The Ultimate Glossary of Photographic Terms

20.1.
2015
TheUltimateGlossaryofPhotographicTerms
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ThefolksoveratTreatrecentlyemailedustosharetheirnewmassiveglossaryofphotographytermsoriginallypublishedontheirsite.Ifthereisanytermthat
youveeverwantedtoknow,itsprobablyinhere.Youcancheckitoutontheirwebsiteorhitthejump.
ADConverter
Convertsananalogsignalthatisemittedfromtheimagesensorintoadigitalsignal.
AAFilter
AntiAliasingFilter,foundonthesensorofadigitalcamera.Helpseliminateissuesthatcanoccurwithcoloraliasingandcreateamoireffect.
Aberration
Adistortionofimagequalityorcolorrenditioninaphotographicimagecausedbyopticallimitationsofthelensusedtocapturetheimage.Commonlyfoundon
theedgeofphotographs,lookslikesmearing.
Absoluteresolution
Imageresolutionexpressedusinghorizontalandverticalpixels.Eg.16001200pixels.
Absorption
Whenlightisabsorbedbyasurface,itsenergyisconvertedtoheatthroughtheprocessofabsorption.
Abstract
Animagethatiscreatedapartfromthestandardstructureofreality,recognizablebyitsemphasisonline,colorandgeometricalform.
http://www.thephoblographer.com/2014/08/26/ultimateglossaryphotographicterms/#.VL5ZwkeG9zu
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ACPower
AlternatingCurrent,usedasanalternatedirectpowersourceinlieuofthebattery.
Acquire
Toimportimagesintoasoftwareprogramforpostprocessing.Terminologyusuallychangesdependingonprogram.
Acutance
Ameasureofthesharpnesspertainingtotheedgeofanobject.
AdditiveColor
Theresultofmixingcolorsoflighttocreateanewcolor.WhenRed,GreenandBluelightsaremixedtogethertheycreatepurewhitelight.
AddonLens
Lowendattachmentforlensesorcameraphonesthatnormallychangesthefocallengthofthelens.Screwsontolensviathefilterthread.
AdobeRGB(AdobeRGB1998)
AstandardizedcolorspacethatprovidesawiderrangeofcolorthanthemorecommonsRGBcolorspace.AdobeRGBisthepreferredcolorspacewhenan
imageisintendedforprint.
AE(AutoExposure)
Acameramodethatautomaticallychoosessettingsforaparticularscene(i.e.shutterspeed,apertureandwhitebalance).
AELock
Enablesyoutolockthecurrentexposurereadingandreframetheshotusingthesamesetting.Ahalfpressoftheshutterisnormallyrequiredtoactivatethis
function,fullypressingonlywhenyouwanttocapturetheimage.
AF(AutoFocus)
AlldigitalcamerasandmostmodernSLRlenseshavetheoptionofautofocus.Thelensautomaticallyfocusesonasubject,thedifferenceisthatanSLRalsohas
theoptiontofocusmanually.
AFServo(ContinuousFocus)
Bypartiallypressingthecamerasshutterreleasebutton,AFservoallowsthephotographertocontinuouslymaintainfocusonasubjectthatismovingwithinthe
frame.Thisallowstheshuttertorespondfasterasthesubjectisalreadyinfocus.
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AfocalProjection
Whenaphotographiscapturedbyattachingacameratotheeyepieceofatelescope,theimageresultisanafocalprojection.
Aliasing
Theprocessbywhichsmoothcurvesandlinesthatrundiagonallyacrossthescreenofalowresolutiondigitalfiletakeonajaggedlookasopposedtolooking
smoothandnatural.
AmbientLight
Theexistinglightinasceneprovidedbynature,notartificiallybythephotographer.
AnamorphicLens
Alensthatcompressesawiderangleofviewintoastandardframe.Thiscreatesawidescreenimagebygivingadifferentmagnificationofboththehorizontal
andverticalplane.
AngleofIncidence
Theangleatwhichlightstrikesasurfaceandistransformedfromincidenttoreflectedlight.Theangleatwhichthereflectionoccursisequalandoppositeto
theangleatwhichthelightstruckthesurface.
AngleofReflectance
Theanglemadebyareflectedlightraythatisperpendiculartothereflectingsurface.SeeAngleofIncidence.
AngleofView
Theamountofspacecapturedbyalens.Theangleofviewisdeterminedbythecombinationofsensorsizeandfocallength.
Antialiasing
Aprocessbywhichtheedgeofanobjectissmoothedoutinadigitalimagetoreducethestaircaseeffect.
Aperture
Theadjustableopeningofalensthatdetermineshowmuchlightmaypassthroughthelens.Fasterlenseshavewideraperturesandallowforfastershutter
speedsthatstopmotion.Thewidertheapertureisset,theshallowerthedepthoffieldoftheimage.
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AperturePreview
Abuttonorswitchonsomecamerasthatpermitsyoutolookatthescenewiththeaperturestoppeddowntotheproperopeningintendedforthephotograph.
AperturePriority
Ameteringmodethatallowsthephotographertosetadesiredfstop,thusallowingthecameratoautomaticallysettheappropriateshutterspeedforthescene.
Apochromatic(APO)
Alensthatcausesallvisiblelightwavelengthstofocusonthesensororfilmplane.Anylenswithoutthiscorrectionwilltendtomaintainfocuswithred,green
andbluewavelengthsondifferentplanes.
APSCSensor
UsedtodescribethesizeofthedigitalimagingsensorsinmostcompactDSLRs.APSformatis50%smaller(23.6x15.8mm)thanastandard35mmframe(24x
36mm)andhasa1.5xmagnificationfactor(multiplythefocallengthx1.5)fordeterminingthe35mmequivalentfocallengthoflensesusedonAPSCformat
cameras.
APSHSensor
APSHformatsensors(1.3x)aresmallerthanafullframebutmaintainalargerframethanthatofanAPSC.
Archive
Acollectionofdatainlongtermstorage,usuallytheharddriveonyourPCoranexternalharddrive.
Artifact
Artifactsrefertodistortionswithintheimageasaresultofimagecompressionorinterpolation.Artifactscanbeseenaslighthalosarounddarkareasofanimage
orasablockyqualityinthehighlightareaofanimage.Formsofartifactsincludeblooming,chromaticaberrations,jaggies,moir,noiseandhalation.
ArtificialLight
Illuminationcreatedbythephotographerorthatisnotnaturallypresentwithinascene.
ASA(AmericanStandardsAssociation)
Atermusedtodescribethelightsensitivitylevelsoffilmandcameraimagingsensors.Thehigherthenumber,themoresensitiveorfasterthefilmorsensor
is.
AspectRatio
Theheightandwidthratiooftheimageproducedincamera.Theaspectratioofa35mmimageis3:2whileacomputermonitorismostlymadeofimages
containinga4:3ratio.
AsphericalLens
Atypeoflensthatchangesshapeacrossitssurfaceasopposedtoonethatissmoothandcontinuous.Thelenswilldeviatealittlefromexactlyasphericalshape,
andstayspredominantlyabberationfree.
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ATGNI
AnacronymAllthegear,noidea.Acommentaboutamateurphotographerswhohavenoideawhattheyredoing,butmaintainpropergear.
Audio
Almostalldigitalcamerascanrecordaudiotogoalongsidetheirabilitytocapturevideo.Dependingonthemakeandmodelofthecamera,soundcanbe
recordedbyavarietyoftoolsincludinganincameramicrophoneorspecialtyaudiocapturingaccessory.
AutoBracketing
Whenacameraissettoautomaticallybracketmultipleexposuresformultipleimagesbypressingtheshutterasingletime.
Autofocus
Theabilityofthecameraandlenstokeepthesubjectinfocusduringtheexposure.AutofocuscanbeContinuous,meaningfocusismaintainedregardlessof
whereitmoveswithintheframe,orSingle,meaningthepointoffocusislockedregardlessofwherethesubjectmaymove.
AutomaticAperture
Anautomaticapertureremainsfullyopenuntiltheshutterispressed,whichthenallowstheaperturetoclosetoasizepredeterminedbyalightmeterwithinthe
camera.Allpoint&shootcamerasmaintainanautomaticaperture.
AutomaticExposure
Acamerasabilitytoadjustapertureandshutterspeedautomaticallyusinganinternallightmeterandachieveoptimalexposure.
AutoISO
AfeaturethatallowsthecameratochooseoptimalISOdependingonthesituation.WhenthereisenoughlighttouseISO100,thecamerawilldoso,butwhen
thereislesslightthecamerawilladjustaccordinglytotoavoidunintendedblur.
AverageMetering
Aprocessthatmeasuresallofthelightvaluesforasceneandaveragesthemtogethertodeterminethebestoveralexposure.Averagemeteringisbestusedfor
subjectsfacingadirectlightsourcesurroundedbyotherwisenormallightingconditions.
AVI
AfileformatformovieclipsinWindowsAVIformat.Manydigitalcamerasnowcomewiththeoptiontorecordinthisfileformat.
AWB(AutoWhiteBalance)
Afunctionbywhichthecamerasensesthecolortemperatureprovidedbyambientlightandautomaticallyadjustscolorbalancetoaneutralsetting.
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B
B(Bulb)
Asettingontheshutterspeeddialwhichindicatesthattheshutterwillremainopenaslongasthereleasebuttonisheld.Thisisoftenusedwithacablereleaseso
thattheshuttermaystayopenforextendedperiodsoftime.
BackLit
Meaningthesubjectislitfrombehindwhichcancauseunevenexposure.Alsousedforportraitphotography,specialeffectsandbringingcatchlightstohair.
Background
Thepartofascenethatappearstobethefurthestdistancefromtheviewer,andnormallybehindthesubject.
Backlight
TheilluminationbehindacolorLCDdisplayondigitalcameras.Canalsorefertothelightbehindasubjectwithinasetting.
BacklightControl
Anoverrideofthecamerasautoexposuresettingthatincreasestheexposurebybetweenoneandtwostops.Usethismodetopreventasilhouettewhentaking
photoswhilethelightisbehindthesubject.
