Fundamental Engineering Maths 4

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Chapter 4: APPLICATIONS of DIFFERENTIATION
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Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014
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Fundamental Engineering Mathematics for EEIT2014
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Vietnamese German University

Binh Duong Campus
October 22, 2014
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Maximum and minimum values
Derivative and shape of a graph
Indeterminate forms and LHopital Rule
Optimization problems
Newtons method
Antiderivatives
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Outline
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Applications in Optimization
Important optimization problems require differential calculus , e.g.
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What is the shape of a can that minimizes manufacturing costs?

What is the maximum acceleration of a space shuttle?
What is the interest rate that the banks earn most in the market?
etc.
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what is the shape of a racing car or a aircraft to minimize drag?
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= finding the minimum and maximum of a function .
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Maximum and minimum of a function
Def: Let f : D R be a function and let c D.
f has an absolute maximum (global maximum) at c if

x D.
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f (x) f (c)
Then, f (c) is called the maximum value of f .

f has an absolute minimum (global minimum) at c if
x D.
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f (x) f (c)
Then, f (c) is called the minimum value of f .
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The maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme

values of f .
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Maximum and minimum of a function

y
f (d)
f (c)
f (a)
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y = f (x)
c1 c c2
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f (a) is the absolute minimum of f ;

f (d) is the absolute maximum of f
f (c) f (x) x (c1 , c2 ) = f (c) is a local minimum of f
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Local maximum and minimum
Def: Let f : D R be a function and let c D.
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f has an local maximum (relative maximum) at c if there exists an

interval (c1 , c2 ) D such that c (c1 , c2 ) and
f (x) f (c)
x (c1 , c2 ).
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f has an local minimum (relative minimum) at c if if there exists

an interval (c1 , c2 ) D such that c (c1 , c2 ) and
x (c1 , c2 ).
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f (x) f (c)
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Local maximum and local minimum

y
f (d)
f (c)
f (a)
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y = f (x)
c1 c c2
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f (c) is a local minimum

f (b) is the local maximum of f ;
f (d) is the local maximum of f (also an absolute maximum)
f (e) is a local minimum of f
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The Extreme value Theorem
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Theorem: Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function on [a, b]. Then f

attains an absolute maximum value f (c) and an absolute minimum value
f (d) at some numbers c and d in [a, b].
Remark: The theorem is not true if we replace the closed interval [a, b]
by the open interval (a, b) or other interval (a, b] or [a, b).
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1
x
does not attain an absolute maximum value
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Ex: The function f (x) =

on (0, 5].
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The Extreme value Theorem
y=
1
x
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y
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
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The Fermats Theorem

y
(c, f (c)
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y = f (x)
(d, f (d)
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f attains local maximum at c and local minimum at d = What is special

about f at x = c and x = d?
The Fermats Theorem: If f attains local maximum or local minimum at c and
if f 0 (c) exists, then f 0 (c) = 0
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Proof of Fermats Theorem

The Fermats Theorem: If f attains local maximum or local minimum at c and
if f 0 (c) exists, then f 0 (c) = 0
Proof: Suppose f attains local maximum at c.
(c, f (c))
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= x (c1 , c2 ) : f (x) f (c)
(c1 , f (c1 ))
(c2 , f (c2 ))
f (x) f (c)
0 c1 < x < c
(x, f (x))
x c
=
f (x) f (c) 0 c < x < c2

x c
f (x) f (c)
lim
0
f (x) f (c)
x c
xc
= M exists
. Since f 0 (c) exists, lim
f
(x)
f
(c)
x c
xc
lim
0
xc +
x c
(
M0
f (x) f (c)
f (x) f (c)
= M = lim
= lim+
=
= M = 0
xc
x
c
x
c
xc
M0
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The Fermats Theorem

Remark: Local maximum and local minimum at c + existence of f 0 (c)
= f 0 (c) = 0. But (=) is NOT true.
Ex: Let f (x) = x 3 . We have f 0 (x) = 3x 2 and f 0 (0) = 0 but f does NOT
attain local max. or local min. at 0.
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Local minimum and local maximum

Ex: Function f (x) = |x| attains local minimum at x = 0 but it is NOT
differentiable at x = 0.
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Critical number of a function
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Def: A number c is called a critical number of a function f if f 0 (c) = 0

or f 0 (c) does not exists.

f 0 (c) = 0
= c is a critical number of f
f 0 (c) does NOT exist
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Ex: Find critical points of f (x) = x(1 x).

