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  • Goodness of Fit Test

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    Agus Yanto
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    Fit of distributions[edit] In assessing whether a given distribution is suited to a data-set, the following tests and their underlying measures of fit can be used: • Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; • Cramér–von Mises criterion; • Anderson–Darling test; • Shapiro–Wilk test; • Chi Square test; • Akaike information criterion; • Hosmer–Lemeshow test; Regression analysis[edit] In regression analysis, the following topics relate to goodness of fit: • Coefficient of determination (The R squared measure of goodness of fit); • Lack-of-fit sum of squares. Example[edit] One way in which a measure of goodness of fit statistic can be constructed, in the case where the variance of the measurement error is known, is to construct a weighted sum of squared errors: where is the known variance of the observation, O is the observed data and E is the theoretical data.[1] This definition is only useful when one has estimates for the error on the measurements, but it leads to a situation where a chi-squared distribution can be used to test goodness of fit, provided that the errors can be assumed to have a normal distribution. The reduced chi-squared statistic is simply the chi-squared divided by the number of degrees of freedom:[1][2][3][4] where is the number of degrees of freedom, usually given by , where is the number of observations, and is the number of fitted parameters, assuming that the mean value is an additional fitted parameter. The advantage of the reduced chi-squared is that it already normalizes for the number of data points and model complexity. This is also known as the mean square weighted deviation. As a rule of thumb (again valid only when the variance of the measurement error is known a priori rather than estimated from the data), a indicates a poor model fit. A indicates that the fit has not fully captured the data (or that the error variance has been underestimated). In principle, a value of indicates that the extent of the match between observations and estimates is in accord with the error variance. A indicates that the model is 'over-fitting' the data: either the model is improperly fitting noise, or the error variance has been overestimated. Categorical data[edit] The following are examples that arise in the context of categorical data. Pearson's chi-squared test[edit] Pearson's chi-squared test uses a measure of goodness of fit which is the sum of differences between observed and expected outcome frequencies (that is, counts of observations), each squared and divided by the expectation: where: Oi = an observed frequency (i.e. count) for bin i Ei = an expected (theoretical) frequency for bin i, asserted by the null hypothesis. The expected frequency is calculated by: where: F = the cumulative Distribution function for the distribution being tested. Yu = the upper limit for class i, Yl = the lower limit for class i, and N = the sample size The resulting value can be compared to the chi-squared distribution to determine the goodness of fit. In order to determine the degrees of freedom of the chi-squared distribution, one takes the total number of observed frequencies and subtracts the number of estimated parameters. The test statistic follows, approximately, a chi-square distribution with (k −c) degrees of freedom where k is the number of non-empty cells and c is the number of estimated parameters (including location and scale parameters and shape parameters) for the distribution. Example: equal frequencies of men and women[edit] For example, to test the hypothesis that a random sample of 100 people has been drawn from a population in which men and women are equal in frequency, the observed number of men and women would be compared to the theoretical frequencies of 50 men and 50 women. If there were 44 men in the sample and 56 women, then If the null hypothesis is true (i.e., men and women are chosen with equal probability in the sample), the test statistic will be d