Backscatter
Referstosuspendedparticlesinwaterthatareilluminatedbyanunderwaterflashcausedthemtoreflectlightandbecomecirclesofconfusion.
Backup
Asafetymeasurethatinvolvescopyinganimage,file,folderoranentireharddrivetobestoredintheeventthattheoriginalfilesordataislost.Thiscanalsobe
usedasanountorefertotheharddrivewherethedataisstored.
Balance
Theharmonyofascene.Abalancedcompositioninvolvescohesiveplacementofshape,sizeandcolor.
Banding
Whengraduatedcolorsarebrokenintolargerblocksofasinglecolor,thesmoothnessofthecolorgradationisreduced.
BareBulb
Asourceofelectronicflashthatisdirectandfreeofanyreflectionordiffusion.
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BarnDoors
Alightblockingdevicethatattachestostudiolightsandswivelonhingestoallowthephotographertocontrolboththedirectionandwidthofthelightsource.
BarrelDistortion
Anopticaldistortioninwhichtheimagebowsoutofsquare,tomaketheshapeofabarrel.Barreldistortionisusuallytheproductofaninexpensivewideangle
lenseorfisheyelenseonadigitalcamera.Itcanbeseeninphotographsofarchitecturewherelinesrunparalleltoeachotheronboththehorizontalandvertical
planes.
BatchEdit
Editingalargequanityofphotosatonetime.Thisisdonebyapplyingthesameeditsandstyletomultiplephotosfromasinglefolder.
BatchScan
Theprocessofscanningmorethanoneimageatonce.Thisisonlyrecommendedifthetonalvalueofallimagesareequal.
Bit(BinaryDigit)
Thesmallestunitofdigitalinformation,eightbitsisequaltoonebyte.Animagecanbedescribedbythenumberofbitsrepresentingasinglepixel.Themore
bitsavailable,thegreaterrangeofcolortheimagewillhave(i.e.1bit=monochrome8bit=256colorsorgrayscale24&32bit=evengreaterrange).
BitDepth
Thenumberofbitsusedtorepresentasinglepixelinadigitalimage.
Bitmap
Amethodofstoringdigitalinformationthatmapsoutanimageonebitatatime.Pixeldensityisusedtodescribehowsharptheresolutionofanimagewillbe.
Bleed
Theedgesofapieceofpaperbywhichphotographicprinthasnovisibleborderordefinedmarginarea.
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BlockedShadows
Thelossofshadowdetailwithinanimage.Animagethathasbeenunderexposedorcontainsalowerresolutionwilloftencausethisresult.
Blooming
Abrightorcoloredhaloseeninbrighterareasofadigitalimage.Thiseffectcanbecausedwhenthecamerassensorisexposedtotoomuchlight.
BlowUp
Anothertermforaprintorphotographicenlargement,usuallyconsideredtobeanythinglargerthan8x10.
Blownout
Aneffectcausedbyoverexposure,andresultsinacompletelossofthehighlightdetailsinaphotograph.
Blur
Denotesmovementwithinaphotographthatiseithercausedbythesubjectorbycameramovement.Blurcanalsobeaddedtodigitalfilesinpostprocessing
withimageeditingsoftware.
BMP
Thefileextensionforanuncompressedimagefile.ItismainlyusedinWindowsbasedapplications.
Bokeh
Ajapanesetranslationthatreferstoahazeorblurfoundwithinanimage.Pronouncedbohkeh,itistheoutoffocusareainaphotographthatiscreatedbya
shallowdepthoffield.
Borderless
Aphotographprintedwithouttheborderorwhitestrokeoftenfoundaroundtheedgeofanimage.
BounceFlash
Lightthatisreflectedoffofasurfacebeforeitreachesthesubject.Reflectors,ceilingsandbouncecardsareoftenusedassurfacesforreflection.
Bracketing
Takingmultipleimagesofthesamesceneatdifferentexposures.Incrementsinexposureoftenrangefrom1/3stoptoafullstop.
Brightness
Thevalueofapixelinadigitalimageinreferencetolightness.Ablackpixelisrepresentedas0whileawhitepixelisrepresentedas256.
BroadLighting
Whenthemainlightilluminatesthecamerasideofasubjectsface.
BufferMemory
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Anareawhereimagedataiswaitingtobeprocessedbythecamera.Acameramaycontinuetocapturenewimages,ratherthanshutdown,whiletheimagefiles
waitinthebuffer.
BuiltInLightMeter
Anincameraexposuremeterthatmeasuresthelightreflectedinthepresentscene.
Burning
Inthedarkroom,itreferstoprovidingextraexposuretoaspecificpartoftheprinttodarkenthatareawhileblockingtherestoftheprintfromlight.Digitally,
thistermreferstoatoolinPhotoshopthatperformsthesameactionbyapplyingabrushthatdarkensspecificpartsofanimage.
BurstMode
Amodeonthecamerathatallowsfortakingcontinuousphotoswithasinglepressoftheshutterrelease.ManyoftodaysSLRsreach14framespersecond.
BurstRate
ThetotalnumberofimagesadigitalcameracancaptureinBurstMode.
ButterflyLighting
Whenthemainlightisplacedhighanddirectlycenteraboveasubjectsfacecastingabutterflylikeshadow.
Byte
Acollectionof8bitsofmemoryinacomputer.
C
C41
Thestandardphotochemicalprocessfordevelopingcolornegativefilm.
CCFilter(ColorCompensatingFilter)
Enablesthephotographertomakedetailedadjustmentsincolortoneordensitywhenpracticingcolorphotography.
CableRelease
Acablewithapushbuttonthatsendsthecameraasignaltoopentheshutter.Theshutterthenstaysopenaslongasthecablereleasebuttonisdepressed.Thisis
usedpredominantlyinnighttimephotographyallowingcamerastocapturemorelight.
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CalculatorDial
Theadjustablescaleonanelectronicflash.Thedialwilldetermineanappropriateaperturefortheflashtosubjectdistanceoncethephotographerhassetthefilm
speedorchosenanISOsetting.
Candid
Aphototakenwithoutthe(apparent)knowledgeofthesubject.
Capacity
Theamountofstoragespaceavailableonaharddriveormediacard.
CardReader
Adigitalmemorycardreaderisusedtotransferdatafromamediacardtoacomputerdrive.
Catchlight
Thereflectionoflightthatcanbeseenintheeyesofasubject.
CCD(ChargeCoupledDevice)
Adevicethatconvertsanopticalimageintoelectronicsignals.CCDscontainrowsandcolumnsofultrasmall,lightsensitivemechanisms(pixels)that,when
electronicallychargedandexposedtolight,generateelectronicpulsesthatworkinconjunctionwithmillionsofsurroundingpixelstocollectivelyproducea
photographicimage.CCDsandCMOS(ComplementaryMetalOxideSemiconductor)sensorsarethedominanttechnologiesfordigitalimaging.
CD(CompactDisc)
Amethodofstoringandtransferringdatafromoneplacetoanother.
CenterWeighted
Atypeofmeteringmodeinwhichthelightreflectedinthecenteroftheframeismeasuredtogivethemostinfluenceontheproperexposureforaphotograph.
CF(CompactFlash)
Usedtorecordimagesinadigitalcamera.Capacitycanrangefrommultiplemegabytestohundredsofgigabytes.
Channel
Asinglepieceofcolorinformationstoredwithanimage.Truecolorcomesin3channels,red,greenandblue.
Chimping
Lookingatpicturesonthebackofthecameraassoonastheyvebeentaken,oftenaccompaniedbyoohsandaahs.
Chroma
Thecolorofanimageelementorpixel.Thehuevaluesofthepixel,plusthesaturationdeterminesthechroma.
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ChromaticAberration
Referredtoascolorfringing,thiseffectoccurswhenallwavelengthsofcolorfailtofocusonthesamefocalplane.Chromaticabberationcanbeseenattheedges
ofanimagewithhighcontrast.
CIFF(CameraImageFileFormat)
AtypeofrawimageformatdesignforDSLRcameras.
CircleofConfusion
Discsoflightformedbythelens,duetopointsoflightbeingwithintheareaofbokehwhenphotographingascene.
Clipping
Aresultofover/underexposingaphotosomuchthatthereislossofinformationinthehighlightsorshadowsofthehistogram.
CMOS(ComplementaryMetalOxideSemiconductor)
AtypeofImagingSensorusedtocapturelightandconvertitintoelectricalsignals.PreviouslyconsideredinferiortoCCDsensors,CMOSsensorshavevastly
improvedandarenowthedominantsensortechnologybecausetheyarelessexpensivetomanufactureandconsumelessenergy.
CMY
Threesecondarycolorsthatcanbecombinedtocreateanyothercolorinthespectrum.CMYisusedinprintingandhaslessdenseblacksthanCMYK.
CMYKColor(Cyan,Magenta,Yellow,Black)
Acolorspacethatisusedforprofessionalorcommercialprinting.CMYKisthestandardcolorspaceusedforinkjet,laser,dyesublimationandwaxthermal
printers.
Codec
Anapplicationusedinplaybackthatencodesordecodesvideo,allowingittoplay.Acodecmustbeusedoryouwillnotbeabletorecordorplayvideo.
ColorBalance
Themannerinwhichfilmreproducesasceneunderdifferenttypesoflighting.Also,atoolinPhotoshopusedtoadjustcolorbymanipulatingRGBchannels.
ColorBreak
Themeetingplaceoftwocolorsinanimage.Whereonecolorbreaksandtheotherbegins.
ColorCalibration
Aprocessbywhichtheimagesource(camera)andimageoutput(monitor)arecalibratedtoensurethesamecolorstandard.Thisensuresthatthecolorofimages
viewedonacamerawillmatchthecolorsseenonamonitor,andthereforematchthecolorsseenonaprint.
ColorCast
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Anunwantedtintofaspecificcolorthatiscastacrosstheimage.Itcanbecorrectedwithimageeditingsoftware.
ColorCorrection
Alteringthecolorsinanimageinordertoprintordisplayitasintended.Thisisnormallyperformedbyutilizingpostprocessingprogramsprogramssuchas
LightroomorPhotoshop.
