Fundamental Engineering Maths 3

-V
GU
Chapter 3: DIFFERENTIATION RULES
AM
Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014
T.
PH
Fundamental Engineering Mathematics for EEIT2014
D.
Vietnamese German University

Binh Duong Campus
October 14, 2014
1 / 25
Outline
Derivatives of polynomials and exponential functions
The product and quotient rules
Derivatives of trigonometric functions
The chain rule
Implicit differentiation
Linear approximation
D.
T.
PH
AM
-V
GU
October 14, 2014
2 / 25
Derivative of a constant function
-V
GU
Let c be a constant. Then
Proof: We have f (x) = c. Then
AM
d
(c) = 0
dx
D.
T.
PH
d
f (x + h) f (x)
c c
(c) = lim
= lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h
0
= lim = lim 0
h0
h0 h
= 0.
October 14, 2014
3 / 25
Derivatives of power functions

The power rule: If n is a positive integer, then
-V
GU
d n
(x ) = nx n1
dx
AM
Proof: If f (x) = x n , then
h0
n1
D.
T.
PH
(x + h)n x n
d n
f (x + h) f (x)
(x ) = lim
= lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h

n1
n2
h (x + h)
+ (x + h) x + . . . + (x + h)x n2 + x n1
= lim
h0
h

= lim (x + h)n1 + (x + h)n2 x + . . . + (x + h)x n2 + x n1
= nx
October 14, 2014
4 / 25
The power rule
-V
GU
The power rule (General version): If is any real number , then
d
dx
1
x2

and
d
x
dx
PH
Ex: Find
Ans:
1
x2

=

d
2
x 2 = (2)x 21 = 2x 3 = 3
dx
x
T.
D.
d
dx
AM
d
(x ) = x 1
dx
d 1/2
1 1
1
d
1 1
x =
x
= x 2 1 = x 2 =
dx
dx
2
2
2 x
October 14, 2014
5 / 25
The constant multiple rule
-V
GU
The constant multiple rule: If c is a constant and f is a differentiable

function, then
d
d
[cf (x)] = c f (x)
dx
dx
AM
Proof: Let g (x) = cf (x), then
D.
T.
PH
d
g (x + h) g (x)
cf (x + h) cf (x)
g (x) = lim
= lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h

f (x + h) f (x)
f (x + h) f (x)
= lim c
= c lim
h0
h0
h
h
d
= c f (x)
dx
Ex:
d
d
(3x 4 ) = 3 (x 4 ) = 3 4x 3 = 12x 3
dx
dx
October 14, 2014
6 / 25
The sum rule

The sum rule: If f are g are both differentiable functions, then
-V
GU
d
d
d
[f (x) + g (x)] =
f (x) +
g (x)
dx
dx
dx
D.
T.
PH
AM
Proof: Let k(x) = f (x) + g (x), then

d
k(x + h) k(x)
f (x + h) + g (x + h) [f (x) + g (x)]
k(x) = lim
= lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h

f (x + h) f (x) g (x + h) g (x)
= lim
+
h0
h
h
f (x + h) f (x)
g (x + h) g (x)
= lim
+ lim
h0
h0
h
h
d
d
=
f (x) +
g (x)
dx
dx
Remark: The sum rule can be extended to sums of any number of functions. For
example,
(f + g + k)0 = f 0 + g 0 + k 0
October 14, 2014
7 / 25
Derivative of exponential functions
-V
GU
(e x )0 = e x
PH
AM
(ax )0 = ax ln a
1
(ln x)0 =
x
1
0
(loga x) =
x ln a
T.
Exercises 3.1:
D.
332, 4546
53, 57, 6770, 75
October 14, 2014
8 / 25
The product rule
-V
GU
The product rule: If f and g are differentiable function, then

d
d
d
[f (x)g (x)] = g (x) f (x) + f (x) g (x)
dx
dx
dx
AM
Proof: Let k(x) = f (x)g (x), then
D.
T.
PH
d
k(x + h) k(x)
f (x + h)g (x + h) f (x)g (x)
k(x) = lim
= lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h

