Igc 2

WELCOME TO
NEBOSH IGC
NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE TRAINING

IGC - 2
TV NORD,
Training & Education Department,
P.B. No - 46030,
Abu Dhabi,
UAE
TV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
MASTER SLIDES
THE SYLLABUS
IGC-2
1.
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND CONTROL
2.
MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL
3.
WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL
4.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL
NEBOSH
NEBOSH
IGC IGC
5. FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL
6.
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL
7.
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL
8.
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES HAZARDS AND CONTROL
IGCCONTENT
2
CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDS
UNIT 1
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL
MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS

AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH
WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
HAZARD AND CONTROL

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES HAZARDS
AND CONTROL
CONTENT
MODULE 1
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND
CONTROL
SAFETY SIGNS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
NEBOSH IGC
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

SAFETY SIGNS
The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996
Signs must comply with design and colours in guidance.
Do not apply to road signs/parking.
Fi Categories:
Five
C t
i
Prohibition
Warning
NEBOSH IGC
Mandatory
Safe Conditions
Fire Fighting

SAFETY SIGNS
Prohibition Signs, Warning Signs, Mandatory Signs & Safe condition Signs
The sign
Shape
Color
White
Example
Prohibition
Circular
No smoking sign
Warning
Triangular
Mandatory
Circular
Blue
Hearing protection mandatory
Safe condition
Rectangular
Green
First aid
NEBOSH
IGC
Yellow
Toxic Substance

SAFETY SIGNS
Prohibition Signs, Warning Signs, Mandatory Signs & Safe condition Signs
NEBOSH IGC

Factors to consider in the selection of eye protection for use at work
Type and nature of the hazard (impact, chemical splash, UV light, etc).
Type & standard of protection.
Comfort
C f t & user acceptability.
t bilit
Compatibility with other items.
Maintenance requirements.
Costs.
Training requirements.
NEBOSH IGC

Advantage and Disadvantage of safety goggles compared with safety spectacles
Advantage of safety goggles over safety spectacles is: all around protection.
Disadvantage of safety goggle: is the tendency to mist.
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Difference between Breathing apparatus and Respirator
Respirator is a filter for removal of air contaminants. It is either half or full face respirator and it includes
cartridge specific for the type of air contaminant e.g.: dust, vapour, fume, etc.
Breathing apparatus is an apparatus supplying the wearer with clean air or oxygen to help breathing when
present in hostile atmospheres (of very low oxygen levels or contaminated with high toxicity contaminants). It
is either: fresh air hose apparatus, compressed airline apparatus or self contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA).
NEBOSH IGC

Main limitations of a half-mask re-useable respirator
The filter selection.
Limited levels of protection.
Ergonomic
E
i considerations
id ti
(
(comfort,
f t fit,
fit etc.).
t )
Incompatibility with other equipment.
Limitations in oxygen deficient atmosphere.
Hygiene Problems
NEBOSH IGC

Limitations of personal hearing protection as a means of protection against the effects of noise
Poor fit.
Resistance to use.
Uncomfortability
U
f t bilit
Incompatibility with other equipment
Cost of maintenance & replacement.
Hygiene problems.
NEBOSH IGC
Need for continuous supervision.

Communication problems

Factors to be considered in the selection and use of personal head protection at work
Type of risk (falling objects, impact, entanglement, etc.)
The level of protection to be afforded.
Compliance
C
li
with
ith standards.
t d d
Ergonomic factors (fit & comfort).
Compatibility with other equipment.
Cost.
Inspection to detect defects.
NEBOSH IGC
Proper storage.
Replacement of defective equipment.
equipment

Main types of personal hearing protection
Earplugs: are small pieces of acoustic absorbing material.
Ear defenders (ear muff): are designed to cover the ears externally with large cups held in position by a head
b d The
band.
Th cups contain
t i polyurethane
l
th
f
foam
or liquid.
li id
NEBOSH IGC

Factors to be considered in the correct selection of respiratory protection for use at work
The nature of the contaminants (dust, vapours, fumes, etc)
Contaminants concentration & toxicity.
Compatibility
C
tibilit with
ith other
th equipment.
i
t
Ergonomic issues.
Maintenance requirements.
Storage requirements
Conformance with standards.
NEBOSH IGC
Cost.

Different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear
Falling objects: requiring use of steel-toe-caps.
Sharp objects: steel-in-soles.
Flammable
Fl
bl atmosphere:
t
h
antistatic
ti t ti footwear.
f t
Molten metal: heat resistant boots and gaiters.
Electricity: rubber soles.
NEBOSH IGC
Wet environments: impermeable Wellington boots.

Slippery surface: non-slip soles.
Spread of contamination: washable boots.

Cold environments: thermally insulated footwear.
footwear

Different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear
Hot work: use leather glove.
Abrasion protection: use leather or PVC glove.
Handgrip:
H d i use cloth
l th glove.
l
Cut protection: use chain mail glove.
Paint spray: use rubber glove.
NEBOSH IGC
Electrical work: use natural rubber-latex glove.
Biological agents: use surgical glove (made of latex)

Practical limitations of using gloves as a means of protection.
Impairment of dexterity: on wearing gloves, dexterity is impaired which means:
- Things might be dropped.
- Delicate
D li t adjustments
dj t
t cannott be
b accomplished.
li h d
Entanglement in machinery: on using glove on dealing with machinery as a drill, it will constitute an
entanglement hazard.
NEBOSH IGC
Torn or puncture: if the glove is torn or punctured it will expose the skin to the hazard.
If the glove material is not properly selected for the hazard it will not offer protection (as for example chemical
can penetrate the glove).
Allergy: allergic response occurs in some sensitive people and with some kinds of glove as latex.
latex
Infection of hand: if good hygienic practices are not followed & the glove becomes internally contaminated.

General issues relating to the selection and use of PPE that will help to ensure its
effectiveness in controlling hazards.
Appropriate for the hazard: as for example respirator with gas cartridge for gases.
Complying with standard with CE quality mark.
Adjustable (if possible) to be fitted to the use so it will be comfortable and will be accepted by the user.
Compatible with other items (if more than one PPE are used).
NEBOSH IGC
Not impairing mobility, vision, hearing, etc. of the wearer.
Not affecting the ability to do the task (for example wearing gloves affect the wearer's ability to do fine
adjustments by hand.)
Not creating other risks (as gloves for example may create entanglement risk on working machines as drills).
drills)
Of reasonable cost "regarding replacement, maintenance & training on its use."

Factors that should be considered for PPE use;
Provision of the required information, instruction & training to employees.
Cleaning, inspection and maintenance requirement.
Storage requirements.
Procedure for replacement of damaged equipment.
System for reporting defects or loss.
NEBOSH IGC
Supervision and monitoring of use.
10
IGCCONTENT
2
UNIT 2

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
CONTENT
MODULE 2
MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND
CONTROL
MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING
INCORRECT MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING
MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY
CASE STUDIES
NEBOSH IGC
11
Types of injury that could be caused by incorrect manual handling of loads

Spinal disc compression
Torn ligaments
Joint
J i t dislocation
di l ti
Muscle strains
Hernias
Crushing injury
Fractures, cuts, burns
NEBOSH IGC
Strains: are injuries to muscles or the tendons that attach the muscles to your bones. By pulling too far on a
muscle, or by pulling a muscle in one direction while it contracting in the other direction can cause injuries
within the muscle or tendon.
tendon Strains can also be caused by chronic activities that develop an overstretching
of the muscle fibers.
NEBOSH IGC
Commonly Injured area of the

Muscle
Medical Head of the
Gastrocnemius Muscle
12
Sprain: is an injury to a ligament. A ligament is a thick, tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones
together. Commonly injured ligaments are in the ankle, knee and wrist.
NEBOSH IGC

GUIDELINES FOR LIFTING AND LOWERING
FULL HEIGHT
REDUCE FOR INCREASE

IN FREQUENCY
SHOULDER HEIGHT
ELBOW HEIGHT
NEBOSH
IGC
45 TWIST REDUCE BY 10%

90 TWIST REDUCE BY 20%
KNUCKLE HEIGHT
MID LOWER LEG
TO START PUSHING / PULLING 25kg

CONTINUOUS MOTION
10kg
13

GOOD HANDLING TECHNIQUE
GOOD BASE
Foot position: feet to be shoulder width apart with

one leg forward.
forward
PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION
Be close to the load.

Allow the heavier part of the load next to you.
HEAD LOCK
Lift with legs. "bend knees & keep back straight".
NEBOSH IGC
Straight back.
UPRIGHT BACK
Firm grip using full hand.

Elbows
Elbows in.
LOAD CLOSE TO BODY
Chin in and "raise head while lifting, this will

ensure straight back."
USE THE LEG MUSCLES
Manual handling
Manual handling: is moving or supporting a load by hand or body force.
or
It is the movement or support of a load by physical effort including: lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling
or moving.
NEBOSH IGC
14
Practical measures designed to reduce the risk of injury from manual handling activities at work:
Mechanization of manual handling activities (as use of forklifts, conveyor belt, etc.).
Team handling.
The adoption of kinetic handling techniques.
Smaller, lighter and more stable loads.
Redesign task to reduce the need for: stooping, twisting or overreaching.
NEBOSH IGC
Improving environmental conditions.
Selection and training of personnel to carry out manual handling activities.
Factors associated with working environment that may affect manual handling risks
Space constraints.
Floor conditions (slippery, uneven or varying in height).
Extremes of temperature.
Humidity.
Air movements & ventilation.
Lighting.
NEBOSH IGC
The physical layout: it may lead to excessive carrying, lifting or lowering distance.
15
Factors to be considered when making an assessment of manual handling operations.

Load: weight, size, stability, height, contents, outer surface, lack of rigidity (smoothness), the ease with
which it can be grasped, etc.
Task: distance of the load from the trunk, body movements & postures required (as stooping, twisting,
overreaching), excessive pushing or pulling, excessive handling distances, etc.
Environment: ventilation, lighting, space, floor conditions, (slipping or tripping, uneven etc.),
NEBOSH IGC
Individual: physical capabilities, health (fitness, pregnancy, etc.)
Task factors that may affect manual handling risks.

Position of load in relation to body: (handling loads close to the body are less hazardous).
Is the task requiring excessive pushing or pulling of loads.
Is
I the
th task
t k requiring
i i loads
l d to
t be
b lifted
lift d from
f
or to
t be
b returned
t
d to
t the
th groundd level.
l l
Is the task necessitates stooping while handling (restricted headroom as in confined space).
Is the task necessitates overreaching (as in lifting loads & putting it in a store above head level).
NEBOSH IGC
Is the task involves twisting of the body.
Is the task imposing excessive handling distances.

Is the task imposing repetitive handling.
Is the task not providing sufficient rest.
rest
Is the task involving sudden movement of loads.
Is the task requiring pushing or pulling above or below waist level.
16

A store man is required to place boxes of metal components by hand onto shelves racking.
List FOUR types of injury to which the store man may be at risk while carrying out this
operation.
Outline the factors in relation to the task that mayy affect the risk of injury.
j y
Examples of injuries are:
Cuts, abrasion.
Crushing injuries.
Strained ligaments and tendons.
Dislocations of joints.
Hernias
Bone fractures.
Task factors that may affect the risk of injury:
Handling loads at a distance from the body.
body
Excessive carrying, lifting or lowering distances.
Excessive pushing or pulling.
Pushing or pulling loads above or below waist level.
The need to lift from and to return loads to the ground level.
Task requiring stooping, twisting or overreaching.
Task requiring repetitive handling with no sufficient rest periods.
NEBOSH IGC

A Case Study
A manufacturing company used this modified fork lift truck to lift a worker. Because of the modification the
trucks lifting mechanism failed causing him to fall two metres. he broke his back in the fall.
The company was fined 10,000
10 000 under section 2(1) of HASWA.
HASWA
NEBOSH IGC
17

TYPES OF FORK LIFT TRUCKS
LPG "gas
Diesel
Electric
NEBOSH IGC

Types of hazards associated with the operation of forklift trucks.
1. Overturning: due to overloading, unsuitable ground, sudden brake, etc.
2. Collision
3 Contact
3.
C t t with
ith
4. Manual handling
h t surface.
hot
f
battery acid
batteries
LPG cylinder
NEBOSH IGC
5. Explosive atmosphere from leaking cylinders.

6. Exhaust fume emissions.
7 Loss of loads.
7.
loads
8. Electrical short circuit.
18

Hazards and the corresponding precautions to be taken when changing batteries for fork lift
trucks.
The Hazards accompanying changing batteries for fork lift truck:
Fire/ Explosion hazard.
Chemical corrosivity: due to battery chemicals.
Electrical hazards-short circuit.
Manual handling hazards: due to lifting of batteries.
The precautions to be taken when changing batteries for a fork lift truck.
Exclusion of ignition sources.
NEBOSH IGC
Proper ventilation.
The use of suitable PPE.
Emergency washing facilities.
Team handling of batteries or use of mechanical aids.
Electrical safety precautions as: Insulating covers, non-conducting tools & proper connections.

Main hazards associated with electrically operated forklift trucks.
Electrical hazards:
Explosion due to contact of live cables with the metal of the truck frame and the shorting of battery terminals by
metal tools or lifting tackle.
tackle
Battery spark leading to ignition of hydrogen "Generated during charging" leading to dangerous explosion.
Non- Electrical hazards:
Overloading
NEBOSH IGC
Overturning
Collision
Loss of Load.
Overhead obstruction.
Truck failures.
19

Ways in which a forklift truck may become unstable whilst in operation.
Insecure, excessive or uneven loading.
Incorrect tilt and/ or elevation of forks when traveling.
Uneven or unconsolidated ground.
ground
Incorrect procedures to deal with slopes.
Cornering at excessive speeds.
Sudden braking.
Poor condition of tires.
NEBOSH IGC
Mechanical failure.

