Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 17 October 2013
Received in revised form 14 July 2014
Accepted 23 July 2014
Available online 23 August 2014
Keywords:
Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter
Harmonics
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
a b s t r a c t
The paper uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) to determine the optimum switching angles of
cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CH-MLI) so as to produce the required fundamental voltage and
reduce the harmonic content. This is done by solving the transcendental equations characterizing the
harmonic content. The validity of the proposed method is veried through simulation studies for
three-phase, ve-level CH-MLI. To compare the results obtained using PSO, the simulation studies have
been extended for three-phase, ve-level CH-MLI using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). The
results obtained using PSO are found superior as compared to SPWM in terms of total harmonic distortion
at different modulation indices.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Multilevel inverters (MLIs) produce a desired output voltage
from several levels of DC voltages as inputs. By taking sufcient
number of DC sources, a nearly sinusoidal voltage waveform can
be obtained. MLIs have been receiving increasing attention in
recent years for high voltage and high power applications [16].
To control the output voltage and reduce undesired harmonics,
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector modulation techniques have been conventionally used in MLIs [7,8].
Methods such as selective harmonic elimination (SHE) or programmed pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques have also
been used extensively, wherein specic higher order harmonics
such as 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th are suppressed in the output voltage of the inverter [913]. The major intricacy associated with such
methods is to solve the nonlinear transcendental equations characterizing the harmonics, which can be solved by iterative techniques such as NewtonRaphson method. However, this method
is not suitable in cases involving a large number of switching
angles if good initial guess is not available. Another approach based
on mathematical theory of resultant, wherein transcendental
equations that describe the SHE problem are converted into an
equivalent set of polynomial equations and then mathematical
theory of resultant is utilized to nd all possible sets of solutions
for the equivalent problem has also been reported [14]. However,
as the number of harmonics to be eliminated increases (up to ve
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 542 2575388.
E-mail address: mahantyr@yahoo.co.in (R. Mahanty).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.072
0142-0615/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
V an V 1 V 2 V 3 V m
700
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
S1
Vdc1
S4
S2
S1
S3
S4
S2
S1
S3
S4
S2
Vdc2
Vdcn
The index of the best particle among all the particles in the group is
represented as
where V1, V2, V3, . . . , Vm are the output voltages of each cell.
The output voltage of a CH-MLI is shown in Fig. 2. This can be
represented as
Vt
1
X
n1
m
4V dc X
cos nak
np k1
The even harmonics are zero due to quarter wave symmetry of the
output voltage (bn = 0).
where
an
k1
u1d
ukid c1 r 1 pbest id xkid c2 r 2 gbestd xkid
k
k1
xk1
1d xid uid
i 1; 2; 3; . . . m
where m is the number of particles in group, k is the number of iterations (generation), d is the number of dimensions corresponds to
number of members of each particle, uk1
is the velocity of member
id
d of particle i at iteration k + 1, ukid is the velocity of member d of par-
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
701
Fig. 4. (a) Simulink model of three-phase ve-level CH-MLI, (b) sub-circuit of three-phase ve-level CH-MLI using PSO and (c) sub-circuit of RL load.
702
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
Fig. 5. Sub-circuit of pulse generation block using PSO (for phase A).
703
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
(V)
(V)
(V)
(s)
Fig. 7. Line voltages three-phase CH-MLI using PSO at modulation index 0.85: (a) Vab, (b) Vbc and (c) Vca.
Fig. 8. Harmonic spectrum of line voltage Vab using PSO at modulation index 0.85.
uk1
wukid c1 r1 pbestid xkid c2 r 2 gbestd xkid
id
Suitable selection of inertia weight provides a balance between global and local exploration abilities and thus require less iterations to
nd the optimal solution. The inertia weight often decreases linearly from about 0.9 to 0.4 during a run. In general, the inertia weight
is set according to the following equation:
w wmax
wmax wmin
iter
iter max
where wmax and wmin are the maximum and minimum values of
inertia weight, and iter and itermax are current and maximum values
of iteration.
Objective function formulation
The objective function
has been chosen to get the optimized
so that the relative fundaswitching angles ai i 1; 2; . . . ; n1
2
mental component V 01 is equal to the desired voltage and the lower
order harmonics are equal to zero, where n is the number of levels
of the inverter.
The harmonic elimination problem is converted into optimization problem and is rewritten as
n 1
Fitness pbest ai ; i 1; 2; . . . ;
2
0 n 1
w1 V 1
M
2
13
X
k2m1
w2m1 V 02m1
704
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
705
(V)
(V)
(V)
(s)
Fig. 11. Line voltages of three-phase CH-MLI using SPWM at modulation index 0.85: (a) Vab, (b) Vbc and (c) Vca.
h
i
Initialize the position ai 0 ai1 0ai2 0 ain1 0 of each
2
{
Fitness_pbesti < global_best_tness
Then global_best_tnessi = Fitness_pbesti and aglobal_best = ai
}
End
Step 5: Position and velocity updating
vaii = wvai + c1r1(alocal_best ai) + c2r2(aglobal_best ai)
ai = ai + vai
}
End
Until a sufciently good tness value is reached.
Simulation studies
A three-phase, ve-level CH-MLI with RL load is shown in
Fig. 4(a). The CH-MLI consists of eight switching devices with
two separate DC sources per phase. The supply voltage is 11 kV,
50 Hz. The load inductance is 50 mH and the load resistance is
50 X. The model has two blocks; one block representing the subcircuit of three-phase, ve-level CH-MLI using PSO is shown in
Fig. 4(b) and the other block representing the sub-circuit of RL
load is shown in Fig. 4(c).
