Applied Electromagnetics B EE 361

Lesson 1: Introduction to
Applied Electromagnetics
BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

Before we get started.

Read the Course Introduction

Make sure that you have achieved the proper course prerequisites
Purchase the textbook and begin reading Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics by Ulaby, Michielssen, and Ravaioli, 6th Edition

Bring the following supplies to class

Paper and pen
Textbook
Smith Charts (some available in class, or at www.microwaves101.com/downloads/smith.PDF)
Pocket Calculator
For now all other electronics (laptops, ipods, cellphones, etc.), out-of-sight
Review Course Schedule and note when HWs are due and Exam dates
Get a jump start on HW #1

BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

Applications of Electromagnetics

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Electromagnetics in Telecommunications

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Electromagnetics in Computer Technology

BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

Known Forces in Our Present Universe

1. Gravitational Forces
Force that attracts masses to one another Very, Very Weak
FG
FG

2. Strong Forces
Holds Protons, and Neutrons, (Nucleons) together Extremely Short Range
Proton
Quarks

3. Weak Forces
Accounts for certain kinds of radioactive decay Short Range, Very Weak
4. Electromagnetic Forces
Predominant Force in everyday life Very, Very Strong over Large Range

FEM
6

Electromagnetic Forces responsible for keeping the soccer ball from going through
the earth, friction, chemical forces that bind molecules, colliding billiard balls, etc. etc.

BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

Gravitational Force

Force exerted on mass 2 by mass 1

Gravitational field induced by mass 1

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What Electric Force do Charges Exert?

Coulombs Law

Fe 21

The Electric Force F21 exerted by Charge q1 on Charge q2 :

R12 q1 q2
Fe 21 = k
R122
where

R12 : Unit vector from q1 to q2

R12 : Distance from q1 to q2

q2

R12

q1

R12

and constant k is:

Gaussian (cgs)

k =1

International System of Units

SI (mks)

k=

1
4 0

Heavyside - Lorentz

k=

1
4

Electrical Permittivity of free space

o = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m

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What are the Rules and Properties of Charge?

1. Charge comes in two varieties: plus +q (positive) and minus q (negative)
Opposite charges cancel one another and come in almost exactly equal amounts to a
great degree of precision in bulk matter. Due to the large forces created by charge, if
matter were unbalanced, matter would explode!
2. Charge is conserved: it can be neither created nor destroyed
This is a conservation law of our present known universe in that before or after any
action, the net amount of charge remains the same. Whew, lucky for us. Imagine if
charge could spontaneously appear in your circuit, or perhaps disappear in your
circuit, and appear half way across the universe!
3. Charge is quantized: it comes in only integral (n=0,1,2,3) packets of
where e=1.609 x 10-19 Coulombs
This is because the charge of fundamental particles (protons, nuetrons, electrons,
pions, etc.) is only +e, -e, or zero. This did not have to be so. Quarks which form
nucleons have a property similar to charge, however they come in one or two
multiples of 13.
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BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

What is the Electric Field?

Definition of Electric Field Due to Charge q1:
The Electric Field E originating from charge q1 is defined as:

Fe21
R 12 q1
=k
E=E
2
R
q2
12

where

Volts per meter (V/m)

R12 : Unit vector from q1 to q2

R12 : Distance from q1 to q2

and constant k is: k = 4 in SI (mks) Units

where 0 = 8.854 x 1012 Farrad per meter (F/m) is the
permittivity of free space

Note that q2 acts as a test charge that can be placed anywhere to

determine the Electric Field that originates from q1.
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Properties of the Electric Field

1. The Electric Field lines originate from charge itself; they begin on positive
charge (source) and terminate on negative charge (sink)
Even though this designation is by convention, charge being the origin of the electric
field has major implications that we will discuss in terms of the divergence of this field.
2. The Electric Field obeys the Principal of Linear Superposition
The total vector Electric Field at a point in space die to a system of point charges is
equal to the vector sum of the Electric Fields at that point due to the individual
charges. We will discuss this during the 2nd half of the lecture.

3. The Electric Field applied to matter creates a counter field that diminishes
the Total Electric Field in the matter
We will discuss this in the next slide and during the 2nd half of the lecture.

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Electric Field in a Material

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What is the Magnetic Field?

Electric charges can be isolated, but magnetic poles always exist in pairs.
N

Magnetic field induced by a

current in a long wire

Cut
in
Half

N
S

Hans Christian Oersted

(1820)

Measures magnetic
field with a compass

Biot-Savart Law
(1820)

Magnetic Flux Density B

Tesla (T)
or
Weber/meter2 (Wb/m2)

Magnetic permeability of free space

Right-Hand Rule
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Force on Charge in a Magnetic Field

Current defined as flow of positive (+q) charge
Andr-Marie Ampre
(1820)

I2
+

+q

where again by definition,

Fm12
Fm21

This magnetic force is equivalent to the

electrical force that would be exerted on
the particle by the electric field Em given
by

Second wire with current

flowing added to measure
Force.
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Further discussion in class

during 2nd half of lecture
BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

Maxwells Equations for EM Fields Wow!!

How did we get from there to here? Well, a lot of discoveries and experiments in the

18thAnd 19th centuries by Ampere, Gauss, and Farraday (among others); unification
of all of these laws by Maxwell; and restating Maxwells Equations into compact
vector calculus form by Heavyside.
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BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

EE361 Course Flow

(1) Transmission Line Theory
(2) Vector Algebra and Vector Calculus
The Three Branches of Electromagnetics
Electrostatics

(3)

(4)

=
=0

Magnetostatics
=0
=

Dynamics
Time varying fields and their implications for Circuit Theory
including Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws (KVL&KCL).
When they hold! and When they break down!

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BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell

Prior to Starting Transmission Lines Review

Complex Numbers
= + = , =

Phasor Analysis
= =

Waves

(, ) = cos
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BEE 361 /University of Washington Bothell