MODULE II

EMULSION
Practicum Reports Fluid Reservoir
Name

:Edis Abdul Jabbar

NIM

:12213091

group/shift

:3/tuesday one

date of experiment

:November 4 2014

Date of Submission

:November 18 2014

Lecturer

:Zuher Syihab,S.T.,Ph.D.

Assistant Module

:Wilson Santana

(12211023)

Irianto Petrus Binsardo (12211061)

LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF FLUID RESERVOIR

STUDY PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY BANDUNG
2014

Table Of Content
Table of content.........................................................................................................1

List of table................................................................................................................2
List of figures.............................................................................................................3
Chapter 1

Experiment Objectives.....................................................................4

Chapter 2

Experimetal Principles.....................................................................5

Chapter 3

Materials and Apparatus.................................................................6

Chapter 4

Data processing.................................................................................7

Chapter 5

Analysis..............................................................................................12

Chapter 6

Conclusions and suggestion..............................................................14

Chapter 7

Bibliogrhapy.......................................................................................15

Chapter8

Answer Questions................................................................................16

List Of Table
Tabel 4.1

.............................................................................................................7

Table 4.2

.............................................................................................8

Table 4.3

.............................................................................................................9

Table 4.4

.............................................................................................................10

Table 4.5

.............................................................................................................11

List of Figures
graph4.1............................................................................................................. 7
2

graph4.2............................................................................................................. 8
graph4.3............................................................................................................. 9
graph4.4.............................................................................................................10
graph4.5.............................................................................................................11

Chapter 1
Experiment Objectives
Practical purpose:
3

1. Understand how and why the emulsion is formed.

2. Understand the process of breaking the emulsion.

Chapter 2
Experimetal Principles
4

The emulsion is a mixture of two kinds of immiscible liquids, is liquids under normal
circumstances can not be mixed. In the emulsion, there are droplets of liquid dispersed in
another liquid. Petroleum is essentially emulsion composed of oil and water. Emulsion
stability depends on the viscosity of the oil, agitation, temperature, and emulsifier. Agitation
does make it easier mixed emulsion. Whereas emulsifier lowers the surface tension and form
a barrier layer on droplets, making it difficult for the flocculation and coalescence. The
emulsion can be broken by using several methods, including, gravity settling, giving
demulsifier, heating, and electrostatic. with the method gravity settling, liquid emulsion will
separate constituent, where the mass of its kind more weight will be under the mass of the
lighter kind. in the method giving demulsifier, the chemical components contained
demulsifier may increase the occurrence of flocculation (droplet meets the one with the other)
and coalescence (merging of droplets that had been met. In the method heating, temperature
increase resulting in increased kinetic energy droplets, so that the collision between droplet
more. While the method electrostatic, electric current supplied to the emulsion may break the
emulsion with utilizing the difference in charge both liquid constituent.

Chapter 3
Materials and Apparatus
1. Chemistry Glass 250cc, 3pieces
5

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Chemistry Glass 100cc,4pieces

Mixer
Bunsen
Stopwatch
Crude Oil, formation water, and aquades
Demulsifier
Measuring Glass

Chapter IV
Data Processing
1. Agitation Factor in Emulsion Stability
6

a. 650 RPM
Initial volume (Total volume) = 94 mL
Time (s)

Cumulative
Volume of
Water (ml)
30
13
60
26,5
90
31,5
120
34
150
35
180
36
210
36,5
240
37
270
37
300
37
330
37
360
37
Table 4.1 Volume Data at 650 RPM
Axis is time
Ordinat is Volume of water

Volume of Water vs Time

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Graph 4.1 Volume of water vs Time at 650 RPM

b. 850 RPM
Initial volume (Total volume) = 94 mL

400

Time (s)

Cumulative
Volume of Water
(ml)
30
8
60
22
90
30
120
34
150
36
180
37
210
37
240
37
270
37
300
37
Table 4.2 Volume Data at 850 RPM
Axis is time
Ordinat is Volume of water

Volume of Water vs Time

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

Graph4.2 Volume of water vs Time at 850 RPM

c.1050 RPM
8

300

350

inital volume (Total volume)= 94 ml

Time (s)

Cumulative
Volume of Water
(ml)
0
30
14
60
24
90
30
120
33
150
34
180
35
210
35
240
35
270
35
300
35
330
Table 4.3 Volume Data at 1050 RPM
Axis is time
Ordinat is Volume of water