Three-phase CH-MLI using PSO
A sub-circuit block designed to generate switching pulses for
three-phase, ve-level CH-MLI using PSO (for phase A) is shown
in Fig. 5. The switching pulses are generated for the switches of
three-phase, ve-level CH-MLI on the basis of a program written
in MATLAB. Modulation index has been introduced in the program
based on PSO algorithm that generates the optimum switching
angles of CH-MLI. The intention of introducing modulation index
is to control the output voltage of CH-MLI. The switching pulses
generated using Fig. 5 (for phase A) is shown in Fig. 6. Switching
pulse with magnitude 1 indicates that the switch is on and the
magnitude 0 indicates that the switch is off. Similarly switching
pulses for other phases are also generated. These switching pulses
are used for turning on and off the switches of CH-MLI. Fig. 7
706
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
Fig. 12. Harmonic spectrum of line voltage Vab using SPWM at modulation index 0.85.
Table 1
THDs (%) for three-phase ve-level CH-MLI using PSO and SPWM.
Modulation index
0.85
0.875
0.9
0.925
0.95
0.975
1
1.025
1.05
1.075
1.1
1.125
1.15
1.175
1.2
7.21
6.34
6.17
5.91
5.68
5.13
4.84
4.69
4.18
4.34
4.04
3.76
3.48
3.16
2.81
13.21
13.04
12.76
12.48
12.16
11.84
11.41
10.94
10.69
10.38
9.61
9.15
8.64
8.27
7.56
Fig. 13. THD versus modulation index for three-phase ve-level CH-MLI using PSO
and SPWM.
shows the line voltages Vab, Vbc and Vca of three-phase, ve-level
cascaded CH-MLI and Fig. 8 shows the harmonic spectrum of one
of the line voltages Vab using PSO at modulation index 0.85. It is
evident from the harmonic spectrum that the lower order harmonics reduce signicantly. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of Vab
at this modulation index is found to be 7.21%. The THD further
reduces at increased values of modulation indices.
[1] Lai JS, Peng FZ. Multilevel convertersa new breed of power converters. IEEE
Trans Ind Appl 1996;32(3):50917.
[2] Rodrguez J, Lai J, Peng FZ. Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls
and applications. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2002;49(4):72438.
[3] Tolbert LM, Peng FZ, Habetler TG. Multilevel converter for large electric drives.
IEEE Trans Ind Appl 1999;35(1):3644.
V.K. Gupta, R. Mahanty / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 64 (2015) 699707
[4] Wang J, Peng FZ. Unied power ow controller using the cascade multilevel
inverter. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2004;19(4):107784.
[5] Gupta R, Ghosh A, Joshi A. Control of cascaded transformer multilevel inverter
based DSTATCOM. Elect Power Syst Res 2007;77(8):98999.
[6] Patnaik SS, Panda AK. Three-level H-bridge and three H-briges-based threephase four-wire shunt active power lter topologies for high voltage
applications. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;51:298306.
[7] Dahidah MSA, Agelidis VG. Single-carrier sinusoidal PWM-equivalent selective
harmonic elimination for a ve-level voltage source converter. Elect Power
Syst Res 2008;78(11):182636.
[8] Kouro S, Rebolledo J, Rodriguez J. Reduced switching-frequency modulation
algorithm for high-power multilevel inverters. IEEE Trans Ind Electron
2007;54(5):2894901.
[9] Marzoughi A, Imaneini H, Moeini A. An optimal selective harmonic mitigation
technique for high power converters. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
2013;49:349.
[10] Patel HS, Hoft RG. Generalized harmonic elimination and voltage control in
thyristor inverters: part Iharmonic elimination. IEEE Trans Ind Appl
1973;9(3):3107.
[11] Patel HS, Hoft RG. Generalized harmonic elimination and voltage control in
thyristor inverters: part IIvoltage control technique. IEEE Trans Ind Appl
1974;10(5):66673.
[12] Fei W, Du X, Wu B. A generalized half-wave symmetry SHE-PWM formulation
for multilevel voltage inverters. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2010;57(9):30308.
707
[13] Enjeti PN, Ziogas PD, Lindsay JF. Programmed PWM techniques to eliminate
harmonics: a critical evaluation. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 1990;26(2):30216.
[14] Chiasson JN, Tolbert LM, McKenzie KJ, Du Z. Elimination of harmonics in
multilevel converter using the theory of symmetric harmonics in multilevel
converter using the theory of symmetric polynomials and resultants. IEEE
Trans Control Syst Technol 2005;13(2):21623.
[15] Ozpineci B, Tolbert LM, Chiasson JN. Harmonic optimization of multilevel
converters using genetic algorithms. IEEE Power Electron Lett 2005;3(3):925.
[16] Kennedy J, Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization. Proc IEEE Int Conf Neural
Netw 1995;4:19428.
[17] Clerc M, Kennedy J. The particle swarm: explosion, stability and convergence
in a multi-dimensional complex space. IEEE Trans Evol Comput
1998;2(3):916.
[18] Ye J, Zhang Y, Feng E, Xiu Z, Yin H. Nonlinear hybrid system and parameter
identication of microbial fed-batch culture with open loop glycerol input and
pH logic control. Appl Math Modell 2012;36:35769.
[19] Yuan J, Zhang X, Zhu X, Feng E, Yin H, Xiu Z. Modelling and pathway
identication involving the transport mechanism of a complex metabolic
system in batch culture. Commun Nonlin Sci Numer Simulat
2014;19:2088103.
[20] Zhai J, Ye J, Wang L, Feng E, Yin H, Xiu Z. Pathway identication using parallel
optimization for a complex metabolic system in microbial continuous culture.
Nonlin Anal: Real World Appl 2011;12:273041.