History Notes INDIA

HISTORY
S.No Topics
Class Sixth: Chapter 2
1
Sangam
2
Tamil Kingdoms
3
4
5
5
Sagnam Literature
Twin tamil epics
Numismatics
Ceylonese Books
6
7
Sangam Age
Chera Kingdom
Chola Kingdom
Pandya Kingdom
Description
Means an Association.
Chera, Chola, Pandya Kingdoms. Popularly called as
Muvenders. Local Cheiftains like Kadaiyelu vallalgal.
Tholkappiyam, PathuPattu, Ettuthogai.
Manimegalai and silappathikaram.
Study of Coins.
Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa help to fix the date of the
sangam. (Pali Language).
Third Century B.C to Third Century A.D [Madurai].
Titles Vanavar, Villavar, Malaiyar.
Two Lines: 1. Odiyan Cheralathan. 2. Irumporai.
Capital: Vanji.
Chief Port: Thondi.
Flag symbol: Bow and Arrow.
Territory: Kerala.
Famous King: Cheran Senguttuvan. (Pathitrupattu and
Ahananuru). Led an expedition to Himalayas. Brought stone
from there to construct temple in memory of Kannagi. His
brother is IIlango Adigal (Silapathigaram).
Popular kings among Chera: Cheralathan, Kanaikal
Irumporai and Peruncheral Irumporai.
Surnames: Killi, Valavan, Senni and Cholan.
Names: Cholanadu, Kaverinadu, Punalnadu, Neernadu,
Kaverisoozhnadu, Rich water resources. Kaveri River.
Capital: Uraiyur.
2ndcapital (port): Kaveripoompattnam or Puhar (Karikalan).
Symbol: Tiger.
Territory: Thanjavur and Thiruchirapalli districts.
Literature: Porunaruatruppadi and Pattinapalai.
Famous King: Karikalan. Encourage agriculture and
commerce. Built Kallanai across Kaveri river.
Popular Kings: Nalamkilli, Killivalavan, Kopperumcholan.
Kochenganan is the last in the line of sangam cholas.
Territory: Madurai, Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram.
Titles: Maran, Valuthi, Chezhiyan.
Capital: Madurai.
Port: Korkai.
Famous Kings: Mudhukudumi Peruvazhuthi Palyagasalai.
(Sacrifices to celebrate his victories).
Bootha Pandian/ Perungoppendu (wife- Poetess).
Ariyapadaikadantha Nedunchezhiyan Awarded death sentence
10
11
Kadaiyelu Vallalgal
Tamil Poets
12
Kings
13
Officials
14
15
Army
Revenue
16
Administrative
Divisions

17 Social Life
18
19
20
Food
Agriculture
Occupation
21
Trade and commerce
22 Fine Arts
23 Greeks and Romans
24
Exports and Imports
to Kovalan.
Thalaiyalanganathu Nedunchezhiyan Defeated Chera, Chola
and other local chieftains at a place called Thalaialanganam.
The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country for another three
centuries.
Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, and Nalli.
Kabilar, Avvaiyar (Athiyaman Diplomat), Nallathanar and
Perunchithiranar.
The king was called as Vendan, Ko and Irai. The local
chieftains were known as Velirs.
Iymperumkuzhu (Committee of the great five) and Enperayam
(Council of the great eight).
Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants.
Land revenue and Custom Duties. One sixth of the total produce
was collected as land tax. Tolls were also collected.
Mandalam, Nadu, Valanadu and Kuttram. The council of
elders looked after the administration of the villages during
the Sangam period. These councils were called as Manram,
Podiyil, Avai, and Ambalam.
Five different natural Landscapes Tinais.
1. Kurinji Hilli region (People Vettuvar and Kuravar).
Hunting/Cultivating fruits and vegetables/honey
gathering. /Workshipped Muruga/Sheyon.
2. Mullai Forest (People Kovalar or Ayar).
Shepherds/Produced ghee, milk, dairy products/
Workshipped Thirmal/Mayon.
3. Marudham Fertile and Cultivable lands.(People
Vellalars). Agriculture/Paddy/Sugarcane/Workshipped
Indra/Raingod.
4. Neydal Coastal (People Parathavar and Meenavar).
Fishing/Sold salt/Sailors/Workshipped varunan/seagod.
5. Palai Desert (People - Maravar or Kalvar).
Robbers/Workshipped Kotravai/Kali.
Rice / Beatle Leaves.
Paddy Main Crop / Millets, Grams and Sugarcane.
Weaving, Spinning, Hunting, Fishing, Potter, Carpenter,
Blacksmith and Goldsmith.
Barter System. Local Markets Angadis / Day Market
Nallangadis and Evening Market Allangadi.
Muthamizh Iyal, Isai and Natakam.
Referred as Yavanas. Arikkamedu near Pondicherry (Centre of
trade for Greeks and Romans).
Exports: pepper, cardamom, cloves ,ginger sandal paste,
flowers, scents, aromatic wood like Ahil, ivory, pearls, corals,
25
Sea Ports
26 Light Houses
27 Kalabhras
28
29
30
Religion
Post Twin Epics
Literary Sources
31
End to Kalabhras
32
Bhuddists educational
institutions
33 Jain Scholars
34 End of Kalabhra rule
35 Pallava rule
36 Territory
37 Siyuki
38 Tamil Literature
39 Alwars
40 Nayanamars
41 Sanskrit Literature
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
medicinal plants, banana and rice.

Imports: sweet wine, gold coins and ornaments, glass, copper
and other articles.
East Coast: Mamallapuram, Poduke, Puhar, Poraiyaru, Korkai
and Kumari.
West Coast: Musiri and Tondi.
Kalangarai IIangu Sudar. (In tamil).
Captured the Tamil country from the Chera, Chola and Pandyan
rulers. Third century A.D. to the end of the Sixth century
A.D.
Buddhism and Jainism begins to spread.
Silappathikaram and Manimekalai.
Tamil Navalar Charithai, Yapperunkalam and Periyapuranam.
Sivaka Chintamani and Kundalakesi were composed under
Pathinenkilkanakku.
Ascendancy of Pandyas and Pallavas. Kandungon Pandya /
Simhavishnu Pallava .
Ghatikas. [Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Bodhidharma]
Sarva Nandi and Vajra Nandi.
Saivism and Vaishnavism start emerging.
Sixth century A.D. to Ninth century A.D. / Thondai Mandalam.

River Krishna in the North to the river Palar in the South.
Hieun Tsangs(China) travel accounts.
Sung by Alwars and Nayanmars.
Nalaira Divya Prabandham.
Panniru Thirumarais. Periyapuranam by Sekkilar.
Avani Sundari Katha by Dandin.
Loga vibhagam by Sarva Nandi Importance of simhavishnu.
Mahendra Varman I Mathavilasa Prakasanam.
Copper Plates
Kuram copper plates Parameshwaravarman.
Velurpalayam Copper Plates Nandivarman III.
Maha and Deepavamsa Relationship between Narasimhavarman I and Manavarman
(srilankan king).
Pallavas
North Indians. Served under Mauryas/ served under satvahanas
in Andhra region / Captured thondaimandalam overthrowing
Kalabhras.
Early Pallavas
Pappa Deva and Sivaskandavarman. Coins in prakrit language.
Medivial Pallavas
Vishnu gopa. Samudra gupta defeated Vishnugopa. Coins in
Sanskrit language.
Later Pallavas
Simhavishnu overthrown Kalabhras.
Capital : Kanchi
Simhavishnu
Defeated and Eliminated the Kalabhras.
49
Mahendravarman I
S/o.Simhavishnu 600630A.D
50
Narasimhavarman I
S/o Mahendravarman I
630-668 A.D
60
Succession

61 Pallava administration
62 Territory
63
Administrative units
64
Mandalam
65
66
Kottam
Nadu
Follower of Jainism. / Later embraced

Saivism(Thirunavukarasar-Appar).
Pulakesin II(Chalukya King) defeated Mahendravarman I.
(Vice versa at Pullalur).
Military Titles: Sathru Mallan, Kalagapriyan.
Generosity Titles: Gundbhara.
Literature Titles: Chitirakarappuli, Vichitrachitta, Mathavilasa,
sangiranajathi.
Carved out temples in huge rocks. Rock cut temples or cave
temples. Mandagapattu, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam,
Pallavaram, Thirukkazhukunram and
Tiruchi.
Pallava paintings at chittanavasal.
Kudumianmalai His interest in music.
Vathapikondan Defeated chalukyan king pulikesin II at
manimangalam.
Commander in chief : Paranjothi.
Sent expedition to Ceylon to help manavarman to get back his
kingdom.
Hieun Tsang visited Pallavas. Buddhist Kadigai.
Titles: Mamallan, Sribharan, Srimehan, Srinithi and VadhyaVidyatharan.
Monolithic temples, rock-cut mandapas and portrait sculptures
at Mamallapuram
Mahendravarman II.
Parameshwaravarman I
Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) and others.
Beemavarman line of pallavas ruled kanchi.
Nandivarman.
Dandivarman.
Nirupatangun.
Aparajithan. Chola Prince Aditya Killed him. Cholas annexed
the thondai mandalam region.
Adopted Mauryan system of administration/Modified.
North: Nellore district
South: River Pennar
West: Western Ghats
East: Bay of Bengal
Old: Mandalam, Kottam, Nadu and Ur
Modern: province, district, taluk and village.
Autonomous unit/ Prince as the governer of the mandalam.
Direct Control.
Mandalam was divided in to kottams. 24 kottams. Officials.
Council called Nattars take care.
67
68
Oor
Monarchy
69
Council of Ministers
70
71
Officials
Judiciary
72
73
Army
Revenue
74
75
Royal Palace
Oor sabha

76 Social Structure
77
Brahmins
78
79
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
80
81
Sudras
Status of Women
82
83
84
Food
Education
Educational Centre
85
86
87
88
89
Dharmapala
Agriculture
Devadana
Mamandur tank
Chitra Mega
Thadakam.
Internal Trade
90
91
Merchants
Foreign trade
Sabhas have control.