Volume of Water vs Time

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Graph 4.3 Volume of water vs Time at 1050 RPM

350

2. Emulsion Separation by Chemical Adding (Demulsifier

Treatment)
The experiment use emulsion with mixing 1050 RPM.
Initial volume (Total volume) = 92 mL.
Time (s)

Cumulative
Volume of Water
(ml)
25
30
29
60
38
90
43
120
44
150
44,5
180
44,5
210
44,5
240
44,5
270
44,5
300
Table 4.4 Volume Data for Chemical Adding
Axis is time
Ordinat is Volume of water

Volume of Water vs Time

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Graph 4.3 Volume of water vs Time at 1050 RPM

10

350

3. Emulsion Separation by Heating (Thermal Treatment)

The experiment use emulsion with mixing 1050 RPM
Initial volume (Total volume) = 94 mL.
Time (s)

Cumulative
Volume of Water
(ml)
5
16
29
42
47
47
47
47
47

30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270

Table 4.5 Volume Data for Thermal Treatment

Axis is time
Ordinat is Volume of water

Volume of Water vs Time

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

Graph 4.5 Volume of water vs Time for Thermal Treatment

11

300

Chapter 5
Analysis
Assumptions:
1. conducted on going agitation evenly.
2. At the time interval between mixing (agitation) and pouring into measuring cup,
emulsion was not separated.
3. The entire process takes place in the standard state.
4. Samples of oil-containing water.
5. Heating lasted isotherm.
analysis:
Crude oil samples used for experiments emulsion with agitation of 650 rpm, 850 rpm and
1050 rpm.
Based on the literature:
The greater agitation provided to the emulsion, the harder emulsion
separately. This is because the nature of agitation which can flatten the distribution
droplets and separating droplets previously had experienced
flocculation and coalescence in emulsions.
Based on the experiment:
Emulsions are experiencing agitation at 1050 rpm components are more difficult and
Separate longer than emulsion experiencing agitation at 650 rpm.
Emulsions are experiencing agitation at 1050 rpm takes time to
separately for each experimental results with literature statement.
Based on the literature:
Oil with higher viscosity is more stable, so that
emulsion is more subtle. This means heavy oil samples
oil more difficult to separate than light oil sample emulsion.
Based on the experiment:
Light oil emulsion is easier and faster than the separate heavy emulsion
oil. The experimental results according to the literature.
3. The method of separation of the emulsion is most effective.
In the experiments, carried out three methods of separation in the sample
are treated the same agitation, the method of gravity settling,
addition of demulsifying agent, and heating.
Based on the literature:
Heating method is the most effective method, since heating
have a major impact on the emulsion. Heating effect of the emulsion include:
a. Reduce the viscosity of the oil.
b. Enlarge the water droplet mobility.
c. Enlarge settling rate of the water droplet.
d. Enlarge droplet collision and allow for
coalescence.
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e. Enlarge density difference constituent emulsion fluids, which

resulting in easier memisahnya water from oil.
f. Weaken the barrier layer droplet. This is caused by
expand droplet of water due to heating.
Based on the experiment:
The addition of demulsifying agent to separate the emulsion faster than
methods of heating or gravity settling. The experimental results differ from
literature. This occurs because the sample used in the experiment had
slightly deposited in jerry cans, and oil samples used in
demulsifier experiment was lower than that of oil samples
used for experiments with heating. Because of its position
below, the water contained within the sample used for the experiment
demulsifier already slightly deposited in jerry cans. So that the results of an experiment
indicates that the demulsifier is an emulsion separation method most fast.

13

Chapter 6
Conclusion and Suggestion

The conclusion from this experiment:

1. The emulsion can be formed when two immiscible liquids mix. emulsion
which both can be formed if there is agitation, and emulsifying agent.
2. The process of breaking the emulsion can occur if the emulsion experiencing gravity
settling, heating, or given demulsifying agent.
Suggestions:
1. To maintain the emulsion, do continuous agitation and give
emulsifying agent (such as asphalt, wax, clay, organic acids, etc.)
the emulsion.
2. To break the emulsion quickly, give demulsifying agent in the emulsion,
or do heating.
Impression
when practical, why so blank so much during the test tool can not answer, but it remains a
good practitioner.

