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Traffic Volume (Billions of Packets)

10000

Total
T1
T3

5000

Traffic Volume (Millions of Packets)

15000

smtp
nntp
nameserver
telnet
ftp
(otherProtocols)
(otherPorts)

0
8/89
6/88

1/89

6/89

1/90

6/90

1/91

6/91

1/92

11/89

6/92

R4SONaB:=8 :eCF
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2/90

5/90

8/90

11/90

5/91

8/91

11/91

R46OaB:]8 R:eCF E8;:=8J&7U>&Q:=LN{=LBeL<

2/92

5/92

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10

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2/91

8
6
2
0

Traffic Volume (Billions of Packets)

2000

3000

4000

Total
U.S.
non-U.S.

1000

Number of Configured Networks

5000

SNMP derived
NNStat derived

1/90

6/88

1/89

6/89

1/90

6/90

1/91

6/91

1/92

6/92

R^46CO]aBU:]798&LNHB 8 at52798M:2LY|P8M{[-LN:=UV@{]{`CN=t8J{=L0{]B8&
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7/90

10/90

1/91

4/91

7/91

10/91

1/92

4/92

6/92

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6*10^9

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4*10^9

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Traffic Volume (Bytes)

8*10^9

Res. & Education

Government
Commercial

4/90

7/89

11/89

3/90

7/90

11/90

3/91

7/91

11/91

3/92

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100 150 200 250 300

Number of Site Pairs

50

350

300

100

200

300

400

500

600

400

500

600

400

500

600

400
300
200
0

100

Number of Site Pairs

500

250
200
150

100

200

300

ftp-data

nntp

smtp

nmsrvr

undefined
ports

telnet

1000

ftp
0

R46OaB:]8P &8CYH LHU{=B<6>&QCN]8M{X~U46TM8;V

%H<

500

Number of Site Pairs

100

1500

Average Packet Size (Bytes) of Middle 1500 Site Pairs

50

100

200

300
Average Packet Size (Bytes) of Bottom 1500 Site Pairs

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46JUH9:eJUCI465&U4DCIJU{=a94DMCYCY<9<6X<S>?:=8FQJUa9CIezt8MzBV_<64{=;BCI8{=46CFLNHB8MV:eA CION8z9C]N8M{V]4ST;8MVR|L:R5 CIHU>
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7LHB846H CF>NtA
#H

5<

@<

260

FH

220
160

FG

200

Packet Size (Bytes)

180

>

240

FI

140

Range of Packet Size (Bytes)

Average Packet Size (Bytes) of Top 1500 Site Pairs

#<

FG

B;*I
G U G
465/HUL\08MHUV]{={=8246OHBV=CYLILN{=5@8{]8|:`LBCFNe aBVzL7BHCI46<6{=<6{]C468ML:=HV=HtzV-7U846e>H24{]8M5@/V&LN5/-:=88;L:=HUJU8{=8M{eMCI CY46:=<[:=A46CF8y>'JaB:]F{=4StHt:=OLtat{]BO{]46L V
{]LYB|8@9NI2HtHB8M8M{[{[-LNL:=:=0UVF7UA >V=HL5/{=t8@8P&CFN7B8M46<6:`<6CY4SLNOH8{=z9tCN8=N8M8MHU{={=V46:={=8L0HBC&8M{[{]LL{`:=CY <
CIVXCNMe8MzB{]46HBO@V]L5@8{[L2{=BLNaBV`CYH9J&z9CN]8M{]VXz8M:XV]8eLHJ
CYH9JMCY:=:=>U46HBO/:=LatOB<6> Nt N7U>{]8MVCY<S5/LV]{5@46<6<S4LH
7B46{]V`z8M:V=8eLNH9JCI5/LHBO/8MH9JV=46{]8MVAB8@5/8CIHz9C]N8M{
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z9CN]8M{/V=46TM8A\'B46<68@8JUL0HtL{29CFN8JtCI{`C{]LzB:]8MV=8;H{
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Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

