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Spring 2006
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Course Outline
1. Introduction: Fundamental Concepts: definitions of system and surrounding, concept of control volume,
thermodynamic state, concepts of simple compressible substances, pure substance and phase,
thermodynamic processes and thermodynamic equilibrium; Temperature and Zeroth law; Thermodynamic
properties and use of tables of thermodynamic properties; Idea of a generalized chart and the law of
corresponding states; Concept of ideal gases and their equations of state; Thermodynamic concept of
energy; Modes of work and heat transfer.
2. First Law of Thermodynamics: The first law referred to cyclic and non-cyclic processes, concept of
internal energy of a system, conservation of energy for simple compressible closed systems; Definitions of
enthalpy and specific heats; Conservation of energy for an open system or control volume, steady &
transient processes.
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics: The directional constraints on natural processes; Formal statements;
Concept of reversibility; Carnot principle; Absolute thermodynamic temperature scale; Clausius
Inequality, entropy, change in entropy in various thermodynamic processes, Tds relations, entropy
balance for closed and open systems, Principle of increase- in- Entropy, entropy generation.
4. Exergy: Concept of reversible work & irreversibility; Second law efficiency; Exergy change of a system:
closed & open systems, exergy transfer by heat, work and mass, exergy destruction, exergy balance in
closed & open systems.
5. Thermodynamic Property Relations: Maxwell relations; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; Difference in heat
capacities; Ratio of heat capacities; Joule-Thompson coefficient; a revisit to property diagrams of simple
compressible substances.
6. Introduction to Properties of Mixtures and Phases:
Ideal gas mixtures: Amagat and Dalton model for mixture of ideal gases, Equation of state and properties
of ideal gas mixtures, Change in entropy on mixing.
Non ideal mixtures: Partial molal properties, fugacity of a component in a mixture, changes in property on
mixing, free energy of mixing, concept of an ideal solution, conditions of phase equilibrium and chemical
equilibrium of multi-component systems, Gibbs phase rule.
7. Thermodynamics of Reactive Systems: First law analysis of reactive system; Internal energy and
enthalpy of reaction; Enthalpy of formation; Second law applied to a reactive system.
8. Air Standard Cycles: Carnot, Stirling, Ericssion, Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles. Brayton cycle:
intercooling, reheating and regeneration.
9. Vapour Cycles: Carnot cycle; Simple Rankine cycle, Reheat and Regenerative cycles with open & closed
feedwater heater; Ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
Required Text
Van Wylen, Sonntag and Borgnakke: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th Edition, 2004 (John Wiley).
Assessment of Students
1. 20% credit from two class tests & teachers assessment
2. 30% credit from the mid-semester examination (tentative syllabus: up to and including
Thermodynamic property relations)
3. 50% credit from end-semester examination
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
Problem numbers
Chapter 3: 41, 44, 49, 57, 60, 65, 73, 78, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107,
109, 113
Chapter 4: 33, 41, 42, 53, 54, 61, 63, 64, 67, 73, 77, 110
Chapter 5: 35, 48, 50, 57, 58, 62, 70, 73, 95, 99, 101, 130, 132, 134
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 3 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 4 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 5 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
Problem numbers
Chapter 6: 39, 57, 59, 75, 82, 88,105,107, 108,111, 115, 116, 117,
118,119, 120, 121, 122, 131,133, 134
Chapter 7: 38, 44, 48, 58, 62, 64, 65, 71, 76, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89, 90,
91
Chapter 8: 14, 15, 16, 33, 45, 52, 54, 65, 70, 71, 76, 82, 85, 86, 90,
98, 100, 101, 103, 109, 120, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137
Chapter 9: 26, 28, 37, 38, 39, 41, 51, 68, 74, 77, 96, 101, 116, 119,
126, 127, 130, 132
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 6 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 7 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 8(Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 9 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 10 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 12 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 13 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
Problem numbers
32, 38, 49, 52, 54, 60, 62, 72, 80
Thermodynamics: ME22002
Course Instructor: Suman Chakraborty
SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS FROM Chapter 15 (Fundamentals
of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen)
ln = ln
+
p
RT v b RTv
show
that
the
fugacity is
given by
Q5. For a binary gas mixture composed of species a and b, an equivalent form of van der
RT ( na + nb )
na2 aa + 2na nb aa ab + nb2 ab
Waals equation of state is given as p =
.
V ( na ba + nb bb )
V2
Show that the fugacity of the component a in the gas mixture is given by
2 ya na + yb aa ab
( v bmix ) p
f
ba
, where v is the mixture
+
ln a = ln
RT
RTv
ya p
v bmix
specific volume and bmix = ya ba + yb bb .
Q6. Derive the Clapeyron equation from the considerations of equilibrium of a two-phase
single component system.
Q7. What pressure is required to make diamond from graphite at 25C? For your
calculations, following data are given for a temperature of 25C and pressure of 0.1 MPa:
Graphite
Diamond
g
0
2867.8 kJ/kmol
3
0.000284 m /kg
0.000284 m3/kg
v
0.01610-6 1/MPa
0.30410-6 1/MPa
T
(Ans: 1493 MPa)
Q8. Air (~21% O2, 79% N2) is cooled to 80 K, 0.1 MPa. Calculate the composition of
liquid and vapour phases in this condition. Given: saturation pressure of O2 = 0.137 MPa
and saturation pressure of N2 = 0.03006 MPa.