ColorDepth
Theamountofuniquecolorsrepresentedinaspecificimageorsoftware.Mayalsobereferredtoasbitdepth.
ColorManagement
Asystemforcoordinatingthecalibrationofcolorspaceswithindigitalcameras,scanners,monitorsandprinterstoensurethattheimageonthescreenhasthe
samevaluesastheimageinprint.
ColorPalette
Thesetofcolorsavailableforaspecificimage.Computersoftenhaveacolorspacethatcontainsupto16milliondifferentcolors,butimageeditingrequiresthat
acolorspacebechosenfortheimage,normallythisrangeisupto256colors.
ColorSpace
Therangeofcolorsproducedonacomputerscreenorinprint.ThemostcommoncolorspacesincludesRGBandthewidergamutAdobeRGB(1998).
ColorTemperature
Thelightspectrumspecificallydefinedthroughcolortemperature.ThespectrumismeasuredbydegreesofKelvin(K).Thelowerthecolortemperaturethe
cooleraphotowillbe,andthehigheritisthewarmeritwillbe.
Colorimeter
Adevicedesignedtoanalyzethecolorcharacteristicsofaspecificswatch,orsetofcolors.
ComplementaryColor
Whenaprimaryorsecondarycolorisinoppositiontoeachotheronacolorwheel(ex.redandgreenarecomplementarycolors).Whendealingwithlightin
termsofphotography,complementarycolorsincludeblue&yellow,green&magentaandred&cyan.
Composition
Thespecificarrangementorcombinationofelementswithinascene.
CompositePhotographs
Asingleimagemadebycombiningpicturesfromdifferentsourcesintoone.
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Compression
Reducingthesizeofanimagefilethroughimageeditingsoftware.LossyimageswilllosedetailaftercompressionwhileLosslessimageswillmaintainall
thequalitiesoftheimage.
ConflictingShadows
Shadowsthatpointinthedirectionofeachotheraswellasmainlightinastudiolightingsetup.
ContactSheet
AcontactprintmadefromseveralnegativesorRAWfilesatonetime,usuallyanentirerollorwhatevernumberofframeswillfitonthepaper.
ContinuousAutofocus
Amodesetsothattheautofocussystemiscontinuouslykeepingthesubjectsharpandinfocusthroughmultipleframes.
Contrast
Therangeofdifferencebetweenhighlightsandshadowareasinanimage.Contrastcanbenatural(directvs.diffuselight)oradjustedinavarietyofimage
editingprograms.
CropFactor
Anumberusedtomultiplyalensactualfocallengthtoexpresshowmuchofanapparentincreaseyoucanexpectintheeffectivefocallengthofanytraditional
35mmSLRlensyouuseonaDSLRwithacropsensor.Standardcropsensorsare1.3x,1.5xor1.8xthenormalfocallengthofalens.
Cropping
Trimmingtheedgesofanimagetoimprovecompisitionalquality.Thefinalimageisareducedsizeoftheoriginalcomposition,imageeditingprogramshave
croppingasatool.
CRW
TheRAWCCDfileformatusedbyCanonDigitalCameras.ComesfromCanonRAW.
CycWall
Acurved,normallyseamlesswallthatisusedasabackdropforstudiophotography.
D
DarkCurrent(akaNoise)
Whenapixeldoesnotcollectenoughlight,itcollectsasignalchargeinitsabsence.Thiscreatestheappearanceofnoisewhichissimilartograinonfilm.
MostlynoticeableintheshadowareasofimagescapturedathigherISOratings.
Darkroom
Aroomthatiscompletelydark,withnolightallowedintotheroom.Thepurposeofthisroomisforlightsensitivematerialssuchasfilmtobehandledwithout
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fearoftheirexposuretolight.
DC(DirectCurrent)
Batterypower,suchasa9vDCbattery.
Decompression
Processbywhichalargedatafileiscompressedintoasmallersizedfile.
DedicatedFlash
Anelectronicflashthatautomaticallyreadsthecamerasexposurevaluesallowingforfullautomaticuseoftheflash.Thismeansthattheflashwillreadthe
scene,thecamerassettingsandthenflashtheappropriatepower.
Definition
Imagesharpnessasdefinedbyclarityofdetail.
Density
Howopaqueorpurelyblackanareaofanegative,transparencyorprintis.Thedarkerormoreblacktheimageis,thelesslightwillbeallowedtotravelthrough
it.
DepthofField
Thethedistanceoftheareaoffocusfromtheforegroundofthesubjecttothebackground.Thesmallertheapertureis,thelongerthedistancewillbe.
Conversely,awideaperturewillminimizethedistanceofthedepthoffield.
DepthofFieldScale
Ascaleonthelensbarrelwiththemarkingsoff/stopsanddistances,whichshowsthedistancerangethatisinfocusforachosenf/stop.
DepthofFocus
Depthoffocusisthemeasurementoftheareainfocuswithinanimage,fromtheclosestpointoffocustothefurthestpointoffocus.
Diaphragm
Aringorplatewithaholeinthecenter,thisiswhatcontrolsthesizeoftheaperture.Thelargerthehole,themorelightwillbeletintothesensorandviceversa.
Diffraction
Aredistributionoflightsenergywhenpassingthroughtheedgeofanopagueobject.
DiffusedLight
Lightthatisscatteredandspreadoutasopposedtodirectlight.Diffusedlightissofterthandirectlight,withshadowsthatarelesssharplydefined.Agood
examplewouldbeanovercastdaywherethesuniscompletelyblockedbyclouds.
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DigitalAssetManagement(DAM)
Theprocessofmanagingtasksandmakingconclusionsregardingtheimport,export,annotation,cataloguing,storage,retrievalanddistributionofdigitalassets
suchasimagefiles.
DigitalFilm
Theprocessofcapturingmotionpicturesasdigitalvideoimages,asopposedtothehistoricaluseofmotionpicturefilm.
DigitalNegative(DNG)
Anopenrawimageformatusedbyimageeditingsoftware.ItissimilartoaTIFFandallowsformetadatastorage.
DigitalZoom
Whenadigitalcamerazoomsinonaimageforcroppingitonthesensor.Thisistheoppositeofopticalzoomandcreateslowerresolutionimagefiles.
DioptreAdjustment
Aknobusedtoadjusttheclarityintheviewfinderofacamera.Thisfeatureadjustsforthediscrpenacyinhumaneyesight.
Distortion
Themisrepresentationofthesizeofproporitionofthesubjectwithinascene.Thiscanbeduetotheuseofawideangleorfisheyelens.
Dithering
Creatingtheillusionofnewcolorsandshadesbyvaryingthepatternofdots.Ditheringcanbefoundinnewspapersandisalsoknownashalftoning.
Dodging
LighteningaportionoftheimageusingatoolinPhotoshoporbyblockingthelightduringtheexposureofaprint.
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Doughnuts
Thenamegiventotheringshapedbokehproducedbyamirrorlens.
Download
Thetransferenceofimagedatafromacameratoacomputer.CanbeperformedthroughUSB,Firmwareorwirelessly.
DPI
Atermwhendescribingtheresolutionqualityofanimage.PPI(PixelsperInch)isusedwhendescribingmonitorresolution.ThehigherthePPI/DPI,thehigher
theresolutionofanimagewillbe.Formagnifyingimagesuptolifesizeonacomputerscreen,72DPIisrequired.Foroffsetprintingtheimagemustbesetto
300DPItoprintatadesiredsize,andforinkjetprints,DPImustbebetween180and360atthedesiredprintsize.
DPOF(DigitalPrintOrderFormat)
Allowsforprintinginformationtobeembeddedonanimagefile.
DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory)
Atypeofvolatilememory,whichislostwhenthepoweristurnedoff.
DRAMBuffer
Theamountofcapacitythebuffermemoryholdsforacamera.DSLRscanholdupto32MBinordertostoremultipleimagesatatime.
DSLR(DigitalSingleLensReflex)
Asinglelensreflexcamerathatcapturesdigitalimages.
DustBunnies
Dotsofsensordustthatshowuponimagesintheexactsameplace.SLRshaveinterchangeablelenseswillallowforthesensortobeexposedtoairduring
switching,givingdusttheopportunitytogetin.
DVD(DigitalVersatileDisk)
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Methodofinformationstorageoftenusedforlargefiles.MayberecordedonaDVDRorDVDRWdisc.
DyeSublimation
Aprintingmethodinvolvingwaxyinkandhightemperaturethatgiveacontinuoustonecolortoimages.Thewordsublimationisusedbecausethedyegoes
straightfrombeingasolidtoagasandcompletelyskipstheliquidstage.
DynamicRange
Therangeofbrightnessandtonalityreproducedinadigitalimage.Widerdynamicrangetranslatesintogreatertonalvalues(anddetail)betweenalltonesinthe
image.
E
ETTL(EvaluativeThroughTheLens)
Anexposuresystemthatcalculatesexposurebybrieflyflashingbeforetheimageistaken.
EffectivePixels
Referstotheareaofpixelsthatthesensorcancover,whichusuallyequatestoabout99.9%oftheframe.The0.1%leftreferstotheedgesoftheimageandto
providingcolorinformationfortheimage.
ElectronicViewfinder(EVF)
Adigitalreplicationofthefieldofviewcapturedbythelens.ThiscanbefoundonthebackofmostmodernDSLRs.
EquivalentExposures
BychoosinganISOspeed,thelightmeterwillyieldsettingsforboththeapertureandshutterspeed.Equivalantexposurescanbeachievedbyadjustingthe
shutterspeedandapertureinequalincrements.
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Enlarger
Alightprojectiondeviceusedtoprojectanenlargedimagethroughalensontophotographicpaper.Afilmnegativeisplacedbetweenthelensandthepaper
allowingforonlyspecificareasoflighttoreachthepaper.
EV(ExposureValue)
Theabilitytooverridetheautoexposuresystemtounderoroverexposetheimage.ThisisdonebyusingtheManualfunctiononadigitalcameratochooseyour
ownsettings.
EVIL(ElectronicViewfinderInterchangeableLens)
AnacroynmusedtodescribetheCSC(CompactSystemCamera).