Sun

R46OaB:]8F G8M:eCION8QC]N8M{-~U46TM8LH-~BX'^C]NZ
7LHB8e{=L& CF>N
#H

<

V]9{`CFCIN{]846V={=V]4DLe5/V8LH46H9jJUL4D5@MCIzt{]46<SL8;{=H8LIz9|-Cz9]NCN8M]{X8MV]{4ST;V]846TMJU846V=|{]L:=:467B{]aBB{]824SLN5@HALNH-{]8JULIL |
{]z9BCYCF8X46:=>JUV@46CIV=V{]:=t-46L7B8;<SaB<8e{]9CI4SLNV]HB9CVCIV=HtLI8;O|G<S88F5@Je{=88CY{=JBH8-z98;CN5@8M=NLN8MV=46{2{H V]{]4S:`T;CF8MCF V>UA|LR:4S4SH ON{=BaB8:=8CFF>*
NV]XFBLIV]46{=t8V A
{]BB8-8Ve5/CI5/4Jt8}JUJk<68X4SV]{=CI:]H94S7tJaB<S{=LI46LHt8M:VG|ONLN:`:CI{=zttB8-V5/LI|4Jt{=BJU<688V`CICYH5@J8799LNO{={]aBL:]58V=BNLI
V]4S{]8z9CI46:=VFU:=8MV]z98Fe{=468;<S>UA
{]ON8M:`8MCIRH0zt46O5@aB4646:]VHU8aBeF{]LN8HBV=V=46HU46BV={=LI{]8;8M:=HUV{2CI{]<BLI8X46N{=CF8M:8;{]:`{=BBCI8&ON8@8Ue>z9LNzCaBL]:=N{]V]B828M{8MLIV]V=|X4S46VTMC28{=|LCI8M:{8M8G{=CAB]8&aBBBV|m46VZZ
V]H9CY4SOCYT;8{=8M46VLI8;|-<S46>U7BHUI{=at8;{]<SHB9V=CI4{={9:`46CY8MHUV&HB{=V[8;JU|:`8MaBC::]j4S{=CIHt46ztO0zB8<6{=4CB;e8&CI{]{=4SLIU46LNE46HB{[Z[>UVz9I8OaBCY8MV]Ht4SHt8MB:`O LCYaB<S<D<6CY:]>2:=VO]8;9L:CI:@:ez9CCYCe<6]{]{=N8M8M8M:[:Z{Z
46BTMLN8aBJ/:=VF7UA2>@^V]5 LN{=CY<S<68MLI:_|z9{=BC8M]V]828;{zBV=B46TM8M8MHtVFL95@JU8;:]LH9zBC/V-LILNEaB<DJUJ&aB:]:=4S8MHtV]O2aB<6LI{E46ZHz8{=CIt 8
VeCI5@88eEG8e{LH{=B8O:eCIzBAWLI-8;8M:FQCkV]LH6MF-eLHkZ
9:]B5@46<6V8_{=9tH98XJU<D46CIHB{]O{=8M{=:CI7{8M9{]BCFU8465 L:_C LjLH2:=V=46{[8;>8MLI:e|GCIHB< L[HUHZ[{]468MHU:={=Ht8M8M:e{CeJt{]CI4S{`NCP8XV=e8ML{]HkVZ
HB8Fe{=46LHtVXJUL2LBMeaB:JUaB:=46HBO2z8CY@BLNaB:=VFA
<

<

<

C

100
50

15
5

10
5

Percent of Traffic

10

Number of Node Pairs

Busy Sources (Bytes)

Busy Destinations (Bytes)

20

40

60

80

100

R46OaB:]8N y46V={]:=467BaB{]46LHLY|LNHB8eZ[CF> &8Jk4CYHy8M<DCF>UV^_8eZ

{[8M8MH^C]U7LHB8LBJU8;V CF>NN
=H

10

100

1000

R^_46aBOV=aB468M:]V]8@{~U LN-aB?:`jaB8M52VatCY<H9CYJ&{=46yX8X8;V=y{=4646H9V={]CY:={=46467BLaBHt{]V 46LH&LI|:`C |L:N

