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1. INTRODUCTION
The word computer comes from the word compute, which means, to calculate. Hence, people
usually consider a computer to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at high
speed.
In fact, the original objective for inventing a computer was to create a fast calculating machine.
However, more than 80% of work done by computers today is non-mathematical or non- numerical
nature. Hence, to define a computer merely as a calculating device is to ignore over 80% of its
functions. More accurately, we can define a computer as a device that operates upon data. Data can be
anything like bio-data of applicants when computer is used for short listing candidates for recruiting;
marks obtained by students in various subjects when used for preparing result; details (name, age, sex,
etc.) of passengers when used for making airlines or railways reservations; or number of different
parameters when used for solving scientific research problems, etc.
Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type of computer application. A
computer can store, process, and retrieve data as and when desired. The fact that computers process
data is so fundamental that many people have started calling it as data processor.
The name data processor is more inclusive because modern computers not only compute in a usual
sense but also perform other functions with data that flows to and from them. The activity of
processing data using computer is called data processing. Data processing consists of three subactivities: capturing input data, manipulating the data, and managing output results. Data is basically a
raw material used as input to data processing and information is processed data obtained as output of
data processing.
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FIGURE (F)
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FIGURE (G)
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FIGURE (H)
A) Processor
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and business
microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup of Core processors includes the latest following
processors:
Intel Core i7
Intel Core i5
Intel Core i3
Intel Core
Intel Core
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The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo processor. Figure shown below shows the Intel core 2 duo
process
FIGURE (I)
B) Ram
RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets the word random because information can be
accessed in non-sequential order. Though the data itself is stored tighter, it could be anywhere in the
container or amount of RAM available. RAM is measure in bits, and 8 bits equal to 1 byte. A
kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits , and megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2gb of
RAM.
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RAM
SRAM
DRAM
C) Hard Drive
1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage device. It is non-volatile in nature. It consists of metal
platter coated with oxide that can be magnetized to represents data. We can directly access the data
from hard drive. The e-ball pc basically consists 350-500 GB of hard drive
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FIGURE (J)
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3. VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
3.1 Virtual Keyboard
Virtual Keyboard is just another example of todays computer trend of smaller and faster. It
uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a
keyboard.
Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that lets you easily create multilingual text content on
almost any existing platform and output it directly to web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a small,
handy, well-designed and easy to use application, turns into a perfect solution for cross platform
multilingual text input.
The main features are: platform-independent multilingual support for keyboard text input, built-in
language layouts and settings, copy/paste etc. operations support just as in a regular text editor, already
existing system language settings remain intact, easy and user-friendly interface and design, and small
file size.
FIGURE (K)
The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard onto almost any surface, and
disappears when not in use. Used with Smart Phones and PDAs, the VKey (TM) provides a practical
way to do email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, allowing the user to leave the laptop computer
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at home.
VKey technology has many applications in various high-tech and industrial Sectors. These include
data entry and control panel applications in hazardous and harsh environments and medical markets.
Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the convenience of compactness with the
advantages of a full-blown QWERTY keyboard. An interesting use of such keyboards would be in
sterile environments where silence or low noise is essential like operation theaters. The advantage of
such a system is that you do not need a surface for typing, you can even type in plain air. The
company's Virtual Keyboard is designed for anyone who's become frustrated with trying to put
information into a handheld but doesn't want to carry a notebook computer around. There is also the
provision for a pause function to avoid translating extraneous hand movements function, so that users
can stop to eat, drink etc
3.2 Components
This system comprises of three modules,
1. The sensor module,
2. IR-light source
3. The pattern projector
1) Sensor Module
The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of the Keyboard Perception technology. The Sensor Module
operates by locating the user's fingers in 3-D space and tracking the intended keystrokes, or mouse
movements. Mouse tracking and keystroke information is processed and can then be output to the host
device via a USB or other interface. Electronic Perception Technology:
Electronic perception technology enables ordinary electronic devices to see the world around them
so they can perceive and interact with it. Now everyday electronic devices in a variety of markets can
perceive users actions, gaining functionality and ease of use.
