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1. Introduction
The electrical power network grows with enormous complexity. In such a complex network with the
conventional control mechanisms, there is a lack of controllability of the active and reactive power
flows in energized networks. In a complex interconnected ac transmission system, the power flow finds
many paths on its way from the source to load. In such networks a load flow study must be performed
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to find the active and reactive power flows on all the times. Its impedance and voltages at the terminals
determine the flow of active and reactive powers on the line. Even though we obtain the reliability of
power supply, no control exists on line loading. By adding shunt and series elements, the line
impedances may be altered. Since the parameters of the transmission lines of the complex network
cannot be altered, the series and shunt connected FACTS devices help in altering the line parameters
and the efficiency of the network is increased [1]. The applications of FACTS devices to improve
system damping against both dynamic and transient stability have been reported in the literature [2][3]. Simultaneous real and reactive power control has also been proposed in the literature [4]-[6].
Designing a controller for the non-linear systems, to achieve the adaptiveness is an emerging
field of interest in the research area. Several control methods have been proposed. Initially, owing to
their simplicity, conventional control techniques like PI and PID control laws were proposed. The
voltage source inverter for SSSC is initially devised with 3 level inverters, then 6pulse, 12 pulse, 24
pulse and 48 pulse [7] inverters were designed for the purpose to use in SSSC. The SSSC as a series
compensator has two ways of controlling the magnitude of the compensation, which are the constant
quadrature voltage (Vq) mode and constant reactance mode (Xq). In the Xq mode the voltage injected
by SSSC is proportional to the line current and in Vq mode the injected voltage of the SSSC is a
constant that is in quadrature to the line current [8], [9].
The lack of intelligence, learning, and adaptation capability in the control methods discussed in
general control scheme, reveal the need of continuous expert intervention for the control of non-linear
systems. Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model with parameter uncertainties to approximate the non linear
systems was suggested in the literature [10]. The power system stability of a single machine infinite
bus system with SVC using fuzzy set theory was discussed [11]. For transient stability studies, Genetic
algorithm based tuning methods [6] were proposed for the SSSC in the literature. This paper presents
an analysis of an intelligent controller with fuzzy logic for SSSC in a multi area system.
The above basic model is obtained with the help of a series FACTS device called static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It consists of a voltage-sourced converter and a transformer
connected in series with a transmission line. The SSSC injects a voltage of variable magnitude in
quadrature with the line current, thereby emulating an inductive or capacitive reactance. This emulated
variable reactance in series with the line can then influence the transmitted electric power. The injected
voltage is given by the equation,
Vq = -jkXI
(1)
where,
Vq is the injected compensating voltage phasor,
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A multi-area system is taken as the test system for analysis and is shown in figure 3. In the test
system the SSSC located in series with line L1 between buses 1 and 2. It has a rating of 100MVA and
is capable of injecting up to 10% of the nominal system voltage.
Figure 3: Single line diagram of the test system
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has been programmed into membership functions, fuzzy rules and rule interpretation. The PI controller
is mostly used in industry due to its simple control structure, easy to design and low cost. However, PI
type controller fails when the controlled object is highly non linear and uncertain [15]. To deal with the
non linearity, fuzzy logic controller is replaced in the place of PI controller. The fuzzy logic controller
involves four main stages: fuzzification, rule base, inference mechanism and defuzzification. The
structure of the fuzzy logic controller is shown in figure 5.
Figure 5: Structure of the fuzzy logic controller
The error and change in error are taken as the inputs to the fuzzifier. Triangular membership
functions are used for the inputs and the output. The universe of discourse for both the inputs is divided
into seven partitions (NL - Negative Large, NM - Negative Medium, NS - Negative Small, Z - Zero,
PS - Positive Small, PM - Positive Medium, PL - Positive Large). The output is the voltage and again
the universe of discourse is divided into seven partitions. The details of the partitions for the inputs and
the output are shown in fig. 6. Heuristic methods are used in the formation of rule base. The rule base
is of the form If input1 is {} and input 2 is {} then output is {}.
Figure 6: Membership functions for the inputs 1 and 2 (a & b) and the output (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)
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PM
PS
NS
NM
NL
Z
PS
PM
PM
PL
PL
PL
NS
Z
PS
PM
PM
PL
PL
NM
NS
Z
PS
PS
PM
PL
NL
NM
NS
Z
PS
PM
PL
NL
NL
NM
NS
Z
PS
PM
NL
NL
NM
NM
NS
Z
PS
NL
NL
NL
NM
NM
NS
Z
The rule base is given in the FAM table shown in table - I. The inference mechanism depending
on the inputs evaluates output surface based on the rule base. In this paper Mamdani type of fuzzy
inference system is used. The centroid method of defuzzification is used to obtain the crisp output.
800
600
400
200
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Figure 8: Power flow through the transmission line for case (b)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
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0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Figures 11 and 12 show the power output from the generator 1 for cases (a) and (b) and 13 and
14 for generator 2 for cases (a) and (b) respectively. Again the oscillations are lesser for case (b)
compared to case (a). The load angles at generators 1 and 2 for cases (a) and (b) are shown in figures
15, 16, 17 and 18 respectively. The oscillations and settling are good for cases (b) compared to (a).
Figure 11: Power output from generator 1 for case (a)
1.5
0.5
-0.5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
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0.5
-0.5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
50
-50
-100
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
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50
-50
-100
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
6. Conclusion
The dynamic performance of SSSC is analyzed with PI and fuzzy controllers using Matlab/Simulink,
where the SSSC is connected to a multi-area power system. The SSSC is realized with 48 pulse
inverter and it generates symmetrical output voltages of desired magnitude and phase angle with very
low harmonic components. It is inferred from the results that the fuzzy controller performs effectively
compared to conventional PI controller for the SSSC in order to maintain the real power flow over the
transmission line to follow the set reference values under a transient disturbances condition. The
oscillation damping and settling time are improved for the case of fuzzy controller in all the waveforms
shown.
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