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    Fit of distributions[edit] In assessing whether a given distribution is suited to a data-set, the following tests and their underlying measures of fit can be used: • Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; • Cramér–von Mises criterion; • Anderson–Darling test; • Shapiro–Wilk test; • Chi Square test; • Akaike information criterion; • Hosmer–Lemeshow test; Regression analysis[edit] In regression analysis, the following topics relate to goodness of fit: • Coefficient of determination (The R squared measure of goodness of fit); • Lack-of-fit sum of squares. Example[edit] One way in which a measure of goodness of fit statistic can be constructed, in the case where the variance of the measurement error is known, is to construct a weighted sum of squared errors: where is the known variance of the observation, O is the observed data and E is the theoretical data.[1] This definition is only useful when one has estimates for the error on the measurements, but it leads to a situation where a chi-squared distribution can be used to test goodness of fit, provided that the errors can be assumed to have a normal distribution. The reduced chi-squared statistic is simply the chi-squared divided by the number of degrees of freedom:[1][2][3][4] where is the number of degrees of freedom, usually given by , where is the number of observations, and is the number of fitted parameters, assuming that the mean value is an additional fitted parameter. The advantage of the reduced chi-squared is that it already normalizes for the number of data points and model complexity. This is also known as the mean square weighted deviation. As a rule of thumb (again valid only when the variance of the measurement error is known a priori rather than estimated from the data), a indicates a poor model fit. A indicates that the fit has not fully captured the data (or that the error variance has been underestimated). In principle, a value of indicates that the extent of the match between observations and estimates is in accord with the error variance. A indicates that the model is 'over-fitting' the data: either the model is improperly fitting noise, or the error variance has been overestimated. Categorical data[edit] The following are examples that arise in the context of categorical data. Pearson's chi-squared test[edit] Pearson's chi-squared test uses a measure of goodness of fit which is the sum of differences between observed and expected outcome frequencies (that is, counts of observations), each squared and divided by the expectation: where: Oi = an observed frequency (i.e. count) for bin i Ei = an expected (theoretical) frequency for bin i, asserted by the null hypothesis. The expected frequency is calculated by: where: F = the cumulative Distribution function for the distribution being tested. Yu = the upper limit for class i, Yl = the lower limit for class i, and N = the sample size The resulting value can be compared to the chi-squared distribution to determine the goodness of fit. In order to determine the degrees of freedom of the chi-squared distribution, one takes the total number of observed frequencies and subtracts the number of estimated parameters. The test statistic follows, approximately, a chi-square distribution with (k −c) degrees of freedom where k is the number of non-empty cells and c is the number of estimated parameters (including location and scale parameters and shape parameters) for the distribution. Example: equal frequencies of men and women[edit] For example, to test the hypothesis that a random sample of 100 people has been drawn from a population in which men and women are equal in frequency, the observed number of men and women would be compared to the theoretical frequencies of 50 men and 50 women. If there were 44 men in the sample and 56 women, then If the null hypothesis is true (i.e., men and women are chosen with equal probability in the sample), the test statistic will be d

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    Goodness of Fit Test

    Загружено:

    Agus Yanto
    Fit of distributions[edit] In assessing whether a given distribution is suited to a data-set, the following tests and their underlying measures of fit can be used: • Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; • Cramér–von Mises criterion; • Anderson–Darling test; • Shapiro–Wilk test; • Chi Square test; • Akaike information criterion; • Hosmer–Lemeshow test; Regression analysis[edit] In regression analysis, the following topics relate to goodness of fit: • Coefficient of determination (The R squared measure of goodness of fit); • Lack-of-fit sum of squares. Example[edit] One way in which a measure of goodness of fit statistic can be constructed, in the case where the variance of the measurement error is known, is to construct a weighted sum of squared errors: where is the known variance of the observation, O is the observed data and E is the theoretical data.[1] This definition is only useful when one has estimates for the error on the measurements, but it leads to a situation where a chi-squared distribution can be used to test goodness of fit, provided that the errors can be assumed to have a normal distribution. The reduced chi-squared statistic is simply the chi-squared divided by the number of degrees of freedom:[1][2][3][4] where is the number of degrees of freedom, usually given by , where is the number of observations, and is the number of fitted parameters, assuming that the mean value is an additional fitted parameter. The advantage of the reduced chi-squared is that it already normalizes for the number of data points and model complexity. This is also known as the mean square weighted deviation. As a rule of thumb (again valid only when the variance of the measurement error is known a priori rather than estimated from the data), a indicates a poor model fit. A indicates that the fit has not fully captured the data (or that the error variance has been underestimated). In principle, a value of indicates that the extent of the match between observations and estimates is in accord with the error variance. A indicates that the model is 'over-fitting' the data: either the model is improperly fitting noise, or the error variance has been overestimated. Categorical data[edit] The following are examples that arise in the context of categorical data. Pearson's chi-squared test[edit] Pearson's chi-squared test uses a measure of goodness of fit which is the sum of differences between observed and expected outcome frequencies (that is, counts of observations), each squared and divided by the expectation: where: Oi = an observed frequency (i.e. count) for bin i Ei = an expected (theoretical) frequency for bin i, asserted by the null hypothesis. The expected frequency is calculated by: where: F = the cumulative Distribution function for the distribution being tested. Yu = the upper limit for class i, Yl = the lower limit for class i, and N = the sample size The resulting value can be compared to the chi-squared distribution to determine the goodness of fit. In order to determine the degrees of freedom of the chi-squared distribution, one takes the total number of observed frequencies and subtracts the number of estimated parameters. The test statistic follows, approximately, a chi-square distribution with (k −c) degrees of freedom where k is the number of non-empty cells and c is the number of estimated parameters (including location and scale parameters and shape parameters) for the distribution. Example: equal frequencies of men and women[edit] For example, to test the hypothesis that a random sample of 100 people has been drawn from a population in which men and women are equal in frequency, the observed number of men and women would be compared to the theoretical frequencies of 50 men and 50 women. If there were 44 men in the sample and 56 women, then If the null hypothesis is true (i.e., men and women are chosen with equal probability in the sample), the test statistic will be d

