Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
STANDARD FUNCTIONS
Structure
Introduction
Objectives
Exponential Functions
5.2.1 Definition o f an Exponential Function
5.2.2 Derivative of an Exponential Function
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
5.3.1 Differentiating the Natural Log Function
5.3.2 Differentiating the General Log Function
Hyperbolic Functionls
5.4.1 Definitions and Basic Properties
5.4.2 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
5.4.3 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Methods of Differentiation
5 5.1 Derivative of xr
5.5.2 Logarithmic Differentiation
5.5.3 Derivatives o f Functions Defined in Terms o f a Parameter
5.5.4 Derivatives of Implicit Functions
summary
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Exponential functions occupy an important place in pure and applied science. Laws of
growth and decay are very often expressed in terms of these functions. In this unit we
shall study the derivatives of exponential functions. The inverse function theorem which
was stated in Unit 4 will then help us to differentiate this inverse, the logarithmic
functions. In particular, you will find that the natural exponential function in its own
derivative.
Further we shall introduce and differentiate hyperbolic functions and their inverses since
they hold special significance for physical sciences. We shall demonstrate the method of
finding derivatives by taking logarithms, and also that of drfferentiating implicit functions.
With this unit we come to the end of our quest for the derivatives of some standard,
frequently used functions. In the next block we shall see the geometrical significance of
derivatives and shall use them for sketching graphs of functions.
Objectives
After studying this unit you should be able to :
find the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions
define hyperbolic functions and discuss the existence of their inverses
differentiate hyperbolic functions and inverse hyperbolic functions
use the method of logarithmic differentiation for solving some problems
differentiate implicit functions and also those functions which are defined with the
help of a parameter.
A Y d
= - (a") I I -- 0
dx
Fig. 1
All these curves pass through (0, 1) as a0 = 1 for all a. Now from all these curves, we shall
choose that one, whose tangent at (0, 1) has slope = 1. (We assume that such a curve exists).
The value of a corresponding to this curve is then denoted by e. Thus, we have singled out
the exponential function : x + ex, so that its derivative at x = 0 is 1. Thus,
e h -1
lim --- 1
h->O h
-
This also means that
dex - ex el'-~
- - - lim - . e x .lim -= e
dx h->O h h+O .h
That is, the derivative of thls function is the funct~onitself.
Thls special exponential function IS called the natural exponential function.
-
logarithmic function Inx and found that they are reflections of each other w.r.t. the line
y = x (see Fig. 2). We concluded that ex and lnx are inverses of each other. This also
means that el"" x y x > 0. -
big. ?
Elements o f Differential
CnIcuIus F om this we can write ax = elna' , or ax = exlna,where a > 0.
C
h a b = blna
ex In a d
I
- (x In a) by chain rule
dx
= e x In a I n a
= ax In a.
Remark 1 If we compare this result with (1) which we derived at the beginning of this
section, we find that
In a = lim -,
ah - 1
h
Thus, we have
d
- ex = ex, and
dx
i) W s dpp " x
'he chain rule again to different~atc,""
h
lim
In this section we have defined e as that real number for which h+o = 1.
h
Alternatively, e can also be defined as a limit:
lim (1 + lin)", or as the sum of an infinite series: e 1 1
e = h+O = 1 + - + - + ....
l! 2!
But all these definitions give the same value, e = 2.718281828 ... e is an irrational number.
In many situations the rate of growth (of human beings, or bacteria or radioactive
particles) is proportional to the present population. That is, if x(t) is the population at
dx
time t, then -.c x. In such situations the exponential function is of great relevance
dt
d
since - (e') = et
dt
Now let us turn our attention to logarithmic functions.
From Fig. 2, you can see that the natural exponential function is a strictly increasing
function. (You will be able to rigorously prove this result by the end of this course).
Further, the derivative of the function x = eYis
Elements o f Differential
Calculus d) d
= - (ey) = e' , 0 for all y E R.
dx dx
Thus, all the conditions of the inverse function theorem are satisfied. This means we can
conclude that the derivative of the natural logarithmic function (which is the inverse of
the natural exponential function) exists, and
dy -
d (Inx) = ---- -
1 1 -
-- - -1
dx dx dxldy eY x
Thus, we have
4x
-
I-x 4 , after simplification.
- -4x
1- x 4
Further, we know that logax = loc~,c Inx This rule gives a connection between the natural
and general Iogar~thm~c function, ' v c <hall usc thls relat~onshipto find the derivative of
loga x
So if v = logax = logae lnx.