1x
1 x 2x
1 3x
Ans: f 0 (x) = x =
=
2 x
2 x
2 x
1
3x
1
We have f 0 (x) = 0 = 0 x =
3
2 x
f is not differentiable at x = 0
1
The critical numbers are and 0
3
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Critical numbers of a function

Corollary: If f has a local minimum or local maximum at c then c is a
critical number of f
Proof: Fermats Theorem:

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f 0 (c) = 0
f 0 (c) does NOT exist
= c is a critical number of f
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f has local min. or local max. at c = There are 2 cases:
f 0 (c) does not exist = c is a critical number
Fermats Th. 0
f 0 (c) exists
=
f (c) = 0 = c is a critical number
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Finding absolute minimum and absolute maximum

The closed interval method: Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. To
find the absolute max. and absolute min. of f , we follows the steps:
Find the values of f at critical numbers of f in (a, b);
Find the values f (a) and f (b);
The largest number in steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value of f ,

and the smallest number in steps 1 and 2 is the absolute minimum of f .
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Ex: Find abs. max. and abs. min. of f (x) = 2x 3 9x 2 + 12x + 2 in [0, 3]
Ans: f 0 (x) = 6x 2 18x + 12 = 6(x 2 3x + 2)
f 0 (x) = 0 x = 1 or x = 2, and f (1) = 7, f (2) = 6
f (0) = 2 and f (3) = 11
Comparing the 4 values in Steps 1 and 2, we conclude
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max f = f (3) = 11
[0,3]
and
min f = f (0) = 2
[0,3]
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The closed interval method

y
y = 2x 3 9x 2 + 12x + 5
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11
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Exercises
4.1:
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310, 1520, 2728, 2936, 4755
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Rolles Theorem
Rolles Theorem: Let f : [a, b] R be a function satisfying
f is continuous in [a, b]
f is differentiable in (a, b)
f (a) = f (b). Then there exists a c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0
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Proof:
The case: f (x) = c x [a, b]. then clearly f 0 (c) = 0 c (a, b).
The case: x (a, b) s.t. f (x) > f (a) = f (b) .
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Since f is continuous in [a, b]
ExtremeValueTh.
=
c (a, b) such that
f (c) = max f
[a,b]
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= f has a local max. at c + f 0 (c) exists (f is differentiable in (a, b))

Fermats Th.
f 0 (c) = 0
The case: x (a, b) s.t. f (x) < f (a) = f (b) . (Similar as the second
case)
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Rolles Theorem
Ex: Prove that equation x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0 has exactly one real root.
Ans: Denote f (x) = x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1.
f is a polynomial = f is differentiable (and thus continuous) in (, ).
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f (1) = 2 and f (0) = 1. Since f is continuous in [1, 0] and since

f (1) < 0 < f (0), the Intermediate value Theorem = c (1, 0) s.t.
f (c) = 0 = the equation has one root c (1, 0)
Suppose that d 6= c is another root of the equation.
Rolles Th.
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If c < d, then f is differentiable in [c, d] and f (c) = f (d) = 0

exists e (c, d) s.t. f 0 (e) = 0.
On another hand, f 0 (x) = 3x 2 + 2x + 3 > 0 for all x R
= Contradiction
If c > d, similar argument = Contradiction
The equation has exactly one root c (1, 0).

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Rolles Theorem
y
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y = x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1
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y
t
(c, f (c))
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Recall the Rolles Theorem
(b, f (b))
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(a, f (a))
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(c, f (c))
(b, f (b))
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The slope of secant connecting (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) is
f (b) f (a)
=0
ba
Rolles Theorem: c (a, b) s.t. f 0 (c) = 0

= f 0 (c) =
f (b) f (a)
ba
t//L
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The Mean Value Theorem

The Mean Value Theorem: Let f : [a, b] R be a function satisfying
1
f is continuous in [a, b]
f is differentiable in (a, b)
Then there exists a c (a, b) such that
Proof: Denote h(x) = f (x)
f (b) f (a)
ba
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f 0 (c) =
f (b)f (a)
(x
ba
a) f (a). Then:
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h is continuous in [a, b] and h is differentiable in (a, b)
(a)
h(a) = f (a) f (b)f