Head King. Succession Eldest Son.Rep of God.
Maharaja, Maharajathi Raja and Dharma Rajathiraja.
Amatyas.
Titles: Uttamaseelan, Brahmarajan and Peraraiyan.
Look after different department.
Court Dharmasena Head King.
Court in town Adikarnas
Court in Village Karnas.
Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants and Navy.
Land tax. 18 Kind.
Tax names: Kaanam, Irai, Pattam, and Puchi.
Ex: Kusakanam Tax for potters.
TariIrai Tax for Weavers.
Kumarapandaram managed the royal palace.
Members perumakkal.
Sabha divided Variyams.
Pallavas had laid the foundation for the future expansion of
village administration during the Later Cholas.
Brahmins, Kshatryas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Besides the
four-fold division, there were also other sub castes in the society
based on their occupation.
Highly respected / Veda recite / Stayed in Agraharams. / Land
grants Brahmadeyas.
Ruling Class/ Warriors.
Agriculture and Trade / Establishing mutts and Choultries./
Public welfare and Progress.
Low grade servants/ Pulayar and Chandalas.
Property rights were given./ pious and religious/ Chasity
/Spinning and weaving.
Rice Staple food. Milk / ghee /curd
Importance to Sanskrit education.
Buddhist kadigai in Kanchipuram was the famous educational
centre.
Buddhist scholar was also alumanus of Buddhist Kadigai.
Paddy and cotton extensively cultivated. Rice exp. to china.
Temples denoted to villages.
Mahendravarman I Constructed it for irrigation.
Barter System Prevalent. Later Pallavas introduced gold and

silver coins.
Own organization Manigramam.
Spices, cotton textiles, precious stones and medicinal plants
92
Land Measurement
93
Paddy and Rice
94
95
96
97
98
Smallest Unit
Milk/Ghee/Oil
Gold Measurement
Religion
Bhakthi movement
99
Saivism
100
Vaishnavisam

101 Pallavas
102 Kanchi
103 Mahendravarman I
104 Sanskrit Scholars
105 Tamil
106
107
Architecture
Rock cut temples
108
Monolithic Rathas
109
Structural Temples
were exported to the countries like Java, Sumatra, Kadaram,

Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China and Burma. The foreign merchants
were known as Nanadesi. Mamallapuram, Vasavasamudram
and Mylapore were the important seaports of the Pallavas.
Lands were measured with the units called Uzhavu,
Nivarthanam or Pattiga. The term Hala also refers to a unit of
land. Plough was used for measuring the land.
Chudunazhi. The other units such as Videl, Vidugu and
Uzhakku were also used for measurement.
Pidi.
Aazhakku, Uzhakku, Uri and Nazhi.
Kazhanju and Manjadi.
Saivism and Vaishnavism. Bhakthi movement started.
Devotion to God.
Low caste saints: Nandhanaar, Kaalathi Nayanar,
Thiruppaanazhalvar.
Devotees of Lord Shiva / Saivaites. 63 Nayanmars.
Thevaram : Written by Thirunavukarasar,
Thirugnanasambandar and Sundarar.
Thiruvasagam : Manickavasagar.
Women Saint: Karaikkal Ammaiyar.
Sects: Kalamukhas and Pasupathas.
Devotees of Lord Vishnu. / Vaishnavaites. 12 Alwars.
Alwars Poigai, pei, Boothathalwar and Thirumazhisai alwar.
Nanmugan Thiruvanthathi Poigai,Pei and Boothathalwar.
Andal Thiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumozhi.
Hyms of Alwars Nalaira Divya Prabandham.
Patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil.
Great Place for learning Sanskrit.
Mathavilasa Prakasanam and Bhagavatha Ajikkiyam.
Dandin and Bharavi.
Perundevanar Bharathavenba
Kalladanar Kalladam
Nandikalambakam Rule of Nandivarman III.
Stone Architecture.
Mahendravarman Style./ Vichitra Chitta. Sanctum Sanctorum
Walls Beautiful Pictures / Pillars Head of lions. Pallavaram,
Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam and
Thalavanur.
Mamalla (Narasimhavarman I) Style of arch.
Mamallapuram City of art and architecture.
Pancha Pandava Rathas.
Open art gallery.
Rajasimha Construction of struc.temp.
Rajasimha and Nandivarma Style.
110
Fine Arts
111
Painting
Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.(Vimana Hilly Comb)/

Crown of Pallava Architecture./ Rajasimheshwaram.
Shore temple at Mamallapuram.
Nandivarman II : VaikuntaPerumal temple at Kanchipuram.
The Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam music inscriptions show
their interest in music. Yaazhi, Mridangam and Murasu were
some of the musical instruments of the Pallava period.
Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I.
Chittanavasal.
Mahendravarman I called as Chitirakarapuli. Thatcina Chitram.

Pallava and Pandya Rule was contemporary between 6th Century A.D 9th Century A.D
112 Pandiyan Empire
Kadungon defeated Kalabhras. Restored pandya rule in tamil
region at the end of 6th century.
113 Pandiyan Kings
Kadungon 575-600 A.D.
Maravarman Avani Sulaimani 600 625 A.D Friend of truth.
Chezhiyan Sendan 625 640 A.D - Vanavan. Cave temple at
Malaiyidaikkurichi.
Maravarman Arikesari 640 670 A.D Parangusan. Koon
Pandiyan. Ninraseer Nedumaran.- Nelveli Nedumaran.
Thirugnanasambandar Converted him to Saivism.
Kochadayan Ranadhira 670 710 A.D
Up to 10th century Veerapandiya 946 -966 A.D Killed by
Aditya Chola.
114 Temples and Mutts
Place of education. Mutts established at Tirunelveli,
Seranmadevi, Alagarkoil and Vanamamalai had contributed to
the growth of education.
115 Madurai
Centre of tamil literature. Tamil Kudal.
116 Pandyas
Patronized Saivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism.
117 Saivaite saints
Thirugnanasambandar and Manickavasagar.
118 Alwar saints
Nammazhwar, Periyazhwar and Andal.
119 Rock cut temples
Malaiyadikkurichi, Anaimalai, Thirupparankundram and
Tiruchi.
120 Stone temples
Each temple consists of a Garbagraha, Ardhamandapa and
Mahamandapa. The stone temples of the Pandyas were found at
Kovilpatti, Thiruppathur and Madurai.
121 Painting
Traces were found at Chittanavasal. Wall paintings Fresco.
Class Seventh: Chapter 1
1
Later Chola Kings
850 A.D 1279 A.D (430 Years)
2
A.D / B.C
Anno Domini / Before Christ
3
Early Cholas
Mahavamsam (BookSource) /Megasthanese (ForeignVisitor)/
Marcopolo(European Travellor) / Al Beruni.(Muslim
Historian).
4
Big Temple
Brahdeeshwarar temple Thanjavur Inscriptions of Chola
Period.
5
Inscriptions
Thiruvandhipuram Rajendra III.
Monuments
Coins
8
9
10
11
12
Sekkilar
Ottakoothar
Jayamkondan
King Vijayalaya
Parantaka I
(Dev.LordShiva)
13
Rajaraja The Great

985 1014 A.D
S/o.Parantaka II &
Vanavan Mahadevi
Mummudi Chozhan
Arunmozhi
Rajakesari
Temples built by
Rajaraja.
14
15
Rajendra I
1012 1044 A.D
GangaiKondan
KadaramKondan
Mudikondan
Panditha Cholan
Uthama Cholan
16 Kulothunga Cholan I
1070 1170 A.D
Sungam Thavirtha
Cholan.
17 Cholamandalam
18 Administrative
Division
19
Heir Apparent
Uttaramerur Kudavolai System,Village

Administration,Taxation and Land Revenue.
Anbil Plates Kanyakumari, Karanthai Plates ,Thiruvalangadu
Copper Plates Information of Rajendra Chola.
Brahadeeshwarar temple Thanjavur.
Gangaikondacholapuram temple.
Airavateeshwaravar temple Dharasuram.
Kambagareshwarar temple Thirupuvanam.
Gold Rarely used, Silver and Copper Coins Plenty.
Tiger / Name of the chola king was engraved in coins.
Contemporary of Kulothunga II
Three ulas, Kulothungan Pillai tamil.
Kalingathuparani.
Founder of later Chola dynasty.
Maduraikondan.
Maduraium Ezhlamum Kondan.
Pon Veitha Chozhan.(Golden roof to the Nataraja temple at
Chidambaram.)
Kandalur salai Kalamarutharuliya.
Defeated Chera at Thiruvananthapuram, and Baskara Ravi the
Raja of Kollam.
Defeated Pandya King Amarabhujangan.
Defeated Mahinda V King of Ceylon Annexed
Anuradhapuram and northern part of Ceylon.
Conquered Mysore, Kalinga and Maldives Island.
Brahadeeshwarar temple.
Siva temple in quilon and polanuruva.
Buddha shrine at Nagapattinam and anaimangalam village to
Buddhist monastery.
Appointed his son Rajathiraja to assist him.
Rajendra defeated Mahipala I and brought water from Ganges
to tanjore.
Shifted capital from Tanjore to GangaikondaCholapuram.
Jeyasimha II Chlukya King.
Western Chalukya King Vikramadithya.

Known to China and Sumatra.
Abolished many taxes.
Thanjavur, Part of Trichy, Pudukottai and South Arcot Dist.

