Marmalade

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and

peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be
produced from kumquats, lemons, limes, grapefruits,
mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots and other citrus
fruits, or any combination thereof.

Marmalade

The benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in

Britain is the Spanish Seville orange, Citrus aurantium
var. aurantium, prized for its high pectin content, which
gives a good set. The peel has a distinctive bitter taste
which it imparts to the marmalade.
Marmalade is generally distinguished from jam by its fruit
peel. It may also be distinguished from jam by the fruits
used.

Contents
1 Origins
2 Etymology

Type

Fruit preserve

Main
ingredients

Juice and peel of citrus fruits,

sugar, water

Cookbook:Marmalade

Marmalade

2.1 International usage of the term

3 Dundee Marmalade
3.1 Scots legend
4 In children's books
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Origins
The Romans learned from the Greeks that quinces slowly cooked with honey would "set" when cool (though
they did not know about fruit pectin). Greek (melimlon, "honey fruit") transformed into
Galician-Portuguese "marmelo"for in Greek (mlon, "apple") stood for all globular fruits, and most
quinces are too astringent to be used without honey. A Roman cookbook attributed to Apicius gives a recipe
for preserving whole quinces, stems and leaves attached, in a bath of honey diluted with defrutumRoman
marmalade. Preserves of quince and lemon appearalong with rose, apple, plum and pearin the Book of
ceremonies of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, "a book that is not only a treatise
on the etiquette of imperial banquetting in the ninth century, but a catalogue of the foods available and
dishes made from them."[1]

Medieval quince preserves, which went by the French name cotignac, produced in a clear version and a fruit
pulp version, began to lose their medieval seasoning of spices in the 16th century. In the 17th century, La
Varenne provided recipes for both thick and clear cotignac.[2]
In 1524, Henry VIII received a "box of marmalade" from Mr Hull of Exeter.[3] As it was in a box, this was
likely to have been marmelada, a quince paste from Portugal, still made and sold in southern Europe. Its
Portuguese origins can be detected in the remarks in letters to Lord Lisle, from William Grett, 12 May 1534,
"I have sent to your lordship a box of marmaladoo, and another unto my good lady your wife" and from
Richard Lee, 14 December 1536, "He most heartily thanketh her Ladyship for her marmalado".[2]

Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "marmalade"
appeared in the English language in 1480, borrowed from
French marmelade which, in turn, came from the GalicianPortuguese marmelada. According to Jos Pedro Machados
Dicionrio Etimolgico da Lngua Portuguesa,[4] the oldest
known document where this Portuguese word is to be found is
Gil Vicentes play Comdia de Rubena, written in 1521:
Temos tanta marmelada
Que minha me vai me dar um pouco[5]

Antique marmalade cutter, used to cut

citrus fruit peel into thin slices

The extension of "marmalade" in the English language to refer

to citrus fruits was made in the 17th century, when citrus first began to be plentiful enough in England for
the usage to become common.
In Portuguese, according to the root of the word, which is marmelo, "quince", marmelada is a preserve made
from quinces, quince cheese. Marmelo in turn derives from Latin melimelum, "honey apple",[6] which in
turn comes from the earlier Greek (melmlon),[7] from "" (meli), "honey"[8] + ""
(mlon), "apple".[9]

International usage of the term

In languages other than English, "marmalade" can mean
preserves made with fruit other than citrus. The name originates
in Portuguese, where marmelada applies exclusively to quince
jam (from "marmelo", the Portuguese for quince).[10][11] In
Spanish the term usually refers to what in English is called jam
(and jalea is similar to the American English jelly). In Italian
too, marmellata means every jam and marmalade.
In some continental Europe languages, Polish for instance, a
word sharing a root with "marmalade" refers to all gelled fruit
conserves, and those derived from citrus fruits merit no special
Marmalade spread on bread
word of their own. Due to British influence, however, only citrus
products may be sold as "marmalade" in the European Union
(with certain exceptions), which has led to considerable complaints from those countries.

In some German speaking areas Marmelade is the traditional designation for any kind of jam and marmalade
(especially smooth jam without visible pieces of fruit) regardless of fruit base, and remains so in everyday
language in spite of EU regulation which limit the term Marmelade to citrus-based preserves to minimise
international confusion. Because of the persisting traditional usage and given that the alternative term
Konfitre (originally used specifically for jam with visible pieces of fruit) is foreign to Austrian German, a
special exception has been granted for Austria where non-citrus-based preserves may continue to be
marketed regionally as Marmelade.