Delay (msec)

Rank of Network by Usage

<

%H

<

Percent of Traffic Sent By Source

SDSC
UCSD
NSF

50

Number of Links

10

100

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

R46OaB:]8' *y46V={=:]467BaB{=46LNH*LY|LNHB8eZ[CF> &8JU4DCYHyX8;<CF>UV

CNe:=LNV=V^C]U7LHB8G46HBUV CF>FN
Delay (msec)

%H

<

<

D t 2 
{]JU8M4DH9CYH*e>2BJU8X5&8M<DCICF~B{=>U:]V@4X7AR8M{[46ON8M79aB8MC:=H8]UCI79HULN>HBV]B8{[LIjLLV<6<68{=HBteLB{=8PVJUJk8MCVF4SV]XHB{=LB:]46H94SJU7tj8eaB<SZ[a{={=LY46JULZ46HHBHBLBO0LIJU|HB85/L<DHkCF8eZZZ
LN<6CN46HBJHBM<6U>CVXjCN8M{]HUBJ M{X8MC5@LjHt8MV]HU8M8M<6V{2AX8MHBVRLB46:eJUOCI8Mat{=V:=t828Me:L{=:]:=V]8MCIBV]H0LIz9LNC2H9VX|JU{]aB46BHB<6<8O0HtVe{]LkCILJk5/8e{]8XZB{]V=8&LI{eZ[CIHB79{]LBC4SV]JU]{=U84D795 LN|HBLNCF8: Z
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8I
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32
ON8MLON:`:`CCI ztB4D <6Lk;LICI<646{[->G:]8MLN<D:CI{]|[4SCFN8&L{=:]L46{=46CV=5z99CY46:=V{=4DCeatV=<zCY:8eLN47B/V=8;{[:=>UzCI{]8@46LLIH |
zL46HU{A3X<68M46HB:]LB=CYH9J0XCF>U<6L:/SF;5/8CIV]aB:=8FJ0<68M8;<SVLI|
CYDVX`{=jQ:eeCFB 46{=B 46BH4D]{=2BQ8{=:eCFCIH9X8MJ/Q<6V8eBTM8M46{=:=VL{]BBIL8zBV`VBCI8;75/:=88X8M{]CIBat8MV=>28Q46JUA {8e8;9HHt{]88M:=4SHVeLN8MHBV=8{
V][H'8M8MR:eB46CIO8;<aBV=8@:]CI8V={]z:`8Ce {]V&-8LI<6LB|zBM{]<6CILB<6{2468&{[>&{=HBtL468V=HkV=ZateaBaB8MHtV524u|aBLCF<D:=CY5/{=84646{[<S8@>8FJJULI46|aBV]V{={=:=:`{=46C7BL at8e{= B46LzB9H<6LILN:=LI8 | A
5/8MV=VeCIO8;VV]8MHU{|:]L5 CIHJ0{=L{=t8
7BatV=468MV={V=LNaB:`j8CYH9J
JU8;V={=46H9CY{=46LHHB8M{[L:]UV@HBL{]82{=B82<6LO&VeMCI<68;A 8;: 
LY|{]B8{=:eCF 46VO8;HB8M:`CY{=8J7U>{=B87taBV=468MV]{t-LY|{]B8NI
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5/LV={z9LNzBaB<DCI:[BA 2JU8MV={]46H9CI{]4SLNHBVA2~Uz8e4V=46{=8z9CY4S:]V
V]BLI8M8MH25/L:]8-5&CI:=N8JP|CFLN:=46{=46V=5 BUBA LY|{]B8X{]L{`CY<
32