[f (x + h) f (x)]g (x + h) f (x)[g (x + h) g (x)]
= lim
+
h0
h
h
f (x + h) f (x)
g (x + h) g (x)
= lim
lim g (x + h) + f (x) lim
h0
h0
h0
h
h
d
d
= g (x) f (x) + f (x) g (x)
dx
dx
October 14, 2014
9 / 25
The quotient rule
AM
PH
Proof: Exercise
x2 x + 3
. Find y 0 .
Ex: Let y =
x +2
Ans:
-V
GU
The quotient rule: If uand v are differentiable function, then

u 0 (x)v (x) u(x)v 0 (x)
d u(x)
=
dx v (x)
v (x)2
(x 2 x + 3)0 (x + 2) (x 2 x + 3)(x + 2)0

(x + 2)2
(2x 1)(x + 2) (x 2 x + 3)
=
(x + 2)2
2
x + 5x 5
=
(x + 2)2
D.
T.
y0 =
October 14, 2014
10 / 25
= ex
(cf )0 = cf 0
AM
d
x
dx (e )
=0
PH
d
dx (c)
-V
GU
Differentiation formulae
= x 1
d
x
dx (a )
= ax ln a
(f g )0 = f 0 g 0
0
f
g
f 0 g fg 0
g2
D.
T.
(fg )0 = f 0 g + fg 0
dx (x )
October 14, 2014
11 / 25
-V
GU
Exercises
AM
3.2:
D.
T.
PH
126, 2730, 3132, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50,
October 14, 2014
12 / 25
Derivatives of trigonometric functions
-V
GU
1
1
Recall that sec x =
and csc x =
. The following identities are
cos x
sin x
true:
1
cos2 x
PH
(tan x)0 =
(cos x)0 = sin x
AM
(sin x)0 = cos x
(sec x)0 = sec x tan x
Exercises: 3.3:
D.
T.
(csc x)0 = csc x cot x
(cot x)0 = sin12 x
116
October 14, 2014
13 / 25
The chain rule
-V
GU
The chain rule: Let f be differentiable at a and let g be differentiable at f (a)

= the composition g f is differentiable at a and
(g f )0 (a) = g 0 (f (a)) f 0 (a)
Proof: We have
(g f )(a + h) (g f )(a)
g (f (a + h)) g (f (a))
= lim
h0
h
h

g (f (a + h)) g (f (a)) f (a + h) f (a)
= lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
g (f (a + h)) g (f (a))
f (a + h) f (a)
= lim
lim
h0
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
= g 0 (f (a)) f 0 (a)
AM
(g f )0 (a) = lim
D.
T.
PH
h0
Note that in the last argument we use the fact that f is continuous at a because
it is differentiable at a, and thus f (a + h) f (a) as h goes to 0.
October 14, 2014
14 / 25
The chain rule
x 2 + 1. Find f 0 (x)
Ans:
Denote f (x) = x 2 + 1 and g (x) =
-V
GU
Ex: Let k(x) =
x. Then
AM
k(x) = g (f (x)) = (g f )(x).
PH
Applying the Chain Rule,
x = g 0 (x) =
D.
g (x) =
T.
k 0 (x) = g 0 (f (x)) f 0 (x).

1
2 x
= g 0 (f (x)) = 1
2
f (x)
1
2(x 2 +1)
f (x) = x 2 + 1 = f 0 (x) = 2x
2x
x
= k 0 (x) =
= 2
2(x 2 + 1)
x +1
October 14, 2014
15 / 25
The power rule combined with the chain rule
-V
GU
For any R, we have
du
d
u = u 1
dx
dx
AM
Ex: Differentiate y = (x 3 1)100 .
PH
Ans: We have
D.
T.
dy
d
[(x 3 1)100 ] = 100(x 3 1)1001 (x 3 1)0
=
dx
dx
= 100(x 3 1)99 (3x 2 )
= 300(x 3 1)99 x 2
October 14, 2014
16 / 25
-V
GU
Exercises
AM
3.4:
D.
T.
PH
112, 4750, 68, 75
October 14, 2014
17 / 25
-V
GU
If a function is given as an expression of the variable y = f (x), then

we can use definition and differentiation rules to compute y 0 .
E.g., given y = x + 1. Then y 0 = 21x+1
AM
However, if the function y is given implicitly as a relation between x

and y , then we need to use the method of implicit differentiation
PH
E.g., given x 3 + y 3 = 6xy . We need to find y 0 ?