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    Goodness of fit

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Regression analysis

    Models

    Linear regression
    Simple regression
    Ordinary least squares
    Polynomial regression
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    Multilevel model
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    Generalized linear model


    Discrete choice
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    Iteratively reweighted
    Ridge regression
    LASSO

    Least absolute deviations


    Bayesian
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    The goodness of fit of a statistical model describes how well it fits a set of observations.
    Measures of goodness of fit typically summarize the discrepancy between observed values and
    the values expected under the model in question. Such measures can be used in statistical
    hypothesis testing, e.g. to test for normality of residuals, to test whether two samples are drawn
    from identical distributions (see KolmogorovSmirnov test), or whether outcome frequencies
    follow a specified distribution (see Pearson's chi-squared test). In the analysis of variance, one of
    the components into which the variance is partitioned may be a lack-of-fit sum of squares.
    Contents
    [hide]

    1 Fit of distributions

    2 Regression analysis

    2.1 Example
    3 Categorical data
    3.1 Pearson's chi-squared test
    3.1.1 Example: equal frequencies of men and women

    3.2 Binomial case

    4 Other measures of fit

    5 See also

    6 References

    Fit of distributions[edit]

    In assessing whether a given distribution is suited to a data-set, the following tests and their
    underlying measures of fit can be used:

    KolmogorovSmirnov test;

    Cramrvon Mises criterion;

    AndersonDarling test;

    ShapiroWilk test;

    Chi Square test;

    Akaike information criterion;

    HosmerLemeshow test;

    Regression analysis[edit]
    In regression analysis, the following topics relate to goodness of fit:

    Coefficient of determination (The R squared measure of goodness of fit);

    Lack-of-fit sum of squares.

    Example[edit]
    One way in which a measure of goodness of fit statistic can be constructed, in the case where
    the variance of the measurement error is known, is to construct a weighted sum of squared
    errors:

    where
    is the known variance of the observation, O is the observed data and E is the
    theoretical data.[1] This definition is only useful when one has estimates for the error on the
    measurements, but it leads to a situation where a chi-squared distribution can be used to test
    goodness of fit, provided that the errors can be assumed to have a normal distribution.
    The reduced chi-squared statistic is simply the chi-squared divided by the number of degrees of
    freedom:[1][2][3][4]

    where is the number of degrees of freedom, usually given by


    , where
    is the
    number of observations, and is the number of fitted parameters, assuming that the mean value
    is an additional fitted parameter. The advantage of the reduced chi-squared is that it already
    normalizes for the number of data points and model complexity. This is also known as the mean
    square weighted deviation.
    As a rule of thumb (again valid only when the variance of the measurement error is known a
    priori rather than estimated from the data), a
    indicates a poor model fit. A
    indicates that the fit has not fully captured the data (or that the error variance has been
    underestimated). In principle, a value of

    indicates that the extent of the match

    between observations and estimates is in accord with the error variance. A


    indicates
    that the model is 'over-fitting' the data: either the model is improperly fitting noise, or the error
    variance has been overestimated.

    Categorical data[edit]
    The following are examples that arise in the context of categorical data.

    Pearson's chi-squared test[edit]


    Pearson's chi-squared test uses a measure of goodness of fit which is the sum of differences
    between observed and expected outcome frequencies (that is, counts of observations), each
    squared and divided by the expectation:

    where:
    Oi = an observed frequency (i.e. count) for bin i
    Ei = an expected (theoretical) frequency for bin i, asserted by the null hypothesis.
    The expected frequency is calculated by:

    where:
    F = the cumulative Distribution function for the distribution being tested.
    Yu = the upper limit for class i,
    Yl = the lower limit for class i, and
    N = the sample size
    The resulting value can be compared to the chi-squared distribution to determine the goodness
    of fit. In order to determine the degrees of freedom of the chi-squared distribution, one takes the
    total number of observed frequencies and subtracts the number of estimated parameters. The
    test statistic follows, approximately, a chi-square distribution with (k c) degrees of freedom
    where k is the number of non-empty cells and c is the number of estimated parameters (including
    location and scale parameters and shape parameters) for the distribution.
    Example: equal frequencies of men and women[edit]
    For example, to test the hypothesis that a random sample of 100 people has been drawn from a
    population in which men and women are equal in frequency, the observed number of men and
    women would be compared to the theoretical frequencies of 50 men and 50 women. If there
    were 44 men in the sample and 56 women, then