Central Government
Provincial Government
Local Government
Called Yuvaraja.
20
21
Central Government
Peruntaram
Sirutaram
Provincial Government
22
23
24
Revenue
Nadu
Village
25
Variyams
Vairaperumakkal

26 Social Condition
27
28
Valangai and
Idangai(98/98)
King Karikala
Colleges
29
Queens
30
31
32
Kanchipuram
Saint Ramanujar
Hymns

33 Poets
34
35
36
37
Kalladanar
Thirutakkadevar
Jayamkondan
OOtakuthar
38
Kambar
Kavichakaravarthi
Kukothungan III
Pugazhendhi
Avvaiyar
39
40
Head King.
Council of Ministers and Officials running adm. Of central
gov.
9 Provinces.(Mandalams) Viceroy.
Mandalams Divided Kottams and Valanadus.
Kottam Divided Nadu.
Nadu Divided Oor.
Land revenue.
Nattars.
Grama Sabha.
Brahmin Settlement was called as Chaturvedi Mangalam.
Male Members.
Nyayavariyam Justice
Thotta variyam Gardens.
Dharmavariyam Temples.
Erivariyams Tanks.
Ponvariyam Finance
Gramakaravariyam Commitees.
Varnasrama, society was divided into four major divisions
namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras.
Valangai Upper caste
Idangai Lower Caste
During the reign of Rajendra I, two colleges were there at
Rajarajachaturvedi Mangalam and Tribhuvanam
Queen Sembian Mahadevi and Kundavai were patrons of
temples.
Textile Industry.
Contemporary of chola kings.
Nambi andar Nambi Saiva Hymns.
Nathamunigal Vaishnava Hymns.
Kalladanar, Kambar, Pugalandhi, Ottakoothar, Sekkilar,
Avvaiyar, Thirutakkadevar lived during the period of Chola
period
Kalladam about Lord Shiva
Seevagasinthamani to spread Jainism.
Kalingathuparani.- Kulothunga I
Court Poest Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga-II and Rajaraja-II.
Saraswathy Andhadhi.
Sadagopar andhadhi, Mummani kovai
Nalavenba
Athichudi and Kondrai vendan.
41
Epics
42
43
Vijayalaya
Aditya I
44
45
46
47
Parantaka-I
Kulothunga- I
Rajaraja-II
Temple walls
48 Kalahasti temple
49 Music
50 Dance
51 Koothu
52 Later Pandya Kings
[Madurai/Fish]
53 Sources
54
55
56
57
58
59
Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Viracholiyam, Nannool belong to

this period.
Built temple at Narttamalai.
Subramaniya temple at Kannanur.
Thirukattalai temple.
Koranganatha temple Srinivasanallur (Trichy District).
Sun God temple at Kumbakonam.
Airavatheeswarar temple at Dharasuram.
Scenes from Ramayanam Mahabharatam, Puranas and
lives of the 63 Nayanmars are sculptured in narrative panels on
the walls of temples.
portraits of Cholamadevi and Kulothunga-III
The seven music alphabets sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, da, ni were used
Bharathanatyam and Kathakali.
Ariyakuthu, Chakki koothu and Santhi koothu.
1190 AD to 1310 AD.
Velvikkudi plates, Seevaramangalam plates.

Thalavaipuramplates and chinnamanur plates
Inscriptions
Pudukottai - judicial and revenue administration.
Pudukottai - Kulasekara Pandyas policies towards land survey
and taxation.
Thiruvandipuram - warfare of Maravarman Sundara Pandya.
Srirangam - victories of Pandya kings.
Thirunelveli - names and the titles of the Pandya kings.
Monuments
cave temples found in Tirumalaipuram
Tiruparankundram
Anaimalai
Kundrakudi
Kalugumalai.
Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
Century
Period of 100 Years.
Jatavarman Kulasekara He created the Rajagambira Chaturvedi mangalam, consisting
I (1190 -1210A.D)
of 1030 Brahmadeyas.
S/o.Vikaraman
Appointed Maravarman SundaraPandya as his crown prince.
Rajagambheera
Maravarman Sundara
A good part of the Vishnu temple at Tiruttangal was built.
Pandiyan I
1216 1231 A.D
B/o.Jatavarman
SundaraPandiyan I
Maravarman Sundara
Pandya II
1238 1258 A.D
He made many grants to temples.

He defeated the chola king Rajendra-III.
60
Jatavarman Sundara
Thirubhuvana Chakaravarthy
Pandiyan I
Emmandalamum Kondarulliya pandiya.
1251 - 1258 A.D
Ponveida Perumal.
61 Maravarman
Kollam Kanda Pandyan
Kulasekaran I
Morcopolo visited India.
1268 1308 A.D
He built the outer wall of Nellaiyapper temple in Tirunelveli.
Malik Kafur invaded and carried away as much loote as possible.
62 Tamil Literature
Pandyas organised three Tamil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam.
Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets and scholars.
63 Nakeerar
Chief Tamil Poet.
64 Madurai
TamilKoodal.
65 Manickavasagar
Thiruvasagam, Thirchilambalakovai.
66 Andal
Thiuppavai.
67 Nammalvar
Thirupallandu.
68 Sri Kaviraya
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur
Murugan ula, Rathinagiriula
69 Mayilainathar
Commentary on Nanool
70 Parimelazhagar
Commentries on Thirukkural.
71 Harihara and Bukka established Vijaya Nagar empire on the Southern banks of the river
Tungabadhra in 1336. Vijaya Nagar was the capital of this empire.
Popular ruler: Kumarakampana.
72 Krishna Deva Rayar
Krishna Devaraya created Nayakship in Madurai and Tanjore.
1509 -1529 A.D
Vijaya Nagar rulers continued till they were defeated by the
Nayak System
sultans in the battle of Tali Kotta in 1565.
Book Amuktamalayada.(1 of 5 Telugu Kaviyas).
73 Sourashtras
Came and Settled in Tamilnadu.
74 Food
Rice and Millet.
75 Vadagalai and
Vaishnavites Gropus.
Thengalai
78 Vedhantha Desikar
Vadagalai Group. / Sanskrit Vedas
79 Manavala Mahamuni
Thengalai Group. / Tamil Prabandhams.
80 Ashtadiggajas
Eight Scholars.
81 Ganga Devi
Madura Vijayam.
82 Telugu Scholars
Allasanipeddanna, Nanditimmanna Tenaliramakrishna.
83 Meykandar
SivaGnana Bodham.
84 Velliambala
Gnanapuranavilakkam.
Thambiran
85 Alagidesikars
Sethupuranam.
86 Kachiappassivachariar Kandapuranam.
87 Villiputhurar
Translated Vyasas Bharatam in Tamil.
88 Thirumalainathar
Chidambarapuranam and Chokkanatharula.
89 Pavananthi
Nanool.
90
91
92
Nallurveerakavirayar
Architecture
Temples

93 Nayak Rule
1529 1739 A.D
94
95
Vishwanatha Nayak
(Nayak or Viceroy)
1529 1564 A.D
Dalavoy Ariyanathar
HarichandraPuranam.
Dravidian and Indo-Saracenic architecture
Two gopuras of Rameswaram temple and Seshagiri mandapam
at Srirangam are the best examples of Vijaya Nagar art.
The Nayak rule in Tamilnadu was established by the
Vijayanagar emperors.
First Nayak of Madurai.
Poliga System.( semi military and feudal 5Arrangement)
Minister and military general during the period of

ViswanathaNayak.
96 Krishnappa Nayak 1594 1572 A.D
97 Veerappa Nayak 1572 1595 A.D
98 Thirumalai Nayak
He transferred the capital from Trichy to Madurai.
1623 1659 A.D
He freed himself from the control of Vijayanagar souverignity
and became an independent ruler.
Theppakulam, Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, Pudhu mandapam,
Raja gopuram were some of his contributions.
99 Rani Mangammal 1689 1706 A.D
100 Vijayaranga Chokkanathar 1706AD. 1732 AD
101 Meenakshi 1732AD. 1739 AD
The rule of Nayaks of Madurai was brought to an end by the Nawabs.
102 Kumarakurubarar
Kandarkalivenba
103 Ellappanavalar
Arunachalapuranam
104 Arunagirinathar
Thiruppukazh
105 Gnanaprakasadesikar
Kachikkalambakam.
106 Namachivayapulavar
Chidambara Venba
107 Rhagunatha Nayak
Bharata Sutha and Sangeetha Sudha.
108 Veerapa Nayak
Aruppukottai Fort.
109 Nayakara System
KrishnaDeva Raya.
Shahji Bonsle had two popular sons namely Shivaji and Venkaji.
Shivaji established a separate Maratha kingdom in the Maharastra region.
Venkaji established a Maratha kingdom in Tanjore region of Tamil country.
110 Shivaji
Father Shahji Bonsle / Mother Jijabai.
Dadaji Kondadev Taught administration.
Shivaji killed Afzal Khan.
Jagirdar to Chatrapati.
Southern Representative Santhaji.
111 Shahji Bonsle
Genaral Under Sultan of Bijapur.
112 Venkaji
First ruler of Maratha empire in india.
113 Shahji-I 1684AD 1712AD
114
Sarfoji I
1712AD1728AD
Shahji-I was succeeded by his younger brother Sarfoji
115
Sarfoji II
116
Sarawati Mahal
Sarfoji II
117
118
Alluri Kuppana
Maratha Sculpture
He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East

India Company. / Sivaganga
Shivaji was the last ruler of Tanjore Maratha empire.
Saraswathi mahal became centre of learning and research
Institute. In 1805 Safroji II established a printing press at
Tanjore
Shahjis Court Poet. Kalidasa of Andhra Desa.
Bronze image of Ammani Amma, the wife of Pratapsingh. It is
a Portrait figure. It is now in the temple of Tiruvidaimarudur.

119 Sethupathis
120
Rulers of Ramnad and Sivaganga region of early 17th Century

were called Sethupathis
Official Headquarter Ramnad.
Sadaiakka Thevar
Kuttan Sethupathy
121 Sadaikka Thevar II: 1636AD. 1645AD
122 Raghunatha Sethupathi Thirumalai Sethupathi
1645AD. 1670AD Sethupathis loyalty towards the Nayaks was over with
thirumalai Nayak.
123 Thayumanavar
Lived with the patronage of Raghunatha Sethupathy.
124 Raghunatha Sethupathi II alias Kilavan Sethupathi : 1671AD. 1710AD
125 Baskara Sethupathi was an exceptionally enlightened zamindar. He was an
English educated ruler. He honoured Swami Vivekananda who attended
the parliament of Religion at Chicago.
126 Zulfikar Khan
Genaral of Aurangazeb captured Vellore, Gingee, and Arcot.
He became the nawab.
127 Arcot
Arcot was the headquarters of nawab.
128 Nawabs
Dost Ali, Anwar ud din of Wallaja.(Killed in Ambur battle.)
Chanda Sahib, Mohammed Ali.
129 Battle of Adyar
Between Nawabs army and French Army. French Won.
130 Amir Mahal
Example for Nawab style of architecture.
Palace of Arcot
Nawab
Class Eight: Chapter 1
131 Portuguese
First among the Europeans to arrive in india.
132 Vasco-da-gama
Portuguese sailor reached Calicut.
1498
133 Blue Water Policy
Francisco de almeida (First Governer) wanted Portuguese to
be te Masters of Indian Ocean. This policy is known as Blue
water Policy.
134 Goa
Portuguese Headquarters.
Alfonso de
Albuquerque(2 Gov)
135 Santhome in Chennai
Portuguese Settlement.
136
137
138
139
Dutch
Devanampattnam
Nagapattinam
East India Company
140
Francis Dey
1639
1640
1654
141
142
143
144
145
Fort St.David
Danish East India
Company
Francis Martin
146
Treaty of Ryswick
147 Pondicherry
148 Revolt of Palayakkars
1799
149
150
Colin Jackson
Kayathar
151
Marudu Brothers
152
Fort of Thiruppathur
157
Vellore Mutiny
1806
Colonel Gillespie
158 Ryotwari Settlement
Thomas Munro
159 Kallanai
The Grand Anaicut
160 Mettur Dam
1934
161 1857
162 India
163
Clothes
Dutch traders came from Holland.

