE/SE)
Somatic sense
(GSA/SA)

Trochlear
(CN IV)
Trigeminal
(CN V)

Abducens
(CN VI)
Facial
(CN VII)

Vestibulocochlear
(CN VIII)

Eye movement
Pupil constriction
Eye movement

Sensation in face, sinuses,


oral cavity, teeth, eyelids,
cornea, tongue, forehead,
TMJ, and palate (see Figs. on
pp. 198201)
Pharyngeal
Motor to masticatory muscles
motor (SVE/
plus others (see Figs. on
SE)
pp. 226229)
Somatic motor Eye movement
(GSE/SE)
Motor to muscles of facial
Pharyngeal
expression plus others (see
motor (SVE/
Figs. on pp. 226229)
SE)
Visceral motor To parasympathetic ganglia
(see Figs. on pp. 226229)
(GVE/VE)
Special sense Taste from anterior two-thirds
(SVA/VA)
of tongue (see Figs. on
pp. 198199, 202203)

Olfactory bulb, olfactory


trigone
Optic chiasm (optic nerve
to chiasm to tract)

Oculomotor sulcus, medial Superior orbital fissure


part of cerebral peduncle
With root of CN III
Superior orbital fissure
Midbrain, caudal to inferior Superior orbital fissure
colliculus
Lateral aspect of pons
Superior orbital fissure
(V1); Foramen rotundum
(V2); Foramen ovale (V3)

Deficits
Anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and
olfactory hypesthesia/hyperesthesia
Blindness, hemianopia, quadrantanopia,
and loss of afferent limb corneal reflex (see
Figs. on pp. 258260, 262263)
Paralysis of most eye movement and
diplopia (see Figs. on pp. 222225)
Pupillary dilation and loss of efferent limb
corneal reflex (see Figs. on pp. 222225)
Inability to look down-and-out and diplopia
(see Figs. on pp. 222225)
Loss of sensation on areas of face and in
oral cavity served by each division; loss of
afferent limb corneal and jaw-jerk reflexes
(see Figs. on pp. 198201)

Lateral aspect of pons

Foramen ovale

Masticatory muscle weakness/paralysis


and loss of efferent limb jaw-jerk reflex
(see Figs. on pp. 226229)

Ponsmedulla junction
(medial location)
Ponsmedulla junction
(intermediate location)

Superior orbital fissure

Lateral gaze palsy and diplopia (see Figs.


on pp. 222225)
Weakness/paralysis of facial muscles and
loss of efferent limb corneal reflex (see
Figs. on pp. 226229)
Decrease in secretions

Internal acoustic meatus


and stylomastoid foramen
Internal acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic meatus
and stylomastoid foramen

Loss of taste on anterior two-thirds of


tongue (see Figs. on pp. 202203,
228229)

Somatic sense Sensation on pinna (see Figs.


(GSA/SA)
on pp. 198199)

Internal acoustic meatus


and stylomastoid foramen

Loss of ear sensation (see Figs. on


pp. 228229)

Visceral sense Visceral sense from salivary


(GVA / VA)
glands

Internal acoustic meatus


and stylomastoid foramen

Special sense Hearing, balance, and


(SSA/SA)
equilibrium (see Figs. on
pp. 266269)

Ponsmedulla junction
(lateral location)

Internal acoustic meatus

Deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, unsteady gait,


and nystagmus (see Figs. on pp. 266269)

e e

Special sense Sense of smell


(SVA/VA)
Special sense Vision
(SSA/SA)

Associated
Foramen/Foramina
Ethmoid foramina of
cribriform plate
Optic canal

Olfactory
(CN I)
Visual
(CN II)

Attachment to Brain

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Cranial Nerve Deficits in Representative Brainstem Lesions (Figures 3-1 to 3-8)

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Glossopharyngeal
(CN IX)

Vagus
(CN X)

Pharyngeal
motor (SVE/
SE)
Visceral motor
(GVE/VE)
Special sense
(SVA/VA)

Function
Motor to stylopharyngeus
muscle (see Figs. on
pp. 226229)
To otic ganglion then parotid
(see Figs. on pp. 226229)
Taste from posterior third of
tongue (see Figs. on pp. 202
203, 228229)

Attachment to Brain
Postolivary sulcus

Associated
Foramen/Foramina
Jugular foramen

Deficits
Difficulty swallowing and loss of gag reflex
(see Figs. on pp. 228229)
Decrease of secretory function

Postolivary sulcus

Jugular foramen

Loss of taste on posterior third of tongue;


not tested (see Figs. on pp. 228229)

Somatic sense Sensation in external auditory


meatus (see Figs. on
(GSA/SA)
pp. 198199, 228229)

Loss of sensation in external auditory


meatus (see Figs. on pp. 228229)

Visceral sense From carotid body/sinus,


parotid, and pharynx
(GVA/VA)

Possible bradycardia or tachycardia

Pharyngeal
motor (SVE/
SE)
Visceral motor
(GVE/VE)
Special sense
(SVA/VA)
Somatic sense
(GSA/SA)
Visceral sense
(GVA/VA)

Motor to constrictors of
pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal
muscles, much of palate,
upper esophagus, and vocalis
(see Figs. on pp. 226227)
To ganglia in/on trachea,
bronchi, gut, and heart (see
Figs. on pp. 226227)
From taste buds on epiglottis,
base of tongue, and palate
(see Figs. on pp. 202203)
Sensation on eardrum,
external auditory meatus, and
dura of posterior fossa (see
Figs. on pp. 198199)
From larynx, pharynx, heart,
trachea and bronchi,
esophagus, and gut (see
Figs. on pp. 202203)

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Cranial Nerve Component(s)

Postolivary sulcus

Jugular foramen

Dysphagia, dysarthria, loss of vocalis


function (hoarseness), and loss of gag
reflex (see Figs. on pp. 212213, 228229)
Decrease in secretory action and effect on
intestinal motility and heart rate (see Figs.
on pp. 226229)
Loss of taste; not tested
Loss of sensation in external auditory
meatus and on eardrum (see Figs. on
pp. 226229)
Decrease/loss of sensations from viscera;
may affect gag reflex

Lateral aspect of spinal


cord C1C4/C5

Enters foramen magnum;


exits jugular foramen

Weakness of trapezius and


sternocleidomastoid muscles (see Figs.
on pp. 212213)

Hypoglossal
(CN XII)

Somatic motor Motor to extrinsic and intrinsic


(GSE/SE)
tongue muscles (see Figs. on
pp. 222223)

Preolivary sulcus

Hypoglossal canal

Deviation of the tongue on protrusion (see


Figs. on pp. 212213, 224225)
e e

* This table is not intended to be all inclusive, but to serve as a brief overview. Details of structures innervated and their functions and of the various deficits seen
following root lesions of cranial nerves (or central lesions that influence cranial nerve function) are available in the respective figures indicated in this table and in
other portions of this chapter and Chapter 8. The functional component designations used on this table integrate the traditional and contemporary versions that are
explained in Figure 8-1 on p. 184.
CN, cranial nerve; TMJ, temporomandibular joint; V1, opththalmic nerve; V2, maxillary nerve; V3, mandibular nerve.

Somatic motor Motor to sternocleidomastoid


(GSE/SE)
and trapezius muscles (see
Figs. on pp. 222223)

Accessory
(CN XI)

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