(Ans: mole fraction of O2 in liquid phase =0.654 and in vapour phase = 0.896)
Q9. Determine the mole fraction of air at the surface of a lake whose temperature is
17C. Take the atmospheric pressure at the lake level to be 92 kPa. Given, Henrys
constant for air dissolved in water at 290 K= 62000 bar.
(Ans: 1.4510-5)
Q10. Fresh water is to be obtained from sea water at 15C, with a salinity of 3.48% on
mass basis. Determine the minimum work input required to separate 1 kg of sea water
completely into pure water and pure salt. State any assumptions you make. Given:
molecular weight of water= 18, molecular weight of salt= 58.44.
(Ans: 7.87 kJ/kg of seawater, assumption: the mixture behaves as an ideal solution)
2. In the air-standard Otto cycle, all the heat transfer qh occurs at constant volume. It
would be more realistic to assume that part of qh occurs after the piston has started
its downward motion in the expansion stroke. Therefore, consider a cycle
identical to the Otto cycle, except that the first two-thirds of the total qh occurs at
constant volume and the last one-third occurs at constant pressure. Assume that
the total qh is 2400 kJ/kg, that the pressure and temperature at the beginning of the
compression process are 90 kPa, 20C, and that the comparison ratio is 7
Calculate the maximum pressure and temperature and the thermal efficiency of
this cycle. Compare the results with those of a conventional Otto cycle having the
same given variables.
3. Consider an ideal air-standard diesel cycle in which the state before the
compression process is 95 kPa, 290 K, and the compression ratio is 20. What
maximum temperature must the cycle have to have a thermal efficiency of 60%?
4. An air-standard Ericsson cycle has an ideal regenerator. Heat is supplied at
1000C and heat is rejected at 20C. Pressure at the beginning of the isothermal
compression process is 70 kPa. The heat added is 600 kJ/kg. Find the compressor
work, the turbine work, and the cycle efficiency.
5. Consider an ideal Stirling-cycle engine in which the pressure and temperature at
the beginning of the isothermal compression process are 100kPa, 25C, the
compression ratio is 6, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 1100C.
Calculate
a) The maximum pressure in the cycle.
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle with and without regenerators.
6. Consider a large stationary gas-turbine power plant that operates on the ideal
Brayton cycle and delivers a power output of 100 MW to an electric generator.
The minimum temperature in the cycle is 300 K, and the maximum temperature is
1600 K. The minimum pressure in the cycle is 100 kPa, and the compressor
pressure ratio is 14 to 1.
a) Calculate the power output of the turbine. What fraction of the turbine
output is required to drive the compressor?
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?
7. Repeat Problem 6, but assuming that the compressor has an isentropic efficiency
of 85% and the turbine an isentropic efficiency of 88%.
8. The gas turbine cycle shown in the figure below is to be used as an automotive
engine. In the first turbine, the gas expands to a pressure P5, just low enough for
this turbine to drive the compressor. The gas is then expanded through the second
turbine connected to the drive wheels. The data for this engine are shown in the
figure. Consider the working fluid to be air throughout the entire cycle, and
assume that all processes are ideal. Determine.
a) The intermediate pressure P5.
b) The net specific work output of the engine, and the mass flow rate
through the engine.
c) The air temperature entering the burner T3, and the thermal efficiency of
the engine.
7
=150 kW
9. Consider an ideal gas turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two
stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each compressor stage and each
turbine stage is 8 to 1. The pressure at the entrance to the first compressor is 100
kPa, the temperature entering each compressor is 20C, and the temperature
entering each turbine is 1100C. An ideal regenerator is also incorporated into the
cycle. Determine the compressor work, the turbine work, and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
10.
Repeat Problem 9, but assume that each compressor stage and each turbine stage
has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Also assume that the regenerator has an
efficiency of 70%.
6.
Steam leaves a power plant steam generator at 3.5 MPa, 400C, and enters the
turbine at 3.4 MPa, 375C. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 88%, and the
turbine exhaust pressure is 10 kPa. Condensate leaves the condenser and enters
the pump at 35C, 10 kPa. The isentropic pump efficiency is 80%, and the
discharge pressure is 3.7 MPa. The feed water enters the steam generator at 3.6
MPa, 30C. Calculate the following.
a. The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
b. The irreversibility of the process in the line between the steam generator exit
and the turbine inlet, assuming an ambient temperature of 25C.
7.
For the steam power plant described in Problem 1, assume the isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and pump are 85% and 80%, respectively. Find the
component specific work and heat transfers and the cycle efficiency.
8.
Find the availability .of the water at all the states in the steam power plant described in the previous problem. Assume. The heat source in the boiler is at
600"C and the low-temperature reservoir is at 25C. Give the second law
efficiency of all the components.
9.
10.