(a
a)
f
(a)=
0
ba
= h(a) = h(b)
f (b)f (a)
h(b) = f (a) ba (b a) f (a)= 0

Rolles Theorem: there is a c (a, b) such that h0 (c) = 0 =
f 0 (c) =
f (b) = f (a)
ba
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The Mean Value Theorem

Theorem: Let f : (a, b) R be a function which is differentiable in (a, b)
and f 0 (x) = 0 for all x (a, b). Then f is a constant function.
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Ans: Let x1 , x2 (a, b]. Then f is continuous in [x1 , x2 ] and differentiable

in (x1 , x2 ). By the Mean Value Theorem, there is a c (x1 , x2 ) such that
f 0 (c) =
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
.
x2 x1
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Since f 0 (x) = 0 for all x (x1 , x2 ), we have
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
= 0.
x2 x1
It means that f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) and this is true for any x1 , x2 (a, b). Hence,
f is a constant function in (a, b).
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4.2:
15, 7, 1114, 15
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1720, 2231, 36
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Exercises
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Derivative and shape of a graph

Increasing and decreasing Test: Let f : (a, b) R be a differentiable
function.
If f 0 (x) > 0, x (a, b), then f is increasing in (a, b).
If f 0 (x) < 0, x (a, b), then f is decreasing in (a, b).
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y = f (x)
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x
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Increasing and decreasing Test

Ex: Determine when the function f (x) = 3x 4 4x 3 12x 2 + 5 is increasing and decreasing.
&
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x
x 2
x
x +1
f 0 (x)
f (x)
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Ans: f 0 (x) = 12x 3 12x 2 24x = 12x(x 2)(x + 1)

= f 0 (x) = 0 x = 1 x = 0 x = 2
1
|
|
0
0
0
+
+
%
0
|
0
|
0
5
+
+
&
2
0
|
|
0
27
+
+
+
+
%
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Increasing and decreasing Test
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y = 3x 4 4x 3 12x 2 + 5
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The first derivative Test

The First derivative Test: Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous
function f .
(a) If f 0 changes from positive to negative at , then has a local maximum at c.
(b) If f 0 changes from negative to positive at c, then has a local minimum at c.
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(c) If f 0 does not change sign at c (for example, if f 0 is positive on both sides
of c or negative on both sides), then f has no local maximum or minimum
at c.
y
y
f0 < 0
f0 < 0
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f0 > 0
local minimum
f0 > 0
f0 > 0
f0 < 0
c
local maximum
f0 > 0
f0 < 0
c
no local min. or max.
no local min. or max.
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Ex: Find the local minimum and maximum values of the function f (x) =
3x 4 4x 3 12x 2 + 5
&
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1
|
|
0
0
0
+
+
%
0
|
0
|
0
5
+
+
&
2
0
|
|
0
27
+
+
+
+
%
D.
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x
x 2
x
x +1
f 0 (x)
f (x)
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Ans: f 0 (x) = 12x 3 12x 2 24x = 12x(x 2)(x + 1)

= f 0 (x) = 0 x = 1 x = 0 x = 2
f attains local minimum at 1 and 2; and attains local maximum at

0.
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D.
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y = 3x 4 4x 3 12x 2 + 5
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Concave functions
Def: Let f : I R.
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangent lines, then f is said to
be upward concave on I
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If the graph of f lies below all of its tangent lines, then f is said to
be downward concave on I
y
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upwad concave
x
downward concave
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Concavity Test
Concavity Test: Let f : I R. Then
(a) If f 00 (x) > 0 for all x I , then the graph of f is concave upward on I .
(b) If f 00 (x) < 0 for all x I , then the graph of f is concave downward on I .
Discussion:
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f 00 (x) > 0 for all x I = f 0 (x) is increasing on I

f 00 (x < 0) for all x I = f 0 (x) is decreasing on I
y
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f 0 increases upwad concave
x
f 0 decreases downward concave
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Inflection Point
Def: A point P on a curve y = f (x) is called an inflection point if f is
continuous there and the curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward or from concave downward to concave upward at P
y
(c, f (c))
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(c, f (c))
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(c, f (c)) is inflection point
x
(c, f (c)) is inflection point
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The second derivative Test
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The second derivative Test: Let f be a function such that f 00 is continuous

near c. Then
(a) If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c,
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(b) If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c,
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Ex: Discuss the concavity, inflection points, local maxima and local minima of
the curve y = x 4 4x 3 .
Ans: Denote f (x) = x 4 4x 3 . Then
f 0 (x) = 4x 3 12x 2 = 4x 2 (x 3)
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f 00 (x) = 12x 2 24x = 12x(x 2)
f 0 (x) = 0 x = 0 x = 3 and f 00 (x) = 0 x = 0 x = 2