Items included in the checklist for the routine inspection of a forklift truck at the beginning
of a work shift.
General condition of brakes & steering.
Warning devices (horns and flashing beacons).
Condition of tires.
Lifting mechanism (mast, chains, & fork).
NEBOSH IGC
Correct adjustments of seat & mirrors.

Oil leak.
20

EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift truck is left unattended in the workplace.
To be left on a firm level ground in a designated area with the mast tilted slightly forward and the forks resting
on the floor.
The
Th truckk is
i to be
b switched
i h d off.
ff
The key to be removed and to be given to a responsible person (to prevent unauthorized use of the truck).
The truck should not be left until the brake has been applied.
NEBOSH IGC
To be parked away from other vehicles.
To be parked away from adverse environmental conditions as rains.

To be parked in a positions that does not obstruct emergency exits/ vehicles, walkways, etc.
Keeping regular maintenance of the truck even if not attended.
attended
If the truck is to be left unattended for a long period, it may be useful to:
-Isolate electricity if the truck if it is electrically operated.
-Remove the battery (if it is battery operated).
-Remove LPG cylinder (if it is gas operated).

EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift truck is left unattended in the workplace.
NEBOSH IGC
21

CASE STUDY
This mobile elevating mobile work platform toppled over and killed one subcontractor, and injured another
during demolition work. a manhole cover collapsed as the MEWP was moving. Although the men were
wearing
i harnesses
h
th were still
they
till thrown
th
onto
t a concrete
t floor.
fl
Th company was fined
The
fi d 200,000
200 000 under
d
section 3 of HASWA.
NEBOSH IGC

CASE STUDY
Outline the precautions to be taken to prevent accident to employees working at ground level in a
workshop where heavy loads are lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry crane.
NEBOSH IGC
22

Rules to follow when a forklift truck is left unattended in the workplace.
1, Key personnel (operator, slinger & signaler) are to be competent & properly trained.
2, Maintenance and statutory requirements of the crane and lifting tackle.
3, Audible & visual warning (that a dangerous lifting operation is taking place).
4, Ensuring security of the load.
5, Ensure load not exceeding SWL (safe working load).
NEBOSH IGC
6, Ensure load is lifted to the correct height & is moved at an appropriate speed.
7, Ensuring that all those working in the area have been properly trained & adequately supervised.
8, Stand-by emergency services.

Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.
NEBOSH IGC
23

Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.
The crane must be suitable (test certificate, reach, lifting capacity, etc.)
The crane is to be used on stable and level base.
Outriggers should be used effectively and correctly "to
to be fully extended and locked on all sides
sides
Avoid obstructions/overhead lines.
The height limit structure should be erected, decked with warning flags.
Suitable lifting tackle.
Correct slinging techniques.
NEBOSH IGC
Ensuring competence of personnel (driver, slinger, and signaler).

Ensuringg ggood visibilityy & communication.

Procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a crane, having ensured that the crane
has been correctly selected and positioned for the job.
The suitability of lifting tackle:
Of a good construction, sound material, adequate strength and free from defects.
Safe Work Load (SWL) to be displayed and not exceeded
To be examined by a competent person every 6 months.
*The competence of the persons involved:
Driver, Slinger, Signaler.
*The load: To ensure that:
NEBOSH IGC
The load is secure.

The load is lifted vertically.
The load is balanced and controlled during the lift by the attachment of tag lines where necessary.
*Proper Communication: between driver and banks men.
*Rate of performing the operation: To perform each part of the operation as lifting, swinging, moving & lowering at
a rate that maintains proper control.
*Keeping the area clear of other persons.
24

Procedure that should be taken when slings are used to lift loads.
The suitability of lifting tackle:
Of good condition, sound material, adequate strength and free from defects.
SWL to be displayed and not exceeded.
exceeded
To be examined by a competent person every 6 months.
Load handling & control:
Slings to be attached to the lifting appliance correctly.
NEBOSH IGC
Use the slinging method that ensure security of the load (if using multiple slings "2
or 3 legged etc." the load should be evenly distributed so that no leg is
overloaded.))
The load is to be lifted vertically and to be balanced and controlled during lift.
*Proper communication: between driver and banks men using correct signals and
the use of radio. Never allow any person other than banks men to give signals.
*Keep the area clear of other persons.

Main conditions required for the safe storage of ropes.
Store need to be dry, well ventilated and free from corrosive atmosphere.
Natural manmade fiber ropes should be stored away from direct sunlight.
All stores should have:
An area for simple maintenance,
A security system.
NEBOSH IGC
Recognized office areas
25

Main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport of hazardous substances by road.
Planning the route of transport.
Suitable containers for hazardous substances (containers made of material not reacting with chemical,
securely
l closed,
l d etc.)
t )
Segregation of incompatible materials.
Emergency information (HAZCHEM signs and TREM cards).
NEBOSH IGC
Emergency provisions (for first aid facilities and fire extinguishers).

Appropriate driver training (including fire fighting).

Measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of accidents when pedestrians are required to
work in vehicle maneuvering areas.
Keep people and vehicle apart: by providing, where possible, specific routes for pedestrian.
Crossing points over roads.
roads
Suitable barriers at road entrances.
Separate access for pedestrians.
Road signs and barriers.
NEBOSH IGC
Speed limits for vehicles (in the form of speed humps, signs, etc)
Reflective clothes for pedestrians.
Adequate lights for the area and the use of warning flash lights.
26

Produce a checklist that could be used in the design of safe system of work dealing with
pedestrian and operated vehicles.
Vehicles maintenance and certification.
Walkways for pedestrians.
pedestrians
Adequate lighting.
Warning signs.
Speed limit.
Required reflective clothes.
NEBOSH IGC
Separate access and crossing points for pedestrians.

Road barriers
Road signs.
Flash light.

Types of Jacks
Screw jack
Hydraulic jack
NEBOSH IGC
Ratchet jack
27

General precautions to be observed when jacks are used.
Test and certificate
SWL marking
Sound level footing
Load balance
Packing must be placed under the load.
One person to control the load when two jacks are used.
NEBOSH IGC
Jack head & toe to be free from grease.

Factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver.
Route demands: complexity, road conditions, etc.
Duration of the journey.
Security
S
it issues:
i
e.g.: potential
t ti l for
f violence
i l
Means of communication available to the driver to be used in cases of emergencies.
Driver capabilities (physical & psychological) to cope with the demands of the job.
NEBOSH IGC
Level of training provided to the driver.

Vehicle maintenance.
Design and layout of the vehicle cab.

Nature of the load (hazardous material,
material heavy,
heavy etc.)
etc )
Means of handling materials available.
Emergency procedures in place.
28

Means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within a workplace can be
reduced.
Elimination of the risk (redesign task to eliminate the need for vehicles to reverse).
The availability of banks men to lead the vehicle.
vehicle
Good communication between vehicle driver and banks men.
Marking of the route of vehicles.
Proper lighting of the area.
NEBOSH IGC
Speed limits within the workplace.
Worker to provide with visibility cloths to be useful especially at night.

Proper selection and training of vehicles "Rear
Rear view concave mirror
mirror"..
Availability of mirrors in the work place especially on the turns and corners,
Audible and visual alarms (flashing beacons).
Proper supervision of driver acts.
Disciplinary action to be taken for any violations of unsafe acts by the drivers.
Control measures so that to prevent the use of vehicles by unauthorized persons.

Hazards and the corresponding precautions in the use of conveyor systems for materials.
NEBOSH IGC
29

Hazards and the corresponding precautions in the use of conveyor systems for materials.
Hazards
Precaution
Drawing in (nips)
-Nip guards
-Fixed guards
Impact from falling objects
- Edge guards
Entanglement
-Ban on using jewellery, ties, loose cloths, etc
-- Covering hair
with helmet, cap, scarves, hair net, etc.
NEBOSH
IGC
-Guarding (fixed guards).
-Emergency stop buttons.
Cuts, abrasions & crushing
-Trip devices.
-Jump-out rollers (to push the victim out of danger)
IGCCONTENT
2
UNIT 3

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
30
CONTENT
MODULE 3
MECHANICAL AND NON

NON-MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL HAZARDS
MACHINE GUARDING
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MACHINE GUARDS
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
TRIP DEVICES
MACHINE MAINTENANCE
CASE STUDIES
NEBOSH IGC

MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY
Mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery
Non-mechanical hazards to the machinery operator
Mechanical Hazards Associated with moving parts of Machinery.
Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection
31

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection
32

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection
33

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection
34

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection
35

Impact
Crushing
Entanglement
Shearing
Cutting
NEBOSH IGC
Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture
Drawing in
Ejection

Non Mechanical hazards include:
Noise
Vibration
Electricity
Hazardous substances as Gases
Radiation
NEBOSH IGC
Heat Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
Hazards related to the operator
36

Details about Mechanical Hazards of Equipment
Entrapment where parts of the body (as hands or fingers) are caught or trapped in parts of moving
machines. It is either Nips When Trapping occurs between 2 moving parts) or Shear (where Trapping
occurs between one moving against fixed part).
Entanglement: where hair, clothes, jewellery, etc. are caught in parts of a revolving machine.
Impact: where the body is impacted by moving parts or processed items.
NEBOSH IGC
Ejection: where the parts of the machine or materials being used fly out and hit the body.
Contact: where the body touches: Sharp cutting edges, Abrasive surface, Hot items, Live electrical items, etc.

Provide Sketches to show clearly the nature of the following.
Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery; Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in
& Shear.
Note: see photos Unit 9 - Page 2
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37

Provide Sketches to show clearly the nature of the following.
Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery; Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in
& Shear.
Note see photos Unit 9 - Page 2
Note:
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Mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and outline in each how injury may occur.
Entanglement: where hair, clothes, gloves, etc become caught in the bit or chuck.
Ejection: of a work piece or broken bit.
Stabbing or puncture: from the end of the drill bit.
Impact: from an unsecured (revolving) work piece.
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38

Hazards associated with the use of photocopy machine.
Sharp edges: during cleaning or clearing jams.
Electricity hazards: due to faulty wiring.
H t surfaces:
Hot
f
d i copying.
during
i
Exposure to chemicals (as cleaning solvents & dust during machine cleaning).
Manual handling hazards :due to lifting paper & items to be copied
Ozone exposure.
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Ergonomic hazard; due to improper design of the workstation

Ultraviolet light hazard.

Precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use of photocopying machine.
Precautions to ensure safe use of Photocopying Machine are proper workstation design (space, lighting, layout,
etc.), interlocked guards, adequate ventilation, warning signs (e.g.; relating to hot surfaces), Machine
maintenance protective
maintenance,
protecti e clothes (e.g.;
(e g gloves
glo es when
hen replacing toner) appropriate Training regarding safe use,
se and
electrical safety precautions with replacement of faulty wiring.
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39

Possible risk to health and safety faced by the operator of a pneumatic drill on highway.
Noise hazards: the likelihood & consequences of noise exposure-Noise induced hearing loss.
Vibration hazards: likelihood & consequences of vibration white finger.
Th proximity
The
i it to
t vehicles:
hi l with
ith the
th risk
i k off collision.
lli i
Manual handling of equipment: with the risk of occurrence of back problems, etc.
Dust: causing irritation of eye, respiratory tract, etc.
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Projectiles: with the risk of occurrence of eye injury.
Heat hazard: with the risk of occurrence of heat stroke.

Bites by animals: is rare but may occur.
Adverse environmental conditions as rains,

rains storms,
storms etc.
etc

Basic safety rules that could be given to a worker using hand tools:
To wear the suitable Personal Protective Equipments (goggles, gloves, etc)
To report any defects in the tool
To be sure that work surface is clean (before using the tool)
To use the tool by designed safe way
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To clean the tool after use and to keep it in its designed location
40

MACHINE GUARDS
In relation to machine safety, outline the principle of the following types of machines guards:
a fixed guard
an interlocked guard
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MACHINE GUARDS
a fixed guard
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41

MACHINE GUARDS
a fixed guard
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MACHINE GUARDS
a fixed guard
A fixed Guard:
Is a physical barrier that prevent access to danger area..
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Is not connected to machine controls.

With no moving parts.
Is so fixed that it requires a special tool (e.g.

(e g spanner) to remove it.
it
42

MACHINE GUARDS
a fixed guard
An interlocked Guard is linked with machine controls such that the guard cannot be
opened if the machine is in a dangerous condition or opening the guard cause the
machine to become safe.
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MACHINE GUARDS
Advantages and Disadvantages of a fixed machine guard.
Advantage of a fixed guard:
The simplicity (easy to inspect and maintain).
Is more reliable (as it contains no moving parts).
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43

MACHINE GUARDS
A situation where a fixed guard would be used.
If the guard is removed, no protection is afforded.
The guard is fixed and requires a special tool to remove meaning that the access, when required, will be difficult.
As a physical barrier (especially if it is solid rather than meshed) may hamper inspection of the machine or the
work being performed.
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MACHINE GUARDS
A situation where a fixed guard would be used.
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44

MACHINE GUARDS
Circumstance in which the use of a fix guard is impractical.
Where there is a need for frequent access to danger area.
Where there is a need for frequent maintenance operations (thus require frequent removal of the guard.)
Where there is a need for clear vision of work piece.
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MACHINE GUARDS
Advantages and Disadvantages of a interlocked machine guard.
Advantages of an interlocked machine guards:
It allows safe access (as for maintenance).
Is convenient to use. It prevents access only when danger is present.
Disadvantages of an interlocked guard:
Complexity.
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Difficult to test and maintain.
45

MACHINE GUARDS
Main features of an interlocked guard.
Note: see photo (unit 9 page 4)
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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL - MACHINES
Hierarchy of Control measures that may be used to reduce the risk of injury from dangerous
parts of machinery.
Redesign task to eliminate the hazard (by avoiding the need for hazardous machines).
Substitution of hazardous machines by less hazardous ones.
ones
Engineering controls (Guards):
If access to danger area is not required:
-Fixed guard.
-Distance guard.
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If access to danger area is required:

-Interlocked or Control guard.
-Automatic
Automatic guard.
-Trip Device
-Adjustable guard.
-Two-handed control guard.
Provision of information, instruction and training.
Use of suitable PPE.
46

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL - MACHINES
Precautions that should be taken for the routine maintenance of machinery.
Segregation of the area (by barriers, warning signs, etc.) to prevent unauthorized access.
Ensure isolation of power sources.
Permit
P it to
t workk including
i l di dissipation
di i ti off stored
t d energy as pressure release,
l
cooling
li off hot
h t surfaces,
f
etc.
t before
b f
work commences.
Safe means of access using ladders, scaffolding, etc.
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Installation of additional lighting and ventilation where needed.
Ensuring competence of the staff and proper supervision for the process.
Provision of correct tools.
The use of required PPE (as gloves,
gloves goggles,
goggles respirators,
respirators harness,
harness etc.).
etc )
Stand-by personnel and first aid and emergency facilities.