Dutch setup Factory.
Seat of Dutch Government.
The English East India Company obtained Royal Charter from
queen Elizabeth on 31st December 1600 to trade with India.
In 1639 Francis Dey obtained the site of Madras from the
Governor of Chandragiri. / For rent.
Fort St.George was built. Headqarters of English in the east.
Madras became the headquarters of all British Possessions in
the east.
Built in Cuddalore.
1616 / Denmark. / Founded settlement in Nagapattinam.
Francis Martin obtained a small village of Pondicherry from the
Sultan of Bijapur
French lost Pondicherry to Dutch. But it was restored by the
treaty of Ryswick.
Headquarters of French possessions in India.
Palayakkars Vijayanagar Rule Vishwanatha Nayak.
Pulithevan Nerkattumseval near Thirunelveli.
Vir Pandya Kattabomman Panchalangkuruchi.
British Collector during the period of Kattabomman.
Kattabomman was hanged near Kayathar Fort, close to the town
of Tirunelveli, in front of the fellow Palayakkars.
Mookiah Palaniappan and Ponnathal.
Periya Marudu and Chinna Marudu famously called as Marudu
Pandiyars.
The Marudu brothers were executed in the Fort of Tirupathur in
Ramanathapuram District
The soldiers in the Vellore fort decided to oppose the dress
regulations introduced by the British. / Shave their head and
mushtaches/ No religious markings on the forehead / Tuban.
Direct Connection of farmers with the Government.
The Grand Anicut (Kallanai) is regarded as one of the greatest
engineering feats of ancient India
Constructed by the British.
Sepoy Mutiny against the British.
The plantation industries of Indigo, Tea and Coffee were
the first to be introduced in India.
Clothes made of synthetic fibre were brought to Tamilnadu. /
Replace Khadi.
164
165
1856
Royapuram
1856
Pamban
Railway Line between Madras and Arakkonam was Laid.

Royapuram near Chennai was the first Railway station
constructed by the British
166
Pamban Railway bridge was built between Rameswaram and
Mandabam.
167 All India Radio Station All India Radio Station was started by British.
AIR - 1936
168 Handicraft
British rule in India, the handicraft industries, once the pride
and glory of India declined gradually
169 Agriculture
Backbone of our economy.
170 Mahalwari System
Lord William Bentick
171 Lord Dalhousie
Upper and Lower Anaicut / PWD Department. / Tank
Restoration Scheme.
172 Lord Cornwallis
Permanent Land Revenue System.
173 Tea Plantations
Ceylon
174 Rubber Plantations
Malaya
175 Mines
South Africa
176 Women Poets
Avvaiyar, Kakkaipadiniyar, Mudathamakanniyar lived during
the sangam period.
177 Kailasanatha Temple
Store House of the Public Documents.
178 Dharmapala
Chancellor of Nalanda University belongs to Kanchi.
179 Sekkilar
Kundrathur near Chennai.
180 Sasraswati Mahal Lib
Estabilished in 1824.
181 Portuguese
Started Society of Jesus. / Father Fernandus Punnakayal.
182 Madurai
Father Robert de Nobili
John de Britto
183 Veeramamunivar
Father Constantine Joseph Beschi / Thembavani(author).
184 Loyola College
Ignatious Loyola Mission
185 Colleges
Madras Christian College at Tambaram,
Scott Christian College at Nagarcoil,
American College at Madurai
St.Joseph College at Tiruchi
St.Xavier College at Palayamkottai
Womens Chritisan college at Chennai were founded to give
education to people.
186 Charles Wood
Charles wood dispatch was called as Magna Carta of Education.
187 Madras University
The Act of 1857 created the Madras University.
188 Hunter Commission
Working of Education.
189 Annamalai University Established in 1929 by Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar.
190 Law college, Chennai
Established in 1891.
191 Education
Under the Government of India Act of 1935, education was
made as a state subject.
192 Library Connemara
In 1890 the Governor of Madras Lord Connemara established
the Connemara Library.

193 Newspapers
194
195
196
197
198
199
Madras Mahajana
Sabha
1884
1885
INC first Conference

V.O.Chidambaram
Pillai
Kappalotiya
Thamizhan
Surat Congress
1907
BalaGangadharTilak
The Hindu, Swadesamitran and Desabakthan played a

significant role in awakening the people
Established in 1884. G.Subramaniya Iyer, P.Anandacharlu,
Rangaiya Naidu played a significant part in the association to
redress the miseries of the people.
The Indian National Congress was founded by A.O.Hume in
1885.
C.Vijayaraghavachariyar close associate of A.O.Hume, 1 of the
member of the committee which Constituted the INC.
Bombay W.C.Banerjee
Started the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin.
In 1908 the mill workers of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin struck
work. / Ash Collector.
Congress got split into extremists and moderates.
Extremists BalaGangadhar Tilak
Swaraj is my Birth Right

Supported by V.O.Chidambarm Pillai and Subramaniyam Siva.
Lieutenants of Tilak Vande Mataram.
200
Vanchi Iyer
201
Dr.AnnieBesant
202
Moderates
203
Gandhian Era
1920-1947
Non Cooperation
Movement
Nagpur Session
1920
Simon Commission
Civil Disobidience
movement
1930
Tirupur Kumaran
Kodikatha Kumaran
204
205
206
207
Ashe was murdered in 1911 at Maniachi Railway station by

Vanchi Iyer.
Home Rule Movement. 1916 / Common Wheel and New India
NewsPapers.
C.Vijayaraghavachariyar
Thiru V.Kalyana Sundaranar
Varadharajulu Naidu
E.V.Ramasamy Naickear
S.Srinivasa Iyangar,
Sathyamurthy and
K.Kamaraj
The period from 1920-47 is called the era of Gandhiji in the
history of Indian National Movement
People of Tamilnadu were angry with the British Government
because of the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh tragedy which
occurred in 1919.
Rajaji Liertanent of Gandhiji. / Sathyamurthy /EVR
Boycotted by Sathyamurthy.(No Indian Member in it).
Salt Satyagraha 1930. Dandi
Rajaji Vedaranyam.
1932 / Result of the lathi charge, Tirupur Kumaran, a
freedom fighter sacrificed his life.
208
Freedom Fighters from Adikeasava Naicker

Tamilnadu
Salem Adi Narayana chettiar
Guruswamy naidu
K.Kamaraj
Omandoor Ramasamy Reddiar
Baktavatsalam,
C.Subramaniyam
R.Venkatraman participated in the freedom movement.
209 Quit India Movement
K.Kamaraj participated in the movement.
Bombay 1942
Leaders like Muthuranga Mudaliar, Baktavatsalam and
R.Venkataraman were arrested.
210 Indian Independence
15th August 1947. / Cripps Mission / Mountbatten Plan.
211 Social Evils
Sati
Poligamy
Child marriage
Untouchability
Female infanticide
212
213
Western Education
Varnashrama System
214
Economic Condition
215
216
217
French Revolution
Russian Revolution
Ramalinga Adigal
1823-1874
218
219
220
Sathyagana Sabha
Sathya Dharma Sala
Jeeva Karunya
221
Dr.Natesa Mudaliar
Chennai Dravida
Sangam
Justice Party 1917
222
Democracy, Equality, and Liberty influenced the people.

Caste System. Higher castes ill treated and humilated the
backward and depressed class people.
Reformers wanted to free them from the miseries
British rule in Tamilnadu drained the economy to a great extent.
Exported Cotton and Iron to England.
1789
1917
Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam - 1867

Born: Chinnamarudur near Chidambaram.
Lived: Mint(Vallalar Nagar) in Madras.
God: Supreme grace of light(ArutperumJyothi)
Religious Ceremony, Social Divisions No Meaning.
Love : Master Key to Spirituality.
Realisation: Truth in all religions.
Meditations: Form of Prayer.
Aim: Religious Unity and Communal Harmony.
Vallalar Conduct Prayer.
Vadalur Food to everyone.
Vallalar showed his love and mercy not only on human beings
but also on plants, insects, birds and animals.
Opened a non Brahmin hostel in Triplican 1912.
South Indian Liberal Federation.
223
224
225
1929
1929
1921
226
Self Respect
Movement 1925
E.V.Ramasamy
17th September 1879
227
228
Vaikkam Hero
Periyar
229
Devadasi
230
Dowry System
231 1924
232 Various Commission
on education
233
234
UGC 1948
Teachers Day
235
Article 45
236
Secondary Education
Commission 1953
Came to power in 1920.

Subburayalu Reddiar become the Chief Minister for Madras
Presidency.
1937 Final blow.
Public Service Commission was established.
Andhra and Annamalai University was started.
Hindu Religious Endowment Act. Non-brahmins were to be
appointed as Archagas in the temple.
E.V.Ramasamy championed the cause of the Self-Respect
Movement
Born: Erode.
Parents: Venkatta Naicker and Chinna Thayammal.
Wife: Nagammai.
He left the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the
Kancheepuram session on the issue of communal
representation.
Tamil Weekly: Kudiyarasu
English Journal: Revolt
1924 - Vaikkam : - Kerala Tranvacore.
EVR worked for the inter-dining by abolishing the Gurukula
system at Seranmadevi near Tirunelveli.
In the Womens conference held at Madras in the year 1938,
EVR was given the title Periyar.
Young women were dedicated to temples and were called
Temple girls.
EVR and Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Opposed this System.Act of
1930 abolished. Devadasi System
EVR, Dr. MuthulakshmiReddy,Ramalinga Adigal,
G.Subramaniya Iyer, Bharathi, Bharathidasan.
Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.(Amended in 1984).
Staff Selection Board.
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
Chairmanship: S.Radhakrishnan.
Dr.Radhakrishnans birthday is celebrated as Teachers day on
5th September every year.
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Dr.A.Lakshmana Swamy Mudhaliar.
237
239
240
Kothari Commission
1964
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
Primary Education
Tamil
Scientists
241
Dr.M.S.Swaminathan
242
243
244
245
Agriculture University
Agriculture College
Dr.G.D.Naidu
Atomic Energy
Commission 1948
246
247
ISRO
Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam
248
249
250
Birla Planetarium
Mass Communication
Prachar Bharati
251
252
253
254
Television
Telegraph
Telephone
Tidel Park
238

255 Planning Commission
256 Coimbatore
257 Textile Industries
258 Cotton Tex.Industries
259 Paper Mills
260
261
Chemical Industries
Chennai
National Education Commission.

