DETERMINE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER

COFFICIENT BY PARELLEL FLOW HEAT

EXCHANGER
Abstracts:Introduction:Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that
are at different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. Heat
exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from heating and
air-conditioning systems .in a household, to chemical processing and power production in
large plants. Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not allow the two
fluids involved to mix. In a car radiator, for example, heat is transferred from the hot water
flowing through the radiator tubes to the air flowing through the closely spaced thin plates
outside attached to the tubes.

Theory:In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is usually convenient to work with the logarithmic
mean temperature difference LMTD, which is an equivalent mean temperature difference
between the two fluids for the entire heat exchanger.
In transfer type heat exchanger, different type of flow arrangements are used, viz, parallel,
counter or cross flow. The shell and tube heat exchanger is two pass heat exchanger. The hot
fluid is hot water obtained from water heater. The cold fluid is tap water. The schematic flow
arrangement is shown in fig. Hot water enters the lower side of end box, flows through the
tubes in lower half of shell and comes to the other end of the shell, where it reverses its
direction, flows through tubes in upper half of the shell and leaves out. Cold water enters
lower part of the shell passes over the tubes between the baffles and leaves out the shell
through outlet at upper surface of shell.

1. TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different
diameters , called the double-pipe heat Exchanger . One fluid in a double-pipe heat
exchanger flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the
annular space between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a
double-pipe heat exchanger: in parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the
heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. In counter flow, on
the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and

flow in opposite directions. A type of heat exchanger widely used in the chemicalprocess industries is that of the shell-and-tube arrangement shown in Figure 10-3. One
fluid flows on the inside of the tubes, while the other fluid is forced through the shell
and over the outside of the tubes. To ensure that the shell-side fluid will flow across
the tubes and thus induce higher heat transfer, baffles are placed in the shell as shown
in the figure. Depending on the head arrangement at the ends of the exchanger, one or
more tube passes may be utilized. In Figure 10-3a one tube pass is used, and the head
arrangement for two tube passes is shown in Figure 10-3b. Shell and tube exchangers
my also be employed in miniature form for specialized applications in biotechnology
fields. Such an exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass is illustrated in Figure
10-3c and the internal tube construction in Figure 10-3d. Small double pipe or tubein-tube exchangers may also be constructed in a coiled configuration as shown in
Figure 10-3e with an enlarged view of the inlet-outlet flow connections shown in
Figure 10-3f. Cross-flow exchangers are commonly used in air or gas heating and
cooling applications. An example of such an exchanger is shown in Figure 10-4,
where a gas may be forced across a tube bundle, while another fluid is used inside the
tubes for heating or cooling purposes. In this exchanger the gas flowing across the
tubes is said to be a mixed stream, while the fluid in the tubes is said to be unmixed.
The gas is mixed because it can move about freely in the exchanger as it exchanges
heat. The other fluid is confined in separate tubular channels while in the exchanger
so that it cannot mix with itself during the heat-transfer process. A different type of
cross-flow exchanger is shown in Figure 10-5. In this case the gas flows across
finned-tube bundles and thus is unmixed since it is confined in separate channels
between the fins as it passes through the exchanger. This exchanger is typical of the
types used in air-conditioning applications. Another type of heat exchanger that
involves the alternate passage of the hot and cold fluid streams through the same flow
area is the regenerative heat exchanger. The static-type regenerative heat exchanger
is basically a porous mass that has a large heat storage capacity, such as a ceramic
wire mesh. Hot and cold fluids flow through this porous mass alternatively. Heat is
transferred from the hot fluid to the matrix of the regenerator during the flow of the
hot fluid, and from the matrix to the cold fluid during the flow of the cold fluid. Thus,
the matrix serves as a temporary heat storage medium.

Parallel Flow:In a parallel flow heat exchanger, both the hot and cold fluid flow in the
same direction. They enter together at one end, flow through in the same direction and
leave together at the other end. The temperature difference between the two fluids
decreases asymptotically along the increasing length of the exchanger. The outlet
temperature of the cold fluid never exceeds that of the hot fluid.