14

Chapter 7
Bibliography

William D. McCain, Jr.,The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, Second Edition,

TulsaOklahoma, 1989
Modul Praktikum Fluida Reservoir Semester 1 2012/2013, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, 2012

15

Chapter 8
Answer Question
EUROPEAN OFFSHORE PEETROLEUM CONFERENCE EXHIBITION
Pars offshore gas field is located approximatel one hundred and twenty kilometers southwest
of the port city of Busher in the Persian gulf.This gas field is being developed by the oil
service company of iran (OSCO) to provide a source of gas injection and gas
liquefaction(LNG).Pars fiel was discovered in1965 by natioanl iranian gas company(NIGC)
after drilling of the first exploration well DOPCO.During the period 1973-1976 NIGC drilled
six additional wells P-1,P-2,P-3,P-4,P-5 and P-6 investigating the kangan,upper dalan,nar and
lower dalan formations wth the intention of developing a source of gas for liquefaction.P-4
and P-5 proved suffient reserve for NIGCs LNG,to optimize driling activities in
may,1977,early in 1976 as a result feasibility study of the field,the fesibility study indicate
that offtake ratee of 3.4 x

109

SCFD was probable,or a maximum offtake rate of 4.5 x

109 could be anticipated.

Marine Environment
Surface winds and associated weather systems can be divided into two main groups for
marine operations purposes are The most predominant winds are from the norhwest quarter
and are given the local name of shimal and associated with wind from the southest and the
name sharji.
Development Plans-Platform Orientation
The production platform will contain four modules;1) service fasilities,quarters and
helicopter deck on one. 2)well stream coolers and well manifolding on a second. 3)separation
equipment on a third,and 4) dehydration and comingling of e-watered condensate and the
reduced dewpoint gas on the fourth.
Subsurface Mechanical Plans
a.Drilling
The wel are drilled with jack up rigs which can move on the jacket after jacket deckts are
installed.The following well development criteria will be observed.
I. Wells to be located at or above 9S40 ft structural contour line for the first phase of drilling.
II. First well on each platform to be a straight hole and the take point for the Lower Dalan.
III. Maximum of one 300 + angle hole from each platform for structural control to be
completed in Upper Dehram
IV. Remaining wells in each platform to be drilled with minimum kick necessary to prevent
major pressure interference between producing wells.
b.Completion
16

A packer,VAM tubing,a sliding sleeve and slide pocket mandrel.

c.Landing heads
Materials is used in christmas tree are The casing is a type S-3 20,the hanger is a type SB-1
20,the pack off flange is type Y,the itermediete casing head is type S3-Y 16 ,the tubing head
is a type SL-YY 11,the tubing hanger ia a type SA-2 forged 410SS Rc 12 to 20,the lower
master valve.
d.Christmas Tree
Materials is used in christmas tree are Tandem master valve,cross,swab valve,wing valve,otis
cap.
All material is being subject to testing to meet NACE MR-01-75 (Rev. 1975) standards.
Surface mechanical Plans
a.Process design
At high temperature and pressures, the C02 corrosive problem was such that offshore
facilities would be required to remove water and reduce the dew point.
Dehydration of the gas and counter current stripping of water form the condensate with fuel
gas results in production water which must be cleaned and disposed into the Gulf. The
condensate recovered must be moved to shore. Corrosion inhibition is necessary and
downhole inhibition on a continuous basis protects the well tubing and the gathering lines.
b.Well Stream
Each well stream will be produced at a normal flowrate of 100 x 106 SCFD with an initial
flowing wellhead pres sure of 6500 psig and flowing wellhead temperature of 2500 F to 2800
F depending on individua wells completion depth.
c.Trains
Each train will enter an inlet separator where the liquids and gas will be separated and enter
their individual processing streams.
I.gas stream per train
The separator gas will pass through a glycol absorber tower for removal of water.
II.liquid stream
The liquid from the inlet separator of each train will then enter a condensate separator.Three
product will result;1. The condesate vapour,2.the water,3.the condnsate liquid flash liquid and
water.
d.Flare
The flare system is being designed for emergency depressuring.
e.Pipeline to Shore
There will be two parallel 36" pipelines to shore, each designed to handle 2.2 x 109 SCFD
and 9000 barrels per day of liquids. These lines are not expected to reach a temperature lower
than the dewpoint.These lines will be treated with inhibitor and periodically pigged.
f.Onshore Facilities
These facilities are being designed to remove the condensate liquids from the gas, stabilize
these liquids and deliver them to a pipeline.
liquids and deliver them to a pipeline,
17

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