EXIF(ExchangeableImageFile)
Commonlyusedheaderformatforstoringmetadata(e.g.camera/lens/exposureinformation,time/date/,etc.)withindigitalimagefiles.
Export
Theprocessofsendingafileoutofoneapplicationandintoanother.Thetermisalsousedtodescribetheactionofsavingthedatatoaspecializedfileformat
(i.e.JPEGorGIF).
Exposure
Exposureoccurswhenlightstrikesthesurfaceoffilmoradigitalsensor.Exposureisdeterminedbythevolumeoflightpassingthroughthelens.Theproper
exposureforagivenscenecanbeaccomplishedavarietyofways.
ExposureBracketing
Theprocessoftakingaphoto,thenalsotakingphotosatbothahigherandlowerexposurevalue.Thistechniqueisusedtoensurequalitybyhavingamultitude
ofexposurestochoosefrom.
ExposureCompensation
Eitheroverexposingorunderexposingfromthesuggestedexposurefromthecameraslightmeter.
ExposureIndicator
Adisplayshowingtheamountbywhichaphotographrecordedatthecurrentapertureandshutterspeedwilldeviatefromthesuggestedexposureselectedbythe
camera.
F
FStop(Aperture)
Atermusedtodescribetheaperture.Commonfstopsinclude1.8,2,2.8,4,5.6,8,11,16,and22.
Falloff
Adecreaseintheintensityoflightasitspreadsoutfromthesource.
FastLens
Alenswithanaperturethatopensparticularlywide,makingitabletogathermorelightthanaslowerlensatitswidestaperture.Examplesoffastlensesinclude
f/2.8orwider.
FieldMonitor
HighlyaccuratealternativetotheLCDsfoundonthebackofdigitalcameras.Fieldmonitorsallowforamorepreciselookatthefieldofview.
File
Acollectionofinformationlikedata,textorimageswhichcanbelocatedonaCD,DVDorharddrive.
FileFormat
Thetypeoffileanimageissavedastoadigitalmemorycard.JPEG,TIFFandRAWarethemostcommonlyfoundfileformatsfordigitalcameras.
FillinFlash
Flashthatfillsinadarkerareawithacertainamountoflight.Fillflashisnotintendedtooverpowerthemainlight,butbringoutthedetaillostinshadows.
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FillLight
Thelightitselfthatproducesafillflash.SeeFillinFlash.
Filter
Aclearpieceofglass,plastic,orgelatinthatisappenedontoalenstoaffecthowanimagelooks.
FilterThread
MostSLRcamerashaveathreadedringatthefrontendofthelens.Thediameterofthelensfilterthreadismeasuredinmillimeters.
FilterSize
Referstotheinnerdiameterofthefrontofthelens,morespecificallythethreadsintowhichafilterisscrewedtoattachittothelens.
FireWire
Acomputerconnectionwireusedforhighspeeddatatransfer.
Firmware
SoftwareprogramsfordigitalcamerasthathaveReadOnlyMemory(ROM).Thiscontrolstheinterfacefromwhichthephotographeroperatesthecamera.
Fisheye
Describesanextremewideanglelensthathasanangleofviewexceeding100sometimesmorethan180andthatrendersasceneashighlydistorted.
FixedAperture
Aperturethatremainsconstantregardlessofthelensfocallength.
FixedFocalLengthLens
Alensthatdoesnothaveazoomfeature(ex.50mm,85mm,100mm,etc).Thesearenormallyfasterlensesbecausetheypossesstheabilitytohaveawider
aperture.
Flare
Whenlightstrikestheinsideofthelens,areflectioncanbeseenintheimagealongsideareductionincontrastandvisiblelightshootingfromitssource.
Flash
Abrief,suddenburstofbrightlightortheunitusedtocreateartificiallight.
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FlashMemory
Thisistheequivalentoffilmfordigitalcameras,exceptitisareusablememorysourcewithaninfinitelylargercapacityformemory.
FlashMeter
Anexposuremeterdesignedtomeasurelightfromanelectronicflash.
FlashSync
Thefastestshutterspeedacameracansyncwithitselectronicflash.Whenthecameraisattoohighofashutter,onlypartsoftheimagewillreceivelight
causinglargerectanglesofpureblackinthephoto.
FlashExposureCompensation
Afeaturethatallowsthephotographertoaddexposurecompensationtotheflashoutputpower.FlashExposureCompensationcanbe+(plus)or(minus)in
incrementsof1/3EV.(Exposurevalues)
Flat
Atermusedtoindicateanimagehaslowcontrast(i.e.aflatimage).
FlatLighting
Illuminationofasceneorsubjectthatprovideslittlecontrastonthesubjectorscene.Flatlightcanbeseenoncloudydaysandinfrontofsoftboxes.
FocalLength
Thedistancebetweenthefocalpointofalensandthefilmplane.Thisreferstotherelativesizeofthelens(i.e24mm,50mm,85mm).
FocalLengthMagnifier
AnindicationoftheangleofviewofalenssceneonaDSLRwhenitismagnifiedbyacroppedimagesensor.
FocalPoint
Thecenteroffocusinanimage.Thefocusnormallyreferstothesubjectorprimarypartofthephotograph.
Focus
Apointatwhichconvergingraysoflightmeetafterbeingrefractedorreflected.Aninfocusimageissomethingthatissharpandwelldefined.
FocusAssist
Cameraswiththissendoutalight,eithernormalorinfraredtolightupthesubjecttoassistwiththeautofocusinlowlightordarkness.
FocusLock
Afeatureonadigitalcamerathatallowsthephotographertostayfocusedonanobject,allowingforallobjectsatthesamedistancetobephotographed.
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FocusingScreen
Anelementbetweenthemirrorandpentaprisminasinglelensreflexcamera.Themirrorreflectstheimagefromthelensupwardontothescreen.Theareasof
theimagethatareinfocusaresharplydefinedonthescreen,whiletheareasthatareoutoffocusappearblurred.Thephotographerviewstheimagepassing
throughthescreenintheviewfinderwindow.
FollowFocus
Afocuscontrolmechanismusedinfilmmakingandtelevisionproduction.FollowfocusunitshavenowbeenappliedtoDSLRsthatshootvideo.
Foreground
Theareaofascenethatiscloserthanthesubject.
Format
Theshapeandsizeoffilmnormallyusedinreferencetosmall,mediumandlargeformatfilmsandthephotographyequipmentemployedinhandlingeach
differentfilmformat.
FourThirds(4/3)
Acompactdigitalcameraformatdesignedarounda17.3x13mmimagingsensor,whichhashalfthesizeoffullframe(35mm)imagingsensors.Thesensorsin
FourThirdandMicroFourThirdareidentical,buttheyhavedissimilarlensmounts.
Frame
Referstotheboundariesorsideswithinwhichanimageortheviewfinderhasbeencontained.
FrameRate
Numberofframesshowninasecondofvideo.Liveactionisaround30framespersecond.
FramesPerSecond
Framespersecond(fps)referstothenumberofpicturesthatacameraisabletotakeinasecond.Apointandshootcameratypicallyshootsoneortwopictures
persecond.Higherendsinglelensreflex(SLR)camerashavemuchgreaterperformance,asmanyas14ormoreframespersecond.
Fringing
Acommonproblemwithlessexpensivelensesinvolvesthebleedingofcoloralongtheedgesofcontrastyimages.Fringingoftenshowsupblurringfromcyan,
yellowandmagenta.
FullBleed
OtherwiseknownasBorderlessprinting.Infersthattheinklimitextendstoall4edgesofaprint.
FullFrameSensor
AfullframeDSLRdigitalcamerathathasasensorthesamesizeasaframeoftraditional35mmfilm.
G
Gain
Arelationshipbetweentheinputandoutputsignalsofanyelectronicsystem.Highlevelsofgainamplifythesignalcausingmorecontrastandbrightness.Lower
levelsofgaindarkentheimageandsoftencontrast.Adjustinggainaffectssensitivitytolightinadigitalcamera.
Gamma
Thebrightnesscurveofacolorspectrumthatisdisplayedoneitheracomputermonitor,aprinterorscanner.
GammaCorrection
Controlstheoverallbrightnessofanimageduetoadjustmentinitssensitivitytolight.Impropergammacorrectioncanlookeithertoodarkorbleachedout.
Gamut
Therangeofcolorsavailableinanimage.Gamutusuallydescribesprintercapabilitiesinreproducingcolorsaccuratelyandvibrantly.
Gels
Anycoloredtranslucentmaterialthatisusedtocoloralight.Materialsareusuallymadefromgelatin,glassorplastic.
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Geotagging
ThepracticeofrecordingGPScoordinatescapturedoftheplacewhereaphotographwascaptured.
Gigabyte(GB)
Ameasureoffilespaceconsistingofonebillionbytes(athousandmegabytes).Theactualvalueis1,073,741,824bytes(1024megabytes).
Glass
Anicknameforlenses,oftenusedbyprofessionalphotographersoncetheyrealizethequalityofalensismoreimportantthanthequalityofacamera.
GlossyPrint
Ashinysurfacedprintofanimage.
GIF
GraphicInterfacedesignedforusingimagesonline.Thisisa256coloror8bitimage.
GoldenHour
Thetimeanhourorlessbeforethesungoesdownandaroundfifteenminutesafterthesunhasset.Thesunproducesabeautifuleffectontheskinaswellasa
glowingflatlight.
GPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)
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Asatellitebasednavigationsystemusedforestablishingafixedlocation.Usefulforgeotaggingimagestoshowwheretheyweretaken.
Grad
AnabbreviationofGraduatedthatisusedtodescribeatypeoffilterthatfadesfromdarktoclear.
Gradation
Asmoothtransitionbetweenatonalrange.Canincludetransitionfromblacktowhite,onecolortoanotherorcolortonocolor.
GrayCard
Acardthatisuniformlygrayononeside.Thegraysidereflectsprecisely18%ofthewhitelightthatstrikesit.Itisusedtocalibratealightmeteranddeterminea
scenesoptimalexposurevalue.
