Building as Human Shelter

Pioneer of Building
Cave -> wood -> concrete -> steel
Design and Purpose of Building
1. Provision of shelter for human activities
*Philippine Arena worlds largest indoor stadium/arena (99,000 m2)
*Staples Center (88,000 m2)
*Gramercy Residences - tallest building in the Philippines
- Ove Arup Structural Engineer
- Jose A. Sy leading structural engineer in the Philippines
- owner of Sy^2
2. Embraces mans effort to control his environment and direct natural
forces according to his needs
*Akashi-kaikyo Bridge (Japan) longest suspension bridge in span (2
km)
*Three-gorges Dam (China) largest hydro-electrical dam
*CN Tower (Toronto) highest communication tower
Building and Construction Team
1. Developer
*SM, Ayala, Megaworld
2. Architects
Will find: Structural Engineer
Plumbing/Sanitary Engineer
Consultants gumagawa
ng plano
Electrical Engineer
- RFA request for approval
- RFI request for information
3. Contractor
- will execute the plans of the consultants and architects
- responsible for the safety of the building for 15 years together with
the consultants
*Hilmarcs, Datem
4. Project Manager
- representative of the developer in the site
Forms of Building and Outgrowth of:
Use and function
Environment earthquake, climate, weather
*UST Main Building earthquake-resistant building
-has 40 different structures
- built by Fr. Roque Ruao in 1924 after Kobe Earthquake
Socio Economic Factors
1. Land Cost high cost of land in the urban areas, invite high
rise buildings

2. Tenancy a housing project for the rich will have a different

form than the low cost housing project
3. Building Budget a prestigious office building will be more
generously budgeted than other simple offices
4. Zoning Requirements the classification of the building
and its outline maybe linked by the zoning regulations
Building Design Consideration
Loads and Forces
Types of Load
1. Dead Load weight of the structure
Gravity Load
2. Live Load entities you cannot dictate (people, cars)
- loads that are
3. Wind Load
directed
4. Earthquake Load
Lateral Load
downward
- horizontal
Shape or Form of Structure
loads
3 things to consider in design
- safe
- cheap
- pleasing to the eyes
Strength of Materials
- steel - wood
- concrete
Structural Forms
Post and Lintel
Post (poste) column
- if the post is continuous, it is called wall
Lintel (biga) beam
- if a series of beams are joined together into a
continuous surface, it is called slab
Arch and Vault
- a masonry type of construction originated in Mesopotamia
(Iraq)
- exhibited by the Romans
Trusses
*Palladio Bridge Andrea Palladio (16th Century)
Types of truss named after their inventor:
- the pratt truss
- the howe truss
- the warren truss
Cantilever
-an element projected outward from a fixed support
Commonly used materials
Reinforced Concrete
*ex: Purj Khalifa
NSCP Natural Structural Code of the Philippines
- zone 2, zone 4

Structural Steel
*ex: Beijing Birds Nest
Timber (kahoy)
Masonry (hollow blocks, bricks)
Light Weight Materials (glass)
Material Properties
Strength
P
force
stress =
=
A
area

Stiffness resistance of the body against deformation

Youngs Modulus (E) ratio of the stress to the strain
Building Construction
Early construction method manpower
Modern Construction method loader, backhoe, power tools,
crane
- electricity; technology; less manpower
- in crane: jack-up/down pagtaas/pagbaba ng crane
Scheduling using PERT-CPM
Project Evaluation Review Technique
Critical Path Method
- project manager
- softwares: MS Project, Primavera
System Design and Fabrication
- System is defined as an assemblage of compatible components that
can be arranged together in a variety of ways to create different
configurations of a building
- In other words, this is called prefabricated parts
Drawing Floor Plans
Vicinity Map/Location Plan
- shows the location of the site with respect to the nearest landmarks
and roads
Building official nagbibigay ng permit
-sa kanya sinusubmit ang plano
Lot Plan
- reflects the boundaries of the owners properties
- a geodetic engineer makes the lot plan
Mohon nilalagay para malaman ang boundary ng lupang sakop
Floor Plan
- measured drawing to scale of the layout of the floor of the building
Interior walls and hallways
*Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) walls
- 100 mm interior; 150 mm exterior and T&B