Dr.D.S.Kothari 10+2+3 and 3 language formula adopted.
Improve the quality of education and to avoid dropouts at the
primary level
College Medium 1970
Ramanujam (Mathematics)
Dr.Sir CV.Raman (Physics)
Dr.Chandrasekar (Physics) [Nobel Prize Winners]
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam (Space) belong to Tamilnadu.
Agricultural Scientist.
ICAR Reorganised.
HYVP High Yielding Variety Programme.
Coimbatore.
Madurai
Famous Industrialist of Tamilnadu.
Development of Atomic energy.
Kalpakkam Near Chennai.
Dr.Chidambaram
Koodankulam Tirunelveli District.
1972
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, his Excellency, the President of India
father of Agni missile authored a book called wings of fire.
Mahendragiri Kanyakumari.
Kavalur Vellore Telescope. Big in South east asia.
Chennai
Newspaper, radio, television, telephone, etc
A unit of Government of India is formulating the policies for
information and broadcasting and implementing it.
J.L.Baird.
Invented by M.Lammond france.
Invented by Alexandar Graham Bell in 1876.
Attract the investers, complexes such as Tidal parks are opened
at Chennai and also at Nanguneri in Trinelvelli district.
First Chairman: Jawaharlal Nehru.
Manchester of South India.
Coimbatore, Ambattur and Ambasamudram.
Oldest industries.
Paper Mills at Sivaganga, Theni, Thirunelveli, Pugaloor are
noteworthy.
Ranipet, Thiruvallur, and Tuticorin.
Detroit of Tamilnadu.
262
Cottage Industries
263
Small Scale Industries
264
Corporations in
Tamilnadu
265
Industrial
Development
Power Projects
266
Cottage industries are mostly traditional, producing traditional

products by employing traditional methods.
Based on Capital Investment
Match box industry, Coir industry, Palm industry, Khadi
industry etc
SIPCOT - State Industries Promotion Corporation Of
Tamilnadu.
SIDCO - Small Industrial Development Corporation.
TIDCO - Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation
TIIC - Tamilnadu Industrial Investment Credit Corporation
Second Position Tamilnadu (after Maharashtra).
Kundah (Hydro)
Ennore, (Thermal)
Mettur (Hydro)
Neyveli (Thermal)
Papanasam (Hydro)
Pykara (Hydro) and
Kalpakkam (Atomic)
267 Internal Trade
Goods and services are exchanged within the same political
boundaries
268 International Trade
Goods and services are exchanged beyond the political
boundaries of countries or when it is among different nations of
the world.
269 MEPZ
Madras Export Processing Zone (MEPZ) is one of the seven
export processing zones set up by the Indian Government in
Chennai
270 Banks
Public Sector Banks, Private Banks and Co-operative Banks.
271 1948
Reserve Bank of India Act.
272 Nationalised Banks
All are Public sector Banks. They are 14 in number.
273 Co-operative Banks
Most popular is the Tamilnadu State and Apex Co-operative
Ltd.
274 Transport Corporations 21 transport corporations named after the important leaders in
Tamilnadu were removed and were renamed as Tamilnadu State
Transport Corporation.
275 River Basin
Cauvery Basin
276 Irrigational Projects
Bhavani, Parambikulam-Aliyar, Amaravathi, Krishnagiri,
Sathanur, Vaigai, Mettur
277 Social Welfare Board
1954
278 Director of Medical
In-charge of planning and execution of all programmes of
and Rural Health
Medical services in the
Districts.
279 Director of public
in charge of planning and formulation of various programmes to
health
prevent diseases in rural and urban areas.
280 World Health Day
April 7th .
281
Rural Areas
282
Maternity Services
283
284
285
286
SC/ST
THADCO
Tribal Communities
Destitutes

287 Dr.U.V.Swaminatha
Iyer
Grand Father of
Tamil
288 Maraimalai Adigal
289 Poondi Ranganatha
Mudaliar
290 Thiru
V.KalyanaSundaranar
291 Dr.M.Varadarasanar
292 Rajaji
293 Devaneya Pavanar
294 First Tamil Novel
295 Kalki (alias)
Krishnamurti
296 Akilan
297
298
Chandilyan
Novelists
299
300
J.R.Rangarajan
Patriatism
301
Short Stories
302
Drama
Primary Health Centre (PHC)

subcentres,mobile Medical units and Mini Health centers
The maternity services comprise anti-natal, intra-natal and postnatal care to the mother and infants.
Education provided free up to degree standard.
Tamilnadu Adi Dravidar Development Corporation.
Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Irular, Pania and Kattunaicken
3% reservation in the educational and government institutions
in the educational and employment opportunities
Tamil scholar Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer had contributed
immensely for the development of Tamil literature. He gathered
the old manuscripts of the Sangam age literatures and preserved
them for future generation.
Important Tamil Scholar.
Kanchi Kalambagam.
Murugu, Penin Perumai.
Agal Vizhakku
Vyasar Virundhu and Chakravarthi Thirumagan
Tamil Dictionary Agara Mudali.
Vedhanayagam Pillai.- Pradabha Mudaliar Charitram.
Poniyin Selvan
Won the Gnanapeeda Award prize for his novel Chthira
Pavai.
Chandilyans Kadalpura need special mention.
Jayakanthan, T.Janagiraman, N.Parthasarathi, Sujatha,
V.Kothainayaki Ammal, Siva Sankari, Indumathi, Lakshmi,
Rajam Krishnan are some of the important novelists who
concentrated on social themes.
Chandrakantha detective novel.
Bharathi kindled the people of Tamilnadu through patriotic
songs. NamakkalKavignar, Bharathidasan Ramalingam Pillai,
Kavimani Desiga Vinayagam Pillai, Bharathidasan wrote poems
on the promotion of patriotism and womens liberation.
Pudumai Pithans Sabavimochanam,
Rajajis Deivanai
K.P.Rajagopalans Vidiyuma
KalkisThirudan
Annadurais Rajapart Rangadurai
Pammal Samanda Mudaliar Father of Tamil Drama
Prof.Sundaram Pillai Manonmaniyam.
Suriya Narayana Sastry Roopavathi
C.N.Annadurai Oru Iravu
303
Drama Actors
304
305
BharataNatyam
Kalakshetra
306
Kalaimamani
307
308
Folkdances
Carnatic Music
309
310
M.S.Subbhulakshmi
Bharat Ratna
Carnatic Singers
311
312
Dr.A.C.Muthiah
Folk Music
313
1931
314
Cinema Company
Krishnasamy Pavalar Bombay Mail.

Shankaradas Swamigal Translated famous Kalidasa Sanskrit
drama.
T.K.S.Brothers, Rajamanikam and R.S.Manohar patronised
Tamil drama.
NatyaShastra Sage Bharatha. / Tamilnadu.
Kalakshetra, a private organisation was founded by Ruckmani
devi Arundel at Chennai to promote the Bharatha natyam
The Tamilnadu Iyal, Issai, Nattaka Mandram is honouring the
artists by Kalaimamani awards every year.
Karakattam, Mayilattam and Kummi.
St.Thiyagarajas, Muthuswami Dikshidar, Shyama Sastri
patronised the Carnatic music.
Sang kirthanas in United Nations Organisation.
Chemmbai Vaidhya Natha Iyer
Balamuralikrishna,
Semmangudi Sreenivasa Iyer,
M.L.VasanthaKumari
Maharajapuram Santhanam
Grandson of Sri Annamali Chettiyar.
Kollangudi karuppayi
Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan.
First Talking Movie was introduced in Madras.
Kalidass
A.V.M. and Vijaya Vahini studios at Chennai
Pakshiraja company at Coimbatore
Modern Theatres at Salem.
Class Nine: Chapter 1

1 India
2 Topgraphic Map
3
4
Himalayas
Ancient Civilisations
Stone Age
Old Stone age paeliolithic
New Stone Age Neolithic
Metal Age
Sub-Continent
Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, Coastal
Ghats [Eastern and Western Ghats]
Hyber and Bholan Pass.

Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisation
Gangetic Valley Civilisation and
Sangam Civilisation
Stone age man used weapons and articles made of stones
Old Stone Age or Palaeotithic Age and New Stone Age or
Neolithic Age.
Nomadic Civilisation. Hunting / Invented Fire / Man used
leaves, barks of trees and skins of animals to cover his
body.
Learnt art of Agriculture. / Animals where domesticated. /
Wheel was Invented.
The discovery of metals was another achievement made by
Sir John Marshall
10
Harappa [3250 -2750 B.C]
11
12
Harappa
Metal
13
14
15
Indus Valley People

Planned Cities
Mohenja-daro
16
Mesapatomia
17
18
Religious Symbol
Life after death
man. Metals were used for making weapons

Metal Age is divided into Copper Age, Bronze Age and
Iron Age. In the Iron Age, ploughs and daggers were made
of iron. It led to the overall development of mankind
Mohanjo - daro . Pre Aryan Period.
Discovered in 1921 in Harappa.
Situated in bank Ravi, One of the tributes of Sindh.
It is now in Pakistan.
In this age, a new metal called bronze by mixing tin and
copper came to be produced.
Had Overseas Contact with Sumeria, Babylonia and Egypt.
Mohenja-daro and Harappa were Planned cities.
Citadel, Lower Town and Small huts. / Granary and Town
hall.
Mesopotamian seals were found in Indus cities and the
Indus seals were found in Mesopotamia
Pipal tree. Pasupathi (Siva) and Mother Goddess.
They buried their dead in huge earthen pots along with
19 Indus Scripts
20 Aryans [Khyber Pass]
2000B.C -1500B.C
21 Aryan Civilisation
22 Vedas
23 Literary Works
food and ornaments.