TRIP DEVICES
The principle of operation of Trip Devices:
Is a guard which stops or reverse the machine before the operator reaches the hazard area.
It relies upon sensitive trip mechanisms.
Its maintenance is top priority.
Example is the photoelectric guard used for hydraulic presses. It operates by creating a light - curtain across
the hazard area. If any of the beams is broken, the unit will stop.
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Another example is Trip mats which are positioned around a machine. It contains switches which stop the
machine when they are Trodden on.
47

CASE STUDIES
A local authority employee uses a Petrol driven trimmer to maintain roadside grass.
Outline the hazards of this operation.
Identify five types of PPE required to be used.
Outline the control measures required to avoid the risk of this operation.
Hazards are:
Equipment Hazards: as cutting, ejection, noise, vibration, etc.
Chemical hazards: due to exhaust fumes. Carbon monoxide hazards is a example.
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Flying stones and sticks: leading to eye injury, body cuts, bruises, etc.
Feet and/or legs injury: due to ground stones, projections, grass, etc.
Biological hazards: due to contaminated ground.
Heat
H t hazards:
h
d due
d to
t working
ki under
d the
th sun.
Tripping hazards: piles of trimmed grass, etc.
Fire & explosions hazard: due to smoking for example in the area.
Collision by vehicles.
Bites by animals, snakes, etc.

CASE STUDIES
The PPEs required:
Eye goggles: to protect eyes from flying stones/sticks.
Face shield: to protect face.
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Safety shoes & gaiters: to protect feet & legs.
Helmet: to protect from Sun & also from any flying objects.
Ear plugs and/or ear muffs: to protect from noise.
Suitable overall: to protect the body (visibility belt or clothes are required if working at night).
Respirators: to protect from fumes.
48

CASE STUDIES
The control measures required:
Safety checks for the area before starting work.
To ensure:
No wet conditions that may cause slip hazard.
No animals, snakes, etc.
The height and area of grass.
The width of the road and the expected impact of the operation on fluency of traffic.
Barriers around the area and warningg signs.
g
Proper selection and training of workers for the job.
Proper selection and maintenance of equipment.
Electrical safety precautions as: use of circuit breakers, use of water proof cables, etc.
Workers to use the required PPE.
Immediate removal of trimmed parts.
Availability of first aid & emergency measures.
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CASE STUDIES
A cleaner is required to polish floors using a rotary floor polisher.
Identify the hazards that might be associates with this operation.
Outline suitable measures that might be used to minimize the risk.
The hazards include:
Entanglement.
Noise and vibration.
Electric shock.
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Chemical hazards due to chemicals used for cleaning.

Slips, trips, and falls.
Manual handling hazards: as back injuries.
49

CASE STUDIES
A cleaner is required to polish floors using a rotary floor polisher.
Identify the hazards that might be associates with this operation.
Outline suitable measures that might be used to minimize the risk.
The suitable control measures:
Signs referring to the hazard
Adequate guarding of rotating parts of equipment
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Electrical safety precautions including

The use of residual current device.
Check condition of cable & plug before use.

Disconnect
Di
t from
f
power source when
h changing
h i brushes
b h or carrying
i outt any adjustments.
dj t
t
Avoid contact with water.
The cable should be properly recessed so that not forming tripping hazard.
The cable should not be stretched or over-extended.
Keep lids and caps on chemicals.

CASE STUDIES
Risk to workers using solvents on cleaning of equipment.
The risks include:
Health risk: including:
Contact of solvents with the skin leading to dermatitis.
dermatitis
Contact of solvents with the eye causing eye inflammation.
Inhalation of solvent fumes leading to:
Dizziness
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Effects on the Central nervous system.

Asthma.
Safety risk: including:
Risk of occurrence of fire.
Risk of occurrence of explosion.
Risk of occurrence of mechanical hazards as cuts, bruises & other types of injuries.
50

MAINTENANCE
Examples of plant & equipment that require to be maintained by law.
Machine guards.
Lifting appliances and tackle.
Lifting equipment.
Steam boilers & pressure systems.
Breathing apparatus.
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Fire extinguishers.
Local Exhaust ventilation plant (LEV).
(LEV)
Scaffolding.

MAINTENANCE
Requirements for a safe system of maintenance.
Design: choice & installation of appropriate plant, equipment, etc.
Management: maintenance must be managed by experienced personnel and proper supervision.
Information:
I f
ti maintenance
i t
section
ti mustt have
h
access to
t some kind
ki d off database
d t b
covering
i tasks
t k as: plant
l t andd
process hazards, safe procedures, etc.
Training: is required for all maintenance workers.
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Planning: plans for safe maintenance should be available.
Equipment must be put into operation and to be observed to make sure it is working properly.
Monitoring: the working environment is required to be monitored to protect staff during maintenance.
Rescue & emergency procedure and staff should be available to deal with any event.
event
51

MAINTENANCE
What sort of precautions maintenance workers should take when dealing with a damaged
asbestos product.
Avoid breathing in the dust (wearing respirator with dust cartridge is helpful).
Follow the working methods described in the approved code of practice or required by Asbestos
Regulations.
Well-sealed, undamaged asbestos is often best left alone.
Make sure all asbestos is clearly identified, sealed and protected against further damage.
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IGCCONTENT
2
UNIT 4

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
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HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
52
CONTENT
MODULE 4
CURRENT, POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, RESISTANCE, OHM

OHMS
S LAW
FUSE AND CIRCUIT BREAKER
RESIDENTIAL CURRENT DEVICES
EARTHING & REDUCED VOLTAGE
UNDERGROUND CABLES
ISOLATION & OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
CASE STUDIES
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DEFINITIONS I, V & R
Current (I): is define as the flow of electron and is measure in ampere.
Potential (difference) (v): this represents the pushing power required to move a current and is
measured in volts.
Resistance (R): is the part of electric circuits which opposite to the current
current.
Ohms Law V= I x R
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53

RISK OF INJURY
Risk of Injury:
Electric Shock
Electric Burn
Fires
Electric Arcing
Fires / Explosion
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Others

RISK OF INJURY
CURRENT
EFFECT
1 mA
PERCEPTION
5 mA
PAINFUL
15 mA
MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
50 mA
SEVERE MUSCULAR CONTRACTION RESPIRATORY FAILURE
80 mA
FIBRILLATION
100 mA
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CARDIAC ARRESTIGC
54

RISK OF INJURY Safety Precaution
Electricity Safety Precaution
Selection of equipment
Insulation
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FUSE & CIRCUIT BREAKER
Fuse and Circuit Breakers
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55

RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES
Residual current devices
Typical an RCD will operate if a difference of 40 mA is detected for 30msec.
Low Voltage
APPLIANCE
Earthing and double insulation

Safe systems of work
Maintenance and testing
NEUTRAL
LIVE
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Training and competence
SPRING
PLUG
SOLENOID

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
Steps to a Safe System of Work (Underground Cable)
Plans
Consult prior to work commencement
Cable locating devices
Operated by trained competent persons
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Follow manufacturers operating instructions

Safe digging practices
Alongside potential line with hand tools no sharp picks etc.
56

FUNCTION OF A FUSE
Functions and limitations of a fuse as an electrical protection device.
The function of a fuse:
The fuse is a weak link in the live supply that melts when heated by excess current flowing under fault
conditions, thus protecting the equipment and its wiring.
The limitations of a fuse:
- Its action is too slow to prevent electric shock.
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- It can be easily replaced inappropriately with a fuse of higher rating.

ADVANTAGES OF RCD
Advantages of residual current device (RCD) over a fuse.
Advantages of residual current device (RCD) over a fuse:
Rapid and sensitive electrical response.
Ease and safety of testing.
It is not easily defeated.
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57

EARTHING & REDUCED VOLTAGE
Principles of operation of Earthing & Reduced Voltage types of electrical protection.
Earthing
It is a means of connecting electrical equipment and conductive items to earth by a cable or pipe work such
th t the
that
th route
t to
t earth
th provides
id the
th path
th off least
l t resistance
i t
t a currentt flowing
to
fl i under
d fault
f lt conditions.
diti
Reduced Voltage
Use of the lowest practicable voltage should be practiced in every circuit (the use of 110 V) transformer is
recommended.
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ELECTRIC SHOCK & EMERGENCY RESPONSE
The effects on the human body of a severe electric shock:
Primary effects: due to electric shock on the human body physiology leading to:
Painful shock.
Muscle cramps & convulsions.
Electric burns in skin & internal organs.
Cardiac & respiratory arrest.
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Secondary effects: due to fall from a height including for example:

Fracture, bleeding, etc.
The emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe electric shock:

Isolation of the electric supply "if possible
Removal of the casualty from electric contact (using isolating material).
Summoning help.
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Treatment of burns and other injuries.
Remaining with the casualty until medical help arrives.
58

PORTABLE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
Practical measures to reduce the risk of electric shock when using portable electrical appliances
Proper selection of the equipment "to be suitable for the purpose.
Inspection and testing of the equipment.
The use of reduced voltage or battery-powered equipment.
Double insulation.
Earthing.
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Use of protective devices (as RCDs & fuses).

Sound connections.
Proper storage of equipment.
Training to be given for equipment operators.

SAFETY OF PORTABLE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
Portable Electrical Appliance Inspection Checklist Content
Equipment is appropriate for the task.
Equipment is appropriate for the environment.
Equipment is regularly tested.
tested
Equipment, cables, connectors, switch and plugs are free from damage.
Correct wiring.
Sound connections.
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Protective devices (as fuses) are in place and are of correct rating.
Accessible and appropriate means of isolation.
59

UNDERGROUND CABLES
Precautions to protect against electrical contact when:
-Excavating near underground cables.
-Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines.
Excavating near underground cables:
Isolation of the electrical supply.
The identification of cable routes from plans and by the use of cable detector.
Marking of cable routes on sites.
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Digging with hand tools rather than by mechanical excavator.

Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines:
Isolation of the electrical supply.
Erection of barriers to define clearance distances.
Clear marking of danger zones (e.g.: with signs).
Ensuring safe access routes under lines (e.g.: with tunnels).
Restriction of metal items as ladders or scaffolds tubes near the lines.

ISOLATION & OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
Isolation:
Refers to shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment or part of an electrical system by a
safe means in order, for instance , to carry out maintenance work.
Over current protection:
Is a method of preventing the flow of excess current by cutting the supply under fault conditions by
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means of a fuse or circuit breaker (as a miniature circuit breaker).
60

MAINTENANCE
A, Main hazards associated with maintenance on an electrical equipment.
- Electric hazards: due to live work/ not isolated/ reenergized, lack of protective equipment, etc.
- Ergonomic hazards: due to restricted working space, access or lighting.
B, Control measures to minimize the risk of electric shock during such work.
Provision of adequate working space, access and lighting.
Adoption of good working practices.
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Provision of training & supervision.

Electrical precautions including:
Limited voltage
g supply.
pp y
Use of residual current device

Proper insulation or enclosure of equipment and wires.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
A decorator uses a hand-held electric sander for the preparation of wood prior to painting.
1) Checks to ensure the electrical safety of the sander.
2) Other than electricity, the hazards associated with the use of the sander.
The checks that should be made are:
Checks to ensure that the equipment meets the recognized electrical standards:
Fuses are of correct rating.
Electrical connections are sound.
Earthing continuity is achieved.
Voltage is a low reduced voltage.
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Appliance is double insulated

Check by the user immediately before use:
Visual inspection of appliance general condition.
Integrity of plug and cable.
Integrity of any extension leads.
Integrity of the sockets from which supply is taken.
Further checks depending on type of equipment as to ensure that is protected by a residual current device
Ensure the use of the appropriate plug for the environment (eg. Spark resistant plugs or water resistant plugs).
61

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1) Outline the checks that should be made to ensure the electrical safety of the sander.
2) Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of the sander.
2)) Examples
p of the other hazard:
Dust hazards.
Noise hazards.
Vibration hazards.
Tripping due to trailing cables.
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Ergonomic hazard (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is carried out).

