Tensile Test on Universal Testing Machine

1. Objective:
a) Students are required to understand the principle of a uniaxial tensile
testing and
gain their practices on operating the tensile testing machine to achieve
the required
tensile properties
b) Students are able to explain load-extension and stress-strain
relationships and
represent them in graphical forms.
c) To evaluate the values of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, %
elongation,
fracture strain and Young's Modulus of the selected metals when subjected
to
uniaxial tensile loading.
d) Students can explain deformation and fracture characteristics of
different materials
such as aluminium, steels or brass when subjected to uniaxial tensile
loading.
2. Concept/ Principle: Method to determine stresses.
3. Theory:
4. Materials and equipment
a.) Tensile specimens
b.) Micrometer or vernier caliper
c.) Universal testing machine
5. Precautions:
The loading mechanism is hydraulic oil pumped by a gear pump. Care is
to be taken while loading or adjusting load.
Ensure that loading and relief valve are closed before starting the
machine
Put the on machine on no load.
Regular starting precautions to be followed.
Close the loading valve and then put off the machine immediately after
breaking of specimen.
Close the relief valve after the upper table comes to its normal position.\
6. Procedure:
a) The specimens provided are made of steel. Measure and record
specimen dimensions (diameter and gauge length) in a table provided for
the
calculation of the engineering stress and engineering strain. Marking the
location of
the gauge length along the parallel length of each specimen for
subsequent
observation of necking and strain measurement.
b) Fit the specimen on to the universal Testing Machine (UTM) and carry on
testing.
c) Calculate Young's modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength,
fracture strain, %
Elongation and % area of reduction of each specimen and record on the
provided
table.

d) Analyze the fracture surfaces of broken specimens using stereoscope,

sketch and
describe the results.
e) Discuss the experimental results and give conclusions.
7. Observation Table:
8. Calculations:
9. Results:
The yield stress for the material sample is_______MPa.
The Ultimate tensile strength for the material sample is ________MPa.
The breaking strength of the material is ____MPa
The % elongation is found to be _________%.
The % reduction in area is found to be________%.

Double Shear Test

1. Objective: To determine the maximum shear strength of the given bar by
conducting double-shear test.
2. Apparatus and specimen required:
1. Universal Testing machine (UTM)
2. Mild steel specimen
3. Device for double shear test
4. Vernier caliper / screw gauge
3. Procedure:
1 Measure the diameter (d) of the given specimen.
2 Fit the specimen in the double shear device and place whole assembly in
the UTM.
3 Apply the load till the specimen fails by double shear.
4 Note down the load at which the specimen fails (P).
5 Calculate the maximum shear strength of the given specimen by using
the shear
stress formula.
4. Observation:
1. Material of the specimen
2. Diameter of the specimen, d =
3. Load at failure, P = KN
5. Calculations:
6. Results:
The maximum shear strength of the given specimen = ----------------------N/mm2

Dye Penetrant Test

1. Objective:
To demonstrate surface cracks detection using dye penetrant test
2. Material Used:
a) Demonstration Block or test piece containing surface cracks
b) Cleaner
c) Fluorescent dye
d) Developer
3. Procedure:
a) The surface of the test piece is cleaned thoroughly and dried completely
to ensure that
the surface cracks are free from dirt, grease, oil and other contaminants.
This method is
also known as surface preparation. Cleaning is achieved by spraying the
entire surface to
be checked with cleaning spray and holding for some time.
b) Fluorescent dye is then sprayed uniformly on the surface and held for
around 5 to 10
minutes. Excess dye is then wiped off with cloth soaked with water or
cleaner.
c) Developer powder is then uniformly sprayed on the work piece. It
adsorbs or pullsthe
penetrant out of the cracks by capillary action. The developer is retained
on the surface
of the block for a period varying from 15 min to30 min.
d) The next step is inspection and evaluation. The ultraviolet light is
usually used when
fluorescent dies are used. The cracks are clearly indicated by the
fluorescent die
adsorbed by absorber which glows in ultraviolet light source.
4. Results: The die penetrant test was successfully conducted and surface
cracks were observed.

Magnetic Particle Testing

1.