E.g., Differentiating both sides, noting that y is a function of x,
D.
T.
(x 3 + y 3 )0x = (6xy )0x 3x 2 + 3y 2 y 0 = 6y + 6xy 0
(y 2 2x)y 0 = 2y x 2
y 0 =
2y x 2
y 2 2x
October 14, 2014
18 / 25
Ex: Find y 00 if x 4 + y 4 = 16
-V
GU
Ans: Differentiating both sides to obtain
(x 4 + y 4 )0x = (16)0x 4x 3 + 4y 3 y 0 = 0 = y 0 =
x3
y3
0
(x 3 )0x y 3 x 3 (y 3 )0x
3x 2 y 3 3x 3 y 2 y 0
=
y6
y6
x
3
3x 2 y 3 3x 3 y 2 yx 3
4
4
2x + y
=
=
3x
y6
y7
48x 2
= 7
y
x3
y3
D.
T.
y =
PH
00
AM
Differentiating both sides of the blue equation
October 14, 2014
19 / 25
1
1+x 2
(sec1 x)0 =
1
x x 2 1
AM
(tan1 x)0 =
1
(cos1 x)0 = 1x
2
PH
1
1x 2
1
(cot1 x)0 = 1+x
2
(csc1 x)0 = x x12 1
D.
T.
(sin1 x)0 =
-V
GU
Derivative of inverse trigonometric functions
October 14, 2014
20 / 25
-V
GU
Exercises
AM
3.5
D.
T.
PH
14, 2122, 3336, 40
October 14, 2014
21 / 25
AM
-V
GU
Rates of changes in Natural and Social Sciences
D.
T.
PH
see Section 3.7 Page 221
October 14, 2014
22 / 25
0
y = f (a)(x a) + f (a)
-V
GU
y
t
f 0 (a)(x a) + f (a))
f (x )
y = f (x)
D.
T.
PH
AM
f (a)
The approximation f (x ) f 0 (a)(x a) + f (a) is called the linear

approximation of f at a .
The function L(x) = f 0 (a)(x a) + f (a) is the linearization of f
October 14, 2014
23 / 25
-V
GU
Ex: Write the linearization

= x + 3 at x = 1, then use it to
of f (x)
approximate the values 3.95 and 4.05
Ans:
The linearization at x = 1 is
PH
AM
7
1
x
L(x) = f 0 (1)(x 1) + f (1) =
(x 1) + 1 + 3 = +
4 4
2 1+3
In particular,
and
4.05 =
x +3
D.
T.
The corresponding linear approximation is
3.95 =
x
7
+
4 4
(when x is near 1)
0.95 + 3
1.05 + 3
1.05
4
7
4
0.95
4
7
4
= 1.9875
= 2.0125
October 14, 2014
24 / 25
-V
GU
Exercises
AM
3.10:
D.
T.
PH
110
October 14, 2014
25 / 25

Fundamental Engineering Maths 3

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Fundamental Engineering Maths 3

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

-V

Chapter 3: DIFFERENTIATION RULES

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

Fundamental Engineering Mathematics for EEIT2014

Vietnamese German University

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

Derivatives of polynomials and exponential functions

The product and quotient rules

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

The chain rule

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

Derivative of a constant function

Let c be a constant. Then

Proof: We have f (x) = c. Then

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

Derivatives of power functions

Proof: If f (x) = x n , then

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The power rule

The power rule (General version): If is any real number , then

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The constant multiple rule

The constant multiple rule: If c is a constant and f is a differentiable

Proof: Let g (x) = cf (x), then

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The sum rule

Proof: Let k(x) = f (x) + g (x), then

October 14, 2014

Derivative of exponential functions

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The product rule

The product rule: If f and g are differentiable function, then

Proof: Let k(x) = f (x)g (x), then

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The quotient rule

The quotient rule: If uand v are differentiable function, then

(x 2 x + 3)0 (x + 2) (x 2 x + 3)(x + 2)0

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

126, 2730, 3132, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50,

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

(cos x)0 = sin x

(sin x)0 = cos x

(sec x)0 = sec x tan x

(csc x)0 = csc x cot x

(cot x)0 = sin12 x

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The chain rule

The chain rule: Let f be differentiable at a and let g be differentiable at f (a)

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 14, 2014

The quotient rule: If uand v are differentiable function, then