CBIO 2210L - Endocrine System Key

TABLE 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ORGANS

Structure

Location

Description/Function

Endocrine System

Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid,

Parathyroids, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenals, and Gonads
(Figure 28.1)

Ductless secretion - secretions (hormones) of the endocrine

system enter the interstitial fluid and then travel by blood
vessels.

Hormones

Synthesized in the organs and tissues of the endocrine

system (traditionally)

chemical messengers that are transported by the

bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells
of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance
away

Exocrine Glands

Throughout body

Glands that secrete material in tubules or ducts (such as

sweat and salivary glands) or directly to a surface (ovary).

Target Cells

Organs or tissues throughout the body

Areas receptive to hormones

Pineal Gland

Located in the mid-brain - attached to roof of third ventricle

beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum.

Fig. 28.1 - secretes melatonin

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

Located below the Hypothalamus in the sells turcica of the

sphenoid bone

Fig. 28.1 and 28.2 - divided into lobes

Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis)

Originates from the roof of the oral cavity.

Produces TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and ACTH

Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis)

Composed of nervous tissue from the base of the brain.

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

synthesized by the hypothalamus and flow through axons to
be stored in the posterior pituitary. Secretes ADH and
oxytocin

Infundibulum

Stalk attached to the hypothalamus from which the pituitary

gland is suspended

Thyroid Gland

Located in the anterior aspect of the neck, inferior to the

thyroid cartilage and superior to the trachea

Lateral lobes

Make up the thyroid gland along with the medial isthmus

Medial isthmus

Connects the two lateral lobes

Follicle Cells

In the Thyroid gland, follicle cells surround the colloid

Fig. 28.7 These cells absorb iodide ions for use in production
of thyroid hormones

Colloid

In the Thyroid gland, surrounded by follicle cells

Fig. 28.7 Storage region for thyroid hormones, primarily

thyroglobulin

Fig. 28.6 Has two lateral lobes and a medial isthmus that
connects the two lobes. Secretes Thyroxine (T4),
Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin

CBIO 2210L - Endocrine System Key

Parafollicular Cells

In the Thyroid gland, in the spaces between the follicles

Fig. 28.7 Secrete Calcitonin

Parathyroid Glands

Attached to the posterior portion of each of the lateral lobes

of the thyroid gland.

Fig. 28.8 typically two pairs of these gland, two attached to

the posterior of each of the lateral lobos of the thyroid.

Chief cells

In the Parathyroid gland

Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Thymus

Located anterior and superior to the heart

Fig. 28.9 Active in young individuals, plays an important part

in immunocompetency

Pancreas

Located between the stomach and small intestine

Fig. 28.1 and 28.10 Mixed gland - has both endocrine and
exocrine function.

Alpha cells

In the pancreas, occur in clusters called pancreatic islets

Fig. 28.10 Glucagon is produced in the these specialized

cells

Pancreatic islets

In the pancreas

Fig. 28.10 Produce insulin, also called islets of Langerhans

Beta Cells

In the pancreas, within the pancreatic islets

Fig. 28.10 Produce insulin, also called islets of Langerhans

Delta Cells

In the pancreas, within the pancreatic islets

Fig. 28.10 Secretes somatostatin

Adrenal Glands

Located superior to the kidneys

Fig. 28.11 Composed of an outer cortex and an inner

medulla

Outer Cortex

Outer part of the Adrenal Glands

Secretes corticosteroid hormones

Inner Medulla

Inner part of the Adrenal Glands

Zona Glomerulosa

Outermost layer of the Cortex of the Adrenal Gland

Fig. 28.12 Clusters of cells that secrete mineralocorticoids

(aldosterone)

Zona Fasciculata

Middle layer of the Cortex of the Adrenal Gland

Fig. 28.12 Consists of parallel bundles of cells that secrete

glucocorticoids (Cortisol/hydrocortisone)

Zona Reticularis

Innermost layer of the Cortex of the Adrenal Gland

Fig. 28.12 Consists of a branched pattern of cells that

produce both glucocorticoids and sex hormones

Testes

Male reproductive organ

Where spermatogenesis occurs, secrete testosterone and

inhibin, also has exocrine function

Seminiferous Tubules

Within the testes

Fig. 28.13 where meiosis occurs (spermatogenesis)

Interstitial Cells

Found between the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Fig. 28.13 produce testosterone

Ovaries

Female reproductive organ

Figure 28.14 Where oogenesis occurs, secretes estrogen

and progesterone, also has exocrine function

CBIO 2210L - Endocrine System Key

TABLE 2: HORMONES AND THIER EFFECTS
Organ

Hormones Produced

Effect of Hormones

Melatonin

hormone of darkness !
role not completely understood!
Implicated in Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)!