0
0
|
|
0
0
0
up.con.
infl.p.
&
2
|
|
0
|
0
16
+
&
3
|
0
|
0
|
27
+
+
+
+
+
%
down.con.
infl.p.
up.con.
local min.
up.con.
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+
&
D.
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x
x2
x 3
x 2
f 0 (x)
f 00 (x)
f (x)
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y
inflection point
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D.
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16
inflection point
27
local min.
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Exercises
4.3:
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12, 56, 912, 1921, 3340
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Indeterminate forms: consider lim
xa
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Indeterminate forms
f (x)
. Then
g (x)
(a) If f (x) 0 and g (x) 0 when x a, then the limit is called an

indeterminate form of type 00
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(b) If f (x) (or ) and g (x) (or ) when x a, then the limit
is called an indeterminate form of type

x3 x
x1 x 1
x3 x
x(x 2 1)
x(x 1)(x + 1)
lim
= lim
= lim
x1 x 1
x1
x1
x 1
x 1
= lim [x(x + 1)] = 1(1 + 1) = 2.
Ex: lim
x1
D.
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Ans:
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Ex: Evaluate lim
x1
ln x
= we need a tool to evaluate this limit.
x 1
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LHopitals Rule
LHopitals Rule: Let f and g be differentiable functions on an interval (b, c),
except possibly at number x = a (b, c). Suppose further that g 0 (x) 6= 0 for all
x (b, c)\{a}. If
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0
or
xa
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xa
lim f (x) = and lim g (x) = ,
xa
xa
then
f (x)
f 0 (x)
= lim 0
xa g (x)
xa g (x)
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lim
provided the limit on the right hand side exists (or is or )

1
(ln x)0
x
lim
= lim
= 1.
x1 (x 1)0
x1 1
D.
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ln x
Ex: lim
x1 x 1
LHopital.
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sin x
x0 x
LHopital.
(e x )0
ex
= lim
2
0
x (x )
x 2x
lim
LHopital.
(e x )0
ex
= lim
= .
0
x (2x)
x 2
lim
(sin x)0
cos x
= lim
= 1.
x0
x0 (x)0
1
lim
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Ex: lim
LHopital.
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ex
x x 2
Ex: lim
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LHopitals Rule
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Intermediate products:
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Indeterminate products
The limit lim [f (x)g (x)] in which f (x) 0 and

xa
g (x) (or ) as x a is called an indeterminate form of type 0
HA
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Ex: Evaluate lim+ x ln x

x0
Ans: We have
lim+ x ln x = lim+
x0
1
x
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x0
ln x
LHopital.
lim+
x0
(ln x)0
= lim+
1 0
x
x0
1
x
x12
= lim+ (x) = 0.
D.
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x0
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Indeterminate differences
Indeterminate difference: If lim f (x) = and lim g (x) = , then the limit
xa
xa
lim [f (x) g (x)]
xa
HA
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is called an indeterminate form of type .

Ex: Compute lim (sec x tan x)
x0
Ans: We have

1
sin x
1 sin x
= lim
cos x
cos x
x(/2) cos x
x(/2)
0
(1
sin
x)
cos
x
LHopital.
=
lim
= lim
0
(cos x)
x(/2)
x(/2) sin x

(sec x tan x) =
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x(/2)
lim
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lim
= 0.
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The limit lim [f (x)]g (x) when f and g satisfy

xa
(a) lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0 type 00

xa
xa
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Indeterminate powers
(b) lim f (x) = and lim g (x) = 0 type 0

xa
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xa
(c) lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = type 1 are indeterminate powers.
xa
xa
Remark: To evaluate the above limits we can either

write y = [f (x)]g (x) and thus ln y = g (x) ln f (x), and then evaluate lim ln y
xa
first; after that, we deduce lim y .
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xa
We can write [f (x)]g (x) = e g (x) ln f (x) .
D.
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By these ways, we transfer it to the problem of finding limit of the type

0 .
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Ex: Evaluate lim+ (1 + 4 sin 4x)cot x

x0
Then
= ln y = cot x ln(1 + 4 sin 4x)
HA
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Ans: Denote y = (1 + 4 sin 4x)cot x
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Indeterminate powers
ln(1 + 4 sin 4x)

x0
tan x
16 cos 4x cos2 x
= lim+
x0
1 + 4 sin 4x
lim+ ln y = lim+ cot x ln(1 + 4 sin 4x) = lim+
x0
x0
LHopital.
x0
16 cos 4x
1+4 sin 4x
1
cos2 x
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= 16
lim+
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lim ln y
= e 16 .
Hence, lim+ y = lim+ e ln y = e x0+
x0
x0
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Exercises
HA
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4.4:
Each student should do a third of exercises from 564.

