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Content
April 2012 | 2
Systems overview
NH3 systems. Low,Medium,High Temp
NH3/Glycol Systems. Medium Temp
NH3/CO2 Cascade systems. Medium/Low Temp
NH3/CO2 Brine systems. Medium / Low Temp
April 2012 | 3
NH3 chargereduction
Largenumberofstaffinprocessareas
InsurancePremiums Riskassessment
April 2012 | 4
NH3/Glycol Layout
Warm Glycol
NH3
Cold Glycol
Supply Pump
NH3
April 2012 | 5
Glycol Systems
Large Footprint
Typically two large expansion tanks required for
pump units
Larger Pipe Sizes / More Insulation
Higher Pumping kW
Glycol Mixture Monitoring
April 2012 | 6
CO2 Overview
April 2012 | 7
NH3 CO2pumped
High Side - NH3
NH3 Compresor(s)
Cascade
Heat
Exchanger
CO2 separator
Evaporator
CO2 pump
April 2012 | 8
NH3 CO2on PH
CO2
-15 oC
+5
(23 bar)
+86 oF
oF (333 psi)
+30 oC
(171 psi)
(12 bar)
R717
-4 oF (28 psi)
-20 oC (1,9 bar)
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
April 2012 | 9
Evap Temp.
NH3
CO2
32F
2.3 psig
14.5 psig
-4F
1.2 psig
9 psig
CO2highdensityprovides
considerableadvantages
inwetordrysuctionlines
Pressuredrop
equivalentto
loweringevaporating
temperature1.8F
April 2012 | 10
April 2012 | 11
April 2012 | 12
EnergyEfficiencyCO2 asBrineSystems
High Heat Transfer Coefficient
Higher efficiency is noticeable at the cascade
heat exchanger
TD between NH3/CO2 is considerably lower than
NH3/glycol
Higher suction temp of cascade fluid
Line sizes are significantly reduced
Lower Pump Power
April 2012 | 13
PipeLineSizeComparison
April 2012 | 14
Energy Consumption
Low Recirculation rates than ammonia systems
Recirculation varies between 1.1 to 1.5
April 2012 | 15
April 2012 | 16
April 2012 | 17
Fluid
14 F (-10C)
.-4 F(-20C)
0.97
0.85
CaCl2
13.34
14.22
Hycool
16.02
16.15
Ethylene Glycol
15.87
18.8
Propylene Glycol
14.03
16.68
CO2
April 2012 | 18
April 2012 | 19
Ethylene
Glycol
Units
39
39
Cooling power, Qo
215
215
TR
Circulation rate, n
1.5
13
7.2
7.2
25
19.5
5%
7%
37.5
50.6
kW
37
37
psig
1.6
16.6
kW
789.1
815.6
kW
170.8
196.2
kW
172.4
212.8
kW
3,112.9
3,930.3
kW*h
21%
April 2012 | 20
Results
CO2 offersfasterreactiontime.However:
Savingsalsodependon
LoadPatterns
DefrostType
ControlStrategy
UseofVFD
April 2012 | 21
April 2012 | 22
North Italy
The Netherlands
Fruit
Fruit
Avera 34F
Aver 32F
8.6 F
13 F
Glycol
CO2
.=17.6 / 25
18.5
9 to 12
5.5 to 7.2
8 to 12
10%
5%
74.1
1.300.000
2.700.000
576607
1245025
518000
1245025
188
660
2.75
1.88
Storage type
Air temperature
Suction temperature
Brine Type
Media temperature (for glycol in/out) F
32% Higher
April 2012 | 23
Site Results
Measuredvalue:kW/kWh
Thougha32%differenceissubstantial,large
deviationsoccurduetoothervariables
April 2012 | 24
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PWM
April 2012 | 26
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PS
CO2 receiver
Dedicated
generator
Auxiliary
Refrigeration
system
(Condensing)
April 2012 | 30
Defrost
Hot gas defrost. The availability of components rated at 754 psig (52 bar) has
made possible to use one of the most efficient defrost strategies
April 2012 | 31
PWM technology
April 2012 | 32
Electric Defrost
April 2012 | 33
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April 2012 | 35
R134a
April 2012 | 36
Safe
Performance
Temperature [ C]
90
ppm
-40
RH = 0%
50
ppm
Free
Water
Ice
Other
Problems!
Chemical
Rection
Functionality Problems
Sensitive:
Solenoid
valves
7
ppm
Piston
equipment
RH = 100%
Other
equipment:
Strainers
Compressor
RH >> 100%
Relative Humidity
Danfoss Automatic Controls
April 2012 | 37
Service
Filter driers continuous process
Infiltration
CO2 supplier
Start-up
vacuum
April 2012 | 38