    If the null hypothesis is true (i.e., men and women are chosen with equal probability in the
    sample), the test statistic will be drawn from a chi-squared distribution with one degree of
    freedom. Though one might expect two degrees of freedom (one each for the men and women),
    we must take into account that the total number of men and women is constrained (100), and
    thus there is only one degree of freedom (2 1). Alternatively, if the male count is known the
    female count is determined, and vice-versa.
    Consultation of the chi-squared distribution for 1 degree of freedom shows that the probability of
    observing this difference (or a more extreme difference than this) if men and women are equally
    numerous in the population is approximately 0.23. This probability is higher than conventional

    criteria for statistical significance (.001-.05), so normally we would not reject the null hypothesis
    that the number of men in the population is the same as the number of women (i.e. we would
    consider our sample within the range of what we'd expect for a 50/50 male/female ratio.)

    Binomial case[edit]
    A binomial experiment is a sequence of independent trials in which the trials can result in one of
    two outcomes, success or failure. There are n trials each with probability of success, denoted
    by p. Provided that npi 1 for every i (where i = 1, 2, ..., k), then

    This has approximately a chi-squared distribution with k 1 df. The fact that df = k 1 is a
    consequence of the restriction
    . We know there are k observed cell counts,
    however, once any k 1 are known, the remaining one is uniquely determined. Basically, one
    can say, there are only k 1 freely determined cell counts, thus df = k 1.

    Other measures of fit[edit]


    The likelihood ratio test statistic is a measure of the goodness of fit of a model, judged by
    whether an expanded form of the model provides a substantially improved fit.

    See also[edit]

    Deviance (statistics) (related to GLM)

    Overfitting

    References[edit]
    1.

    ^ Jump up to:a b Charlie Laub and Tonya L. Kuhl: Chi-Squared Data Fitting. University
    California, Davis.

    2.

    Jump up^ John Robert Taylor: An introduction to error analysis, page 268. University Science
    Books, 1997.

    3.
    4.

    Jump up^ Kirkman, T.W.: Chi-Squared Curve Fitting.


    Jump up^ David M. Glover, William J. Jenkins, and Scott C. Doney: Least Squares and
    regression techniques, goodness of fit and tests, non-linear least squares techniques . Woods Hole
    Oceanographic Institute, 2008.

    Goodness of fit
    Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas
    analisis regresi

    model
    regresi linier
    regresi sederhana
    kuadrat Biasa
    regresi polinomial
    model linier umum
    Model linear Generalized
    Pilihan Diskrit
    regresi logistik
    logit multinomial
    logit Mixed
    Probit
    probit Multinomial
    logit Memerintahkan
    Memerintahkan probit
    Poisson
    Model Multilevel
    Efek Tetap
    Efek Acak
    Model Campuran

    regresi nonlinear
    Nonparametrik
    semiparametrik
    Kuat
    Kuantil
    isotonik
    Komponen Utama
    sudut Least
    lokal
    Segmented
    Kesalahan-in-variabel
    estimasi
    kotak Least
    kuadrat Biasa
    Linear (matematika)
    Partial
    Total
    Generalized
    Tertimbang
    Non-linear
    iteratif reweighted
    regresi Ridge
    LASSO
    penyimpangan mutlak Least
    Bayesian
    multivariat Bayesian
    latar Belakang
    validasi model regresi
    Rata-rata dan diprediksi respon
    Kesalahan dan residu
    Goodness of fit
    studentized residual