FL

C

C

>

?)<

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>

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

NRL46O:=46aB{]:]8P8yM8M V]{=46?H9CYaB{=5246LaBHB<DV CI{]4SN8y46V={=:]467BaB{=46LNHLY|:`C {]LCFZ

{]:`CF PLH&{=B879CN=U7LHB8{=:`CFN8M<6VX78M{[8M8MHN/tA N 2
LY|{=Rt468OaB:]N82BMI2U46X<6<SV]at46V={={=8e:eZ[z9CI{]CI8M46VX:]V{]A B8 |[CFL:]46{=8eZ[V=46{=78
28eE8Fe{AB8
ON{]B:`CI82ztz98;:`zBe<68MLNHU{={VLI{]B|82{=:eV=CFLN aB:`e8j{=ZL&|CF8NCNL]:]04S{]46V=V=L5at:`|eL8 :V{=
B:]8M|CF8@HtLN:=8M46{[{=-8LNJk:=U8MV[V Z
{]V]4S4SHONHBCI{=446LNMHBCYVHA{\0JU48E8MV]:]8M8M<68H9ee{=8&8FJ46H{=B{]B8MV]8 8JkV]8M46{=O8M:]V8M8M{=V2L@LIJk|8M5@|[CFLNHBL:]V=46{]{=:`46CIV={]5 8{=8etU8 Z
B467Bt46{]L8:XJ27U?> ~By?9~ByBz~B8My:ee~B8MHU?{CILIH9|J&{]BX8~t{= :eCFV <6LBMONCILU<G8MHtVX8M{[{]-L2LN{=:=BU8VA N
5/LV={|CFNL:]8J0[BA 2LY|{]B8@N&V=46{=8;VA/B8 NI{=z8M:[Z
V]e4S8;{]H8M{]V246<S[8;BVA |L2:;~ByCIH9~BJ?XCY~tH9*J0Xt~BLNaB{8MLY:=|8&U/L`aBF{ 2LI|XV=46{=/8;V{]RL:={`8eCYZ <
V]46HUz98LNj{=<SN468M8MV@<6>UCA*V=8MzLCI{=:`8CY{={=809CYV]{8M{&|CFLI|LN:=5/46{=L46V=V=5 {/z9CYLN{2zB8aBC<DCI]':&JUV]L8MV]aB{=:e46eH98CI{]V]4646L{=H 8
|V]CF4S{]N8MLV:]t4S{]V=8M46H9VeA 88CN=&V]LaB:ee8Ht8M8J&HBLN{9CF8{]B8V`CY5@8V=8M{LI|
32"
M U B   [;IFD 8_I


V
:]e8MLNz9aBLNHU:={={:]4SJUCI8;8M{=VVe{]A:=e46:=7B467aB468ON{]J
46aBHB:=O846H'5@~ULN8HaBj{]{=BV=468M<6LV2>-H{]{]:`BBC46 VJtCI8M{`:=LNC46<S{at{=5@CIL<68V=46L{]<6<SLatzB46V=H9:={=LI:eJUUCI46U4D{]JU8@4Jk8M{=V&a9tCIC8 <
|ONHBLN<SLNLN:XHU79{]Z=CI:`XCI<I~HtatV=V=JB468{XCYLI{`{]|BC:`{=CF<6B 468HB8XCI|~tLN5@<6<SLNLIHBO2V0HB{=46tLNHU8HU|Z:eCFCIBV=~&46{]VX:=V=a9LN46j{]H 8M{=aBV{]A:]B8846LN:=H46{=O8z9UCY{={:=9{=V=CY4D4DeJU{Xat8{=<tCYLI8 : |
{]B46VOaB:]8AH9CI<6>UV=46VLI|{=:`C -CY5@LNHBOHBLHkZ~HB8M{[L:]V
Percent of Networks to Which Source Sent Traffic

FH

=D

L

<

100

6
4
0

10

Number of Links

15

40

Source Nations
Source Nations Excluding U.S.

