Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 21
Integral Caleutas Beaers xa)wexre eae ates de oe x12 Py 7 UNIT4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL ANI IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS Structure 41 Introduction Object 42. Integration of Rational Functions 4.2.1 Some Simple Rational Functions 42.2 Paria Fraction Decomposition 42.3 Method of Substitution 43 Integration of Rational’Trigonametric Functions 44 Integration of Irrational Fuctions 4S Summary 46 Solutions and Answers 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the previous unit you have come acfoss various methods of interation. This unit, which is the last one in this block, will complete the discussion of methods of integration inthis ‘course, Here we shall deal with the integration of rational functions in detail. The method. which we shall describe in Sec.2, depends upon partial fraction decomposition with which you might be aready familiar. Later on the unit we shall consider some simple types of irrational functions. But a full discussion of the integration of irrational functions is beyond the scope of this course. We end the unit by giving you a check list of points to be considered before deciding upon the ‘method of integration for any given function. While going through this unit you will need to recall several standard forms like, JUST F cee which ne ave ated coveted init 13, Afier reading this unit you should be able to © recognise proper and improper rational functions integrate rational functions ofa variable by using the method of partial fractions integrate certain types of rational functions of sinx and cosk evaluate the integrals of some specified types of irrational functions decide upon the method of integration to be used for integrating any given function. 4.2 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS ‘We know by now that itis easy to integrate any polynomial function, that is, a function f sven by f(x) = 4X" + a).4 x1 + suct ay. Im this section we shall see how a rational function is integrated, But let us frst define a rational function. Definition 1A function Ris called a rational function ifitis given by R(x)= Q(x) P(x), Where (Q(x) and P(x) ae polynomials. Its defined forall x for which P(x) #0 If the degree of Q(x) is less than the degree of P(x), we say the R(x) isa proper rational ‘anetiop. Otherwise, itis called an improper rational function, Thus, xl Far gag 8 proper rational function, and x 4xts £03) = “25 isan improper one But g(x) can also be writen as eee Here we have expressed g(x), which is an improper rational function, asthe sum of a polynomial and a proper rational function. This can be done for any improper rational function. Thus, we can always write Functions ‘an improper = proper rational | = [a potynomiat | + rational fonction fanetion As we have already observed, a polynomial can be easily integrated. This means that the problem of integrating an improper rational function is reduced to that of integrating a proper rational function. Therefore, itis enough to study the techniques of integrating proper rational functions. But first let's see whether you can identify proper rational functions. El) Which of the following functions are proper rational functions? Write the improper ones asa sum of a polynomial and a proper rational functions. xttx-3 x+8 es) >) ee yea x? 5x18 4.2.1 Some Simple Rational Functions ‘Now we shall consider some simple types of proper rational functions, like 1 1g om : and —*—™ Later you will see that any proper rational function can be xa" GbE at bere ha written as a sum of these simple types of functions. ‘We shal illustrate the method of integrating these functions through some examples, From Unit2, we l Example 1 The simplest proper rational function i ofthe ype 3 zady know that dx =In |x-a) +c. 8s 1 Caleulus 1 Example 2 Consider the function (x) = —!—; (+2) To integrate this function we shall use the method of substitution which we have studied in Unit 3. Thus, if we put + 2 {1 rand we can write é Jae feta 1 3°" SGane ‘Thenext example isa little more complicated. Example 3 Consider the function x)= — 2% *3 ax o5 This has aquatic polynomial in the denominator. 2x3 Ox -4 now Joys m3 amtevatinas JSG erthaps you are wondering why we have split the integral into two parts, The reason for this ‘break up is that now the integrand in the Fst integral on the rights ofthe form ‘5, Sand we know that pee dx=Injg(x)| +. 24x 4 51> rm, [pte orton ai > 9 To evaluate the second integral on the right, we write semen cei 8 and = ares crore . = tan (x-2) + ey dx = In |x? 4x + 5] ¢ Ttan"! (x-2)+ © In the beginning of this sub-section we said that any proper rational function can be written as the sum of some functions of the type we considered in the three examples above. In the ‘next sub-secton we shall see how this is done. But try to solve an exercise before reading the next section. It will give you some practice in evaluating integrals of the types mentioned in this sub-section, Ee2 Fvahate odnts ge Ol een® Olea 4.2.2 Partial Fraction Decomposition Tnschool you musthavestsiedthefctoriation of polynomials, Fr example, we now tat PH 5x41 <2) (x3) Here (x ~ 2) and (x3) are two linear factors of x? - 5x +6. You must have also come actoss polynomials like x? + x + 1, which cannot be factorised into ‘ellie factors Ths itis not alway possible factors given polyoma if nee favs But any polynomial ann prince, be factored linear guaati facos, We thal not prove tis statement ne, ee consequence ofthe Fundamental theorem of algebra which has been stated in Unit 3 of the Linear Algebra course. The actual factorisation of a Pelymomal may not be very ay fo cary out Bu, henever we can facts he denen Ota proper ational uncon we can eget it by employing the method of prt actions ‘Thefotlowg examples wil sate tus method. Set ace inepand 3°! isa poper ton! Examples Letusevalate J function. Its denominator x?~ | can be factored into linear factors as : x” Sx-1 suggests that we can write the decomposition of $2 (x— 1) (x+ 1). This into partial fractions as Se-1_Sx-tA x =t) = OD” G&D a «D ‘ee umutiply both sides by (X— 1) (+ 1), we get ‘By equating the coefficients of x we get A + B=, Equating the constant terms on both sides we get A - B= Solving these two equations in A and B we get A =2 and B=3 Sxel eizeae Integrating both sides of his qpatons, we obtain, x Is 2in KH Bink + Hs © J awrfik I xl 2 Antegration of Rational and Terational Functions Tntegral Calctus Note that 1 and ~1 ae the 2er0s of the denominator eal 0-1 and 2 ae the 2e0s of Robe, 88 dx was the seo ‘As youbave sen, the most import step inthe evaluation ot {2% 1 dx x 3x42 Te factors into (x ~ 1)# (x +2). The linear factor (x - 1) is repeated twice in the decomposition of w= 3x42, Ini wewwewnie pc Wodes2 x42 XT DF from this point we proceed as before to find A, B and C. We get =A (K~1F4 BE +2)(K- 1) +C(K+2) We putx = 1 andx=~2 and get C= 1/3 and A=~2/9 ‘Then to find B, let us put any other convenient value, say x ‘This give us 0= A-2B +2C 2 or, 0= > ~ 2B +=. non 3 This implies B~ 2/9. Thus, x2 2 1 Injxs2] 4 Zt ix-ll = 5 2 [xed ieee 9" eal” 36-0 In ournext example, we shall consider the case when the denominator of the integrand, contains an ireducible quadratic factor (i. a quadratic factor which cannot be further factored into linear factors).

Вам также может понравиться