    Gauss-Markov teorema
    Portal Statistik
    V
    T
    E
    Goodness of fit dari model statistik menggambarkan seberapa baik cocok
    serangkaian pengamatan. Ukuran goodness of fit biasanya merangkum
    perbedaan antara nilai-nilai yang diamati dan nilai-nilai yang diharapkan di
    bawah model yang bersangkutan. Tindakan tersebut dapat digunakan dalam
    pengujian hipotesis statistik, misalnya untuk menguji normalitas residual, untuk
    menguji apakah dua sampel diambil dari distribusi yang identik (lihat uji
    Kolmogorov-Smirnov), atau apakah frekuensi hasil mengikuti distribusi tertentu
    (lihat uji chi-squared Pearson). Dalam analisis varians, salah satu komponen
    mana varians dipartisi mungkin jumlah kekurangan-of-fit dari kotak.
    isi
    [hide]
    1 Fit distribusi
    Analisis 2 Regresi
    o 2,1 Contoh
    3 Data kategoris
    o 3.1 uji chi-kuadrat Pearson
    3.1.1 Contoh: frekuensi yang sama laki-laki dan perempuan
    o 3,2 kasus Binomial
    4 Langkah-langkah lain dari fit
    5 Lihat juga
    6 Referensi
    Fit distribusi [sunting]
    Dalam menilai apakah distribusi yang diberikan cocok untuk data-set, tes berikut
    dan langkah-langkah yang mendasari mereka fit dapat digunakan:
    Tes Kolmogorov-Smirnov;
    Kriteria Cramr-von Mises;
    Tes Anderson-Darling;
    Tes Shapiro Wilk-;

    Tes Chi Square,;


    kriteria informasi Akaike;
    Tes Hosmer-Lemeshow;
    Analisis regresi [sunting]
    Dalam analisis regresi, topik-topik berikut berhubungan dengan goodness of fit:
    Koefisien determinasi (R squared ukuran goodness of fit);
    Kurangnya-of-fit jumlah kuadrat.
    Contoh [sunting]
    Salah satu cara di mana ukuran goodness of fit statistik dapat dibangun, dalam
    kasus di mana varians dari kesalahan pengukuran diketahui, adalah untuk
    membangun sebuah jumlah tertimbang kesalahan kuadrat:
    mana varians diketahui pengamatan, O adalah data yang diamati dan E adalah
    data teoritis. [1] Definisi ini hanya berguna ketika seseorang memiliki perkiraan
    untuk kesalahan pada pengukuran, tetapi mengarah pada situasi di mana chi
    kuadrat distribusi dapat digunakan untuk menguji goodness of fit, asalkan
    kesalahan dapat diasumsikan memiliki distribusi normal.
    Mengurangi statistik chi-squared hanya chi-squared yang dibagi dengan jumlah
    derajat kebebasan: [1] [2] [3] [4]
    di mana adalah jumlah derajat kebebasan, biasanya diberikan oleh, di mana
    jumlah observasi, dan jumlah parameter dipasang, dengan asumsi bahwa nilai
    rata-rata adalah parameter dipasang tambahan. Keuntungan dari mengurangi
    kuadrat chi-adalah bahwa hal itu sudah menormalkan untuk jumlah titik data dan
    kompleksitas Model. Hal ini juga dikenal sebagai deviasi tertimbang rata-rata
    persegi.
    Sebagai aturan praktis (lagi berlaku hanya jika varians dari kesalahan
    pengukuran diketahui apriori daripada diperkirakan dari data), mengindikasikan
    model fit miskin. A menunjukkan bahwa fit belum sepenuhnya menangkap data
    (atau bahwa varians error telah diremehkan). Pada prinsipnya, nilai menunjukkan
    bahwa tingkat pertandingan antara pengamatan dan perkiraan ini sesuai dengan
    varians error. A menunjukkan bahwa model tersebut adalah 'over-pas' data: baik
    model adalah tidak benar suara pas, atau varians kesalahan telah dibesarbesarkan.
    Data kategori [sunting]
    Berikut ini adalah contoh yang muncul dalam konteks data kategorikal.

    Chi-squared uji Pearson [sunting]