Proportion of Packets Sent By non-US Sites

60

20

20

Proportion of Packets

80

25%

10

20

30

40

RQ46CO]aBN:]8M8 { LF <6aB5/8-CF46HU>{=LF?~BaB52XaB<DCI{]46^-CN8']y74SLV]Ht{=:]84S7t7UaB>2{=46?LH

LaBHkLIZ|
{]:=> CF>FN
Proportion of Nations Using Backbone

#H

<

10

20

30

40

R46OaB:]8 0yX46V]{=:=467Bat{=46LH'LY| &8CIH{]46<S46TCY{=46LHtV2LI|

^C]U79LNHB8G46HBUV`F{=L& CF>FN
Mean Link Utilization (%)

%H

<

<

60
20

40

Link Utilization (%)

20
15
10

mean = 47.1%

mean = 15.5%

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

Sun

R46OaB:]8F 8CIH{=46<646TCI{]4SLNHLI|B^C]U79LNHB846HBUV-e
{]L CF>N
#H!<

E<

LY|B:]4D]8M@V=8atCY:`V=]8X{]B46HU8{=8;:=HB8M46V]{]{8J@7B~UaB{e{CI{]CI8M<6V-V=L&46HULI||:`CILV]7U{=U:]a946LeaB{=atV:=468H{]46V8M:=HB8;LNV={{-LN{=LHB<6>C
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/F  %BF
32
7eLN8MaB9\0:=CFV]U828-46LLYHB:F|9LIA{= t\08-JU846V`zB8Me<68MatL2V={V25@LLN{]{=V=BL{8M:9 OONaB<6L:]8MCF79V>2CY46<HN5@{=B8CY46V{]V=LXaBV]8:]8M8MeH9{=VCY46LN7BLYH2|X<68LIHBC8M8M{[j:<SLNL{]V=B:=8M 8:
|LBeatVLHJBCI46<6>@CIV8M<6<CIV8M8MN8MH91J 0Y-8;8MBJBCF>e>Be<68MVA
79|CN]{]B780LHtHB88M{[<646HBLU:]*V4SJUV8MLV]HB4SON82H 5/CY8H9CFJ Z
V]aBaBV]:=880A BLY[8H|46HU{]RB{=4S8M80ON:]aBH98e:=CIEG8<8e{]{=:`&46CN 8MHB828MV=LNV]tVHLILY
C{]YBO88J/LI8M8MG8;:A{=BB888MHU5 {=46CF:]B84652HB8MaB{[5
LF:]@{=5@LBH&8/46HUC&<6aB4SHt{=8CFaB5@{=8M4646:eHU<6CI46aBTO{=CI88{]46<679L46HBH0CI8V]46CFV<6L|8MCLN:J :Z
{]LPCICYVHCIzB46HUzB{=:]8;LF:=BH94SCY5&<HtCI{]8M8M{[<6->@LN:= BA6FLI  LIz|8M:=:`Ljat8MHUO{B<6CI>H9BJA 9e L:]&:=8M7BV]zBz9VFLNAH9JU8BJ 8
5&CFB465aB55/4SHUaB{]8<64SHt8<6LUCJ|L:XCV=46HBON<68<646HB2LNH {]B8
HBCYH8;{[-46HULN{=:=8M@:]H9CICI<_VHBCI8M{[ztzBL:=LF:=B465 9LICY{=8M<6LI>|N:=L atOBCY<6H9>J&NeA LY:] :=8M&V]z97tLNzBH9VJUA/8J&B{]L 8
JBCY46<S>j>kj<S8;V@CIH9J8M8M8;H9J<6aB<6<6VCI:]8aBHBV]aB:=zB:]46V=46HBO9AV
?

5<

>

>

<

<

Thur

Fri

Sat

Sun

R46OaB:]8 {=46<646TCI{]46LHLY| &LNV={W8CFU46<S>V=8FJ0G46HB46H

CN]R4|{]8M8MH &46HUaB{=8 [HU{=8M:]CI<_`{=LF CF>NN
%H

Link Utilization (%)

25

80

30

100

<

<

@<

<

{]V]B8M88@V=XLN5@~B85@46 {=46OVCY46{=HU46L{=H8;:=LIH9|CY{={=46BL8;H9V=CY8<-JBeCY<646468M<S>@HU{=j8M>k<68j<S8;OV:]ALIVG825 CF>