Pictographs.
Aryans came from Cetral Asia.
Rural Civilisation [ ARI- Foreigner Stranger]

Rig [Earliest], Yajur, Sama and Atharvana Veda.
Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Puranas,
Mahabharata and Ramayana are the other literary sources
for this period.
24 Sub -Vedas
(1) Ayur Veda (Medicine)
(2) Dhanur Veda (War tactics)
(3) Gandharva Veda (the art or music) and
(4) Shilpa Veda (the art of architecture).
The Vedic Age: The Vedic age is divided into two. The Early Vedic period from B.C. 2000 to
B.C. 1000 and the Later Vedic period from B.C. 1000 to B.C. 600. We see some differences in
the life of the people during these two stages.
25 Food and Drink
Intoxicating drinks were produced from soma plant and
sura from barley were offered to Gods and consumed.
26 Workship
Prayers were offered to Agni, Vayu and Surya. Agni and
Varuna were the most favourite Gods. Yagas and Yajnas
were the most common rituals.
27 Mahabharata
Veda Vyasa
28 Ramayana
Valmiki.
29 Caste
Varna or Caste system developed during the later Vedic
period. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras.
30 Individual 4 Stages
Brahmacharya or student life
Graihasta or life of a father and husband.
Vanaprasta or life as a hermit and finally
Sanyasa or total renunciation of the world
31 Gargi and Maitreyi
Gargi was one of the learned persons summoned by king
Janaka; the Upanishads refer to the conversation between
Maitreyi and her husband Yajnavalkaya.
32 Gods
Gods like Prajapathi, Pasupathi, Vishnu and Krishna.
33 Theory
The theory of Karma and the theory of incarnation were
accepted. / Accepted Moksha.
34 Religious Literature
Sanskrit
35 Common People
Prakrit and Pali.
36 Jainism [6th Century]
Vardamana Mahavira Founder of Jainism. / Rishaba
Deva.
Born: Kundagrama.
37 Mahavira
24th Thirthankara.
38 Places
Kosala, Magadha, Mithila and Champa.
39 Jainism Preaching [Soul]
1. Not Believe in the existence of God.
40
Teachings Triratnas
41
42
Believe
Followers
43
Kings
44
45
46
47
48
Thiruthakka Thevar
Pavanandhi Munivar
Holy Books
Jain temple
Jain Monument
49
50
Jain Art
Siddhartha[Buddha]
51
Gaya
52
53
First Sermon
Teachings
54
Books [pali Language]
55
56
Theory
Buddhism
57
Kings
58
Asoka
59
Kanishka
60
2 Branches
61
Educational Centres
Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct or

Action Ahimsa, Satyam, Asteya, Tyag, and
Brahmacharya.
Mahavira accepts theory of Karma.
Digambaras[Nudes],
Swedambaras [White Dress]/ Prakrit Language.
Rulers like Bimbisara, Ajatasatru in North India extended
support.
Seevaka Chinthamani.
Nanool.
Angas and Purvas.
Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu. Rajasthan.
Gomateswara statue at Sravana Belgola near Mysore is
another Jain monument
Udayagiri, Hathigumpha, Ellora and Girnar
Parents: Suddhodana and Mayadevi(died when he was 7).
Step Mother: Mahaprajapati Gauthami
Wife: Yashodara Son:Rahul.
12 Years under Pipal tree.
One fine morning he attained Supreme Knowledge. From
that moment he was called Buddha (the enlightened one)
or Sakya Muni (Sage of the Sakya Clan).
Saranath near Varanasi.
Ahimsa. Eight fold Path. Ashta Marga.
Thought, Belief, Speech, Action, Efforts, Knowledge,
Living, Meditation.
Tripitakas. (Three baskets). The three volumes are Sutta
Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abidhamma Pitaka.
Buddha accepted the theory of Karma.
Attaining Nirvana or enlightment is the basic principle of
Buddhism. The successors of Buddha were called
Bodhisathvas.
Kings of Kosala, Kausambi, Asoka and Kanishka helped
the spread of Buddhism
Asokas time Buddhist monks and missionaries went to
Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia. Asoka sent his son
Mahendra and daughter Sangamitra to Ceylon to spread
Buddhism.
Kanishkhas missionaries went to Burma, Japan, Tibet and
Central Asia through China. China came under the
influence of Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhism (The Greater Vehicle) and
Hinayana Buddhism (The Lesser Vehicle).
Many educational centres such as Nalanda, Vallabhi,
Kanchi and Vikramasila were famous for Buddhist
teaching.
62
63
64
Paintings
Jina
6th Century
65 Mahavira
66 Jainism
67 Buddhism
68 Jataka Tales
69 Chaitras
70 Viharas
71 Hemachandra
72 Magadha Rulers
73 Ajatasatru
74 Mahapadmananda -Nandas
75 Dhana Nandha
76
Alexandar
77
78
India
Ambi
79
Porus
Treated as a King.
Seleukos Nikator
Chandra Gupta Maurya
Kanishka
80
81
82
Paintings at Ellora and Ajanta are the gifts of Buddhism.

Conquerer.
Zoaratrian in Persia
Confusius in China.
Great hero.
Highest : Supreme Knowledge. Or Kaivalya.
Nirvana or Enlightment.
Previous Births of Buddha./ Buddhist Literature.
Prayer Halls
Monastries.
Jain Historian./Yoga Sastra
Bimbisara and Ajatasatru [Jainism]
Ajatasatru imprisoned his father Bimbisara.
Nandas Captured Power from Magadhas.
Last ruler of Nandha. Alexandar invaded india during his
rule.
Son of Philip of Marcedonia.
Died in Babylon near Baghdad.
Land of Milk and Honey.
Ruler of Taxila made his submission to Alexander. He
recognized Alexander as his overlord without waging a
war.
King of Jhelum.
Territories in the northwestern part of India

Defeated Selekos Nikator.
Graeco Bactrian sculptors to Gandhara for making images
of Buddha and Bodhisatvas.
83 Gandhara School of Art
Influence by Greeks.
84 Nandhas
Atheists
Chanakya, a great Brahmin scholar, was the minister of Dhana Nanda. When he was dining in a
Dhana sala, Dhana Nanda insulted him. It was a great disgrace for Chanakya.
85 Chandra Gupta Maurya
Chandragupta defeated Dhana Nanda with the help of
[Jainism]
Chanakya. He founded the Mauryan Empire.
Educated at Taxila.
86 Buddhist Council
Convened by Ajatasatru in Rajahiri.
87 Alexandars Friend
Nearchus.
88 Chanakya
Arthasastra[Statecraft] / Compared to Machiavalli of Italy.
Served for Chandragupta and Bindusara.
89 Indica
Greek Author Megasthanese.
90 Visakadatta
Mudrarakshasa
91 Jataka Tales
Buddha Literature.
92 Mahavamsam and
Ceylonese Chronicles.
93
94
Deepavamsam
Mauryan Capital
Helen
95
Chandragiri
96
97
Bindusara
S/o.ChandraGupta Maurya
Asoka [Buddhism]
Influence of Upa Gupta
Monk
98
Dhamma
99 3rd Buddhist Council

100 Officials
101 Buddhism
102 Saranath Pillar
Pataliputra.
Sel.Nickator gave her daughter to Chandragupta in
marriage.
He came to Sravana Belgola, near Mysore with a Jain
monk called Bhadrabahu. The hill in which he lived until
his death is called Chandragiri.
Sumana: Viceroy of Taxila.
Asoka: Viceroy of Ujjain.
Defeated Kalinga king Sasanga.
Initially workshipped Lord Shiva.
Prakrit Word for Dharma.

Tolerence, Non-Violence, Love and Compassion.
Pataliputra
Dharmayukthas and Dharma mahamatras who supervised
and encouraged people to lead a pure and moral life..
Son : Mahendra
Daughter: Sangamitra.To preach bud. In Srilanka.
Pillar at Saranath is a very famous historical monument
103 Sanchi Stupa

104 Ajivika Caves
105 Brahadrata
106 Pushyamitra Sunga
Hinduism
107 Cenatral Asia
108 Kanishka Saka Era
Buddhism.
109 Ashvaghosa
110 Fourth Buddhist Council
111 Nagarjuna
112 Buddhism
113 Kanishka
114 Susruta
115 Art
116 Satvahana
117 Cheran Neduncherlathan
118 Purananoru
119 Sri Gupta
120 Chinese Traveller

121 Chandra Gupta
(A.D 320 - A.D. 330)
Maharajathiraja
122 Samudra Gupta
(A.D 330 - A.D 380)
S/o.Chandra Gupta I
Indian Napolean
123 Chandra Gupta II
(A.D 380 - A.D. 415)
Vikramaditya
It was built with bricks. Its height is 23 mts and

it has 41 mts high entrances on all four sides.
Mauryan Art.
Last Mauryan King.
Founder of Sunga Dynasty.
The great Sanskrit Grammarian Patanjali is said to have
belonged to his time.
Parthians, Saka, and Kushanas came from Central Asia.
Peshawar
Buddhist Philosopher.
Kundalvana in Kashmir.
Vasumitra, Nagarjuna and Parsva attended it. Ashwagosha
presided over the council
Madhyamika Sutra.
Mahayana : Sanskrit : Supported by Kanishka / Harsha.
Hinayana: Pali Supported by Asoka.
Charaka Samhita
Susruta Samhita Surgery.
Gandhara School of Art. Kanishkas time.
Simukha was the founder of Satvahanas.
Himayavaramban.
Speaks about the Chivalry of the ancient tamils.
Founder of Gupta Dynasty.
Pataliputra(Capital).
Golden Age in the history of India.
Fahien.
Lichchavi Princess, Kumara Devi, was the first Indian
queen featured on a coin.
The Allahabad Pillar inscription gives a vivid description
about Samudraguptas conquests.
Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta, composed it.
He made Ujjain as his second capital.
Kalidasa and Amarasimha were famous scholars in his
court.
Chinese Pilgrim Fa-Hien visited India (A.D. 399 - A.D
414).
Arab merchant Sulaiman and a Venetian traveller, Marco
Polo have recorded that Chandragupta II was an ideal
ruler.
The Nine Gems or the nine learned men adorned
Chandragupta IIs court.
124 Kumara Gupta

S/o.Chandra Gupta II
125 SandhaGupta
126 Universities
127 Kalidasa
Indian Shakespere
128 Eighteen Puranas