Counter Flow
Counter flow heat exchangers are the opposite of parallel flow heat
exchangers. In a counter flow design, the entrance of the hot fluid of the heat
exchanger is the exit of the cold fluid, and at the other end of the exchanger, the hot
fluid exit is the cold fluids entrance. In contrast to the parallel flow, exchanger, this
configuration provides for heat transfer between the hotter portions of the two fluids
at one end, as well as between the colder portions at the other. The difference in
temperature between the two fluids along the length of the exchanger is nowhere near
as larger as it is for the inlet of the parallel flow design. The outlet temperature of the
cold fluid may exceed the ou temperature of the hot fluid.
The heat exchanger is insulated from its surroundings, in which case the only heat
exchange is between the hot and cold fluids.
Axial conduction along the tubes is negligible.
Potential and kinetic energy changes are negligible.
The fluid specific heats are constant.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant
For a hollow cylinder exposed to a convection environment on its inner and
outer surfaces, the electrical resistance analogy would appear as in the following
figure where, again TA and TB are the two fluid temperatures. Note that the area for
convection is not the same in both fluids in this case, these areas depending on the
inside tube diameter and the wall thickness. In this case the overall heat transfer
would be expressed by
q= TA TB/(1/hiAi+ ln(ro/ri)/2kL+ 1/hoAo)
In accordance with the thermal network shown in the figure, the terms Ai and Ao
represent the inside and cut side surface areas of the inner tube The overall heat
transfer coefficient may be based on either the inside or the outside area of the tube.
Accordingly

Ui = 1/(1/hi+ Ai ln(ro/ri)/2kL+ Ai/Aoho)

Uo = 1/(Ao/Aihi+ Ao ln (ro/ri)/2kL+ 1/ho)

Fouling Factors
After a period of operation the heat transfer surfaces for a heat exchanger
may become coated with various deposits present in the flow systems, or the surfaces
may become corroded as a result of the interaction between the fluids and the material
used for construction of the heat exchanger. In either event, this coating represents an
additional resistance to the heat flow, and thus results in decreased performance. The
overall effect is usually represented by a fouling factor or fouling resistance Rf, which
must be included with the other thermal resistances making upthe overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference:F-or a double pipe

heat exchanger with a hot and a cold fluid flow in through it, we calculate the heat
transfer in the arrangement with a simple formula q= UA Where U= Overall heat
transfer coefficient A = surface area for heat transfer consistent with definition of U
Tm = suitable mean temperature difference across the heat exchange LMTD is
determined by the following equation
Logarithmic mean temperature different (LMTD)
Ti To
LMTD =Tm = ------------------In (Ti / To)
Where,

for parallel flow

Ti = thi tci
To = tho tco

for counter flow

Ti = thi tco
To = tho tci

Experiment Setup-:
It consists of a tube in tube type of heat exchanger. A heater is
provided for heating the water. The hot water flows through the inner tube and the cold water
flows through the annular space between the inner and outer tubes. A pipe and valve
arrangement is provided for reversing the direction of the cold water. Thermo wells are fitted
at the inlets and outlets of both hot and cold water. The temperatures of the hot and cold water
at these points are measured with mercury in glass thermometers. The volumetric flow rates
of the hot and cold water are measured using a measuring jar and a stopwatch.

Procedure:
1. With the help of the valves provided both the hot and cold water are made to flow in the
same direction (Parallel flow arrangement).
2. Adjust the flow rate of hot and cold water with the help of the valves.
3. Measure the flow rate of the hot and cold water with the help of a measuring jar and a
stopwatch. Note the flow rates.
4. Switch ON the heater and wait for steady state to be attained.
5. Note the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold water.
6. Also note the voltage and current supplied to the heating element.
7. Repeat the experiment after reversing the direction of the hot water. (Counter flow
arrangement)

Observations:
Diameter of inner pipe, di = 8.1 mm
Diameter of outer pipe, do = 13.14 mm
Length of pipes, I = 2m

Observation table:

Type of
flow

Flow
rate
(lit/s)

Cold water
Tci
Tco
(c)

(c)

Parallel
flow
Counter
flow

CALCULATIONS :
i.

HEAT TRANSFER RATE ,Q

Q = QH x QC/2
Where ,
Q = heat transfer rate from hot water and is given by:
= mH x CPH x (T1 T2) W

Hot water
Flow
rate
(lit/s)

Thi

Tho

(c)

(c)

Where,
mH = mass flow rate of hot water = H/60 kg/sec.
CPH = Specific heat of hot water from table at temp. (T1+T2)/2
QC = heat transfer rate from cold water and is given by:= mC x CPC x (T3 ~ T4) W
Where,
mC = mass flow rate of cold water = C/60 kg/sec.
CPC = Specific heat of hot water from table at temp. (T3+T4)/2
LMTD Logarithmic mean temperature difference:
TM =TI - TO / ln(TI/TO)
Where,
TI = (THI - TCI ) for parallel flow
TI = (THI - TCO ) for counter flow
TO = (THO - TCO ) for parallel flow
TO = (THO - TCI ) for counter flow
NOTE: The suffix H = HOT WATER
C = COLD WATER
I = INLET
O = OUTLET
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER CO-EFFICIENT:
U = W/m K
Where,
Q = heat transfer rate
A = x DO x L mO where, DO = 0.02m & L = 1m.
TM = LMTD.