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1) Outline the checks that should be made to ensure the electrical safety of the sander.
2) Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of the sander.
2)) Other hazards:
Dust hazards.
Noise hazards.
Vibration hazards.
Tripping due to trailing cables.
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Ergonomic hazard (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is carried out).
62

ELECTRICAL SAFETY - Inspections
Items included on a checklist for the routine inspections of portable electrical appliances:
Casing of appliance: in good condition.
Cable secure and not damaged.
Plug: not damaged.
On/Off button: accessible, not damaged and working efficiently.
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Fuses: fitted and correctly rated.
Equipment: operated at reduced voltage where appropriate and/ or fitted with residual current device.
Equipment to be tagged showing the date next test due.
due

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Dangers associated with electricity
Electric shock: is dangerous as it can cause stopping of heart and respiratory rhythm and necessitates rapid
interference.
Tissue burns: electric burns are deeper than other burn types and take longer time to heal.
Fire and explosion: electrical spark is one of the ignition sources that may initiate a fire. Unsafe electrical
equipment may give sparks that can catch fire if near to a paint can for example.
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Secondary effects: such as falling from a height as a result of electric shock. This will lead to fractures,
bleeding, organs damage & death.
63

ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY
Measure to minimize the risk of fire from electrical equipment
Proper selection of the electrical equipment: with CE quality mark, suitable for the task, etc.
Inspection of the equipment by the user prior to use.
Establishing correct fuse rating.
rating
Ensuring circuits and sockets are not over loaded.
Disconnecting the equipment from electricity when it is not in use.
Ensuring the electrical motor vent are uncovered (to prevent its overheating).
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Regular inspection, testing and maintenance by competent persons.

Uncoil cables (to protect cables from mechanical damage and to prevent build-up of heat).

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Features of an environment that could increase the risk from using portable electrical equipment.
Wet environment electric shock can occur due to the use of electric equipment in a wet environment (water is
electrically conductive)
Flammable atmosphere which can predispose to fire if a spark comes from the equipment.
equipment
Windy environment can predispose to falling hazard especially on using equipment in a work at height using
improperly secured ladder.
Poor lighting can predispose to accidents (as tripping on trailing cables, etc.)
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Poor ventilation affect the efficiency of the operator and increase the likelihood of human error.
Noise same effect as poor ventilation in addition to interference with good communication.
Floor condition slippery or uneven floor can lead to slipping or tripping while using the equipment.
64

ELECTRICAL SAFETY - CASE STUDY
A 19 year old worker was killed when he opened an access door at the rear of this collating
machine. he attempted to clear a blockage. the company was fined 30,000 under section 2 of
HASWA and another 1500 under MHSAW and EAW regulations
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY - CASE STUDY
A fork-lift truck supply company was fined 3,000 following a routine inspection by the HSE.
this fuse box had exposed live connectors which were highly dangerous. The company was
fined under regulation 7 of the electricity at work regulations 1989
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65
IGCCONTENT
2
UNIT 5

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
CONTENT
MODULE 5
PORTABLE FIRE EQUIPMENT
EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
FIRE SPREADING
STORING FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS
IGNITION SOURCES
FIRE IN WORKPLACES
MAINTENANCE OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
CONTROL OF FIRE
NEBOSH IGC
66

FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
Reason why water is not used as an extinguishing agent for use on fire involving:
Petroleum Spirit
Electrical Equipment
Petrole m Spirit
Petroleum
Because petroleum spirit will float on water and will therefore continue to burn, or vaporize to form an explosive
cloud water may also spread the fire over a larger area.
Electrical Equipment
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The electrical conductivity of water is well known and thus water extinguisher can lead to the risk of electric
shock and possible explosion.

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
Factors to install portable fire fighting equipment
Accessibility to users.
Proximity to fire exits and escape routes.
Visibility and Signage.
Signage
Location off the ground with adequate support.
Suitable type in relation to the hazard present.
Protection against damage and weather.
NEBOSH IGC
67

CLASS - D FIRE
Meaning of Class D Fire
Is the type of fire involving metals as Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Titanium, Calcium, Zirconium, Lithium and
Zinc.
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CLASS - D FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Extinguishing agents suitable for Class D fire
Extinguishing agents suitable for use in Class D fire:
- Powdered Graphite
- Powdered Limestone
- Sand
NEBOSH IGC
68

IGNITION SOURCES TO FLAMMABLE SOLVENT STORE
Ignition sources to storage and use of flammable solvents
- Naked flame
- Hot surface
- Friction Sparks
- Electrical sparks
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IGNITION SOURCES TO FLAMMABLE SOLVENT STORE
Extinguishing agents to the fire involve flammable solvents and Mode of Action
Extinguishing Agent
Mode of Action
Dry Powder
-Exclusion of Oxygen
(smothering)
Foam
-Smothering
-Cooling
Sand
-Smothering
Carbon dioxide
-Smothering
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IGC
69

FIRE SPREAD
Fire spread
Conduction: Materials as metals are good heat conductors while glass and wood are insulators.
Convection: When a gas is heated it expands and becomes less dense and thus it moves up. This explains the
spread of fire to the upper storey of a building due to hot gases rising up lift shafts and stairwells.
stairwells
Radiation: Heat is transferred as invisible rays through the air. Example: Clothes hung near an electric heater
for drying could ignite and flame can jump across a street to the building nearby.
Direct burning: of a combustible material in naked flame.
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS
Safety precautions for storing and using flammable solvents
The quantities of flammable solvents stored. (To be kept to the minimum).
Flammable solvents container type. (To be made of material not reacting with the chemical & to be securely
closed)
closed).
Precautions for storerooms and cabinets. (To be in an external separate area, of proper layout, with good
lighting, ventilation, good housekeeping & proper stacking of chemicals).
NEBOSH IGC
Prevention of flammable vapor build-up.

Signs and marking.
Provision of the fire fighting
g g equipment.
q p
Provision of emergency arrangements.
70

FIRE RULES
Rules to reduce the risk of fire starting in work place
Good housekeeping measures
Refuse and waste disposal control
Safe
S f storage
t
off flammable
fl
bl substances
b t
No-smoking policies
Hot work permits
NEBOSH IGC
Proper design and regular maintenance of machines to avoid hot surfaces

Controls on Contractors
Safe electric systems
The segregation of areas with oxygen
oxygen-enriched
enriched atmospheres as in hospitals
Do not cover ventilation outlets on equipment e.g.: Computers, Heaters, etc
Security issues/ arson prevention

HOSE REELS
Advantages and Disadvantage of hose reels
Advantage
It provides a continuous supply of water and at a greater force than that provided by extinguishers.
Users do not need to place themselves in close proximity to the fire.
Disadvantage
The effort to position the hose.
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The possibility of the hose compromising fire and smoke barriers by passing through doorways.
The hose becoming a tripping hazard and hindering evacuation.
Water is not a suitable extinguishing medium for all classes of fire.
fire
71

HOSE REELS
Factors to install hose reels in the work place
Accessibility to user
Area to be covered
Prevention of obstruction and facilitation of escape. (Reel should be situated adjacent to an exit such
that the user is placed between the fire and escape route)
NEBOSH IGC
Hose reels should be recessed in order to prevent obstruction of an escape route

It should be placed in a position where it would be less prone to misuse and vandalism

IGNITION SOURCES AND PREVENTION
Different types of ignition sources and precautions to prevent fire starting
Ignition Source
Precautions
Naked Flame
Care in using instruments with Naked flame & to exclude any flammable
substance nearby.
Electrical sparks
Electrical protective measures (as Isolation, Earthing, Fuses, Maintenance &

Safety system of work, Spark proof equipment).
Heat build-up
Machine lubrication, Appropriate ventilation

Avoid covering ventilation holes.
Hot work
Hot work permits.

Warning signs.
Cigarettes
Prohibiting smoking.
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72

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
Inspection and maintenance requirements of fire extinguishers in the workplace
Inspection
Usually takes the form of routine (e.g.: monthly) visual checks.
The aim is to ensure that:
-Extinguishers are in place.
-Extinguishers have not been discharged.
-Extinguishers bear no obvious damage.
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Maintenance
It is more extensive than inspection.

It usually involves annual tests by a competent person.
The aim is to ensure:
-The integrity of the extinguisher.
-Replacement of equipment found to be faulty.

FIRE CLASSIFICATION
Classification of Fire and Extinguishing Medium
Fire
Type of Fuel
Extinguishing Agent
Solids (as wood, glass, clothes, papers, etc.)
Liquids (as petroleum & paints)
Gases (as Acetylene, Hydrogen Sulphide,

natural Gas)
*Foam
*Dry Powder
Metals (as Sodium, magnesium, Aluminum
*Powdered Graphite
*Powdered Limestone
*Sand
Sand
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*Water
*Dry Powder
*Foam
*Dry Powder
73

FIRE SPREAD & CONTROL
Control of Fire Spread
No access ramps.
No floor openings.
Non
Non-combustible
combustible walls & coverings.
coverings
Fire doors to prevent flame & smoke spreading.
Casing of metals by insulating materials to avoid spread of fire by conduction.
Partitions between buildings to prevent fire spread by radiation.
Automatic Sprinkler System.
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Use of extinguishers (water, foam, halon, dry powder or CO2 types). The extinguisher should be of sufficient
number, of a type suitable for the class of fire expected, properly sited and regularly inspected & maintained,
training of workers about firefighting.
(Firefighting Training is a necessity for all workers in the workplace and not only for those who are working with
the fire "Firemen"), and regular fire fighting drills should be conducted.

FIRE ESCAPE
Assisting the escape of persons in the event of fire
Sufficient escape routes (wide, properly lit, ventilated, with no slipping or tripping hazards, with noobstructions, no too lengthy, ("Keep travel distance to a minimum").
Sufficient fire exits (open to the outside, fire resistant exit door, etc.).
Separate escape routes & fire exits for disabled.
An effective alarm system.
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Proper insulation and stability of building

Regular fire evacuation drills.
74

FIRE TRIANGLE
Fire triangle and methods of extinguishing
St
Starvation
ti
C li
Cooling
Heat
Fuel
Fire
Triangle
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Oxygen
Smothering

FIRE CONTROL
Starvation: is removal of the fuel from the neighborhood of the fire. Dividing the fire into small fire can
be considered also as a starvation method.
Smothering: is exclusion of oxygen from the fire environment. Fire needs oxygen to continue same as
human needs oxygen to breath. Dry powder, CO2 and sand are extinguishing agents acting by
smothering.
Cooling: is removal of the heat component: Water extinguishers act by this way.
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75

FIRE
Ways a person could be harmed by fire in a work premises
Burns: Due to fire flame. The consequences of burn will depend on:
- Site of the burn.
- Surface area of the burn.
burn
- Degree of the burn (1st degree, 2nd degree or 3rd degree burn).
Scald: are tissue burns due to hot liquids as oils, fats, etc.
Electric shock: due to electrical fires (as that involving equipment as T.V.). Electric shock can occur also if using
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water extinguisher for extinguishing electric fires.
Asphyxia: due to inhalation of smoke which replaces oxygen in the atmosphere.

Trauma & damage
g to bodyy organs:
g
due to explosion.
p
Psychological effects.
Secondary effect as fracture, bleeding, etc. (after falling from a height for example).

A WORKPLACE
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76
IGCCONTENT
2
UNIT 6

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
CONTENT
MODULE 6
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS
AND CONTROL
CHEMICAL AGENTS
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
HEALTH EFFECTS
SOLVENTS
ROUTES OF ENTRY IN TO HUMAN BODY
MANAGING RISK
CASE STUDIES
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77

CHEMICAL AGENTS
State of Chemical agents
Solids
Includingg Fibres, Dusts And Fumes
Liquids
Including Mists
Gases
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Including Vapours

CHEMICAL AGENTS
Effects on the body from hazardous substances
Irritant is a substance that causes an inflammation of the skin, eyes or respiratory tract.
Examples: organic solvents, detergents, cement dust, ammonia, chlorine.
Corrosive is a substance that reacts with body proteins and has a penetrating and burning effects on
the parts of the body with which they come into contact "skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract".
Examples: phenol, ammonia, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, etc.
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Toxic is a substance that has an adverse (poisonous) effect on a target organ or body system. The
substance causes its adverse effect when taken in relatively small dose. The effect is either acute or
chronic.
Example: lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.
Carcinogens are substances capable, often after long periods of exposure, causing disorders to cell
growth and may lead to cancer.
Example: asbestos, vinyl chloride, chromium.
78

CHEMICAL AGENTS - Toxic Substances
Toxic
Toxic is a substance that has an adverse (poisonous) effect on a target organ or body system. The
substance causes its adverse effect when taken in relatively small dose. The effect is either acute or
chronic
chronic.
Example: lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.
Acute health effect
Acute health effect is an adverse effect resulting from a single or short-term exposure and producing an
immediate or rapid effect.
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Examples: corrosive action, narcosis and primary irritation.

Chronic health effect
Chronic health effect is an adverse health effect resulting from prolonged or repeated exposures with a
gradual or latent and often irreversible effect that may often go unrecognized for a number of years.
Example: Cancer, sensitization dermatitis & damage to body organs.

CHEMICAL AGENTS - Toxic Substances
Local: action is at the site of contact such as the skin, mucous membranes of eye, nose, mouth,
throat or respiratory or gastro-intestinal tract
Systemic: action is at a point remote from the point of contact after the substance has been
absorbed
absorbed.
Toxicity: is a measure of the ability of a substance to produce harm in the human body.
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79

CHEMICAL AGENTS - Toxic Substances Spillage
In relation to the spillage of a toxic substance from a ruptured drum stored in a warehouse:
ways in which persons working in close vicinity to the spillage might be harmed.
Direct contact with the skin
Direct contact with eyes
Inhalation of fumes or particles
Ingestion of the materials (direct which is rare and indirect through contaminated hands and ingestion
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while eating, drinking or smoking at work).

Slipping hazards.
Hazards: depending on the chemical nature of the substances (as flammability for example).