Derivatives of Some
d 1 Standard Functions
-(log, x ) = log,e .-
dx x
If we put a = 3 in this, we get our earlier result:
dy d lnx 1
- = log,e - = log,e -
dx dx x
Thus, we arrive at
d
-(log, x) = log, e - .1
dx x
If we put a = e in this, we get our earlier result:
d 1
- lnx = - , since logee = 1
dx x
Example 4 Let us differentiate y = log,tan3x
dy
- = log, e
I
-
d 3
- (tan x)
dx tan3 x dx
1
= log, e
tan3 x 3 tan2 x sec2 x
sec2 x
= 3 log, e -
tan x
If you have followed the solved examples in this section you should have no difficulty in
solving these exercises.
ex + e-'
Definition 1 The hyperbolic sine function is defined by sinh x = for all x E R.
2
The range of this function is also R.
- e-X
Definition 2 The hyperbolic cosine function is defined by cosh x = for all x E
2
R. The range of this function is [ I , -1.
You will notice that
+ e-(-~) + e-X
sinh (-x) = -- =
2 2
=- sinh (x), and
- e-(-~) - e-X
cosh (-x)= -
- - = cosh x
2 2
In other words, the hyperbolic sine is an odd function, while the hyperbolic cosine is an
even function. Fig. 3(a) and (b) show the graphs of these two functions.
You must have noticed that the ider~titiesinvolving these hyperbolic functions are similar
to those invo!ving trigonometric functions. It is possible to extend this analogy and get
some more fc.~nulas.
Since we have seen that cosh2t - sinh2 t = 1, it is obvious that a point with coordinates
(cosh t, sinh t) lies on the unit hyperbola: x2 - y2 = 1. (Hence the name, hyperbolic
functions). We have a similar situation in the case of trigonometric functions. The point
(cost, sint) lies on the unit circle: x2 + y2 = 1. That is why trigonometric fbnctions are
also called circular functions.
There is one major point of difference between the hyperbolic and circular functions,
though. While t in sint, cost, etc. is the measure of an angle, the t which appears in
I sinht, cosht, etc. cannot be interpreted as the measure of an angle. However, it is
sometimes called the hypberbolic radian.
ex + e-"
Similarly, cosh x = gives us
2
d - e-X
- (cosh x) = = sinh x
dx 2
(ex - e-")
In the case of tanh x =
(ex + e-') , we get
= 1 - tanh2 x = sech2 x
We can adopt the same method for finding the derivatives of coth x, sech x and
cosech x. In Table 1 we have collected all these results.
Table 1
Function Derivative
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech2 x
coth x - cosech2x
sech x - sech x tanh x
cosech x - cosech x coth x
d 1 1
Thus, - (sirh-' x) =i. -- -
dx - ,I=
Again we ignore the root
In the case of the hyperbolic cosine function, we see from Fig. 3 (b), that its inverse will
exist if we restrict its domain to [0, -[. The domain of this inverse function will be [ l , w[,
eY = x - f i , because
then eY < I , which is
and its range will be [0, w[. impossible since y > 0.
ey + e-y
Now y = cosh-' x o x = cosh y= ,
Elements of Differential
Calculus ~ h u cash-'
s x - ~n (x * \ I / ), x 2 1.
Fig. 5 shows the graph of cosh-'x.
d = -----1 d
--
Further - (cosh-' x)
dx x+1 dx ( x + ,,LEI
Fig. 6 (a), (b) and (c) show the graphs of tanh x, coth x and cosech x. You can see that
each of these functions is one-one and strictly monotonic. Thus, we can talk about the
inverse in each case.
(b)
Fig. 6
y = cosech-'x - x
1
= cosechy w y = in [i
' I
,x#O
Since sech x = -
cosh x '
we shall have to restrict the domain of sech x to [0, m[ before
talking about its inverse, as we did for coshx. ~ech--'xis defined for all x E 10, I], and we
Now, we can find the derivatives of each of these inverse hyperbolic functions. We
proceed exactly as we did for the inverse hyperbolic sine and cosine funcitons and get
L.erivntives o f Some
Standard Functions
-- 1 sec' x = 1 sec x 1
- Iec
Now if g(x) = tad-' (cos ex), this means that
- - -ex =- ex cosec ex
sin e x
We are now listing some functions for you to differentiate.
-
- re'.'"x -1 - rxr - r-', l
X X
This proves that
d
- (xr1 = for x > 0, r E R.
dx
We are surd, you will be able to solve this exercise now.
E E 8) Differentiate
a) x~ b) xe
5.5.2 Logarithmic Differentiation Derivatives o f Some
Standard Functions
Sometimes we find that the process of taking derivatives becomes simple if we take
logarithms before differentiating. In this section we shall illustrate this point through some
examples. But to take the logarithm of any quantity we have to be sure that it is non-
negative. To overcome this difficulty, let us first try to fmd the derivative of In ( I x I ).