<6{]46BT80CIR{]4646XOLaBHB:]V8 46VLIF|XHB&CILI<6V= <t{=LIBCI82V=VV]aB<646{=5@HBBU8@46VXHBJkOLN4SH0V]52{=:]{=a94SB7t]8aB*{=7946LYLC|H]U{]7LIB|XL8HB{]B8{]:`A/82C 5@L8F{]CI82<SHLU{=CaB9JU{]CYVF4{Z
V]5/LLaBHU{={=46B<646VTCICIO{]46LLA H4SV52a9]<SLI8M:HtLI {]9CIH46{CYVV=8;8M:eCI<
ON{]B8M46V=RVX{]846OOJ&:eaBCI<6:]46zB8HB0FJUJkLU46aB<68M<6:=VaB46HBV=HB{]O2LN:`CI8{{]CNJU8M]V8M zt{=BF4j8{PaB5/C{]464SV=H<64646atTHBCY{=ON8X{=<S46846LHUHzB{=U8;LY:=>|9V]{=CI4DtM<[CI8-A<5/<646LNLHB{=V=G8{9{=e7t9LaBHkCY{{Z
:e<646CIHB{=t8M:BC4D]eLNHBCYV=VLN<6{=4tJt8CI{=7B8FaBJ V]4S8;V={46:]Jk{=aBa9:=CY46<"HB
/O<684SHtCN]eLIL|B5/{=tz98}LNV=N8_JBLI|{]|8M{=8MtHU8 Z
5/4SHURaB46O{]8aB:]468@H{]8M:=ztCY:=<6V8MV]LI8M|HU{={]VB8C/JBeCFL>U5/A z9CI:]4SV]LH/LI|-aB{]46<S46TCY{=46LHtV|LN:
{]zB8M8:@<SON46HB:`CY2zB46{]zB@:]8M{=V=t8;8H{]BV&46O{=BB8;8&V={X<646CFHB08;:`46CI{=V=ON8;8X<u| aB{]46{=<SB46T8&CY{=5/46L4HRJtJUA<682BO8:`CYaBzBzk Z
zB{]B:]8M82V=8;<6LIH-{]V&8M:{=BO8&:`CY:=zB8;08MzB:]:]V=8M80V=8MJUHU46{]:=V28e{={]B46L8@HJULI4EG|8M{=:=t8;8 H9eVe8&CI5/46H08@aB<6{=4646HB<646 TCI{]CY4SH9LNJH
78M{[8M8MH{]B8CI7LI8{[-L@Jk4S:]8e{]4SLNHBVA
32 
 B DD 
V]V]4S4NJk8
C8M:Y:=5 H98MJ<6CY4DCIHeL7B>25/46<6z46zB{[CI>@<6:`8eCYP5/5@CY8M8MV{={]:]{]8M4B:=VF8X|ULX46:H9~teCI<6Ha9JU4646HUHB|O:eCI79HBV]C{=LB:=]JBaUCI7e<G{=LaB46HBHU:]8{=8@8;52:[CI|VaBCNV=ez{88Me:=<6L46HBHkC ZZ
D

I

BI

60
40
20

Link Utilization (%)

80

Utilization of Link with Highest Average Utilization

(College Park to Houston)

mean = 35.0%

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

10 to 17 May 1992

60
40
20

Link Utilization (%)

80

Utilization of Link whose Reverse Direction

has Highest Average Utilization

mean = 22.8%

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

Sun

10 to 17 May 1992

30
20
10
0
-10

Difference in Utilizations

40

Difference in Utilizations Between Directions

for Houston and College Park

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

R46OaB:]82 G46HB246{]W46OB8MV]{XN8M:`CYO8{=46<64STFCI{=46LNH&?L<6<68MON8QCI:]@{=L@WLaBV]{=LNH9
10 to 17 May 1992

#H

Number of Links with

at least one Error for the Interval
4
6
8
10

Percent Downtime

12

Maximum Nodal Downtime

Average Nodal Downtime

1/89

5/89

9/89

2/90

6/90

10/90

2/91

6/91

10/91

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