Objective: To demonstrate the location of transverse and longitudinal

cracks using
Magnetic Flaw detector.
2. Material used:
a) Magnetic Flaw detector
b) Magnetic dust particles
c) Block containing surface/subsurface cracks
3. Theory:
In this magnetic particle testing technique, dry particles are dusted onto
the surface of the test object as the item is magnetized. Dry particle
inspection is well suited for the inspections conducted on rough surfaces.
When an electromagnetic yoke is used, the AC or half wave DC current
creates a pulsating magnetic field that provides mobility to the powder.
The primary applications for dry powders are ungrounded welds and rough
as-cast surfaces.
Dry particle inspection is also used to detect shallow subsurface cracks.
Dry particles with half wave DC is the best approach when inspecting for
lack of root penetration in welds of thin materials. Half wave DC with prods
and dry particles is commonly used when inspecting large castings for hot
tears and cracks.
4. Procedure:
a) Prepare the part surface
The surface should be relatively clean but this is not as critical as it is with
liquid penetrant
inspection. The surface must be free of grease, oil or other moisture that
could keep particles from moving freely. A thin layer of paint, rust or scale
will reduce test sensitivity but can sometimes be left in place with
adequate results. Specifications often allow up to 0.003 inch(0.076 mm) of
a nonconductive coating (such as paint) and 0.001 inch max (0.025 mm)
of a ferromagnetic coating (such as nickel) to be left on the surface. Any
loose dirt, paint, rust or scale must be removed.
b) Apply the magnetizing force
Use permanent magnets, an electromagnetic yoke, prods, a coil or other
means to
establish the necessary magnetic flux. We can make use of these as well
as the magnetic

flaw detecting machine which is provided with a circular coil for lateral
crack detection
and longitudinal coil for longitudinal crack detection.
c) Dust on the dry magnetic particles
Dust on a light layer of magnetic particles.
d) Gently blow off the excess powder
With the magnetizing force still applied, remove the excess powder from
the surface
with a few gentle puffs of dry air. The force of the air needs to be strong
enough to
remove the excess particles but not strong enough to dislodge particles
held by a
magnetic flux leakage field.
e) Terminate the magnetizing force
If the magnetic flux is being generated with an electromagnet or an
electromagnetic
field, the magnetizing force should be terminated. If permanent magnets
are being
used, they can be left in place.
f) Inspect for indications
Look for areas where the magnetic particles are clustered. This will
indicate the location
of crack.
5. Result: The magnetic particle test was successfully conducted.

Charpy Impact Test

1. Objective: To study the Impact Testing m/c and Perform charpy impact
test.
2. Material used:
Universal Impact testing machine, charpy test specimens of mild steel,
Vernier caliper, specimen setting fixture.
3. Procedure:
1. Lift the hammer to an appropriate knife edge position and notch the
energy stored in the
hammer.
2. Locate the test specimen on the m/c supports.
3. Release the hammer. The hammer will break the piece and shoot up the
other side of the
specimen.
4. Note the residual energy indicated on the scale by the hammer.
5. Impact strength of the test specimen is the difference of the initial
energy stored in hammer and the residual energy.
4. OBSERVATION
5. CALCULATION
Notch impact strength = Absorb energy / Effective cross section area
6. RESULT :- The impact strength of given specimen = joule/mm2

Izod Impact Test

1. Objective: To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by
conducting Izod impact test.
2. Material used:
Universal Impact testing machine, Izod test specimens of mild steel, Izod
test
Attachment
3. Procedure:
1. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for Izod test.
2. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (i.e. maximum value)
in the izod scale.
3. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading
in the izod
scale.
4. Place the specimen vertically upwards such that the shorter distance
between one end
of the specimen and groove will be protruding length and also the groove
in the
specimen should face the striking end of the hammer.
5. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final
reading in the izod
scale.
6. Find the impact strength of the given specimen.
4. Observation:
5. Result:
The impact strength of the given specimen = ___________J

Brinell Hardness Test

1. Objective: To determine hardness of a component using Rockwell cum
Brinell Hardness testing Machine.
2. Material Used:
Brinell Hardness Testing Machine, specimen of mild steel, CI or non ferrous
material,
Brinell microscope, indenters (2.5, 5 and 10).
3. Procedure:
a) Insert ball of requisite diameter D in the ball holder, depending upon
the material and
the load to be used.
b) Clean the surface free of dust, grease and other contaminants.
c) Make contact between the ball and the specimen by rotating the jack
screw handle so
that the ball just touches the specimen surface.
d) Rotate the wheel further till the scale reaches the red pointer on the
scale, to apply pre
load. Wait for 15 seconds.
e) Now move the lever to the loading position and wait for30 sec after the
pointer rotates
and comes to standstill position.
f) Unload by rotating the jackscrew handle in unloading direction.
g) Remove the specimen from table.
h) Repeat procedure (c) to (g) to take three readings.
i) Observe the indentations under handheld Brinell Microscope and record
the diameters
of indentation.
4. Observations:
Diameter of indentor: ___________mm
5. Calculation:
6. Result:

The BHN of the gien specimen is _____.