CHEMICAL AGENTS - Toxic Substances Spillage
In relation to the spillage of a toxic substance from a ruptured drum stored in a warehouse:
ways in which persons working in close vicinity to the spillage might be harmed.
Procedure
Isolate or evacuate the area.
area
Make an initial assessment to determine extent of spillage, type of spillage (liquid, powder, etc.).
Summon help: from emergency services (if this is required).
Deal with the spillage according to its type (for example, in liquid spillage, use absorbent material).
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Issue the appropriate PPE to those involved in dealing with the spillage.
Give appropriate first aid and medical treatment to any person who might have been harmed by the initial
spillage.
Ongoing health surveillance for the persons exposed to the initial spillage.
Safe disposal of the spilled substance together with any contaminated material.
80

CHEMICAL AGENTS
A shoe repairer is required to trim soles by hand gluing them on to shoes with a solventbased adhesive. The measures to minimize the health risks from the tasks.
Solvent hazards and ergonomic hazards are the main health hazards.
Following are the main measures required to minimize the health risk:
Measures for solvent hazards:
The use of adhesive of lower toxicity solvent.
The installation of local exhaust ventilation system and ensuring adequate general ventilation.
Ensuring adhesive containers are closed when not in use.
The prohibition of eating or smoking in the work area.
The use of appropriate PPE (gloves, overalls, etc.).
Prohibition of used of naked flames and other spark causing by equipment.
Health surveillance programme to identify the early signs of any ill health effects.
Proper
P
workk station
t ti design
d i to
t reduce
d
stooping,
t i twisting,
t i ti overreaching,
hi etc.
t
Good standard of seating and lighting.
Reduce constant pressure on the body by varying the task, job rotation or by providing breaks away from the
work.
Use proper ergonomically designed tool (with a proper handle & kept sharp to minimize the force required, etc).
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ROUTES OF ENTRY
Routes of chemical agents entry to the body
By inhalation: if the chemicals agents is in the form of dust, vapour, fume, gas, etc. it is the most rapid route of
entrance.
B contact with
By
ith the skin:
skin chemicals can either:
either Irritate the skin causing
ca sing dermatitis.
dermatitis Penetrate the skin causing
ca sing
systemic toxicity. Damage the skin directly (such as acid)
By ingestion: can occur directly (by mistake if chemicals are not properly labeled) or indirectly through hands
contaminated with chemicals and reaching the mouth during eating, drinking or smoking.
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Injection: chemicals may injected hypodermically on sharps etc. or they may be injected at high pressure e.g
form hydraulic hoses.
81

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF CHEMICAL INDICATOR
Advantages and limitations of using a chemical indicator (stain detector) tube to monitor the
atmospheric concentration of hazardous substances.
The advantages are:
Cheap.
Simple and easy to use.
The limitations are:
It requires correct assembly with a properly sealed joint between the tube and bellows pump.
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It requires effective counter for the number of pump strokes.
It requires the reagent to be homogeneously distributed in the tube.

Cross reactively of the reagent with other substances can occur.
Reaction
R ti in
i the
th tube
t b is
i affected
ff t d by
b temperature
t
t andd pressure:
Change of temperature of 10 C can cause a reaction rate to be double.
Change in altitude can cause problems.
The tube has a shelf life so care is required to ensure the tube is currently operative.
Due to reagent complexity, adjustments cannot be made on one spot sample.

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL AT WORK
Factors to consider when managing the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals at work
Factors related to purchasing the hazardous chemicals as:
Purchasing the chemical with the least hazards.
Ensuringg that material safetyy data sheet is supplied
pp with the substance.
Factors related to transportation of the hazardous chemicals:
To follow instructions including: proper stacking, exclusion of ignition sources, driver training, emergency
equipment, etc.
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Safety signs including HAZCHEM and TREM cards.
Factors related to the storage of the hazardous chemicals
To be stored in a separate external area, which is properly ventilated, adequately lit, of a suitable temperature.
Proper stacking.
Good housekeeping.
Keeping incompatible chemicals apart.
Stand by-emergency equipment as fire extinguisher, etc.
82

Factors to consider when managing the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals at work
Factors related to use of the hazardous material:
The amount required only to be used.
To provide information to users about nature of substance,
substance ititss hazards,
hazards which type of PPE is required to be used
while dealing with it, etc. (this information is included in the substance safety data sheet)
Factors related to the disposal of the substance:
The safest way for disposal of the substance.
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The precautions required for disposal workers.

Forms an airborne hazardous substances may take
Dust: are solid particles suspended in the air. It is created by such operations as grinding.
Vapour: is the gaseous form of a liquid. It can result from heating a liquid.
Fume: fine particulate solids resulting from condensation of a vapour.
vapour
Gas: is a formless chemical that occupies the area in which it is enclosed.
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83

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
Occupational exposure standard (OES)
Occupational exposure standard (OES) is the concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference
period at which according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if
th are exposedd by
they
b inhalation
i h l ti day
d after
ft day
d to
t that
th t concentration.
t ti
Maximum exposure limit (MEL)
Maximum exposure limit (MEL) is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a
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reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances. MEL is either
short-term exposure limit (giving rise to acute problems) or long term exposure limit (giving rise to chronic
problems) . Maximum exposure limit should never be exceeded.

Actions managements could take when MEL has been exceeded.
Immediate actions:
Removal of people from the area.
Stopping
St i process or use off the
th substance.
b t
Long term actions:
Process review and process change to safer one (if feasible).
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Assessment and improvement of existing controls.

Review monitoring system.
Health surveillance.
84

Hierarchy of measures of controlling exposure to a hazardous substance at work.
Elimination of the substance (by process change thus removing the need for the substance).
Substitution of the substance by a less hazardous one.
Isolation
I l ti off the
th substance
b t
(b total
(by
t t l enclosure
l
off the
th process).)
Segregation of workers (by dividing up the workplace).
Changing work method in order to reduce exposure (e.g.: painting instead of spraying).
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Local exhaust or dilution ventilation.

Safety signs.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Information that should be included on hazard data sheet supplied with a hazardous
substance:
The name of the substance.
It's
It' physical
h i l andd chemical
h i l properties.
ti
Substance concentration.
The nature of hazard caused by the substance.
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Relevant standards related to the substance (e.g.: OES).
Precautions to be taken in storage, transport, use & disposal of the substance.

Measures to be taken in cases of emergency (e.g.: spillage or accident exposure) including first aid measures.
PPE recommended to be worn on dealing with the substance.
substance
85

Information that employees should receive when there is a risk that their work will expose
them to a substance hazardous to health.
The nature of the substance.
Substance
S b t
possible
ibl effects.
ff t
How the substance to be used, transported or stored.
The control measures available.
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The PPE required on dealing with the substance (and issues relating to how to use, how to clean, how to
report defects and so on).
Importance of personal hygiene on dealing with the substance.

Emergency procedures "including
including first-aid
first-aid".
Importance of health surveillance: to detect signs of early exposure to the substance.

VENTILATION
Dilution Ventilation
Dilution ventilation is designed to induce a flow of air through a room such that contaminants are
sufficiently diluted by the coming air. This is achieved by the use of inlet fans to ensure a supply of
clean
l
air.
i
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86

VENTILATION
Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation provided by opening windows or doors is also sometimes included as a form of
dilution ventilation, although any flow of air is less certain and therefore it cannot be thought of as an
" i
"engineering"
i " solution
l ti to
t an airborne
ib
contaminant
t i t problem.
bl
NEBOSH IGC

VENTILATION
Circumstances to use dilution ventilation
Contaminants of low toxicity.
Contaminant of low concentrations.
Uniformly
U if l evolved
l d contaminants.
t i t
Low density contaminants (not dust).
Areas where there is a non specific point of release.
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87

VENTILATION
Main components of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system
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VENTILATION
Circumstances to use dilution ventilation
1.
Exhaust inlet (hood)
2.
Ducting
3.
Purifying system (filter)
4.
Fan and motor
5.
Exhaust outlet
FLUE
FILTER
DUCTING
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FAN
HOOD
CAPTOR
RECEPTOR
88

VENTILATION
Factors affecting the efficiency of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system
Lack of maintenance and testing.
Unauthorized alteration.
Inadequate
I d
t design.
d i
Overwhelming by increased contaminant levels.
Wear or corrosion of fan blades.
Blocked filters.
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Hood being placed too far from the source of the contaminant.

VENTILATION
LEV is to be maintained by law every 14 months
LEV maintenance requirements between the statutory dates
To check if the filters are blocked.
To check if there is any obvious damage.
To check if there is overwhelming by increased contaminant level.
To check if there are obvious unauthorized alterations.
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To adjust the hood in the correct angle.

To lubricate moving parts.
To check effectiveness of the motor.
To check blades.
89
IGCCONTENT
2
UNIT 7

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
CONTENT
MODULE 7
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND
CONTROL
HEALTH EXPOSURES
RESPIRATORY DEFENSE MECHANISM
REPARABLE DUST
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM
TARGET ORGAN
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90

RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Respiratory diseases caused by exposure to dust at work.
Asbestosis. Silicosis. Byssinosis. Farmer's lung.
Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema & Lung cancer.
Definitions
Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of silica
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dust, which leads to inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue.

Byssinosis is an occupational disease of the lungs caused by
inhalation of cotton dust or dusts from other vegetable fibers such
as flax, hemp, or sisal.

RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Respiratory diseases caused by exposure to dust at work.
Farmer's Lung is an allergic disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay.
However, dust from any moldy crop--straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco--can also cause
Farmer's Lung.
Acute bronchitis is an infection of the bronchial (say: brawn-kee-ull) tree. The bronchial tree is
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made up of the tubes that carry air into your lungs. When these tubes get infected, they swell and
mucus (thick fluid) forms inside them. This makes it hard for you to breathe.
Emphysema is a chronic (long-term)
(long term) lung disease that can get worse over time.
time ItItss usually caused
by smoking. Having emphysema means some of the air sacs in your lungs are damaged, making it
hard to breathe.
91

RESPIRATORY DEFENSE MECHANISM
Body's respiratory defense mechanisms against atmospheric dust.
Anatomical structure: Nose and nasopharynx are perpendicular to Trachea and this helps reduce
velocity of inhaled air by collision with nasopharynx.
Respiratory ciliary's escalator: Particles impinge on the mucous lining of respiratory tract are moved
upwards by small hairs or cilia).
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Reflex actions: as sneezing & coughing to remove any foreign irritating material.
Phagocytosis: Is a mechanism by which particles in the alveoli are engulfed and digested (by the aid
off phagocytes).
h
t )

ELIMINATING DUST
Control measures to eliminate or reduce dust in a work environment
Elimination of dust (by process change).
g use of ppellets instead of ppowders).)
Substitution ((e.g.
Reduced time exposure (as to reduce the amount of grinding required).
Isolation (enclosure of the process e.g. in a glove box).
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Local exhaust ventilation (LEV): To extract dust close to source.

Vacuuming instead of sweeping.
Dust
D t Suppression
S
i by
b wett methods.
th d
Damping down.
PPE (respirator, )
92

RESPIRABLE DUST
Respirable Dust
Respirable dust is an airborne dust of such a size that it is able to enter the lungs during normal
p
Dust of 5 microns size or less is respirable.
p
respiration.
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ASSESSING WORKPLACE DUST
Ways to assess the levels of dust in a workplace
Visual signs of dust accumulation.
p
Dust lamps.
Direct reading instruments.
Sampling using pumps and filters followed by analysis.
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93

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL
Biological Hazard - Occupational Diseases
Hepatitis
Weil's diseases (Leptospirosis)
Legionnaire's
L i
i ' disease
di
Anthrax
Tetanus
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Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most
commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other
herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected
animals.
Tetanus, commonly called lockjaw, is a bacterial disease that affects the nervous system. It is contracted
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through a cut or wound that becomes contaminated with tetanus bacteria. The bacteria can get in through even
a tiny pinprick or scratch, but deep puncture wounds or cuts like those made by nails or knives are especially
susceptible to infection with tetanus. Tetanus bacteria are present worldwide and are commonly found in soil,
dust and manure. Infection with tetanus causes severe muscle spasms, leading to "locking" of the jaw so the
patient cannot open his/her mouth or swallow, and may even lead to death by suffocation. Tetanus is not
transmitted from person to person.
94

Control measures to reduce the risk of infection from Anthrax:
Disinfection of materials infected with Anthrax spores (as wool).
Procedures for disposal of potentially infected materials (as meat, milk, etc.).
Protection of personnel dealing with infected animals (by using the appropriate PPE).
Proper ventilation.
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Control measures to reduce the risk of infection from Hepatitis:
Immunization of groups at risk
Use of disposable syringes
Strict care in blood transfusion procedures
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Procedures for proper disposal of hospital refuse (including syringes & needles)
Boiling of water or water super chlorination
Medical personnel wear suitable PPE at work
Health surveillance
95

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Routes of Entry
Possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body
Inhalation
Ingestion
Injection
Entry through open wounds
Through eyes
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Entry through body orifices as: nose, ear, anus, vagina, etc
Through placenta (from mother to baby)

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Control Measures
Control measures to reduce the risk of infection from biological organisms.
Disinfection for materials or equipment contaminated with the agent.
Good personal hygiene.
Immunization: vaccination.
Water control (by boiling or chlorination).
Proper disposal of wastes.
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Use of the appropriate PPE.
96

Typical symptoms of Dermatitis
Skin inflammation
Dryness of skin
Cracking of skin
Rash
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Substances to cause Dermatitis
Solvents as xylene, turpentine

Cement dust
Chrome
Nickel compounds
Formalin
Wood dust

Preventive Measures
Specific control measures designed to prevent occurrence of dermatitis
Elimination of the dermatitis causing substances (by process change).
Substitution (e.g. use of pellets instead of powders).
Engineering methods as:
Splash guards to minimize contact with the substance.
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Segregation of workers.
Ventilation.
W t methods
Wet
th d for
f dust.
d t
Good personal hygiene.

