10/30/2014

Delay using 8051 timer. 1mS delay using 8051 timer, generating square wave using 8051 timer

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Delay using 8051 timer

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November - 28 - 2012
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Delay using 8051 timer.

The 8051 microcontroller has two independent 16 bit up counting timers named Timer 0 and Timer 1 and this article is about generating time delays using the
8051 timers. Generating delay using pure software loops have been already discussed here but such delays are poor in accuracy and cannot be used in sensitive
applications. Delay using timer is the most accurate and surely the best method.
A timer can be generalized as a multi-bit counter which increments/decrements itself on receiving a clock signal and produces an interrupt signal up on roll over.
When the counter is running on the processors clock , it is called a Timer, which counts a predefined number of processor clock pulses and generates a
programmable delay. When the counter is running on an external clock source (may be a periodic or aperiodic external signal) it is called a Counter itself and it
can be used for counting external events.
In 8051, the oscillator output is divided by 12 using a divide by 12 network and then fed to the Timer as the clock signal. That means for an 8051 running at
12MHz, the timer clock input will be 1MHz. That means the the timer advances once in every 1uS and the maximum time delay possible using a single 8051 timer
is ( 2^16) x (1S) = 65536S. Delays longer than this can be implemented by writing up a basic delay program using timer and then looping it for a required
number of time. We will see all these in detail in next sections of this article.
Designing a delay program using 8051 timers.

While designing delay programs in 8051, calculating the initial value that has to be loaded inot TH and TL registers forms a very important thing. Let us see how it
is done.
Assume the processor is clocked by a 12MHz crystal.
That means, the timer clock input will be 12MHz/12 = 1MHz
That means, the time taken for the timer to make one increment = 1/1MHz = 1uS
For a time delay of X uS the timer has to make X increments.
2^16 = 65536 is the maximim number of counts possible for a 16 bit timer.
Let TH be the value value that has to be loaded to TH registed and TL be the value that has to be loaded to TL register.
Then, THTL = Hexadecimal equivalent of (65536-X) where (65536-X) is considered in decimal.
Example.

Let the required delay be 1000uS (ie; 1mS).

That means X = 1000
65536 X = 65536 1000 = 64536.
64536 is considered in decimal and converting it t0 hexadecimal gives FC18
That means THTL = FC18
Therefore TH=FC and TL=18
Program for generating 1mS delay using 8051 timer.

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Delay using 8051 timer. 1mS delay using 8051 timer, generating square wave using 8051 timer

The program shown below can be used for generating 1mS delay and it is written as a subroutine so that you can call it anywhere in the program. Also you can put
this in a loop for creating longer time delays (multiples of 1mS). Here Timer 0 of 8051 is used and it is operating in MODE1 (16 bit timer).
DELAY: MOV TMOD,#00000001B // Sets Timer 0
MOV TH0,#0FCH // Loads TH0 register
MOV TL0,#018H // LOads TL0 register
SETB TR0 // Starts the Timer 0
HERE: JNB TF0,HERE // Loops here until TF0
CLR TR0 // Stops Timer 0
CLR TF0 // Clears TF0 flag
RET

to MODE1 (16 bit timer). Timer 1 is not used

with FCH
with 18H
is set (ie;until roll over)

The above delay routine can be looped twice in order to get a 2mS delay and it is shown in the program below.
MAIN: MOV R6,#2D
LOOP: ACALL DELAY
DJNZ R6,LOOP
SJMP MAIN
DELAY: MOV TMOD,#00000001B
MOV TH0,#0FCH
MOV TL0,#018H
SETB TR0
HERE: JNB TF0,HERE
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
RET

Few points to remember while using timers.

Once timer flag (TF) is set, the programmer must clear it before it can be set again.
The timer does not stop after the timer flag is set. The programmer must clear the TR bit in order to stop the timer.
Once the timer overflows, the programmer must reload the initial start values to the TH and TL registers to begin counting up from.
We can configure the desired timer to create an interrupt when the TF flag is set.
If interrupt is not used, then we have to check the timer flag (TF) is set using some conditional branching instruction.
Maximum delay possible using a single 8051 timer is 65536S and minimum is 1S provided that you are using a 12MHz crystal for clocking the
microcontroller.
Square wave generation using 8051 timer.
Square waves of any frequency (limited by the controller specifications) can be generated using the 8051 timer. The technique is very simple. Write up a delay
subroutine with delay equal to half the time period of the square wave. Make any port pin high and call the delay subroutine. After the delay subroutine is finished,
make the corresponding port pin low and call the delay subroutine gain. After the subroutine is finished , repeat the cycle again. The result will be a square wave of
the desired frequency at the selected port pin. The circuit diagram is shown below and it can be used for any square wave, but the program has to be accordingly.
Programs for different square waves are shown below the circuit diagram.

Square wave generation using 8051 timer

1KHz Square wave using 8051 timer.
MOV P1,#00000000B
MOV TMOD,#00000001B
MAIN: SETB P1.0
ACALL DELAY
CLR P1.0
ACALL DELAY

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Delay using 8051 timer. 1mS delay using 8051 timer, generating square wave using 8051 timer

SJMP MAIN
DELAY: MOV TH0,#0FEH
MOV TL0,#00CH
SETB TR0
HERE: JNB TF0,HERE
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
SETB P1.0
RET
END

2 KHz Square wave using 8051 timer.

MOV P1,#00000000B
MOV TMOD,#00000001B
MAIN: SETB P1.0
ACALL DELAY
CLR P1.0
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
DELAY: MOV TH0,#0FCH
MOV TL0,#018H
SETB TR0
HERE:JNB TF0,HERE
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
SETB P1.0
RET
END

10 KHz square wave using 8051 timer.

MOV P1,#00000000B
MOV TMOD,#00000001B
MAIN: SETB P1.0
ACALL DELAY
CLR P1.0
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
DELAY: MOV TH0,#0FFH
MOV TL0,#0CEH
SETB TR0
HERE:JNB TF0,HERE
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
SETB P1.0
RET
END

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Delay using 8051 timer. 1mS delay using 8051 timer, generating square wave using 8051 timer

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9 Responses to Delay using 8051 timer

Amit Sasane says:
October 28, 2014 at 1:24 am
I need a square wave vith different delay for each half cycle and voltage levels are 20V and current ratings are 6A so how can i get it by using uc8051
Reply
Art says:
April 19, 2014 at 8:35 pm
how to make a 100KHz delay program? with this examples the minimum i get is 27KHz
Reply
Santhi Ganesan says:
March 11, 2014 at 3:51 am
Can we write the same hardware delay program using Timer 1??
Reply
raviraj says:
May 20, 2013 at 11:31 pm
how to make a 10sec delay in any program?
Reply
Anup Panchal says:
March 22, 2013 at 9:38 pm
can we change the time externally.
Reply
raviraj says:
May 20, 2013 at 11:32 pm
no its not change a time delay externally..
Reply
jinulal says:
August 14, 2013 at 12:18 am
yes, delay time depends on the value we have loaded into the timer register.By changing that value we could obtain what you sought
Reply
iftikharizhar says:
November 28, 2012 at 10:40 pm
what uses of squre wave
Reply
jinulal says:
August 14, 2013 at 12:22 am
square wave is a sharp edge pulse.may be the very basic control signal a controller can generate.
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Delay using 8051 timer. 1mS delay using 8051 timer, generating square wave using 8051 timer

example: for a robot based on servo motor can be controlled by these square waves by varying the ON-OFF time.
Reply

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