6970,
D.
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7576
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made of bricks
D.
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made of bricks
made of bricks
.P
HA
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Ex: A man wants to buid a rectangular fish pond in his garden and he wants to
save money by using bricks left out from his house construction. The amount of
bricks is enough to buil 50 m of the pond banks . One side of the rectangular
fish pond will be build from rocks which there are in abundance around his
house. Question: Determine the shape of the fish pond which has the largest
area and is built from the materials the man has.
2x + y = 50
Area = x y
max Area?
y
made of rocks
October 22, 2014
47 / 60

Ex: Mathematical model:
Find max (xy )?

2x + y = 50
-V
GU
Ans: We have A = xy and since 2x + y = 50, we replace y = 50 2x in A to

obtain
A(x) = x(50 2x).
0
50
0
.P
x
A0
A
HA
M
Our task is now to find: max A(x), where 0 x 25. We have A0 = 50 4x,
and
A0 = 0 50 4x = 0 x = 15.
+
%
15
0
300
&
25
50
0
D.
T
We can deduce from the table that

max A = 300m2
when
x = 15m
October 22, 2014
48 / 60
20m
D.
T
.P
Area = 300m2
15m
15m
HA
M
20m
-V
GU
October 22, 2014
49 / 60
-V
GU
Applications in business and economics

The cost function C (x) = the cost of producing x units of a certain
product.
The marginal cost (= C 0 (x)) is the change of C (x) w.r.t. x
HA
M
The demand function (or price function), denoted by p(x), is the price
per unit that the company can charge if it sells x units
If the company sells x units and the price per unit is p(x), then the total
revenue is denoted by the revenue function,
R(x) = xp(x)
.P
The derivative R 0 is the marginal revenue function
D.
T
If x units are sold, the total profit

P(x) = R(x) C (x)
and P is called the profit function.

P 0 is called the marginal profit function
October 22, 2014
50 / 60
-V
GU

Ex: A store sells 200 DVD burners a week at $350 each.
Survey: if each $10 rebate is offered, 20 more units will be sold every week.
Q.: Find demand and revenue functions. How large a rebate should be to
maximize its revenue?
HA
M
Ans: Denote by x the number of units sold every week = weekly increase in
sales is x 200.
If the price per unit decreases by $10, more 20 units are sold.
.P
= the price per unit so that the weekly sale is x units, is
D.
T
p(x) = 350
x 200
x
10 = 450 .
20
2
The revenue function is R(x) = xp(x) = 450x
x2
2
Our task: Find the absolute maximum of R(x) = 450x

x2
2
October 22, 2014
51 / 60
-V
GU

Our task: Find the absolute maximum of R(x) = 450x
R 0 (x) = 450 x, and R 0 (x) = 0
x = 450.
HA
M
consider the table

x
R 0 (x)
R(x)
350
100
96250
x2
2
+
%
450
0
101250
&
.P
The revenue has an absolute maximum (101250) when the number of

weekly sold units is 450.
D.
T
The price per unit is then p(450) = 450
450
2
= 225
The rebate should then be offered as 350 225 = 125
October 22, 2014
52 / 60
4.7:
D.
T
.P
26, 11, 1719, 35
HA
M
-V
GU
Exercises
October 22, 2014
53 / 60
Some examples:
Solve
2x + 5 = 0 x = 25
x 2 5x + 4 = 0.
HA
M
Solve
-V
GU
Newtons method
5 9
2
5+ 9
2
x1 = 1

x2 = 4
D.
T
.P
= (5)2 4 1 4 = 9
The solutions
x1 = 52 =
x1 =
x2 =
x2 = 5+2
Solve
cos x x = 0?
October 22, 2014
54 / 60
-V
GU
Newtons method
y
Step 1: Choose some x1