129 Dhanvantri
130 Varahamihira
131 Amarasimha
132 VishnuSharma
Chief of Nine Gems: Kalidasa

Founder of Nalanda University.
5th Century.
After Skandagupta, the empire was split into a number of

small kingdoms.
Universities like Nalanda, Taxila, Ujjain, Saranath and
Vikramasila were famous.
Classical Works: Kumarasambavam, Megadhootam and
Raghuvamsam.
Drama: Shakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikrama
Oorvasiyam.
Written during the Gupta Period.
The Famous Physician.
The Great Astronomer. / Jyothisasatra.
Brihatsamhita Astronomy, Astrology, and Architecture.
Lexicographer ( Person who compiles Dictionary).
Panchatantra Stroies.
133 Books
Shudraka wrote a play called Mrchhakatika. Vishakhadatta

wrote the play Mudrarakshasa
134 Aryabhatta
Famous astronomer and Mathematician./Aryabhatiyam.
135 Brahmagupta
Brahmagupta explained the theory of gravitation even
before Newton and composed Brahma Siddhanta.
136 Metallurgy
The technology of metallurgy was well developed under
the Guptas. The iron pillar found near Mehrauli in Delhi is
a good example.
137 Ajantha and Ellora
The world famous wall paintings of Ajanta and Ellora
belong to the Gupta period.
138 Toramana and Mihirakula, the two powerful kings had weakened the Gupta Empire.
139 Court Language
Sanskrit.
140 Vishnugopa(PallavaRuler)
Defeated by samudragupta.
Prabhakara Vardhana was the founder of the Vardhana dynasty. He had two sons, Rajya
Vardhana and Harsha Vardhana and a daughter Rajyasree
141 Harsha
Harsha shifted his capital from Thaneswar to
Kanauj.
142 Prayag Assembly
He gave all his personal wealth and belongings in charity
during the Prayag Assembly which was held once in five
years.
143 Hieun Tsang (14 Years in
During Harshas reign, Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim,
India)
visited India.
Siyuki My Experiences.
He Visited Harsha, Pallava and Chalukya Kingdom.
144 Buddhis Council
Kanuj.
145 Darmapala
Darmapala served as Vice-Chancellor of this university
during Harshas time. He belonged to Kanchipuram in
Tamilnadu.
146 Harsha
Dramas: Ratnavali , Nagananda, and Priyadashika.
147 Bana(Chief Poet)
Harsha Charita, Kadambari.
148 Chalukyas
Vatapi
149 Popular Chalukyas
Pulikesin I and Pulikesin II
150 Pulikesin II
Defeated Mahendravarman I
151 Narasimhavarman I
Defeated Pulikesin II. Destroyed Vatapi.
152 Rastrakutas
Chalukya dynasty was overthrown by Rashtrakhutas.
153 Chalukyas
The Chalukya kings were patrons of art. They had built
many grand temples at Aihole and Vatapi now called as
Badami. Virupaksha temple.
154 Rastrakutas
The term Rastrakutas means designated officers in charge
of territorial division.
Dandidurga founder of Rastrakutas.
155 Ellora
Siva temple of Ellora built by Krishna I.
The rock cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta are unique in
their own way
156 Kalki
157 Nandi
158 Cholas
159 PrithiviRaj Chauhan
160 Kirtivarman
161 Yashovarman
162 Chandelas
163 Bhoja
164 Gopala
165 Rajputs
166 Temples duing Rajputs
167 Rajputs Sthamba
168
169
170
171
Jayadeva
Bhartruhari
Bhavbuti
Muhammad-bin-Quasim
Arab General
172 Mohammud of Ghazni
(A.D. 997-1030)
Poet:
Firdausi: Shah Nama
(Persian epic/Biography)
Alberuni.
173 Muhammed of Ghor
Genaral: Qutb-din-Aibak as
Viceroy.
174 Qutb-din-aibak
175 Bhaktiyar Khilji
Sivagamiyin Sabhadam.
Thiruvilayadal Puranam.
Bronze idols.
He defeated Muhammad of Ghor in the First Battle of
Tarain
Mohammed of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj chauhan in the
Second Battle of Tarain, and put him to death.
Big lake near Mahao.
The famous Vishnu Temple was built by Yashovarman at
Khajuraho.
The last ruler of this dynasty was defeated by Qutb-ud-din
Aibak. And thus came the end of the Chandela rule in
Bundelkhand.
Sanskrit College at Dhara.
Founder of the University at Vikramasila.
The Rajput forts at Jaisalmer and Chittor in Rajasthan are
well known. Some of the best Rajput palaces are located at
Udaipur and Jaipur
The Jagannath temple at Puri,
Lingaraja temple at Bhuvaneswar and
Sun temple at Konark
were built in other parts of India during the Rajput period.
The Rajputs used to build Vijaya stamba or victory towers
to celebrate their victory in a war. One such example is
Chittorgarh Vijaya stampa.
Gita Govindam
Bhakthi Kavya
Uttar rama Charitram.
Islam found its way into India through Sind.
Mahmud decided to pursue a policy of aggressive warfare
against the Hindu rulers of India. He invaded India 17
times. His aim was to plunder the enormous wealth of
India. This was the reason why some of his attacks were
made on the temples which were the repositories of rich
treasure.
Attacked Somnath temple.
Muhammad of Ghor who was responsible for founding the
Muslim power in India.
Conqured Meerut, Ajmer and Delhi.
Made Delhi as his Capital.
Qutb-uddin Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi. He was the
founder of the Slave dynasty in India.
Destroyed Nalanda University

Slave Dynasty
1206-1290 A.D
176 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (A.D.

1206 to A.D. 1210)
177 IILtumish
Son-in-Law of Aibak
(A.D. 1211 to A.D. 1236)
178 Razia (A.D. 1236 to A.D.

1240)
Daughter/o. IIltumish
179 Nasir-ud-din (A.D. 1246 to
A.D. 1266)
Youngest Son/o.Illtumish
180 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (A.D.
1266 to A.D. 1286)
Father-in-Law/o.Nasir-uddin
KHILJI DYNASTY
(A.D. 1290 TO A.D. 1320)
181 Jalal-ud-din khilji (A.D.
1290 to A.D. 1296)
182 Ala-ud-din Khilji
(A.D. 1296 to A.D. 1316)
Genaral: Malik Kafur.
183 Jauhar
184 Malik kafur
185 Amir Khusru
First Sultanate of Delhi.

He began the construction of the famous Qutb Minar at
Delhi but did not live long to complete it.
Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque at Delhi.
saved India from the hands of the Mongol invasion.
Chengizkhan.
[succeeded to the throne in A.D.1211 after defeating
Aibaks son Aram]
The completion of the structure of famous Qutbminar at
Delhi by the Sultan in A.D. 1232 stands as an imperishable
testimony to his greatness.
Married Altuniya. She and her husband Altuniya could not
defeat the nobles. She was captured and put to death in
A.D. 1240.
Balban soon became his chief advisor and held the position
of deputy to the ruler. He made his position strong by
getting his daughter married to Nasiruddin.
He patronised the famous Persian poet Amir Khusru, who
was called Parrot of Hindustan.
Nephew and Son-in-law Ala-ud-Khilji.

The ambitious nephew got the Sultan killed and declared
himself the Sultan in A.D. 1296.
Prohibited Wine Selling and also Wine drinking.
Built a city called siri near Delhi.
Defeated Ranthombar Raja Bheemsingh / His Wife
Padmini Commited Jauhar.
Like Sati. Followed by princess of Rajput when her
husband is Captured and Killed during war.
Malik Kafur to attack Devagiri, Warangal, Mysore and
Madurai. Malik Kafur advanced as far as Rameswaram.
Amir Khusru the great Persian poet, patronised by Balban,
continued to live in Alauddin Khiljis court also.
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
(A.D. 1320 TO A.D. 1414)
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq: Founder of the Tuglaq Dynasty.
186 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Doab: Land between two rivers.
(A.D. 1325 to A.D. 1351)
Changed Capital: Delhi to Devagiri(Daulatabad)
Mixture of Opposites
Introduced Copper currency.
2 Expeditions Persia,Kumoan Failed.

187 Feroz Tughlaq (A.D. 1351 to
A.D. 1388)
YoungerBrother/o.Ghias-uddin Tuglaq.
THE SAYYID DYNASTY
(A.D. 1414 - A.D. 1451)
THE LODI DYNASTY
(A.D. 1451 - A.D. 1526)
188 Bahlol Lodi
189 Sikandar Lodi
S/o.Bahlol Lodi
190 Ibrahim Lodi
S/o.Sikandar Lodi
191 Persian Architecture
192 Feroz Tuglaq

193 Timur
194 Bhakthi
195 Nayanmars
196 Alwars
197 Saints
198 Ramanuja
199 Ramananda
Disciple/o.Ramanuja
200 Kabir
Disciple/o. Ramananda
201 Namdeva (Waterman
Maharashtra)
He had built new towns of Firozabad, Jaunpur, Hissar and

Firozpur.
Afghan Governer of Punjab.

Sikander was the greatest of the Lodi Kings.
Babur invaded India in A.D. 1526 and established the
Mughal rule over Delhi and Agra which lasted for more
than two hundred years.
Qutb-Minar, Alai Darwaza, Jahan Panch, Moti-ki-Masjid,
the forts of Daulatabad, Ferozshahbad and Golkonda were
constructed in this style.
Separate department of Slaves.
Turkish Chief of Central Asia. Plundered the City of Delhi.
Personal Devotion to God.
Devotees of Shiva.
Devotees of Vishnu.
Saints like Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa gave their
concepts of God and the individual soul.
Hindu Saints of bhakthi movement and Muslim saints of
sufi movement were very liberal in their outlook.
Born in Sriperampudur.
Ramananda was the first reformer to preach in Hindi, the
main language spoken by the people of the North.
Educated in Benaras.
Ardent workshippe of Rama.
12 Chief disciples.
1 Barber.
1 Cobbler.
1 Weaver.
Kabir (Famous Saint)
Padmavati
He taught that Allah and Eswar, Ram and Rahim are
one and the same. They are present everywhere. The
devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis.
Hymns in Marathi Workshipped Vishnu.
Some of his verses are added to the Guru Granth Sahib.
202 Guru Nanak. (A.D.1469 A.D.1538):
203 Chaitanya (A.D.1485 A.D.1533)

204 Tulsi das
Ramacharita Manas
205 Meerabai
Rajastani Songs
206 Guru Ramdas
207 Tukaram
Maharashtra - Marathi
208 Jnaneshwar
Maharashtra
209 Nayanmars and Alwars
210 Basava
211 Sufi
212 Followed
213 Urdu
214 Bahmani Kingdom
Al-ud-din Hasan(Founder)
Muhammed Shah I
Muhammed Shah II
Firoz Shah
Ahmad Shah
215 Babur (A.D. 1526 - A.D.
1530):
Artillery were used for the
first time
BabursMemoirs or Babur
Nama- Autobiography.
Founder of the Sikh Religion.