Use of barrier and after work creams.
Use of specific PPE.
97

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Target Organ
Target Organ
Target organ is the part of the body that sustains an adverse effect when exposed to or contaminated
by a particular harmful substances or agent.
Examples:
Skin is the target organ of Dermatitis.
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Liver is the target organ of Hepatitis.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Personal Hygiene
Personal hygienic practices to reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance
Regular hand washing.
Restriction of smoking and eating in the workplace.
Removing and cleaning contaminated clothes.
The use of suitable PPE (as gloves).
NEBOSH IGC
98

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Asbestos Exposure
Asbestos Exposure Diseases
Asbestosis
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma
Asbestosis, the pulmonary fibrosis caused by asbestos fibers, develops after years of exposure to the
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asbestos fibers. After the fibrosis becomes well established the worker develops increasing breathlessness
often with cough, sputum and weight-loss.
Mesothelioma:- The National Cancer Institute states that: "Malignant mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer, is
a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the sac lining the chest (the pleura), the lining of the
abdominal cavity (the peritoneum) or the lining around the heart (the pericardium)."

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Asbestos Exposure
Asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building during innovation work
Wall and roof panels
Pipe lagging
Coating as fire resistant encapsulation of metal girders
Insulation materials
Gaskets
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99

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Risks to Pregnant Women
Factors that may increase risks to pregnant women
Excessive movement and physical activities.
Manual handling activities: as lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, etc.
Dietary Factors:
Lack of essential nutrients in the diet as Proteins, Calcium, and iron.
Intake of excess fats or carbohydrates.
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Smoking: whether active or passive.

Alcohol and drug abuse.
Indiscriminate use of legal drugs: without medical advice (Panadol is an example).

Exposure to radiation: as Medical X-Ray.
Infection by biological agents as German measles virus. (German measles is a mild infectious illness
caused by the rubella virus)
Stresses & psychological disturbances.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Indications of Dust Problem
Possible indications of a dust problem in workplace
The process carried out may suggest that dust will be generated e.g.: Grinding.
Dust in the atmosphere: may be visible particularly in a beam of sunlight or by the beam from a
tyndall lamp.
Visual signs of dust accumulation: Deposit of dust might be evident on benches, articles,
equipment, etc.
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Air monitoring: by drawing air through a filter, then analyzing the filter, this will help to detect low
dust concentrations.
Dust effect on health: as coughing, sneezing, asthmatic symptoms, etc.
Impaired respiratory function due to dust inhalation (as detected by health surveillance tests as XRay or Pulmonary function tests.).
100

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Exposure
Exposures;
Carbon Monoxide
Legionella
Asbestos
Hepatitis
Health Effects
Situation of exposure
i) Carbon Monoxide
*Headache
*Drowsiness
*Possible Asphyxia and death
*vehicle repair premises.

*underground car park.
*boiler with a defective flue.
ii) Asbestos
*Asbestosis
*Lung cancer
*Mesothelioma
*Maintenance work for a building where

asbestos is contained.
Demolition work
work.
*Demolition
iii) Legionella
* Legionnaires disease manifested by flulike symptoms, pneumonia and in 15% of

cases death can occur.
*air conditioning systems and cooling

towers where water droplets are released
into atmosphere.
iv) Hepatitis Virus
*Jaundice, fever, abdominal pain.

* Liver cell failure is the serious result.
*Medical and paramedical personnel

exposed to needle stick injuries.
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BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Foundry Exposure
Possible effects on health caused by working in a hot environment such a foundry
Dehydration: due to loss of fluids.
Heat stress in the form of;
Heat syncope
Heat cramps
Heat exhaustion
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Heat stroke
Heat rash
Radiant heat burns
Eye infection or cataracts
101

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Vibrating Hand Tools
In relation to the ill-health from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:
The typical symptoms are:
Numbness of fingers.
Blanching of fingers.
fingers
Swollen painful joints.
Reduction in manual dexterity (things may fall form hands and fine adjustment by hand cannot be
achieved).
The control measures are:
NEBOSH IGC
Eliminate the risk: by process change to eliminate the need for using vibrating hand-held tools.
Reduce the risk: To modify operating procedure so that the pressure upon the tool required by
operator is reduced.
Proper selection of equipment and maintenance.
Reducing time of exposure of operators to vibration (this may necessitate recruitment of new staff).
Health surveillance to detect the early sings and symptoms of vibration illness.
Use of appropriate PPE (as gloves to keep hand warm).


BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS A CASE
A fitter is employed to lay carpet tiles using a solvent-based adhesive in such circumstances.
The possible health effects are;
Affecting the skin causing dermatitis.
If reach the eye causes eye inflammation.
If fumes are inhaled it will lead to;
NEBOSH IGC
Effects on Central Nervous System.
Dizziness
Narcosis
Respiratory sensitization leading to asthma.
102

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS A CASE
A fitter is employed to lay carpet tiles using a solvent-based adhesive in such circumstances.
The control measures are;
Elimination: Suggest the use of other alternatives for this process to eliminate the need for using solvent.
Substitution: Use materials which are less hazardous.
Provision of adequate instructions and training of workers about;
Hazards of adhesive materials.
NEBOSH IGC
How to use it safely (safe system of work)
The importance of wearing the suitable PPE

Provision of adequate ventilation in the area.
Health surveillance to detect the early signs of exposure to the adhesive.

adhesive
Provision and use of the required PPE (as gloves, goggles, respirators, overall, etc.).

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Routes of Entry
Possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body
Inhalation: inhaling air contaminated by disease agents as bacteria, viruses, etc. is a common and
rapid way of entrance of biological organisms into the body.

Ingestion: which is either;
Direct: through drinking and / or eating contaminated drink or food.

Indirect: through contaminated hand from soiled materials.
Injection: through;
NEBOSH IGC
Syringes and needles transmitting diseases as hepatitis.

Insects as anopheles causing malaria.
Through cuts & wounds: leading to;

Local infection of the wound.
Systematic illness as tetanus.
Through the eye: as due to housefly leading to infective conjunctivitis.
Through body orifices: as nose, ear, anus, vagina, etc.
103

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Preventive Measures
Measures to prevent possible effects on health while working in hot environment as foundry.
Gradual exposure of workers to heat (to achieve physiological adaptation to heat).
Reducing the time of exposure to heat.
Rest breaks in shady areas.
Barriers or shields between hot source & workers.
Taking workers away from the hot source.
Use of suitable clothes by the workers according to the type of heat;
NEBOSH IGC
Minimum clothes if heat is by conduction.

Clothes to reflect heat if heat is by radiation.
Proper ventilation in the area.

area
Sufficient supply of water and salts to replace the fluids lost.
Provision of information to workers regarding;

Heat hazards.
How to protect the body from heat hazards.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Dermatitis
Factors influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring in workers handling dermatitis substances
Type of dermatitic substance.
Form of dermatitic substance ((solid,, liquid,

q , vapor,
p , fume,, etc.).)
Concentration of dermatitic substance.
The individual susceptibility of workers.
Duration & frequency of exposure to the substance.
The use of after work creams.
Th use off PPE.

The
PPE
NEBOSH IGC
104

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Asbestos
Types of asbestos commonly found in a buildings
White asbestos
Blue asbestos
Brown asbestos
NEBOSH IGC
IGCCONTENT
2
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL
UNIT 8

HAZARDS AND CONTROL
AND CONTROL
NEBOSH IGC
HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CONTROL
HAZARD AND CONTROL

AND CONTROL
105
CONTENT
MODULE 8
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES HAZARDS AND CONTROL
ERGONOMIC
NOISE EXPOSURE
RADIATION EXPOSURE
CONSTRUCTION DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION
WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
NEBOSH IGC

ERGANOMIC
ERGONOMICS
Ergonomic is designing a task to suit the individual in terms of physical and mental capabilities and the
individual's expectations.
NEBOSH IGC
106

ERGANOMIC
Factors to be considered when assessing risks to health of a user of DSE
Screen characteristics (definition, flicker, reflections, glare, etc.).
Design & dimensions of equipment: as desk, chair, keyboard, screen, etc.
Adjustability of equipment: as chair, screen, etc.
Work space: enough for workers to move during work.
Work environment: lighting, ventilation, comfortable temperature, reduction of noise, etc.
NEBOSH IGC
Software ergonomics: size, colours, delays, etc.
Rest breaks: to be provided (this require redesigning task).

User characteristics: posture, eye sight, pregnancy, etc.

ERGANOMIC
Factors to consider in an ergonomic assessment of a workstation to be used by an operator
of a visual display unit (VDU).
Height and position of keyboard & screen.
Design
D i off chair:
h i to
t be
b adjustable,
dj t bl with
ith swivel
i l capability,
bilit with
ith goodd lumbar
l b supportt andd to
t be
b sloped
l d so that
th t on
seating thigh is parallel to the ground".
Adjustability of screen.
NEBOSH IGC
Screen characteristics (definition, color, reflection, glare, etc.
Environmental factors: as lighting, temperature, humidity, work space, noise, etc
107

ERGANOMIC
Work activities that may gives rise to WRULDs (Work related Upper Limb Disorder).
Keyboard use (DSE operators).
Assembly work.
Supermarket check operator.
Hair dressers.
Cleaners.
NEBOSH IGC

ERGANOMIC
Measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of WRULDs.
Redesign task (e.g.: automation to avoid repetitive manual tasks).
Work organization (e.g.: job rotation).
Equipment design: as keyboard, screen, chair, desk, etc. for DSE operators.
Proper selection and training of personnel.
NEBOSH IGC
108

ERGANOMIC
Possible effects on health that may be caused by the poor ergonomic design of a VDU
workstation.
WRULDs: manifested by pain in neck, shoulder or upper limb usually following repetitive tasks as DSE use,
assembly work, etc.
Eye strain: manifested by diminution of vision, headache, etc. and it usually result from poor lighting in work
area, not enough distance away from the screen, reflections, glare, etc.
NEBOSH IGC
Fatigue and stress: manifested by lack of concentration, irritability, lack of temper, etc. and is usually due to
continuous work. (with no breaks).
Facial dermatitis: manifested by skin rash on the face and is due to work in a hot ill
ill-ventilated
ventilated place.
place

ERGANOMIC
A computer user has complaint of neck and back pain. Outline the features associated with
the workstation that might have contributed towards this condition.
Screen position: improper layout of screen or to be at an incorrect height leading to repeated head
movement.
Chair: is at incorrect height or the seat back is incorrectly adjusted.
Lighting: poor general or local lighting.
NEBOSH IGC
Reflections & glare on the screen will force the user to adopt awkward postures to avoid them.
Exposure to draughts.
The sitting of ancillary equipment (as printer) will also impose awkward movements as twisting.
109

ERGANOMIC
Features of a suitable seat for sedentary work.
To be adjustable: to suit different users of different heights.
To be provided with swivel capability: to allow movement without twisting the body.
Adequate lumbar support should be provided by the seat back.
Seat should be sloped so that on seating, the thighs are parallel to floor.
Seat is to be provided with armrest.
NEBOSH IGC
Footrest is to be provided (to be used when required).

Tilt capability is required in particular circumstances.
The base should be stable and depending on the type of activity it may need castors.
To
T be
b made
d off material
t i l appropriate
i t for
f the
th environment.
i
t

ERGANOMIC
Possible health risks associated with working in a seated position for a prolonged period of
time.
Back problems: due to damage in vertebrae or in back muscles.
Problems due to static posture: as musculoskeletal disorders of neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, wrists, etc.
Effects on joints, tendons & ligaments.
Numbness or tingling: due to compression & entrapment of nerves.
NEBOSH IGC
Circulatory problems as restricted blood flow to limbs that can eventually lead to deep venous thrombosis
(D.V.T.).
Cardiovascular health problems e.g.: elevated blood pressure.

Digestive disorders.
disorders
Obesity and its subsequent health problems.
110

ERGANOMIC
Symptoms of WRULDs and the factors that will increase the risk of occurrence of WRULDs
*Symptoms of WRULDs: symptoms appear in the upper limb (neck, shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist & hand) and
include:
Dull aching pain.
Inability to grasp things securely.
With continued progress of the case, the victim may become incapacitated and lose ability to use the part.
NEBOSH IGC
*Factors increasing risk of WRULDs:
Repetitive movements: without sufficient break times.

Awkward postures: as stooping, twisting, overreaching.
Improper
I
selection
l ti off the
th workers
k for
f the
th job:
j b the
th worker
k is
i nott fit enoughh to
t perform
f
th job.
the
j b
Improper training of the worker.
Improper design of the workstation: including insufficient space, improper chair, keyboard and screen
position, etc.

NOISE
The possible effects on health from exposure to noise.
Possible effects on health from exposure to noise:
Short-term effects:
Acute acoustic trauma: sudden damage of ear drum due to intense noise levels as in explosion.
Temporary threshold shift: due to fatigue of hearing cells conveying frequencies outside the conversation
speech range.
Long-term effects:
NEBOSH IGC
Tinnitus: ringing in the ear due to intense stimulation of auditory nerve over a period of time.
Permanent threshold shift: due to death of hearing cells conveying frequencies outside the conversation
speechh range.
Noise-induced hearing loss: due to death of hearing cells conveying conversation speech frequencies.
Fatigue or stress.
111

NOISE
dB (A) & Daily personal noise exposure (LEP1d)
dB (A): is a scale for noise measurement. It is a decibel scale with A-weighting is included in the scale to
mimic the response of the human ear in filtering sound. (the human ear is less sensitive to low frequencies).
Daily personal noise exposure (LEP1d): is the continuous equivalent noise level, expressed in dB (A) and
measured over an 8 hours working day.
NEBOSH IGC

NOISE
Types of engineering controls that may be used to reduce noise
Absorption: using barriers of porous material (e.g.: foam) to reduce sound energy, e.g.: baffles.
Damping: the use of rubber, cork, or similar material to reduce structure borne noise (these materials are to be fitted as pads,
stiffening ribs,
ribs etc.
etc to reduce vibration) e.g.:
e g : machines mounts.
mounts
Silencing: the use of silencers to suppress noise generated when air, gas, or steam flow in pipes or are exhausted to
atmosphere.
Isolation: in acoustically-quiet booths.
NEBOSH IGC
Screens: to reduce direct noise transmission.
Lagging: can be used on pipes carrying steam or hot liquids.