The tiny electronic perception chips and embedded software work by developing a 3D distance map
to nearby objects in real-time. This information is factored through an on-chip processor running
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imaging software that translates the image into defined events before sending it off-chip for
application-specific processing. Its an action that is continually repeated, generating over 30 frames of
3D information per second.
FIGURE (L)
Electronic perception technology has a fundamental advantage over classical image processing that
struggles to construct three-dimensional representations using complex mathematics and images from
multiple cameras or points of view. This single chip contour mapping approach results in a high
reduction of complexity, making it possible to embed the application independent processing software
directly into the chips themselves so they may be used in the most modestly-priced, and even pocketsized electronic devices.
2) Ir-Light Source
The Infrared Light Source emits a beam of infrared light. This light beam I designed to overlap the area
on which the keyboard pattern projector or printed image resides. This is done so as to illuminate the
users fingers by the infra-red light beam. This helps in recognizing the hand movements and the
pressing of keys. The light beam facilitates in scanning the image. Accordingly the information is
passed on to the sensor module which decodes the information.
An invisible infra-red beam is projected above the virtual keyboard. Finger makes keystroke on virtual
keyboard. This breaks infrared beam and infrared light is reflected back to projector. Reflected infrared
beam passes through infrared filter to camera. The camera photographs angle of incoming infrared
light. The Sensor chip in the sensor module determines where the infrared beam was broken, detected
co-ordinates determine actions or characters to be generated.
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FIGURE (M)
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FIGURE (N)
3.3(a) Advantages
1. Portability
2. Accuracy
3. Speed of text entry
4. Lack of need for flat or large typing surface
5. Ability to minimize the risk for repetitive strain injuries
6. Flexibility
7. Keyboard layouts can be changed by software allowing for foreign or Alternative keyboard layouts
3.3(b) Disadvantages
1. Virtual keyboard is hard to get used to. Since it involves typing in thin air, it requires a little practice.
Only people who are good at typing can use a virtual keyboard efficiently.
2. It is very costly ranging from 150 to 200 dollars.
3. The room in which the projected keyboard is used should not be very bright so that the keyboard is
properly visible.
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Applications
1. High-tech and industrial Sectors
2. Used with Smart phones, PDAs, email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks
3. Operation Theatres
4. As computer/PDA input
5. Gaming control
6. TV remote control
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LCD projectors employ a three-panel LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) system, referred to as 3LCD.
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LCD projectors crisply reproduce bright, naturally colored images that are easy on the eyes. LCD
projectors are also capable of detailed shadow reproduction that is ideal for demanding business and
home theater applications.
FIGURE (O)
The white light from the projector lamp is split into red, green, and blue components using
two dichroic mirrors, special mirrors that only transmit light of a specified wavelength. Each red,
green and blue beam then passes through a dedicated LCD panel made up of thousands of miniscule
pixels. An electrical current turns the panel's pixels on or off to create the grayscale equivalent of that
color channel. The three colors are then recombined in a prism and projected through the projector
lens and onto the screen.
By using a combination of three LCDs to produce a final image, LCD projectors are capable of
billions of colors and smooth grayscale gradations. The resolution of the image is determined by the
number of pixels in the LCD panels used. Currently LCD panels offer resolutions as high as true HD
(1920 x 1080) for home theater applications. New panels promise resolutions as high as 4K (3840 x
2160).
LCDs are not just found in projectors. They are found in many of the electronics you use
every day, from a cell phone to an MP3 player to your digital alarm clock. LCDs are very common
because they offer distinct advantages: they are thinner, lighter, and draw less power than many
competing display technologies. A reliable, sophisticated technology with universal appeal, 3LCD is
the world's most popular projection technology, delivering high quality images for the most
demanding business and consumer audiences.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS, SJCET, PALAI
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ADVANTAGES
1) LCD is generally more light efficient than DLP.