f (x )
x2 = x1 0 1
f (x1 )
f (x )
x3 = x2 0 2
f (x2 )
f (x
.P
HA
M
f (x2 )
x3
y = f (x)
D.
T
t2
Step 2: xn = xn1 0 n1
f (xn1 )
f (x1 )
x2
x1
t1
t1 : y = f 0 (x1 )(x x1 ) + f (x1 )

t2 : y = f 0 (x2 )(x x2 ) + f (x2 )
October 22, 2014
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-V
GU
Newtons method
Ex: Find, correct to six decimal places, the root of the equation cos x = x
Ans: The equation is equivalent to cos x x = 0.
Denote f (x) = cos x x. Then f 0 (x) = sin x 1
xn+1 = xn
Choose x1 = 0. Then
f (xn )
cos xn xn
= xn +
f 0 (xn )
sin xn + 1
HA
M
Newtons method:
.P
cos 0 0
cos 1 1
= 1;
x3 = 1 +
= 0.750363868
sin 0 + 1
sin 1 + 1
x4 = 0.737151911; x5 = 0.739446670
x2 = 0 +
x7 = 0.739097442
x8 = 0.739082860;
x9 = 0.739085553
x10 = 0.739085055;
x11 = 0.739085147
D.
T
x6 = 0.739018516;
October 22, 2014
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4.8:
D.
T
.P
58, 11, 12, 1722
HA
M
-V
GU
Exercises
October 22, 2014
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-V
GU
Antiderivatives
Def: A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval I if
F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x in I .
x3
3
HA
M
is an antiderivative of f (x) = x 2 for any x R.

3 0
Indeed, F 0 (x) = x3 = x 2 = f (x)
Ex: F (x) =
F (x) + C ,
D.
T
.P
Theorem: If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then the most

general antiderivative of f on the interval I is
where C is an arbitrary constant.
October 22, 2014
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x n (n 6= 1)
x
e
sin x
1
1 x2
antiderivative
x n+1
n+1
ex
cos x
Function
1
x
cos x
sec2 x
1
1 + x2
HA
M
Function
-V
GU
Table of antiderivatives formulas
sin1 x
antiderivative
ln |x|
sin x
tan x
tan1 x
.P
Ex: Find f if f 0 (x) = e x + 20(1 + x 2 )1 and f (0) = 2.
D.
T
The general antiderivative is
f (x) = e x + 20 tan1 x + C .
Since f (0) = 2, we have e 0 + 20 tan1 0 + C = 2 = 1 + C = 2 =

C = 3. Hence, f (x) = e x + 20 tan1 x 3
October 22, 2014
59 / 60
4.9:
D.
T
.P
120, 2328, 48
HA
M
-V
GU
Exercises
October 22, 2014
60 / 60

Fundamental Engineering Maths 4

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-V

Chapter 4: APPLICATIONS of DIFFERENTIATION

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

Fundamental Engineering Mathematics for EEIT2014

Vietnamese German University

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Maximum and minimum values

Derivative and shape of a graph

Indeterminate forms and LHopital Rule

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Important optimization problems require differential calculus , e.g.

What is the shape of a can that minimizes manufacturing costs?

what is the shape of a racing car or a aircraft to minimize drag?

= finding the minimum and maximum of a function .

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Maximum and minimum of a function

Def: Let f : D R be a function and let c D.

f has an absolute maximum (global maximum) at c if

Then, f (c) is called the maximum value of f .

Then, f (c) is called the minimum value of f .

The maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Maximum and minimum of a function

f (a) is the absolute minimum of f ;

October 22, 2014

Local maximum and minimum

Def: Let f : D R be a function and let c D.

f has an local maximum (relative maximum) at c if there exists an

f has an local minimum (relative minimum) at c if if there exists

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Local maximum and local minimum

f (c) is a local minimum

October 22, 2014

The Extreme value Theorem

Theorem: Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function on [a, b]. Then f

does not attain an absolute maximum value

Ex: The function f (x) =

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

The Extreme value Theorem

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

The Fermats Theorem

f attains local maximum at c and local minimum at d = What is special

October 22, 2014

Proof of Fermats Theorem

= x (c1 , c2 ) : f (x) f (c)

f (x) f (c) 0 c < x < c2

. Since f 0 (c) exists, lim

October 22, 2014

The Fermats Theorem

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Local minimum and local maximum

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

October 22, 2014

Critical number of a function

Def: A number c is called a critical number of a function f if f 0 (c) = 0

Ex: Find critical points of f (x) = x(1 x).