GrayLevel
Thebrightnesslevelofapixeldeterminingitslightnessfromwhitetoblack.Representedasavaluefrom0to255,0equalingblack,255equalingwhite.
GrayScale
Animagecontainingpurelyshadesofgray.Alsoknowasablackandwhitephotograph.
Gripandrip/Sprayandpray
Settingthecameratoitshighestcontinuousdrivemodeandholdingtheshutterdownwiththehopesofcatchingtheimagestoppedinactionandinfocus.
GUI(GraphicalUserInterface)
PronouncedGOOey.Aprograminterfacethatassimilatesthecomputersgraphicscapabilitiesandmakestheprogrameasiertouse.
GuideNumber
Aflashguidenumberindicateshowpowerfulaflashisandhowlargetheareaitcanilluminate.
H
Halftone
Areproductionofanimagethroughaspecialscreenmadeupofdifferentsizeddots.Usedtosimulateacontinuoustoneimage.
Halos
Theglowthatscreatedaroundtheedgesofobjectswhentheyhavetoomuchclarityorsharpness.
Handgrip
Apartofthecamerabodyshapedtobegrippedwithahand.Insomecameras,itmayalsoprovideextraspaceforbatteriestobehoused.
HardwareCalibration
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Calibratingadigitalcamera,scanner,printerormonitorusingspecializedhardware.
HD(HardDrive)
Alargecapacitystorageunitformemorythatcanbehousedinanexternalcasingorhomecomputer.
HDR
Atechniquethatenablesaphotographertocaptureawiderrangeofnormalexposureinallareasofascene.Thisisdonebytakingthesamephotoatdifferent
exposuresandcombiningtheminanimageeditingprogram.
HDSLR
Adigitalsinglelensreflexcamera(DSLR)thathastheabilitytocaptureHDvideo.
HDTV(HighDefinitionTeleveion)
Videostandardthathasanaspectratiois16:9versus4:3ofolderTVs.
Headshot
Photographofapersonsheadandshoulders.Canbeusedpromotionallyforprofessionalsaswellasforgovernmentdocumentsandidentification.
HighKey
Animagethatispredominantlymadeupoflightertones,andhasrelativelyfewmidtonesorshadows.
Highlight
Thespecificbrightareaorrangeofbrightareaswithinaphotograph.
Histogram
Avisualrepresentationoftheexposurevaluesofadigitalimage.Thevisualsincludearangeinpeaksthatexpressthevalueoftonesrangingfromhighlightsto
shadows.
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HotShoe
Anaccessoryshoelocatedonthetopofthecamerahousingthatenablesthephotographertomountandtriggeranelectronicflashorwirelesstransmitter.Hot
shoescanalsobeusedforamultitudeofotheraccessories.
Hue
Theattributeofacolorwithinthecolorwheel(Red,Green,Blueetc)
I
ICCProfile(InternationalColorConsortiumprofile)
Acolormanagementstandardthatspecifiesthecolorattributesofdigitalimagingdevicesinordertomaintainaccuracyandconsistencyindifferentmediums.
IncidentLight
Lightfallingonasurfacenotthelightreflectedfromit.Incidentlightraysarethosethatstrikeanobject.
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IEEE1284
Highspeed,bidirectionalparallelportspecificationforWindowscomputers,usedtoconnectprinters.
IEEE1394
SeeFireWire
ImageResolution
Numberofpixelsinthelengthofimage(ie.pixelsperinch,pixelspermillimeter,orpixelswide,etc).
ImageSensor
Recordsthescenebeingphotographedsimilartoatraditionalcamera.Unlikefilm,theimagesensorsendstheimagetoamemorycard.
ImageStabilization(IS)
Amethodofreducingtheeffectsofcameramovement.Itcanbeachievedeitherinthelensorthecamerabody.
Incandesent
Illuminationproducedfromtypicalhouseholdbulbs(tungstenbulbs).Thelightproducedhasayellowwhitebalancewithtemperaturerangingfrom2500Kto
3200K.
Infinity
Thebeginningofthefarthestdistanceofwhichthelenscanfocus.
Inkjet
Printingmethodthatinvolvesthesprayingmicrojetsofionizedinkonasheetofpaperindropletsizes.
InterchangeableLens
Aremovablelens,typicallyfoundonSLRcameras.
Interlaced
Thisisthetermusedtodescribeanimagesensorthatgathersitsdatabyfirstprocessingtheoddlines,andthenprocessingtheevenlines.
InterlacedScan
Videocapturetechniquethatentailsimageryconsistingoftwofieldsofdatathatarecapturedaframeapartandplayedbackinawaythatreproducesmotion
naturallyandflickerfree.
Interpolated
Mostsoftwareprogramscanenlargeimageresolutionbeyondtheactualresolutionbyaddingextrapixels.Thisnormallydecreasesthequalityoftheimagebut
canbeenhancedbyaprogramorplugin.
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Intervalometer
Atoolusedfortimelapsephotographythatallowsaphotographertocaptureimagesatpresetintervals.
Initializing
Thepreparationofthecontentsofamemorycardtoenabledigitalimagedatarecording.Alsoknownasformatting.
InverseSquareLaw
Anequationthatrelatestheintensityofalightsourcetotheilluminationitproducesatagivendistance.Lightdiminishesoverdistanceinaccordancewiththe
Inversesquarelaw,whichstatesthatdoublingtheflashtosubjectdistancereducesthelightfallingonthesubjecttoonequarter.
ImageBrowser
Anapplicationthatenablesyoutoviewdigitalphotos.Somebrowsersalsoallowyoutorenamefiles,convertphotosfromonefileformattoanotherandaddtext
descriptions.
ImageEditor
Acomputerprogramthatenablesyoutoadjustaphototoimproveorchangeitsappearance.
ImageQuality(IQ)
Acharacteristicofanimagethatmeasurestheperceivedimagedegradation(typically,comparedtoanidealorperfectimage).Factorsthataffectqualityinclude
brightnessandevennessofillumination,contrast,resolution,geometry,colorfidelityandcolordiscriminationofanobservedimage.
IR(InfraRed)
Abeamoflightthatisinvisibletohumans.Isusedtoeithercontroladevicewithoutwiresaswellasincameraautofocusingsystems.
ISO(InternationalStandardsOrganization)
Filmspeedratingexpressedasanumberindicatinganimagesensors(orfilms)sensitivitytolight.ThehighertheISO,themoresensitivethesensoristolight
andthelargerpresencegrainwithintheimage.
J
Jaggies
Nicknameforthesmoothedgesoflinesthatexperiencethestairstepeffectinalowresolutionphoto.
JPEG(JointPhotographicExpertsGroup)
Thestandardimagefilefordigitalcameras.JPEGisalossycompressionformatandresultsinpixelationatlowresolutions.
JPG
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ThefileextensionforJPEG.
Juxtaposition
Thefactoftwothingsbeingseenorplacedclosetogetherwithcontrastingeffect.
K
Kelvin
Themeasurementofdegreeswhenreferringtocolortemperature.
KeyLight
Theprincipalsourceoflightinascenewithartificiallight.Thekeylightisgenerallythebrightestandhasthemostoverallaffectonthesubject.
Keystoning
Atypeofdistortionthatoccurswhenaprojectedimage(fromaprojector)isnotdirectedperpendiculartothescreen.
Kicker
Asideorbacklightoftennearlensheightusedtorimfacesandmodelprofileshots.Usedtoprovideanadditionalhighlightoraccenttothesubject.
Kilobyte(KB)
1,024bytes
L
LABColor
Alinearcolorspacethatemploysluminanceasameansofincreasingcontrastandcolorsaturation.
LagTime
Thedelaythatoccursbetweenthetimetheshutterbuttonispressedandtheimageiscaptured.Thelessexpensivethecamera,themoreprevalenttheshutterlag.
Landscape
Apictureofthelandanditssurroundingnaturalfeaturesfromasingleviewpoint.Sceneryisthesubjectofalandscapeimage.
LargeFormat
Afilmformatthatholdsindividualframesoffilmthatare4X5orlarger.
LatentImage
Aninvisibleimagethatisrecordedonfilmandmustbemadevisiblebydevelopment.
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LCD(LiquidCrystalDisplay)
Foundontherearofdigitalcamerasandallowsthephotographertoprevieworreviewphotographersaswellascontrolvariousaspectsofthecamera.
LeadingLines
Linesthatdirecttheviewersattentiontoanimagescenterofinterestoraspecificlocationwithinaphotograph.
LED(LightEmittingDiode)
Thesmallred,greenandyellowindicatorlightsusedonmostcameras,powersuppliesandelectronicdevices.
Lens
Asinglepieceofglasscombinedwithoneormorecurvedsurfacesusedtochangetheconvergenceoflightrays.Acameralensisthevehiclebywhichtheimage
sensorseesanimage.
LensCoating
Acoatingthatreduceslightreflectionandincreasestransmittedlight.
LensFlare
Thelightscatteredinlenssystemsthroughgenerallyunwantedimageformationmechanisms,suchasinternalreflectionandscatteringfrommaterial
inhomogeneitiesinthelens.Thesemechanismsdifferfromtheintendedimageformationmechanismthatdependsonrefractionoftheimagerays.
LensHood
Anaccessorythatattacheslikeacollartothefrontofalensandpreventslightfromstrikingthesurfaceofthelens.
Lithiumion
Atypeofrechargeablebatteryprevalentindigitalcamerasandcamcorders.
Lightbucket
Anicknameforafastlens.
LightMeter
Adeviceusedtomeasureavailablelightanddeterminetheproperexposureforagivenscene.Thereadingtellsthephotographerwhichshutterspeedand
aperturesettingstoapply.
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LightTent
Atentlikestructuremadeoftranslucentfabricthatdiffusesthelightcomingfromoutsidethetentsothatahighlyreflectiveobjectplacedinsidethetentcanbe
photographedwithoutseeinganyreflections.
LightTrail
Alineresultingfrommovementofapointoflight(orcameramovement)duringalongexposure.Startrailsareoneexample.
LiveView
Thephotographercanseewhatthelensisseeing,butonthecamerasLCDinsteadoftheviewfinder.Thetermisnotexactlylivebutgivestheeffectthatitis.