2) LCD projectors can project bright, vivid images with a low output lamp.
3) 1000 lumen LCD is more preferred than 1200 lumen DLP.
4) LCD trends to produce a sharper image
5) More accurate color.
6) Sharper image.
7) LCD also delivers a somewhat sharper image than DLP at any given resolution.
8) Another benefit of LCD is that it is more light-efficient.
9) One benefit of LCD is that it controls red, green, and blue independently through
DISADVANTAGED
1) More bulky as there are more internal components.
2) Dead pixels.
3) DLC panel can fail.
4) Screen door effect.
5) Contrast.
6) Portability.
7) Image degradation.
8) LCD competes extremely well when high light output is required.
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FIGURE (P)
ADVANTAGES
1) Portability
2) Higher contrast.
3) Reduced pixilation.
4) Reliability.
5) Sealed optics this makes it better for use in dusty environment.
6) Less screen door effects.
7) Since the DLP light engine consists of a single chip rather than three LCD panels, DLP
Projectors tend to be more compact.
8) Another DLP advantage is that it can produce smooth, high contrast video.
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DISADVANTAGES
1) Rainbow effect
2) Light leakage.
3) High cost.
2: Contrast Ratio
DLP = Simple optics, easier light management
LCD = Complex optics, more difficult light management
3: Video Quality
DLP = Fast switching, minimal lag
LCD = Slow switching, significant lag
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4: Sharpness
DLP =No misalignment
LCD =Misalignment likely over time
5: Color Quality
DLP = Can match any LCD color gamut
LCD = Cant match any DLP color gamut
R, G, B, bandwidth is depend on each color because of non sequential system.
7: Repeatable performance
DLP = Digital, precise control, constant performance over time.
LCD = Analog, variable, affected by temperature, vibration, heat, humidity,
deterioration over time.
8: Reliable
DLP = Reflects heat
LCD = Absorbs heat, performance degrads
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While both technologies have produced improvements in contrast in the past year, and Sanyo's new
PLV-70 is rated at 900:1. Meanwhile, the latest DLP products geared Toward home theater are rated
has high as 1800:1. However, one should not place too much emphasis on the specs. In reality, though
the difference between projectors rated at 400:1 vs. 800:1 is quite noticeable, the difference is not so
dramatic between products rated at 900:1 vs. 1800:1. Once you get to contrast ranges of 900:1 or
higher, blacks appear as solid black and shadow details resolve quite nicely. Increased contrast can
yield relatively subtle improvements, but there are other factors which contribute to image quality that
become equally if not more important. Reduced pixelation is another benefit of DLP. LCDs were
always known for their visible pixel structure, often referred to as the screen door effect because it
appears as though the picture is being viewed through a screen door.
Historically, LCD technology has had a hard time being taken seriously among many home theater
enthusiasts (quite understandably) because of this flaw in the image. DLP technology went a long way
toward eliminating the screen door effect. In SVGA (800x600) resolution, DLP projectors have either a
muted pixel structure or an invisible pixel structure depending upon the size of the projected image
relative to the viewing distance (the larger the image the more visible the pixels). Conversely,
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors uniformly have a clearly visible pixel grid at just about any screen
image size. For this reason, we don't recommend SVGA-resolution LCD projectors for home theater
use except for those on the most limited of budgets. Three developments have served to close the gap
between DLP and LCD in the area of pixel visibility. First was the step up to XGA resolution
(1,024x768). This higher resolution uses 64% more pixels to paint the image on the screen, as
compared to an SVGA-resolution projector. The inter-pixel gaps are reduced in XGA resolution, so
pixels are denser and less visible. In XGA resolution, DLP projectors have an invisible pixel grid on
any typical home theater screen no matter how big. LCD projectors with standard XGA panels still
have a visible, but much reduced screen door effect. Second, the inter-pixel gaps on all LCD machines,
no matter what resolution, are reduced compared to what they use to be. So even the inexpensive
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors have less screen door effect than they used to.