Stimulates production of sex cells!

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates ovaries to produce other hormones

thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) (TSH)

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Controls hormone production in the adrenal cortex

Prolactin (PRL)

Stimulates mammary glands to begin the production of

milk

Growth Hormone (GH)

Promotes growth of most of the cells and tissues of the

body

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Stimulates the reabsorption and retention of water by the

kidneys

Oxytocin

Stimulates the contraction of the cells of the mammary

glands, resulting in the release of milk, and causes uterine
contractions.

Triiodothyronine (T3)

increases basal metabolic rate and ATP production

Thyroxine (T4)

the major form of the thyroid hormone, less active,

converted to T3

Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium levels

Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Increases calcium levels in the blood

Thymus

Thymosin

Causes maturation of T cells

Pancreas

Insulin

Decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating!

glucose uptake and glycogenesis

Glucagon

Converts glycogen to glucose

Pineal Gland

Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)

Pituitary Gland (Neuropophysis)

Thyroid Gland (Colloid)

CBIO 2210L - Endocrine System Key

Somatostatin

Secreted after ingestion of a meal and inhibits the

secretion of insulin and glucagons

Adrenal Gland (cortex)

Corticosteroid Hormones

Regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body

Adrenal Gland (zona glomerulosa)

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body

Adrenal Gland (zona fasciculata)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol/hydrocortisone)

Regulate protein and fat catabolism and gluconeogenesis

Adrenal Gland (zona reticularis)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol/hydrocortisone)

Regulate protein and fat catabolism and gluconeogenesis

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Secreted by the Adrenal glands and converted into

estrogen or testosterone in other tissues

Epinephrine

Increase heart rate and prepares the body for fight or

flight reactions

Norepinephrine

Increase heart rate and prepares the body for fight or

flight reactions

Testosterone

Responsible for development of male secondary sex

characteristics

Inhibin

Regulates production of testosterone

Estrogen

Responsible for development of female secondary sex

characteristics

Progesterone

Responsible for development of female secondary sex

characteristics

Inhibin

Regulates production of estrogen and progesterone

Adrenal Gland (Medulla)

Testes

Ovaries

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CBIO 2210L - Endocrine System Key

1. What is the general name for the types of organs that produce hormones?!
Ans: The general name for organs that produce hormones are endocrine glands. !

2. What name is given to cells or tissues receptive to hormones?!

Ans: Regions that are receptive to hormones are called target areas (target cells). !

3. Melatonin is secreted by what gland?!

Ans: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland. !

4. Where is ADH stored?!

Ans: The hormone ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. !

5. What is the effect of TSH, and where is it produced?!

Ans: TSH is an anterior pituitary hormone and it stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). !

6. What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?!

Ans: The isthmus connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland.!

7. Does parathormone increase or decrease calcium levels in the blood?!

Ans: Parathormone increases calcium levels in the blood. !

8. What does glucagon do as a hormone, and where is it produced?!

Ans: Glucagon increases blood sugar levels by converting glycogen to glucose and it is found in the pancreatic islets. !

9. Which hormones in the adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance?!
Ans: Corticosteroid hormones in the adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance. !

10. What is the primary gland that secretes epinephrine?!

Ans: The primary gland that secretes epinephrine is the medulla of the adrenal gland. !

11. Where is growth hormone produced?!

Ans: Growth hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary !

12. What is another name for T3?!

Ans: Another name for T3 is triiodothyronine. !

13. Label the endocrine glands indicated in the following illustration. !

Ans:!
a. pineal gland!
b. hypothalamus!
c. pituitary gland !

CBIO 2210L - Endocrine System Key

d. thyroid gland!
e. thymus!
f. adrenal gland!
g. pancreas!
h. parathyroid gland! !
i. ovaries!
j. testes!

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14.!
Identify the parts of the pituitary as seen in the following illustration and label two hormones located in each.!
Ans: a. (anterior pituitary - any two of the following)!
growth hormone!
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luteinizing hormone! !
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thyroid stimulating hormone! !
follicle stimulating hormone!
prolactin!
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adrenocorticotropin !

b. posterior pituitary! !
1. oxytocin! !
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2. antidiuretic hormone!

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15.!
Identify the three layers of the adrenal cortex as illustrated and list the hormones produced by each layer.!
Ans: !
a. zona reticularis!
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glucocorticoids & sex hormones!
b. zona fasciculata! !
glucocorticoids!
c. zona glomerulosa! !
mineralocorticoids!

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16.!
Interstitial cells produce which hormone?!
Ans: Testosterone!

17. What structures are responsible for the production of estrogen?!

Ans: The ovaries are responsible for producing estrogen.