Lossless
Acompressiontechniquewhichlessensfilesizebutallowstheimagetoretainallofitsdatamakingthemidenticalinappearance.
Lossy
Datacompressionthatreducesthedetailofadigitalimagefile.AnexamplewouldbeJPEG.
LowKey
Describesanimagewithmostlydarkvaluesandfewhighlights.
LowPassFilter
Afilterusedindigitalimagingtosuppresscolorghostingalongsidetheeffectsofinfraredlight.
Luminance
Theintensityorbrightnessreleasedfromalightsource.
M
Machinegunner
Aphotographerwhotakesmoreshotsthanneedto.Machinegunnersshootoncontinuosandhavemanyduplicates.
Macrophotography
Closeupphotographywherethesubjectiscapturedatthesameorlargerthanactualsize.
MacroLens
Alenswiththeabilitytofocusextremelycloseonsmallobjects.
mAh
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AtermofmeasurementinreferencetopowerofanelectronicdevicesuchasanLCD.
ManualFocus
Afeatureofacameralenswheretheusercancontrolthefocusadjustbyhand.
ManualMode
Acameramodethatallowsthephotographertooverrideautomaticexposuresettingsanddetermineshutterspeedandaperturethemselves.
Marchingants
ThedottedlinesthatflickeraroundareasthathavebeenselectedinPhotoshop.
Mask
Whenusingimageeditingsoftware,amaskisawayofprotectingspecificareasoftheimage,justasyouwouldusemaskingtapewhenpaintingyourhouse.
Thisisusedtoadjustspecificpartsoftheimagewhilekeepingtherestofthephotounaffected.
MatrixMetering
Takesthetotalimageareaandbreaksitintosections,thenanalyzeslightineachsectionanddeterminesproperexposureforthelightingsituation.
MaximumAperture
Thewidestopeninginaperturealenscanaffordsuchas1.4or1.2
MB(Megabyte)
1,024Kilobytes
MD(Minidisk)
Digitalmemorystoragesimilartoasmallfloppydisc.
MediumFormat
Atypeoffilmthatislargerthan35mm,butsmallerthan4x5largeformat.Typicalmediumformatfilmwouldbea120rollwhichequatesto66cmwhen
developedintonegatives.
Megapixel
WhentheCCD(orCMOS)resolutionisequaltoonemillionpixels.
Memory
Thecamerasfilestoragemedium.Digitalcamerasemployflashmemory,whichdoesntneedpowertomaintainstorageonceitissaved.
MemoryCard
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Aremovablestoragedeviceusedindigitalcamerastostorecapturedimages.ThereareseveraldifferenttypesofmemorycardsavailableincludingCompact
Flash,SmartMedia,SD/SDHC/SDXC,XDandMemoryStick.
MemoryStick
AflashmemorycardtypefromSonythatresemblesastickofchewinggumandvariesinsize.
Metering
Meteringisusedtocalculatetheexposurefromtheexistinglightconditions.IncludesMatrixMetering,SpotmeteringandCenterweightedmetering.
Mic(Microphone)
Digitalcamerasthatcanrecordaudiohaveabuiltinmicrophone.Somedigitalcamerasalsofeatureanexternalmicinputport,whichallowfortheuseof
dedicatedmicrophonesduringvideorecording.
MicroDrive
Oneoftheoriginaltypesofdigitalmemorycardsfordigitalcameras.Essentiallyasmallharddrive,itlostpopularitytomorereliableflashmemory.
MicroLenses
Microlensesarenormallymountedontopofthelightgatheringportionofpixels.Theycanbeangledalongtheedgesofacamerasensorinordertocaptureand
redirectlightbackintothepixel.Thisisusedtoreducefalloffontheedgeofphotographs.
Midtone
Theareaofanimageorascenethatdisplaysaverageormiddletonalvalues.
MinimumAperture
Thesmallestopeningalensaffords.Anextremelysharpimagewithasmallaperturewouldbef/64.
MMC(MultiMediaCard)
AmemorycardusedinsomedigitalcamerasthatissimilarinsizeandshapetoaSDcard.
ModelingLight
Atungstenlightbuiltintoastudioflashthatremainsonwhentheflashisinstandbymode,allowingthephotographertoattainfocuspriortotheflashgoingoff.
Moir
Aconfusionbetweenthephotographicsceneandthepatternofwhichthepixelsaremadeuponthesensor.Moircanoftenbeeliminatedeitherbyincreasingor
decreasingthedistancefromthesubject.
Monochrome
Asinglecolorimage.Ablackandwhiteorsepiatonedimageisconsideredtobemonochrome.
Monopod
Aoneleggedsupportforacamera,designedsimilarlytoatripod.Oftenusedassupportwhenshootingeventsthatrequirealargelenstostopactionsuchas
sportingeventsorconcerts.
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MotionJPEG
AvideoclipcomposedofasequenceofJPEGcompressedimages.
MOV
AppleQuickTimeMoviefileformat.
Movieclip
AmotionsequencecapturedinAVI,MOVorMPEGformats.Manydigitalcamerashavetheabilitycaptureshortmovieclipsandcanalsorecordsound.
MovieMode
Cameramodethatcapturesmoviesorvideo.
MPEG
MotionJPEGmoviefile.
MultiZoneFocusing
Thecameraautomaticallydetermineswhichzoneorareawithinthescene(center,left,right,upperorlower)isappropriateforperformingautofocus.
MultiPatternMetering
Measuresmanydifferentzonesintheframetogiveanoptimumexposureevaluation.
MultiPointFocusing
Anautofocussystemthatusesseveraldifferentpointsoftheimagetodeterminethecorrectfocus.
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MultipleExposure
Whenmorethanoneexposureisexposedonthesameframe.CalledaDoubleexposurewhentwoexposuresappeartogetherinasingleframe.
N
NarrowLighting
Occurswhenthemainlightcompletelyilluminatesonlythesideofthesubjectsfacethatisturnedawayfromthecamera.Thiscanalsobecalledshortlighting
NaturalLight
SeeAmbientLight
NeutralDensityFilter
Afilterusedinfrontofthelensthatabsorbsallvisiblewavelengthsandsignificantlyreducestheamountoflightthatreachesthesensor.
NiCad(NickelCadmium)
Atypeofrechargeablebattery,theNiCadbatterywasoneofthefirstsuccessfulrechargeablebatteriesusedindigitalcameras.
Niftyfifty
A50mmlenswithamaximumapertureoff/1.8orfaster.Lensesinthisrangearefast,lightweight.Theniftyfeatureistheprice.Thef/1.8andf/1.450mm
lensesareoftenthebestvalueforglassyoucanbuy.
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NiMH(NickelMetalHydride)
Acommonlyusedrechargeablebatteryfordigitalcameras.ANiMHbatterycanhavetwotothreetimesthecapacityofanequivalentsizenickelcadmium
battery.
NodalPoint
Theopticalcenterofthelens.
Noise
SeeDarkCurrent
NoiseReduction
Aprocesswithinadigitalcamerasimageprocessorthatsuppressesoreliminatesgrainwithinanimage.
NonVolatileMemory
Typicallyusedforthetaskofsecondarystorage,orlongtermpersistentstorage.Themostwidelyusedformofprimarystoragetodayisavolatileformof
randomaccessmemory(RAM),meaningthatwhenthesystemisshutdown,anythingcontainedinRAMislost.
NormalLens
Lenswithafocallengthapproximatelyequaltothediagonalofthefilmformatorofadigitalcamerasimagesensor.Asceneviewedthroughanormallens
appearstohavethesameperspectiveasthewayyoureyeseesit.Most35mmcamerasnormallenseshaveafocallengthofapproximately50mm.
NTSC
The60fieldvideooutput(television)standardusedintheU.S.andJapan.
O
Objective
Anopticalsystemcontainingacombinationoflensesthatconvergelightraysfromanobjectandformanimageonthefocalplane.Aphotographiclensisan
objective.
OLED(OrganicLightEmittingDiode)
AnadvancedformofLEDthatdoesnotrequirebacklighting,theOLEDdisplaysmoredenseblacksandhighercontrastcomparedtostandardLEDs.
OOF(OutofFocus)
Anacronymthatreferstoasoftphoto.
Opacity
Thestateorqualityofbeingopaque.Thistermisusedinthedarkroomwhendescribingthedensityofanegative.Digitally,itcanrefertothedensityofalayer
whenworkinginPhotoshop.
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OpenUp
Toincreaseaperturesizeorreductioninshutterspeedandpermitmorelighttoreachthefilmorimagesensor.
OpticalResolution
Thephysicalresolutionatwhichadevicecancaptureanimage.Thetermisusedmostfrequentlyinreferencetoopticalscannersanddigitalcameras.
OpticalViewfinder
Aviewfinderthatisusedtocomposethephotograph.
OpticalZoom
Alensthatenablesyoutochangethemagnificationratiobyeitherpushing,pullingorrotatingthelensbarrel.Opticalzoomlensesfocusremainsundisturbed
whenchangingfocallengths.
ORF(OlympusRAWFormat)
TheunprocessedimageformatcreatedbyOlympus.
OrientationSensor
Asensorinadigitalcamerathatcantellwhenthephotographerturnsthecameratoportraitorientationtotakeaverticalshot.Thisisregisteredforautorotation
whenviewingimagesinplayback.
Overexposure
Theresultofrecordingtoomuchlightwhentakingapicture,resultinginalightimage.
P
PaintingwithLight
Occurswhenaphotographertakesanormallydarksceneandincrementallylightsitusingahandheldlightsourcesuchasaflashlight.Theresultisusually
createdoveralongexposureandcreatestheeffectthatthephotographerusedapaintbrushoflight.
Palette
SeeColorPalette
PancakeLens
Athin,flatlenswithaveryshortlensbarreloftenusedfortravelingbecauseitissocompact.
Panning
Takingapicturewitharelativelyslowshutterspeedandthentrackingthemotionofasubjectsuchashorsesothatthebackgroundisblurrybutthehorseisstill
sharpandinfocus.