Process change: e.g.: presses instead of hammers, Bolting instead of riveting.
Operating rotating and reciprocating equipment as slowly as practicable.
practicable
Keeping sudden velocity changes in pipe work and ducts to a minimum.
Enclosure: surrounding the noise source with sound absorbing material (the effect is limited until total enclosure is achieved).
Equipment design: e.g.: use of nylon gears.
Proper maintenance & lubrication of machines.
112

NOISE
Frequency & Intensity
Frequency of sound: it refers to pitch of the sound. It is the number of cycles or waves/second and is
measured in Hz.
Intensity of sound: refers to loudness or amplitude of the sound and is measured in decibels.
A= Amplitude (Amplitude is proportional to sound pressure.)
= Wave length (Lamda).
NEBOSH IGC
Frequency, or number of cycles per second, has unit in Hertz (Hz).

NOISE
Short-term and long-term actions required to tackle a noise problems
Short-term plan:
Turning the noisy machine around may reduce noise levels.
Maintenance and lubrication of the noisy equipment.
equipment
Taking the worker away from noisy equipment.
Use of ear PPE (ear plugs or ear muffs).
Long-term plan:
NEBOSH IGC
Purchasing new equipment with no or very little noise.

Design quieter processes.
Use of:
- silencers.
- absorptive materials
- damping.
- screens.
Segregation of workers.
Reducing time of exposure to noise (it may require recruitment of additional staff).
Fitting cut-out devices that trigger if pre-set noise limits are exceeded (noise alarms).
113

NOISE
Noise source, people at risk and control measures for the following situations:
-Construction or roadwork
-Bottling plant
-Disco/ night club
-Telephone call center
Noise Source
People at Risk
Control Measure
-operators.
-& those in immediately in vicinity (at a high risk).
-Members of the public & passers by (at low risk)
-reduce noise at source (muffle road

drill for example).
-issue PPE.
Noise from filling line
-workers in the area
-restrict access to essential personnel

only.
-wear hearing protection in the
bottlingg area.
3.) Disco/night
club
Noise from the music
-disco jockeys & staff (at high risk).

-members of the public (at medium to high
risk
-limit sound levels at source by

fitting cut-out devices that trigger
if preset noise limits are
exceeded.
-limit staff exposure time
4.) Telephone call

center
Noise from telephones

& general office noise
-operators with low risk of hearing damage

but high risk of effects of stress
-use of appropriate material for

construction, including the use of
partitions & furnishing.
-work to be interrupted by breaks.
1.) Construction/
Road works
Heavy mechanical
Digging or piling.
2.) Bottling plant
NEBOSH IGC

NOISE
Components of sound-level meter
The main components of sound level meter:
Microphone assembly.
Electronic measuring and amplification "including: preamplifier, input amplifier, weighting network, output
amplifier & rectifier.
Indicating meter.
NEBOSH IGC
114

RADIATION
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation with high energy potential and general ability to penetrate, ionize and
damage body tissues and organs. Example is x-rays.
NEBOSH IGC

RADIATION
Suitable measures to control of ionizing radiations
Reducing time of exposure to ionizing radiation.
Shielding (interposing material between radiation source and exposed person): materials of high mass
number are chosen for shielding.
Distance: increasing the distance between radiation source & those exposed will reduce the radiation dose
received.
NEBOSH IGC
Automatic alarms: if radiation level exceeds certain limits.
Monitoring external radiation dose: by use of film badges or thermo luminescent dosimeters.
Health surveillance: to detect early sings of exposure to radiation.
Proper
P
di
disposal
l off radioactive
di ti wastes.
t
Wearing the suitable PPE: to prevent radioactive material from being inhaled, ingested or coming into contact
with skin.
Warning signs to refer to Radiation hazard.
115

RADIATION
Types of non-ionizing radiation giving an occupational source
Type of non-ionizing radiation
Occupational
Ultraviolet-rays
-Physiotherapy
-Welding (arc welding)
Infrared-rays
-Furnaces
-Glass blowing.
Radio frequency
NEBOSH
-Radio,IGC
TV
-Dryers, heaters
Mi
Microwaves
-Ovens, cookers
-Radar
R d

RADIATION
Health effects associated with the exposure to non-ionizing radiation
Actinic keratitis (arc eye): due to welding arc and is manifested by eye pain, lacrimation & photophobia.
Eye cataracts.
Erythema or burning of skin.
Premature skin aging.
Skin cancer.
NEBOSH IGC
116

RADIATION
Workplace sources of ionizing radiation
Medical x-ray equipment.
Smoke detectors.
X-ray for scrutiny of welds
NEBOSH IGC

RADIATION
Possible effects on health arising from exposure to ionizing radiation
Skin effects: reddening, blistering & ulceration.
Loss of hair.
Eye cataracts.
Sterility.
Radiation sickness (with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea).
NEBOSH IGC
Cell damage including genetic mutation.

Cancers as leukemia, skin cancer, etc.
117

RADIATION
Suitable measures for control of non-ionizing radiation
Unauthorized people should not gain access to the radiation area.
Reduce the time of exposure to the minimum "this require changing system of work".
Shielding: to be suitable for the hazard (for example: metal in case of microwaves).
Working from a distance.
Wearing the appropriate clothes.
Wearing the appropriate PPE.
NEBOSH IGC
Increasing ventilation.
Maintenance of heaters or dryers can help to prevent leak of stray energy.
Reduce
R d
ti off exposure to
time
t sun andd use sun creams to
t actt as a shield.
hi ld
Health surveillance to detect early signs of exposure.

RADIATION
Controlling exposure to ionizing radiation
Enclosures: by a concrete and/or lead encasement or the use of a glove box.
Shielding: by barriers or screens.
Segregation: by distance (to increase the distance between radiation source & receivers).
Reducing time of exposure of employees to radiation.
Ensuring appointment by the employer of radiation protection adviser & radiation protection supervisor to
NEBOSH IGC
assist in radiation control strategies.
Monitoring of exposure to radiation (either environmental monitoring or personal monitoring as for example
by film badges).
Proper
P
di
disposal
l or radioactive
di ti wastes.
t
Training and supervision for workers dealing with ionizing radiation as x-ray workers for example.
Good personal hygiene practices.
The use of the required PPE.
118

RADIATION
occupational sources and state the possible health effects of;
i. Ultraviolet rays.
ii. Infrared rays.
iii Microwave & radio frequency.
iii.
frequency
Occupational source
Ultraviolet rays
-Physiotherapy
-Arc welding
Health effects
-Effects on the eye: arc eye (actinic keratitis).
-Effects on the skin:
*Erythema
*Premature aging
*Cancer
NEBOSH IGC
-Furnaces
-Glass blowing
-Effects on the eye:

*Eye cataract
-Effects on the skin:
*Skin burns
(Skin irritation)
Radio frequency
-Radio, T.V.
-Dryers, heaters
The major hazards are the absence of pain on exposure

thus deep-seated burns may occur.
Microwaves
-Oven, cookers,
-Radar
The major hazard is the absence of pain on exposure thus

deep-seated burn may occur.
Infrared rays

RADIATION
Categories of people at risk from UV radiation
Nurses
Physiotherapists
Printing machine operators
Food and drink irradiators
Laboratory workers
Lighting technicians
NEBOSH IGC
119

CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION
Main hazard associated with construction work
Chemical hazards in different forms (air borne as dust, fumes, vapours, gases from materials as cement
powder, organic solvents, etc. liquids as adhesive, tar, etc.).
Illnesses,
Illnesses Asbestosis,
Asbestosis Lead poisoning,
poisoning Allergies,
Allergies etc.
etc
Noise: from sources as vehicles, air compressors, cranes, pneumatic hammers, power saws, etc.
Vibration: occur with pneumatic hammers, hand held tools, etc.
Heat: Roofers are exposed to sun, working beside hot engines, heated pots of tar, etc.
NEBOSH IGC
Radiation: UV rays of the sun is an example. X-ray exposure can occur on checking welds.
Falls: due to unstable footing, unguarded holes, slip off scaffolding or ladders, etc.
Manual handling hazards: leading to back problems, hernia, etc.
Diseases: as histoplasmosis, influenza, T.B., etc.
Attacks by animals.
Social problems: due to intermittent & constantly changing pattern of life of construction workers.
Ergonomic hazards.
Electrical hazards.

Precautions to ensure the safety of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorized
access into a construction site
Reduce the likelihood of access (by fences, signs, security patrols, etc.).
Ensuring
E
i safety
f t off the
th site
it by:
b
- Filling, covering or fencing excavations.
- Removing or boarding ladders.
- Immobilizing machinery.
NEBOSH IGC
- Locking away chemicals and tools.

- Reducing the height of materials.
- Isolating services.
services
- Clearing rubbish & debris.
120

Health and safety precautions when undertaking demolitions work
Barriers & fences to protect from falling debris.
Means of preventing falls from height.
Identification and isolation of services.
Warning signs.
Removal of debris from upper levels by the use of Elephant trunks.
NEBOSH IGC
Means of suppressing dust. (e.g.: damping down).
The identification and correct removal of hazardous substance such as Asbestos & Lead.
The use of properly maintained equipment.
Means
M
off preventing
ti premature
t collapse
ll
or the
th collapse
ll
off adjoining
dj i i properties.
ti
Competent personnel.
Use of the suitable PPE (e.g.: hard hats, ear defenders, mask, footwear, etc.

Main precautions when carrying out the excavation work
Detection of services (from plans, use of cable/pipe detectors).
Support of sides.
Storage of materials and take it away from edge.
Stop blocks to prevent vehicles from falling into excavation.
Barriers and guard rails.
Safe means of access/egress.
NEBOSH IGC
Testing for and ventilation of fumes.

Means of pumping out water.
Competent
C
t t personnel.l
Use of suitable PPE.
121

Hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer
Manual handling hazard: controlled by the use of mechanical aids as conveyor belts for
example, by reducing the weights of the loads, by proper selection and training of handlers, etc.
Ergonomic hazard: controlled by the proper sitting of materials to reduce awkward
movements as twisting, etc, by proper workstation design, good light, etc.
Cement health hazards: "irritant & corrosive" to be controlled by the establishment of safe
NEBOSH IGC
system of work, good hygienic practices, use PPE as overalls, gloves, masks, etc.
Electrical hazards (if the mixer is electrical): to be controlled by regular inspection and testing
of equipment, reducing current voltage, safety at the power supply, safety of wires, cables, etc.
andd the
th use off residual
id l currentt devices,
d i
etc.
t
Hazard of petrol driven mixer to be controlled by measures as: provision of safe storage
facilities for the fuel to protect against the risk of fire, training in fueling procedures and the
prohibitions of mixer use in confined spaces to protect from exhaust fumes as carbon
monoxide.

Possible causes of a dumper truck overturn on a construction site
Overloading of the bucket of the truck.
Uneven loading of the truck bucket.
Cornering at excessive speeds.
Incorrect driving across slopes.
Driving too close to the edges of embankments or excavations.
Hitting obstructions.
NEBOSH IGC
Inappropriate tire pressure.

Mechanical defects of the truck.
122

Design features of a dumper truck intended to minimize the risk of an overturn
The position of the truck center of gravity.
The width of the wheelbase.
Roll-over protection.
The use of seat belts.
NEBOSH IGC

Checklist for the safe use of suspended access equipment, such as a window-cleaning
cradle.
Condition of cables
Condition
C diti off pulleys
ll
Safety of platform boards
Presence of guardrails
NEBOSH IGC
Presence of barriers below work area

Presence of signs
Communication arrangements
Emergency arrangements
Use of PPE as harness
123

Circumstances in which it would be inappropriate to carry out work at height from ladder
Inappropriate task (e.g.: where two hands are needed or where the work area is large).
The equipment or materials to used are heavy and awkward.
Work
W k att excessive
i height.
h i ht
Work of a long duration where use of ladders will lead to ergonomic body problems.
The ladders cannot be secured or made stable.
NEBOSH IGC
The ladder cannot be protected from vehicles.

Adverse weather conditions.

In relation to safe access for construction work above ground level:
- Means by a labeled sketch, the component parts of an independent tied scaffolds.
- Precautions when using a ladder as a means of access to the scaffold.
Main components of independent tied scaffold:
Upright poles.
Diagonal poles.
NEBOSH IGC
Bracing (transverse & longitudinal).

Sole plates & base plates.
Working platform.
Guard rail
Toe board. For edge protection.
Ledger & transoms.
Tie to the structure.
124

Types of independent tied scaffold:
Light duty: where one platform is used at any one time e.g.: for painting.
General purpose: where up to 4 platforms can be used. Example for general maintenance.
NEBOSH IGC
Heavy duty: where 2 heavy duty and two light duty platforms are used. Example for masonry work.

Precautions when using a ladder as a means of access to the scaffold:
Ensuring suitability of the ladder (regarding type, length, free from damage, etc.).
Securing the ladder.
NEBOSH IGC
Use of the ladder on a firm and level ground.
Safe position of the ladder (e.g.: away from traffic routes).