Now you can check easily that 1 x I = 0.
Therefore, In ( 1 x 1 ) = ln G ,and
We get,
d
Using chain rule we can now conclude that if u is any function of x, then -In (1 u 1)
dx
- -1 -
du
u ' dx
Let us see how this result helps us in simplifying the differentiation of some functions.
( x +~ 119 (X - 31314
--
Example 7 To differentiate
(X - 5)213 ( x +
~ 2~ + 1)-113
( x +~ 1)9 (X - 31314
we start by taking y =
(X - 51213( x +
~ 2~ + 1)-113
~ x a m ~8l Suppose
e we want to differentiate x""', x > 0.
- -sin x + cos x In x
Elements of Differential sin x'
CSICUIUS heref fore 3
dx
=y (T + cosx lnx
Example 9 Ta differentiate xCoSX + (cosx)' let f(x) = xCoSX and g(x) = cosxX.To ersure that
f(x) and g(x) are well defined, let us restrict their domain to [0, ~ 1 2 1 .
cosx
y =x + ( c o ~ x=
) ~f(x) + g(x) 0 for x E [o, ~ / 2 ] ,
Let us differentiate both f(x) and g(x) by taking logarithms. We have,
f(x) = xW"
Therefore lnf(x) = cosx lnx.
1 1
Thus, -
f(x)
f (x) = - sin x lnx + casx -
X
i dy
Example 10 Let us try to find - if x
dx
= a cos 8 and y =b sin 8
(Here the parameter is 8)
We differentiate the given equations w.r.t. 8, and get
d~
- = b cos 8, and
dx
- = a sin 0
do do
, dy dy Id0 b cos 0 ---
cot 0
Now~dx=dx/deZX
a Z-
dy - (ax + hy + g)
or - =
dx ,(hx+by+f)
dy
See if you can find - for the following implicit functions.
dx
dy
E E 11) Find - if x and y are related as follows:
dx
a) x: + y2 = I
b) y =4ax .
c) x~~~+ x2y2+ xy + 1 = 0
d) cosx cosy - y2sin-'x + 2x2 tanx = 0
Derivatives of Some
Standard Functiens
5.6 SUMMARY
In this unit we have
1. obtained derivatives of the exponential and logarithmic functions, hyperbolic
functions and their inverses. We give them in the following table.
1 1
log, X - log, e tanh-'x 1-x 2 , I x l < 1
X
sinh x cosh x 1
I coth-'x I-x 2 ,lx('>l
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech2x 1
sech-'x xJm?"<x<l
cotb x -cosech2x
sech x -sech x tanh x 1
cosech-'x
cosech x -cosech x coth x
d
2. extended the result - (xr ) = rxr-' to all x E R and x > 0.
dx
3. illustrated
logarithmic differentiation,
differentiation of functions involving parameters and
differentiation of functions given by implicit relations.
Elements o f Differential
calculus 5.7 SDLUTIONS AND ANSWERS
1
G - 54 sin3 x cos x
)
X
I
cos ec h2 (i] d) - sec h lnx tanh lnx . -X
1
\
e) ex (sinhx + coshx)
b,
1
- [sec h-' (cos2 ~ ) 1 - ~ ' ~
3
1
1
2 c o s x sin x
C) Then f (x) = sin xX(ln sinx + x cotx ) and gf(x) = cosxh Derivatives of Some
Standard Functions
(sec2x ln cos x - tan. 2 x) \dY
- = f (x) + gf(x)
dx
~ , = x("'), x > o
d) Let f(x) = ( x ~ )g(x)
If y = xX,lny = xln
) + xXln x (1 + ln x)]
(x) = x ( ~[xX-'
3 g'
Answer = f ' (x) + gf(x)
= (xX)"[ h X+ x(1 + h ) ] + x(=) [$-I + xx-' 1m (1 + lnx)]
d In sin x
e) -(sin x)InX= (sin x)InX(ln x cot x +
dx x
d
--(xX)= xX(l+Inx)
dx
In sin x
Answer = (sin x)'"" (I" X Cot x + --
X )+ x X ( l+ l n x )
dx dx
E 10) a) -
d8
= - a sin 8, - = a cos 8
de
b) z---
dy
- -
2a 1
2at t
-
dy 3bsin28cos8 = - - tang
c) - --
dx -3acos2 8 sin8 a
d~ a sin8 - sin 8
d) - --
dx a(1- cos 8) (1 - cos8)
dy . dy YL
d) - cosx sin y - - sin x cosy - 2y - sin-'x - + 4x tan x
dx dx
+ 2x2 sec2x = o