Panorama
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Capturingaseriesofimagestocreateapicturewiderthanwhatyoucouldcaptureinasingleimage,bystitchingthephotographstogether.Stitchingis
performedinavarietyofimageeditingsoftwaresuchasPhotoshop.
Paparazzi
Photographerwhoshootscandid,surreptitiousorsurpriseshots,butnotposedpictures,ofcelebritiesandtheirfamilies,oftenforpublicationintabloidsand
magazines.
Parallax
Thedifferencebetweentheimageseenbyaviewingsystemandtheimagerecordedbytheimagingsensor.Inpointandshootcameras,assubjectsmovecloser
tothelens,thevarianceincreases.Onlythroughthelens(TTL)viewingsystemsavoidparallaxerror.
PC
Denotesatypeofflashsynchconnector,popularonmostfilmandhighenddigitalcameras.
PCCard
PCMCIAcardsareaboutthesizeofacreditcardandalesscommonwaytotransferfilesfromacameratoacomputer
PCSync
Astandardizedconnectortoconnectandsynchronizeexternalelectronicflashunits(strobes)tocameras.
Perspective
Perspectiveisanelementofphotographydeterminedbytheangleofviewfromwhichtheimageiscaptured.
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Photo
Greektermforlight,usedtodescribeasingleimage.
PhotoSlave
Aflashunitthatwillfiresimultaneouslywithanotherflashunitwhenthelightsensitivefeatureistriggered.
Photobomb
Aphotographthathasbeenspoiledbytheunexpectedappearanceofanunintendedsubjectinthecamerasfieldofviewasthepicturewastaken.
Photoshop
AsoftwareprogramcreatedbyAdobetodigitallyeditphotographicimages.
PICT
FileformatdesignedtosupportRGBcolorspaceswithadominantsinglealphachannel.Itisespeciallyeffectivewhencompressingimagesofasinglecolor.
PictBridge
InvolvesdirectUSBprintingfromdigitalcamerastoprintersanddoesnotrequiretheuseofacomputer.
PIM(PrintImageMatching)
Astandardforembeddedcolorandprintinginformationfordigitalcameras,developedbyEpson.CameramanufacturersembedPIMinformationintheExif
headerofJPEGs.
PinCushioning
Commoninlessexpensivelenses,whenparallellinesonthehorizontalorverticalplanebowinward.Theoppositeofbarreldistortion.
Pixel
Standsforpictureelement,andreferstothesmallestcomponentwithinadigitalimage.Pixelsarealsotheindividualcomponentsthatcollectivelyrecreatethe
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imagecapturedwithyourdigitalcameraonacomputermonitor.Themorepixelsthereare,thehigherthescreenorimageresolutionwillbe.
Pixelpeeper
Someonewhospendstoomuchtimelookingatimagesfilesfullyzoomedinontheircomputerandreadsnoiseandresolutionatthepixellevelratherthan
lookingatthepictureasawhole.
Pixelization
Thebreakupofalowresolutiondigitalimagecausedbyhavingtoofewpixels.Thepixelswithinaphotographbecomemorenoticeableandcannolongerblend
togethertoformasmoothimage.
PlugnPlay
AninstallationprocessusedtoconnecttoMicrosoftWindows.Newdevicesthatarepluggedintothecomputerareautomaticallyrecognizedandtheuseris
promptedwithavarietyofoptions.
PNG(PortableNetworkGraphics)
ApatentfreealternativetoGIF,thisformatisnormallyusedfordisplayingimagesonthewebandisconsideredtobelossless.
PointandShoot
Automaticcamerasthatsimplifytakingpicturesbyonlyrequiringtheusertopresstheshutterbutton.
PolarizedLight
Lightthatisreflectedortransmittedthroughcertainmediasothatallvibrationsarerestrictedtoasingleplane.
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PolarizingFilter
Anadjustablefilter,withtworingsthatchangethefilterseffectiveness.Theouterringabsorbsglareanddarkensblueskieswhenrotatedappropriately.
Portrait
Apictureofapersonthatcapturestheirlikeness.
Pose
Theassumedpositionofthesubjectinrelationtothecamera.Poseincludesvariationsinpostureandplacementofhead,hands,feet,etc.
PPI(PixelsPerInch)
Ameasureofresolutioninrelationtoanimage.SeeDPI
PreFlash
Alowpowerflashthatemitslightbeforethemainflashtoautomaticallysettheexposureandwhitebalance.
PreviewButton
Apreviewbuttonthatbringsthelensdowntotheapertureselectedbythephotographer,allowingthemtoseewhichareasoftheforegroundorbackgroundarein
focus.
Prime
Afixedfocallengthlensthatremainsconstantwithnoabilitytozoom.Primelensesareoftenofhigheropticalqualitybecausetheyhaveawiderminimum
aperture.
Print
Aphotographicimageprintedonpapereitherfromadigitalfileoranegative.
ProgrammedAE
Amodeinwhichthecamerachoosesthebestshutterspeedandapertureautomatically.
Proof
Asampleimageintendedforthepurposeofensuringthatthemonitorandprinterarecalibratedcorrectly.Ifadigitalimageincludesawatermarkitmaybealso
consideredtobeaproof.
PSD(PhotoshopDocument)
AnimagefiletypecreatedinAdobePhotoShop.APSDfileletstheusersaveapicturetheyareworkingonwithalloftheimageeditingdataintact.
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Q
QVGA
QuarterVGAresolution(320x240)formotionvideo.
R
RackingFocus
Usedtodirecttheattentionofaviewerbyrotatingthefocusofthelensfromtheforegroundtothebackgroundorviceversa.
Rangefinder
Theviewfinderonmostsmallcamerasthatisaseparateviewingdeviceandindependentofthelens.ItcanbefoundonDianacamerasandPolaroidsandisoften
abovethelensortotheleftorright.
RAW
Uneditedversionofanimagespecifictothephotographerscamerasettings.RAWfileshaveamuchmorerobusteditingabilityandholdmoreinformationthan
manyoftheotherstandardfileformats.
RedEye
Animageinwhichasubjectshasredirises.Thishappenswhentheinteriorbackoftheeyeisilluminatedfromaflashandhaslighttravelthroughit.
RedEyeReduction
Amethodofreducingoreliminatingredeyefromflashphotographsbyusingapreflashpriortotakingthepicture.
Reflector
Aspecifictypeofshinyorwhitematerialusedtoreflectlightinaspecificdirection.
ReflexCamera
Acamerathatutilizesamirrorsystemtoreflectlightintoavisiblescreen.Thesceneinthecamerasviewfinderisthesameimagethatisbeingseenthroughthe
lens.
Resampling
Occurswhenanimageeditingprogramisusedtochangeanimagessize.Increasinganimagessizerequirestheadditionofnewpixelsanddecreasingsize
removespixels.
ResinCoatedPaper
Paperthathasawaterrepellentbaseandisusedformakingphotographicprints.
Modelrelease
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Acontractinwhichamodelconsentstotheuseofhisorherimagesbythephotographerorathirdparty.
RembrandtLighting
Alightingtechniqueusedinstudioportraitphotographythatrequiresminimaluseoflightingequipmentbutgivesanaturalandcompellinglooktothesubject.
RemoteCapture
Theabilitytosignalthecamerashuttertofirefromadistanceusingacablereleaseorwirelesstransmitter.
Render
Thefinalstepofanimagetransformationwhenanewimagehasbeenrefreshedonacomputerscreen.
Resize
Totakeanimageandadjustthesizespecifications,oftenwhenpreparingitforprint.Mosteditingprogramsofferaresizeoptionlabeledascropping.
Resolution
Thenumberofpixelsusedtocaptureordisplayanimage.Thehighertheresolutionisthemoredetailanimagewillhave.
Retouching
Toimproveanimagesappearancebyphysicallyordigitallyalteringaprintorimagefile.
RGBColor(RedGreenBlue)
Acolorspacecomprisedof256variationsofcolorthatisusedindigitalcamerasandimageeditingsoftware.
Rig
Asupportsystemtomaintainfocusandavoidcamerashakewhileinmotion.Oftenworntogetasmoothlookwhenusingadigitalcameraforvideorecording
purposes.
RimLighting
Whenthekeylightisbehindthesubjectsothatthesubjectsfaceislocatedcompletelyinshadow.Thesubjectalsohasarimoflightemphasizingthecontourof
theirhead.
RingFlash
Acircularshapedelectronicflashfittedaroundalensthatisusedincloseupphotographybecausethesubjectisoftenshadowlessandmaintainsuniformfrontal
lighting.
RuleofThirds
Adesignprinciplemadeupofagridthatbreaksupthecompositionofanimageinto9separatesquaressuggestingthatthephotogapherplacethesubjectatone
ofintersectinglines.
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S
Safelight
Alampisusedinadarkroomtoviewlightsensitivematerialindimconditionswithoutruiningtheexposureoftheprint.
Saturation
Thedepthofthecolorwithinanimage.Thedeeperthelevelofcolorthemoresaturatedaphotois,whilelesssaturationgivesamoremutedlooktothecolor
palette.
Scale
Describesthesizeofasubjectrelativetoitssurroundingsorimmediateenvironment.
Scanner
Scansandconvertsphotographsfromatangibleimageintoadigitalfilethatcanbemanipulatedandsavedonacomputer.
SceneModes
Anexposuremodethatallowsthephotographertoselectapreprogrammedscenefromalistofoptionsgiveninthemenuofadigitalcamera.Thismodeisvery
prevalentinpointandshootcameras.
SDCard(SecureDigital)
Areducedsizeofthecompactflashmemorycardthatisoftenfoundincellphonesandmoderndigitalcameras.
SelectiveFocus
Atoolemployedusingshallowdepthoffield,sothatthesubjectisisolatedfromitssurroundingsbecausethesurroundingsarenotinfocus.
Selfie
Aphotographicselfportraitusuallytakenatarmslength,oronesownreflectionphotographedinamirror.Thisstyleofphotographyisamatuerandisvery
prevalentincontemporarysocietyduetothetechnologyassociatedwithcameraphones.
SelfTimer
Apresettimedelay(ie.2or10seconds)beforetheshutterfiresautomatically.Photographersusethistechniquetoavoidcamerashakeaswellasputthemselves
inaphotographwhenusingatripod.