The third development in LCDs was the use of Micro-Lens Array (MLA) to boost the efficiency of
light transmission through XGA-resolution LCD panels. Some XGA-class LCD projectors have this
feature, but most do not. For those that do, MLA has the happy side effect of reducing pixel visibility a
little bit as compared to an XGA LCD projector without MLA. On some projectors with this feature,
placing the focus just a slight hair off perfect, a practice The Current State of the Art DLP maintains its
lead in contrast performance, while LCD projector makers have continued to emphasize latent
advantages in color fidelity and image sharpness for data display. DLP color has improved of late, and
color accuracy on the latest models is much better than it used to be. Both LCD and DLP are evolving
rapidly to the benefit of the consumer. The race for miniaturization has produced smaller yet more
powerful projectors than we might have even imagined possible just a couple of years ago. Light
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output per pound has increased dramatically. And video quality on the best LCD and DLP projectors
now surpasses that available in a commercial movie theater.
When it comes to home theater, DLP has continued to make competitive advances in color, contrast,
and image stability that have served to establish DLP as the preferred technology for video. But the fact
is that both DLP and LCD continue to improve, and both are capable of delivering higher quality video
for home theater than they ever were before. Which technology is the best? When comparing DLP to
LCD in a home theater environment DLP is the winner. Better blacks and the removal of the screen
door effect making the DLP an obvious choice.
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5. WORKING OF E-BALL
5.1 Working
E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit, It has a button when you press this button a
projector will pop and it focus the computer screen on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation
keys.
If there is no wall then it has a paper sheet holder that divides into three pieces like an umbrella just
after popping up, and it will show desktop on the paper sheet. Also, the E-Ball PC supports a paper
holder and the paper sheet on the holder could act like a screen where you can watch movies or
something.
This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS,
sorry about the others. For the moment there is no word on pricing or when its going to be available,
however, I am sure that everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this one.
E-Ball concept pc has a laser keyboard that is fully a concept keyboard that is visible when the pc is in
working. The keyboard is not physical - it is interpreted by lasers that appear after you press the
respective button. It recognizes your fingers with the help of an IR sensor when you are typing at a
particular place, while the mouse is a pop out wonder making this a unique piece of technology.
The software interface of E-Ball concept pc is highly stylized with icons that can be remembered easily
that support all type of windows operating system. E-Ball concept pc work very easy while you are
making video presentations, listening music watching large screen movies, and chatting on the net.
As year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller. This ball is known as E-Ball and its design is
given by Apostol Tnokovski. He was trying to create the smallest PC in the world when he came across
this idea.
It is shaped like a sphere because in Tnokovskis opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws
everybodys attention. You'll see the pop-out laser mouse, a pico projector inside that illuminates either
the wall or a sheet of paper for a screen, and that laser keyboard that would almost certainly be a
clumsy input device. Fix that, and find a motherboard thatll fit inside this palm-sized baby, and
Apostol might be onto something here.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic card and
sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser keyboard, LAN
and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.
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FIGURE (Q)
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FIGURE (R)
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FI
GURE (S)
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FIGURE (T)
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5.4(A) ADVANTAGES
1) E-BALL is portable.
2) E-BALL has large memory.
3) E-BALL is useful for making video presentation.
4) E-BALL support user defined keyboard layouts.
5) E-BALL is efficient.
6) E-BALL is very easy to use
7) E-BALL is more secure than other computer.
5.4(B) DISADVANTAGES
1) Normal operating systems cannot work in these computers.
2) Cost of E-BALL is very high.
3) It is difficult to understand if any problems occur in hardware part.
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REFERENCES
http://www.google.co.in/EBALL
http://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com
ht1. http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh
www.canesta.com. www.procams.org
www.billbuxton.com/3state.html
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www.smarttech.com
www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/wd.jhtmltp://www.google.com
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