    Uji chi-squared Pearson menggunakan ukuran goodness of fit yang merupakan
    jumlah dari perbedaan antara diamati dan diharapkan frekuensi hasil (yaitu,
    jumlah pengamatan), masing-masing kuadrat dan dibagi dengan harapan:
    di mana:
    Oi = frekuensi yang diamati (yaitu count) untuk bin i
    Ei = yang diharapkan (teoritis) frekuensi untuk bin i, ditegaskan oleh hipotesis
    nol.
    Frekuensi yang diharapkan dihitung dengan:
    di mana:
    F = fungsi distribusi kumulatif untuk distribusi yang diuji.
    Yu = batas atas untuk kelas i,
    Yl = batas bawah untuk kelas i, dan
    N = ukuran sampel
    Nilai yang dihasilkan dapat dibandingkan dengan distribusi chi-kuadrat untuk
    menentukan goodness of fit. Dalam rangka untuk menentukan derajat
    kebebasan dari distribusi chi-squared, seseorang mengambil jumlah frekuensi
    yang diamati dan mengurangi jumlah estimasi parameter. Statistik uji berikut,
    kira-kira, distribusi chi-kuadrat dengan (k c) derajat kebebasan di mana k adalah
    jumlah sel yang tidak kosong dan c adalah jumlah perkiraan parameter
    (termasuk lokasi dan skala parameter dan parameter bentuk) untuk distribusi.
    Contoh: frekuensi yang sama laki-laki dan perempuan [sunting]
    Misalnya, untuk menguji hipotesis bahwa sampel acak dari 100 orang telah
    ditarik dari populasi di mana pria dan wanita adalah sama dalam frekuensi,
    jumlah diamati dari laki-laki dan perempuan akan dibandingkan dengan
    frekuensi teoritis 50 pria dan 50 wanita . Jika ada 44 orang dalam sampel dan 56
    perempuan, maka
    Jika hipotesis nol benar (yaitu, laki-laki dan perempuan yang dipilih dengan
    probabilitas yang sama dalam sampel), uji statistik akan diambil dari distribusi
    chi-kuadrat dengan satu derajat kebebasan. Meskipun satu mungkin berharap
    dua derajat kebebasan (masing-masing untuk pria dan wanita), kita harus
    memperhitungkan bahwa jumlah laki-laki dan perempuan dibatasi (100), dan
    dengan demikian hanya ada satu derajat kebebasan (2 - 1 ). Atau, jika jumlah

    laki-laki diketahui jumlah perempuan ditentukan, dan sebaliknya.


    Konsultasi distribusi chi-kuadrat untuk 1 derajat kebebasan menunjukkan bahwa
    probabilitas mengamati perbedaan ini (atau perbedaan yang lebih ekstrim dari
    ini) jika laki-laki dan perempuan sama-sama banyak dalam populasi adalah
    sekitar 0.23. Probabilitas ini lebih tinggi dari kriteria konvensional untuk
    signifikansi statistik (0,001-0,05), sehingga biasanya kita tidak akan menolak
    hipotesis nol bahwa jumlah laki-laki dalam populasi adalah sama dengan jumlah
    perempuan (yaitu kami akan mempertimbangkan sampel kami dalam kisaran
    apa yang kita harapkan untuk 50/50 laki-laki / perempuan rasio.)
    Kasus Binomial [sunting]
    Sebuah percobaan binomial merupakan urutan percobaan independen di mana
    pengadilan dapat menghasilkan salah satu dari dua hasil, keberhasilan atau
    kegagalan. Ada n uji coba masing-masing dengan probabilitas keberhasilan,
    dilambangkan dengan p. Asalkan NPI 1 untuk setiap i (dimana i = 1, 2, ..., k),
    maka
    Ini memiliki sekitar distribusi chi-kuadrat dengan k - 1 df. Fakta bahwa df = k - 1
    adalah konsekuensi dari pembatasan. Kami tahu ada k jumlah diamati sel,
    namun, setelah setiap k - 1 diketahui, satu yang tersisa ditentukan unik. Pada
    dasarnya, kita dapat mengatakan, hanya ada k - 1 jumlah sel bebas ditentukan,
    sehingga df = k - 1.
    Langkah-langkah lain dari fit [sunting]
    Rasio kemungkinan uji statistik adalah ukuran goodness of fit dari model, dinilai
    oleh apakah bentuk diperluas dari model memberikan cocok substansial
    ditingkatkan.
    Lihat juga [sunting]
    PD (statistik) (terkait dengan GLM)
    Overfitting
    Referensi [sunting]
    1 ^ Langsung ke: ab Charlie Laub dan Tonya L. Kuhl: Chi-Squared data Fitting.
    Universitas California, Davis.
    2 Melompat ^ John Robert Taylor: Pengantar kesalahan analisis, halaman 268.
    Universitas Sains Books, 1997.
    3 Melompat ^ Kirkman, TW: Chi-Squared Curve Fitting.
    4. Melompat ^ David M. Glover, William J. Jenkins, dan Scott C. Doney: Least

    Squares dan teknik regresi, goodness of fit dan tes, non-linear teknik kuadrat
    terkecil. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 2008.

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