Restroom
Windows and Doors
D

Schedule of doors and windows

Room appliances
Ref

Sink

Stove

*triangular form

Interior Features
Use of all rooms

PD 1096: Section 708

- Setbacks: 2m from side and rear property line and 4.50m from the
front property line
PD 1096: Section 806
Sizes and Dimension of Rooms
1. Rooms for human habitation 6 sq. meter with a least
dimension of 2m
2. Kitchen 3 sq. meter with least dimension of 1.5m
3. Toilet and Bath 1.2 sq. meter with least dimension of 0.9m
Types of Flooring
Single flight stairs
Double flight stairs has landing area
Spiral stair case
Double flight stairs with winders(kalamay)
PD 1096: Section 708
Stairs should be at least 750mm in clear width; with a rise of
200mm and a minimum run of 200mm
PD 1096: Section 1207
Exit door not less than 900mm in width and 2m in height
- capable of opening 90 degrees ; clear width of the exit
way is not less than 700mm
Garage 3m x 6m

Roof Plan
Roof Plan
reflects the roof lay-out of the structure particularly the direction of
the roof slopes and roof material

Hip

Roof Eaves
(sibe)
-1m-0.9m

45

45

Down spout
(DS)/Alulod
-tubo sa roof
Gutter line
gutter/kanal
Building
Line
A
1

Roof Plan
Scale: 1:100

Roof System
1. Shed or Lean-to roof (Media Aguas)
7. Mansard Roof
2. Gable or Pitch roof (Dos Aguas)
8. Spire for cathedral
3. Sawtooth roof
9. Ogre roof
4. Multispan Gable
10. Dome
5. Hip roof
11. Butterfly roof
6. Hip and Valley Roof
Roofing Materials
Galvanize Iron (G.I. sheet) and Steel
- thickness measured in terms of gage ranging from 24 to 30
- has a reasonable cost, readily available, durable, easy to install and
repair
- ex: corrugated, prepainted ribbed steel
- truss -> parlin/parlina/reostra -> G.I. sheet
Roof tiles
- ex: clay tiles, concrete or cement tiles
Purlin -> insulation/undersheathing -> battens -> roof tile
*undersheathing tagasalo ng tubig at nagsisilbing insulation
*fascia board (senepa) nilalagay sa dulo ng roof tile
-material: marine plywood
Shingles asphalt, asbestos
Roof Fasteners
1. Rivets and GI strap
3. Umbrella Nail
2. GI nails with washers
4. Tex Screw
Roofing Accessories
1. Gutter
3. Flashing
5. Fascia Board
2. Ridge Roll
4. Undersheathing
6. Eaves Vent
National Building Code: Section 3.01.04

- Eaves over required windows shall be not less than 75cm (30 inches) from
the side and rear property lines
Size and location of downspout
- Provide 6 sq. cm. cross sectional area of downspout for every 10 sq.
m. roof area with a minimum spacing of 6m apart and a maximum
distance of 15m.
*plehe panglinis ng downspout
Elevations and Sections
Sections - represent a vertical plane cut through the object, in the same
way as a floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the top
- used to describe the relationship between different levels of a
building
Elevation it is a view of a building seen from one side; a flat representation
of one faade
- front elevation and rear elevation
Lines reflected in Elevations and Sections
1. Natural Ground Line (NGL)
4. Top of Roof Beam
2. Finish Floor Line (FFL)
5. Roof Apex
3. Finish Ceiling Line (FCL)
*Geotechnical Engineer does soil report for 3 storey building and up
Wall Finishes
Stucco bricks the cement plaster (palitada)
Pebble Finish pebbles mixed in cement
Natural Stone granite and marble
Coral Finish mapulbos
Tile Cladding tiles
Wood Panels wood planks
PD 1096: Section 707
Maximum Height of Buildings
*For residential dwelling
- Maximum of 5 storeys
- Building Height Limit (BHL) shall be at 15m maximum above
the highest grade
- Building and Structure height shall be measured from the
highest adjoining public sidewalk or ground surface
PD 1096: Section 805
Ceiling Heights/Headroom
- Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling
heights not less than 2.40m measured from the floor to the ceiling.
- For buildings of more than 1 storey: minimum ceiling height of the
first storey shall be 2.70m and 2.40m for the second storey; the
succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head room
clearance of not less than 2.10m
- Rooms with natural ventilation shall have ceiling heights of not less
than 2.70m

- Mezzanine (extra room) floors shall have a clear ceiling height not
less than 1.80m above and below it
PD 1096: Section 808
Window openings
820m
m

1
m
Window sill
(pasamano)
820m
m
FFL
Perspective View
- approximate representation in two-dimensional plane of an image as it is
seen by the eye