Dundee Marmalade
The Scottish city of Dundee has a long association with
marmalade.[12][13] James Keiller and his wife Janet ran a small
sweet and preserves shop in the Seagate section of Dundee.[14]
In 1797 they opened a factory to produce "Dundee
Marmalade",[15] a preserve distinguished by thick chunks of
bitter Seville orange rind. The business prospered, and remains a
signature marmalade producer today.[16]

Scots legend

Marmalade jars

The creation of Orange Marmalade in Britain occurred by accident. A ship full of oranges supposedly broke
down in the port of Dundee and the "ingenious" Scots made marmalade out of them.[17][18]

In children's books
Paddington Bear, a fictional character in children's books, is renowned for his particular liking for
marmalade.[19]

See also
Fruit preserves
Keiller's marmalade
Succade
Zest

References
1. ^ Maguelonne -Samat, (Anthea Bell, tr.) A History of Food 2nd ed. 2009, p. 507
2. ^ a b C. Anne Wilson, The Book of Marmalade: its Antecedents, Its History, and Its Role in the World Today, revised
ed., 1999, p.32 & others
3. ^ Public Record Office, Letters and Papers, Foreign & Domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII, vol. VI (1870) p.339,
noted by Wilson 1999, p. 31f, and by other writers.
4. ^ "Etymological Dictionary of the Portuguese Language"

5. ^ Translation: We have so much quince jelly/ That my mother will give me some. Maria Joo Amaral, ed. Gil
Vicente, Rubena (Lisbon:Quimera) 1961 (e-book) (http://www.quimera-editores.com/vicente/pdf/Rubena.pdf)
6. ^ Kleins Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
7. ^ Melimelon (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?
doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366024), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A GreekEnglish Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
8. ^ (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dme%2Fli^),
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
9. ^ (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?
doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dlon2), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A GreekEnglish Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
10. ^ Wilson, C. Anne. The Book of Marmalade: Its Antecedents, Its History and Its Role in the World Today (Together
with a Collection of Recipes for Marmalades and Marmalade Cookery), University of Pennsylvania Press,
Philadelphia. Revised Edition 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1727-6
11. ^ "Marmalade" in Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001 Douglas Harper apud Dictionary.com
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/marmalade)
12. ^ The British Food Trust (http://www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/recipebook/index.php?
option=com_rapidrecipe&page=viewrecipe&recipe_id=418)
13. ^ Dundee Marmalade (http://www.scotsindependent.org/features/food/dundee_marmalade.htm)
14. ^ Dundee Marmalade (http://www.scotsindependent.org/features/food/dundee_marmalade.htm)
15. ^ James Keiller & Son Dundee Marmalade (https://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?
langId=-1&storeId=10052&productId=358128&catalogId=10002)
16. ^ W.M. Matthew, The Keiller Dynasty 1800-1879 narrates the history of Keillers; BBC News "Legacies: Keiller's:
Sticky Success" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/scotland/perth_tayside/article_2.shtml): offers an abbreviated
version.
17. ^ C. Anne Wilson, The Book of Marmalade. Constable, London. 1985. ISBN 0-09-465670-3.
18. ^ Dundee Marmalade (http://www.scotsindependent.org/features/food/dundee_marmalade.htm)
19. ^ Paddington, My Book-on Marmalade,Michael-Bond (http://www.amazon.co.uk/Paddington-Book-MarmaladeMichael-Bond/dp/0007269463)

Further reading
Allen, Brigid (1989). Cooper's Oxford: A history of Frank Cooper Limited.
Mathew, W. M. Keiller's Of Dundee: The Rise of the Marmalade Dynasty 1800-1879.
Mathew, W. M. The Secret History of Guernsey Marmalade.
Wilson, C. Anne (1985). The Book of Marmalade: its antecedents, its history and its rle in the world
today together with a collection of recipes for marmalades & marmalade cookery. Constable. ISBN 009-465670-3.

External links
Marmalade - Simple recipe. (http://www.evilmadscientist.com/article.php/marmalade) - Evil Mad

Scientist Laboratories.
A much simpler grapefruit marmalade recipe. (http://www.radionz.co.nz/genre/recipes/grapefruitmarmalade) - Radio New Zealand.
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Categories: Orange production Citrus Spreads (food) Marmalade
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