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Sepia
Abrownisheffectseeninphotosfromthe19thcenturythatisnowanoptioninimageeditingsoftware.
Shadow
Thedarkestpartofthescenewithinanimage,predominantlyarangeofblacktonalvalues.
ShadowDetail
Thedetailthatisvisiblewithinthedarkestpartsofanimage.
Sharpness
Animagesdegreeofclarityintermsoffocusandcontrast.
SheetFilm
Apieceoffilmsizedforoneexposureinaviewcamera.
ShiftLens
Alensthatallowsthephotographertocontroltheappearanceofperspectivebyadjustingthelensrelationshiptotheimagesensor.Thistypeoflensgiveseffects
similartoaviewcamera
Shutter
Amechanisminthecamerathatcontrolstheamountoflightthatreachesthefilmorsensor.
ShutterCount
Thenumberofpicturesoractuationsacamerahastaken.Professionalcamerasareratedfor200,000actuationswithasingleshutter.
ShutterLag
Thetimebetweenwhentheshutterispressedandwhentheimageiscaptured.PointandShootcamerashavealongershutterlagtimebecauseitmustcalculate
exposurebeforetakingthepicture.
ShutterPriority
Ameteringmodewhereshutterspeedischosenandfixedallowingthecameratochoosetheappropriateaperturesetting.UsuallydenotedwithanS.
Shutterspeed
Thelengthoftimetheshutterremainsopenaftertheshutterreleasehasbeenpressed,usuallymeasuredinfractionsofsecond.
Silhouette
Adarkimageoutlinedagainstalighterbackground.Thisoccurswhenthephotographeriscapturinganimagewiththelightsourcefacingthem.
SkylightFilter
AfilterthatabsorbsUVLightandreducestheabundanceofblueinanimage.
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SlowSync
Aflashmodeinsomedigitalcamerasthatopenstheshutterforalongerperiodoftimethannormal.Thistechniqueisusedforproperilluminationofboththe
backgroundandforeground.
SLR(SingleLensReflex)
Acamerautilizingaprismandmirrorsystemtoprojecttheimageseenbythelensontoafocusingscreen.Theimageisthenseenthroughtheviewfinderexactly
asitisseenthroughthelens.
SmartMedia
Aflashmemorycardthatconsistsofathinpieceofplasticwithlaminatedmemoryonthesurfaceandagoldcontactstriptoconnecttothecamera.SmartMedia
cardsareavailableinvarioussizes.
Snapshot
Aninformalphotographtakenquicklybyahandheldcamera.
SoftFocus
Asoftlookachievedbendinglightanddispersinghighlightssothattheimagestillremainsinfocusbutgivesthesubjetasoftlook.
Softbox
Atypeofphotographiclightingdevicethatcreatessoftorflatlighting.Allthevarioussoftlighttypescreateevenanddiffusedlightbydirectinglightthrough
somediffusingmaterial.
SpotMetering
Atypeofmeteringthatinvolvesreadingthereflectedlightoffthesubjectofthephotograph,ratherthanpointingthelightmeterdirectlyatthelightsource.This
measuresonlyaverysmallpartofthescene.
sRGB
Thestandardcolorspacefortheinternet.ItprovidesasmallerrangeofcolorsthantheRGBcolorspace.
Stitching
Combiningaseriesofimagestoformalargerimageorapanoramicphoto.Thisrequirestheuseofimageeditingsoftware.
StockPhotography
Photographsthataresuppliedthroughlicensingandintendedforspecificuse.StockphotoscanbefoundinmassamountsonvariouswebsitessuchasGetty
Images.
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Stop
Aformofmeasurementwhenreferringtoaperture.Stopsinorder1.8,2,2.8,4,5.6,8,11,16,22,32,64
StoppingDown
Stoppingdownindicatesthatthephotographerisincreasingthefstopnumber,thereforedecreasingthesizeoftheapertureandmakingtheimagesharper.
StorageCard(MemoryCard)
Amemorystoragedevicefordigitalcameras.
StreetPhotography
Aformofphotographythatfeatureshumanswithinpublicplaces.
Studio
Aroomspeciallyequippedforphotography,oftenwithablankbackdropandavarietyoflightingequipment.
SVGA(SuperVGA)
Referstoanimageresolutionsizeof800x600pixels.
SynchCord
Anelectricalcordconnectingacameratoanelectronicflashthatisusedtopermitsynchronizedflash.
T
T(Time)
Ashutterspeedmodeusedforextendedtimeexposures.Theshutteropenswhenthereleaseispressedandcloseswhenitispressedagain.
TeleConverter
Alensmountedbetweenacamerabodyandalensthatisusedtoincreasethefocallengthofthelens.A100mmlensbecomes140mmwhena1.4xextenderis
placedbetweenitandthecamerabody.
TelephotoLens
Alenswithalongfocallengthandnarrowangleofviewthatexhibitsshallowdepthoffieldthroughitsmagnificationoffocallength.
TestShots
Aseriesofimagesphotographedatthebeginningofashoot,oftenwithastandinratherthantheactualmodel.Theseimagesaretakentoallowthephotographer
todetermineproperexposure,depthoffieldandlightingforaphotoshoot.
Texture
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Thevisualqualityofthesurfaceofanobjectrevealedthroughvariancesinshape,toneandcolordepth.Lightinghasthemostinfluenceoverhowtexturewill
lookinanimage.
TFT
AhighresolutioncolorLCDscreenusedindigitalcameras.
Thumbnail
SmallimagesthatappearinanimagebrowserorontheLCDofadigitalcamera.
TIFF(TaggedImageFileFormat)
Abitmapimagefilesupportedbyvirtuallyallimagesoftwareapplications.Thisisalosslessfileandmaintainsdetailandresolutionofaphotoevenduring
compression.
TimeLapse
Photographscapturedovertimeintervalssuchasseconds,minutes,days,weeksoryears.
TonalRange
Thequalityofcolorandtonewithinanimagerangingfromthedarkesttobrightestareaandeverythinginbetween.
Tone
Thedegreeoflightness,darkness,orcolorvariationinanimage.Canalsobeknownasvalue.
ToneCurve
Agraphusedinimageeditingsoftwaretodisplaythevaluewithinthephoto.Thetonecurveisadjustableintermsofbothlightandcolor.
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Tranreflective
AtypeofLCDdisplaythatusesbothambientlightandabacklighttoilluminatethepixelsofthescreenwhichmakesiteasiertoseeinbrighterconditions.
Tripod
Apolethathasabaseofthreelegsthatprovidessupporttoacamerawhenfilmingortakingphotosinlowlight.Thispreventscamerashakeandallows
photographerstotakelongexposures,eg:nightphotography.
TrueColor
Colorinadigitalimagethathasadepthof24bitsperpixelandatotalof16.7millioncolors.
TTL(ThroughtheLens)
Ameteringsystemthatdeterminestheproperexposurebasedonareadingthroughthelensandontotheimagesensor.Thesearethemostaccurateofexposure
readingsandnormallyfilteroutanypeculiarities.
TungstenLight
Referstoartificialroomlighting,normallyatacolortemperatureof3200K.
U
Umbrella
Alightingaccessorythatresemblesarainumbrella,usedtosoftenilluminationbybouncingordiffusingthelight.
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UncleBob
ThenamethatweddingphotographersgivetoaweddingguestwhocomesarmedwithabigDSLRandaccessories.UncleBobcanoftenbefoundinthe
photographerswayorinthephotographunnecessarily.
Underexposure
Whentoolittlelightisrecordedwhiletakingapicture,whichcanresultinadarkimage.Underexposurecanbecorrecteddigitally,butnoisemaybepresent
whenattemptingtobringdetailoutofthedarkerareasoftheimage.
UnsharpMasking
Whendetailandsharpnessofanimageisincreasedviaimageeditingsoftware.
Upload
Totransferinformationfromonedevicetoanother.Photographersoftenuploadtheirimagesfromcameratocomputer,andthensubsequentlyuploadtheimages
fromthecomputertoaharddriveforstorage.
USB
ThedataI/Oportonmostdigitalcamerasthatisalsofoundonmostmoderncomputers.
UXGA
V
VGA
ViewCamera
Alargeformatcamerathatproducesanindividualimagesizeof5X4orlarger.
VideoMode
Theabilityofadigitalcameratocapturevideobykeepingtheshutteropenratherthanopeningandclosingwhencapturinganimage.
VideoOut
SomedigitalcamerashavetheabilitytooutputimagesontelevisionscreensandcomputermonitorsbyconnectingthemwithacordandusingeitherNTSCor
PALformat.
Viewfinder
Theareausedforcomposingandfocusingthesubjectbeingphotographedandviewingtheentireframeoftheimage.Viewfinderscanbeglass(Rangefinder)or
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anLCDscreenthatviewstheliveimage.
Vignetting
Darkeningoftheedgesofaphotographicimageevenlytodirecttheviewtowardsthecenterofanimage.
W
Watermark
Theinformationthatisembeddedintheimagedatatoprotectthecopyrightsoftheimage.
WhiteBalance
Thecamerasabilitytocorrectcolorinanygivensituationgiventhesourceofambientorartificiallight.
WideAngleLens
Alenswithanangleofviewthatiswiderthanthatofanormallens,orthatofthehumaneye.Awideanglelenshasafocallengthshorterthanthefocallength
ofanormallensandsometimeshasdistorationattheendoftheimage.Standardwideanglelensesare2835mmwhilesuperwideisanythingwiderthan28mm.
X
XGA
Y
YellowFilter
Themostpopularcoloredfilterusedwithblackandwhitefilm.Becauseayellowfilterabsorbsblue,itprovidessignificantlygreatercontrastbetweenblueand
yelloworwhitesubjects.
Z
Zoom
Theactionofvaryingthefocallengthofazoomlenstoenlarge(zoomin)orreduce(zoomout)theimage.
Zoomcreep
Alenstendencytoextendorshortenthefocallengthwithoutthephotographersintent.Thisisduetoanupwardordownwardtiltofthelens.
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