Correct height to base ratio of 4:1
Area at base to be kept clear of obstruction,
obstruction mud,
mud etc.
etc
Platform at top to be kept clear of obstruction.
Ensuring removal at the end of the day.
125

Factors contribute to the collapse of an independent tied scaffold
Incorrect design or assembly.
Unstable foundations (unconsolidated ground, close proximity to excavations, inadequate sole plates & base
plates).
Unauthorized alteration (e.g.: removal of ties).
Overloading of platforms.
Adverse weather conditions.
NEBOSH IGC

Precautions to prevent materials falling from a scaffold whilst work is being carried out
The close boarding of platforms.
The provision of toe boards, brick guards, nets, etc.
Good housekeeping to prevent the build-up of materials on the scaffold.
The use of netting, particularly where the public are at risk.
NEBOSH IGC
126

Main hazards associated with the use of ladders at work and how to avoid these hazards.
Falling hazard: due to slipping or due to insecure ladder (on top and/ or base).
Falling materials over passers by (due to no guarding of area, no signs, etc.).
Electrical
El i l hazard:
h
d due
d to placing
l i metallic
lli ladders
l dd or wet wooden
d ladders
l dd near power lines.
li
Collision of ladders by vehicles: if the area is not guarded.
Weather hazards as heat, cold, etc.
How such hazards may be avoided:
NEBOSH IGC
Before using ladder be sure it is free from slippery substances.

Guarding of the work area & the use of signs & markings.
Make sure ladder is firmly secured (tied at top, secured at bottom or footed by a second person if no more than 3 meters
height If > 3m height,
height.
height more stable access is required,
required e.g
e g temporary scaffold).
scaffold)
Ensure correct slope of ladder (75 0 angle) corresponding to a ratio of 4:1.
Ensure that rungs are level and free from defects.
Metallic ladders & wet wooden ladders to be away from power lines.
Ensure that ladders are regularly inspected & maintained.
Use of the required PPE.

Features that you would look for in properly erected scaffolding
The features that you should you would look for in a properly erected scaffolding are: Correct design with
adequate load bearing capacity, adequate foundations, structures should be erected by competent persons, all
working platform edges should be adequately protected. (by toe boards, net, handrails, etc.), safe stacking of
all materials resting on platforms, no overloading of platforms, working platforms provided with safe means of
access, and check inspection records to ensure regular inspection.
NEBOSH IGC
127

Independent scaffolding
Independent scaffolding is a scaffolding independent of the structure to which access is required. It has many
types:
Independent tied scaffold: which are tied to the structure for stability (for example to a window).
Independent mobile towers: which are towers formed with scaffold tubes and mounted on wheels. They
have single working platforms with hand rails and toe boards all around.
NEBOSH IGC

Precautions when contractors are carrying out work on a fragile roof
The use of roof ladders or crawling boards. As an absolute minimum, 2 ladders or boards are needed. (never
step onto a fragile roof).
The fragile area is to be covered and the cover should extend a minimum of 1 meter up the roof.
NEBOSH IGC
128

Precautions necessary for the safe use of a mobile access tower.
Precautions for safe use of mobile towers:
Erection should be in accordance with manufacturer's recommendation.
Erection,
E i alteration
l
i & dismantling
di
li to be
b done
d
b competent persons.
by
It should stand on a firm level base.
Scaffold tubes to be free from defects e.g.: bent sections.
Proper bracing to prevent twisting and collapse.
NEBOSH IGC
The ratio of the minimum base dimensions to the height should not exceed: 1:3 in external use & 1:3.5 in internal use.
The maximum height of free standing tower is 9.75 meters.
The maximum height of tied tower is 12 meters.
A safe means of access to be provided on the narrowest side of the tower "as
as vertical ladders attached internally
internally".
Platforms should be properly supported and fully boarded.
Toe boards & guard rails to be provided to prevent falls of workers and/ or materials.
Ladder or stepladders should not be placed on the platform to gain extra height for working.

Precautions necessary for the safe use of a mobile access tower.
Precautions for safe use of mobile towers:
Tie the mobile tower if:
-The scaffold is likely to be exposed to strong winds.
-The tower base is too small for the height.
-The tower is to be used for operations like: Grit blasting, Heavy drilling,
Water jetting.
NEBOSH IGC
-If necessary to lift materials & equipment up.

On using a mobile tower, make sure the castors are locked.
Toe boards & guard rails are to be provided for a platform of more than
1.5 meter height. The guard rails should be 3 feet above the platform.
Before moving tower, be sure no power lines obstructions, holes in the
ground, etc.
Push the tower from the base.
129

Precautions that may be needed when carrying out repairs of the flat roof of a building
Provision of safe access to the roof: by scaffolding and/or ladder.
Edge protection: to prevent falling of people and / or materials.
Barriers around the area below the roof to prevent access to the area.
Netting under the roof is sometimes required.
Means of transporting materials to and from the work area.
NEBOSH IGC
Protecting workers from weather conditions as sun, rains, winds, etc.

The proper positioning and the safe use of hazardous
equipment as: bitumen boilers & gas cylinder.
Special Measures for fragile roof. Never step on fragile
roof directly. Use roof ladder or crawling boards. (these are to be laid across the roof surface).
Wearing the suitable PPE (harness is required in addition to other PPE items as helmet, gloves, safety
shoes, overall, etc.).

Woodwork on the exterior of a two-storey office building is to be repaired during July this year.
Preparation work will be carried out from a mobile tower scaffold using blow lamps, scrapers
and an electrical hand-held sander.
1) Identify
Identif the measures
meas res that should
sho ld be adopted in order to protect against the danger of people and / or
materials falling from the scaffold.
2) Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity when using the portable sander.
3) List four other hazards arising from the preparation work and for each hazards, state the possible means
of protection.
NEBOSH IGC
130

1) The measure of required are:
Erection of scaffold should be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.
Erection of scaffold to be done by competent persons.
Barriers (by tape for example), warning signs and flash light around the work area.
Scaffold should rest on firm level ground.
Scaffold tubes to be free from defects.
Proper bracing to prevent scaffolding collapse.
NEBOSH IGC
Castor wheels to be locked while working.
To tie the mobile tower if there are winds or if using heavy materials or equipment.
To be of a safe height: no to exceed: 9.75 meter for mobile towers & 12 meters for tied independent towers.
Safe ratio of base dimensions to height: 1:3 in external use & 1:3.5 in internal use.
Use safe ladder is to properly secured.
Toe boards and guard rails to be adequate enough to prevent persons and materials falling.
Close boarding of platform.
Never move the tower while people and / or materials are still on platform.
Good housekeeping of materials on the platform.

2) The practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity:
Use certified suitable sander free from any defect.
Check the cable condition and connections.
Use double insulated cable with impact proof cover/water proof cover.
Use low voltage (110v).
Fit protective device as residual current breaker (RCB) or fuse.
If possible use battery powered equipment (to avoid electrical risk).
NEBOSH IGC
Earthing: to connect the equipment to earth so that in fault conditions, earth will constitute the least resistant pathway for
current.
Proper training and competence of users.

Regular inspection and maintenance of equipment.
Proper storage of the equipment.
Use the proper PPE
131

Hazard
Precautions
*Heat hazard: due to working under the Sun
- Reducing time of exposure.

- Frequent rest breaks in a shady area.
- Wear suitable clothes and wear caps or helmets.
- Sufficient fluid and salt intake.
*Manual handling hazard: due to lifting paint

materials
- Mechanical handling (as by the aid of forklifts).

- Team handling.
- Use of proper PPE (as cloth glove).
- Training workers about good kinetic handling techniques
NEBOSH IGC
*Ergonomic hazards: due to awkward postures

during painting
- Proper workstation design.

- Safe system of work.
- Workers training & supervision at work.
- Task to be interrupted by rest breaks.
*Exposure to asbestos & or lead: while

removing old paints.
- Identification & segregation of Asbestos materials.

- Use of appropriate PPE (respirator with dust cartridge).
*Paint health hazards: as dermatitis, asthma,

effects on central nervous system, dizziness,
etc.
- Use of protective clothes and required of PPE (as rubber gloves, masks, etc.)
- Reducing time of exposure.
*Fire and explosion: due to hot work or ignition

source close to painting cans.
- Avoid hot work as cutting, grinding, welding, etc. close to painting cans.
- Exclusion of all ignition source (including smoking) in painting area.

Doing repainting work using tower scaffold,
The likely hazards of this operation.
The required control measures to avoid risk from this operation.
The likely hazards are:
Health hazards due to exposure to paint: leading to dermatitis, asthma, effects on central nervous system,
dizziness, etc. Also lead hazards due to removal of old paints.
Ergonomic hazards: due to awkward posture & movements during painting.
NEBOSH IGC
Manual handling hazards: due to carrying heavy cans & other equipment.
Heat hazards: due to working under the Sun.
Falling hazards: due to:
The use of unsafe ladder.
Improper boarding of the platform.
Inadequate toe boards, guard rails & bracing.
Collapse of the tower due to many reasons (improperly erected tower, doing unauthorized alterations, use of
defective scaffold tubes, or erection on non firm & non level ground).
132

Collision with power line & other obstructions.
Falling of materials (if toe boards & guard rails are inadequate)
The precautions:
Erection of the tower scaffold should be in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
Erection, alteration and dismantling of tower scaffold to be done by competent persons.
Tower scaffold should stand on a firm level base.
Scaffold tubes to be free from defects.
Proper bracing to prevent twisting & collapse.
Base dimensions to height should not exceed: 1:3 in internal use & 1:3.5 in internal use.
NEBOSH IGC
The maximum height is: 9.75 meters for free mobile tower & 12 meters for tied independent tower.
Tower should never be moved while people or materials are still on the platform.
Platform should be properly supported & fully boarded.
Toe board & guard rails to be provided to prevent falling of workers and / or materials.
To make sure that castors are locked before use.
Before moving tower, be sure no power lines / obstructions or holes in the ground.
Training of painters about how to work safely.
Use protective clothes and PPE during painting (as gloves, suitable overall, face shield, respirator).
Good supervision of the painting process.
Good communication.
Stand-by first aid and emergency services.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
Issues to be considered by an organization to ensure safe system of work on dealing with
waste collection & disposal.
For collection of waste, consider the following:
Risk
Ri k assessmentt to
t identify
id tif the
th hazards
h
d associated
i t d with
ith waste
t collection.
ll ti
Collect waste at regular basis and avoid its accumulation.
Use waste containers of sufficient number, of a suitable material and of adequate size and to positioned in
NEBOSH IGC
accessible locations with signs referring to it.

Avoid overfilling of waste containers.
Waste container to be easily opened and to be securely closed to avoid attraction of flies, insects, etc.
Proper selection and training of workers dealing with waste collection.
collection
Health surveillance for workers dealing with waste collection.
Provision of required PPE for workers involved in waste collection.
133

WASTE MANAGEMENT
Issues to be considered by an organization to ensure safe system of work on dealing with
waste collection & disposal.
For disposal of waste, consider the following:
Use the method of disposal suitable for the waste type (as incineration for papers,
papers etc.
etc and composting for food waste).
waste)
Assess the chemical and effective load of the waste.
Monitor the environment (pre and post disposal).
Waste disposal work permit is required for some special wastes.
NEBOSH IGC
Safe method for dealing with by-products of waste disposal (as dumping of ash resulting from incineration).
Use of properly trained personnel for waste disposal.
Health surveillance for disposal workers.
Stand-by
by emergency equipment for events as fire, etc.
Stand
Use of required PPE by disposal workers.
Regulations concerned with waste are:
Waste Management Licensing Regulation 1994.
Special Waste Regulation 1996.

CONTROL MEASURES
Hierarchy of control measures
Elimination
Substitution.
Engineering controls (including work permit)
Administrative Controls
- Reduced time of exposure.
- Training.
NEBOSH IGC
- Safety signs.
- First aid and emergency measures.
- Health
H lth surveillance.
ill
- Use of PPE.
134

CONTROL MEASURES
The key items how to deal with any hazard question
According to the work activity performed:
If the work is outdoor, consider:
Weather hazards
ha ards as heat,
heat cold,
cold rains.
rains
Bite by animals, snakes, insects, etc.
If work is at the roadside, consider:
NEBOSH IGC
If the work is dealing with grass or other plant consider: insect bites.
If the work is dealing with water (as fro cleaning canals), consider:
Drowning hazard.
Trench foot hazard.
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)
If the work is requiring manual handling (as lifting painting cans, cleaning material, etc, etc.) consider:
manual handling hazard.

CONTROL MEASURES
The key items how to deal with any hazard question
According to the work activity performed:
If doing tasks as painting, floor cleaning, keyboard use, assembly work, etc., consider: Ergonomic hazard.
If an equipment is used, consider: Equipment hazards (mechanical & non mechanical)
If the equipment used is petrol driven, consider:
Carbon monoxide hazards.
Nitrogen oxides hazards.
NEBOSH IGC
If working in a confined space, consider:
Atmospheric hazards (as lack of oxygen or toxic fumes).

Entrapment.
Biological hazards.
Equipment hazards.
Manual handling hazards.
On doing repainting, consider:
Hazards due to removal of old paint: as lead exposure.

Hazards of painting (as health hazards, fire, explosion, manual handling, ergonomic and weather hazards).
135

CONTROL MEASURES
NEBOSH IGC

CONTROL MEASURES
NEBOSH IGC
IGC-2 CONTENT
136

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WELCOME TO

NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE TRAINING

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND CONTROL

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES HAZARDS AND CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND

HAZARDS AND CONTROL

HAZARD AND CONTROL

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

Hearing protection mandatory

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

Need for continuous supervision.

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

Wet environments: impermeable Wellington boots.

Spread of contamination: washable boots.

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

Electrical work: use natural rubber-latex glove.

Biological agents: use surgical glove (made of latex)

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

Not impairing mobility, vision, hearing, etc. of the wearer.

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

Supervision and monitoring of use.

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND

HAZARDS AND CONTROL

HAZARD AND CONTROL

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING

INCORRECT MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING

GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING

MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

Types of injury that could be caused by incorrect manual handling of loads

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

Commonly Injured area of the

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

REDUCE FOR INCREASE

45 TWIST REDUCE BY 10%

MID LOWER LEG

TO START PUSHING / PULLING 25kg

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

Foot position: feet to be shoulder width apart with

Be close to the load.

Lift with legs. "bend knees & keep back straight".

Firm grip using full hand.