He went to Mecca and Medina.
Against Caste System.
Adi Granth (Verses of Guru Nanak) Later written in
different Script Gurumukhi.
Holy book of Sikhs : Granth Sahib.
Great Devotee of Lord Krishna.
Popularised: Sankirtan.
Followers addressed him as Mahaprabhu.
Goswamy Tulsidas was devotee of Lord Rama.
Hindi Works: Janakimangal, and Parvathi Mangal.
She was a Rajaput Princess.
Married: Rana of Mewar.
Her Bhajans are famous.
Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, was a
follower of Ramdas.
He composed a large number of verses called Abhangas or
devotional songs in praise of Panduranga or Krishna.
He workshipped Vishnu.
Age 14: He translated Bhagavat gita, in to Marathi
Language. The Book is called as Jnaneshwari.
In Tamilnadu they spread Bhakthi.
Basava lived in Karnataka. He founded the Virasaiva
or Lingayat sect. According to Basava, Siva was the
supreme God. Basava opposed child marriage and idol
worship.
Muslim Saints who came originally from Persian
and Arabian countries.
2 Groups: Chusti and Suharwarti.
Holy Koran.
A new language Urdu, a mixture of Persian and Hindi,
was developed.
Gulburga as Capital.
Mahur, Bidar, Narnulla and Golkonda are some of the
architectural examples of the Sultans.
The Golgumbaz in Bijapur shows the skill of the
architecture of Bahmani kingdoms.
First battle of Panipet- 1526 A.D

Between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi Babur killed Ibrahim
Lodi in the war and captured India.
Book:Turkish Language.
216 Humayun A.D. 1530 - A.D.
1540
S/o.Babur
217 Sher Shah Suri (A.D.1540 A.D.1545):
218 Akbar, the Great (A.D. 1556
- A.D.1605):
Age: 14
219 Akbar Rajput Connection
220 Birbal
221 Akbar New Faith
222 Akbar Fazl

223 Salim or Jahangir
S/o.Akbar
224 Khurram or Shah Jahan
S/o.Jahangir
(4 Sons)
225 Jumma Masjid

226 TajMahal
227 Peacock throne and

Kohinoor Diamond
228 Aurangazeb (A.D. 1658A.D.1707):
Humayun tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it.
Guardian: Bairam Khan. (Dismissed from service).

Foster Mother: Maham Anaga looked after the
administration.(Petticoat government).
Second Battle of Panipet Hemu and Akbar.
Akbar killed Hemu and captured Power.
He married Jodhbai, the princess of Jaipur (Amber).
He appointed some of them in higher positions in
administration such as Raja Man Singh and Raja
Bhagawan Das.
Birbal and Todarmal were the other Hindu officials
who held high positions.
Akbar evolved a new faith called Din-i-Illahi or Divine
Faith.
Abolished Jizya and pilgrimage tax.
Abul Fazl is the author of Akbar Nama. Ain-i-Akbari is a
part of Akbar Nama.
Jahangirs eldest son turned against him and put him into
jail.
Golden Age of the Mughal Period.
Taj Mahal built by him.
Prince of Builders: Shah Jahan is called as the Prince of
Builders. He had built the Red Fort in Delhi. It consisted of
the Rang Mahal, Moti Mahal, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-iKhas.
It was built of red sand stone. It is considered as one of the
largest mosques in India.
The Taj Mahal is the most famous building of Shah Jahan.
It is located at Agra on the banks of the river Yamuna.
Shah Jahan built it in memory of his beloved wife Mum
Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan also built Moti Masjid and the Pearl Mosque at
Agra and the Tomb of Jahangir
The Peacock throne is a golden throne with a Canopy
supported by twelve emerald pillars, bearing bore two
peacock figures encrusted with Gems. The Government of
India is making efforts to get the Kohinoor diamond from
England
Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal ruler. He ascended
the throne after killing his three brothers Dara, Shuja and
Sunni Muslim
Murad in a fratricidal war.

Imosed jizya and pilgrimage tax.
229 Ninth Sikh Guru
Teg Bhagadur was murdered by Aurangazeb.
230 Tenth Sikh Guru
Guru Govind Singh Khalsa Built Powerful Army.
231 Mansabdari System Akbar Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system, and it was
followed by his successors. Mansab means Rank or place
232 Raja todar Mal
Revenue Minister under Akbar.
Introduced the Zabti System.
The Mughal disintegration was complete with the death of Aurangazeb. Thus ended the Mughal
rule in India
233 New faith
Din I Iillahi by Akbar.
234 Bulandarwaza
Buland Darwaza, an imposing gateway at Fatehpur Sikri
was built to commemorate Akbars conquest of Gujarat.
235 Humayun Tomb
Delhi
236 Akbar Tomb
Sikandar
237 Fatehpursikri
Akbars office (Diwan-i-Am)
238 Jami Masjid
Learning Centre.
239 Akbar
Preferred red stones
240 Shahjahn
Preferred Marbles.
241 Musician
Mian Tansen in Akbars Court.
242 Itimad-ud-daula
Buit by Nur jahan.
243 Razamnama
Persian Translation of Mahabharata.
Class Ten: Chapter 1
1
Morcopolo
Venice Merchant
2
Constantinople
Modern Istanbul in Turkey. 1453A.D
3
Portuguese
Goa, Diu, and Daman
4
Mumbai
Can you believe the rent for Mumbai (Bombay) was just
10 (Approximately 500 rupees) per year in those days.
( Pounds, the currency used in England)
5
Fort William
Calcutta
6
1857
After the Revolt of 1857, Queen Victoria took over the
administration of India.
7
Mahe, Karaikal
On the Malabar coast the French got Mahe in 1725
Karaikal, on the coromandal coast, became a French
settlement in 1739.
8
Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul-Mulk
Founded the State of Hyderabad.
9
First Carnatic War
Between England and France.
1746-1748
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded in 1748.
As per the treaty, Madras was given back to the English
company in exchange of Louisburg in North America to
France.
10 The Second Carnatic War
In 1755, the Treaty of Pondicherry was signed.
(1748 1754)
French possessions were given back to the French.
11
The Third Carnatic War

(1756 1763)
12
Battle of Plassey 1757
13
Battle of Buxar 1764
14
Hyder Ali
15
First Mysore War (1767

1769)
16
Second Mysore War (1780

1784)
17
Third Mysore War (1786 1793)
18
The Fourth Mysore War

1799
Lord Wellesley
1798-1805
Subsidary Alliance System
19
20
21
Supreme Head of British in

India
The Third Carnatic War came to an end in 1763 by the

Treaty of Paris. According to the terms of the treaty,
Pondicherry, Karaikal and other French possessions were
returned to the French on condition that they should not
fortify them.
Siraj-ud-daulah, was Killed. Robert Clive made Mir Jafar
as the Nawab of Bengal. The English company got the
territory of the 24 Parganas.
As a result of his success in Bengal, Robert Clive was
appointed as the first Governor of Bengal (1758 1760).
When the ruler of Mysore died, he proclaimed himself as
the ruler and became the Sultan of Mysore.
The war ended by the Treaty of Madras (Chennai) in
1769. Territories conquered during the war were restored
to
each other.
Between English and Hyder Ali
The war came to an end with an agreement signed in 1784,
called the Treaty of Mangalore. Both the sides agreed to
exchange the captured territories and war prisoners. Thus
the Second Mysore War came to End.
Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) became the Governor
General of Bengal in 1786. He was also made
Commander-in-Chief of the English army. He fought
against Tippu in the Third Mysore war.
Tippu signed the Treaty of Srirangapatnam with the
English. He had to give half of his kingdom to the English.
The English got Malabar, Coorg, Dindugal, and Baramahal
(now the Salem and Erode areas).
Lord Wellesly and Tippu Sultan.
Tipu Sultan died during this war.
Lord Wellesley was the Governor-General of Bengal from
1798 1805.
1. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept the
subsidiary alliance system. He handed over the territories
of Cuddappah, Bellary, Anantapur and Carnool
2. After the death of Tippu Sultan, his kingdom was
handed over to Krishna Raja Wadiar who accepted the
scheme
3. The Nawab of Oudh accepted this scheme and
surrendered Rohilkhant and Southern districts of Doab
region.
4. Peshwa Baji Rao II and many Rajput rulers also
entered into this alliance.
The Governor of Bengal was also the Governor-General of
Bengal and he was the supreme head of the English in
22
Lord William Bentik

1825 1835 A.D
23
Lord Dalhousie
1848-1856
Doctrine of Lapse
(Creation, Dependents,
Independents)
24
Rani Lakshmi Bai
25
Railways
(Lord Dalhousie)
26
27
Lord Dalhousie
Public Works Department
28
Posta System
29
Telegraphs
India.
1. So he passed a law in 1829. It declared the practice of
Sati as a criminal and illegal offence. The law said that
anyone who forced a woman to perform Sati would be
given capital punishment.
(Raja ram Mohan Roy and Devadranath Tagore Supported
it.)
2. Abolition of Human Sacrifice and Female
Infanticide.
3. Supression of Thugs.(New Department Under Major
Sleeman.)
4. Made English as the medium of School Education.
Lord Macaulay, the Governor-Generals Law member,
was responsible for it.
One of the greatest governer- general of India.
Sir W.W.Hunter, his biographer sums up his work as
Conquest.
Consolidate.
Development.
The Doctrine was considered as a violation of Hindu Law
which permitted adoption.
In the Great Revolt of 1857 Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi
took a dreadful revenge for the loss of her throne. She
massacred every European who fell into her hands.
Mumbai Thane 1853.
Howrah Ranikanj 1854
Madras Arakonam 1856
Father of Indian Railways and Telegraphs.
Ganga Canal.
Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta and Peshawar.
Introduced anna (3 Paise) Postal System.
The telegraph system was also introduced. From 1853 to

1856, nearly 4000 miles (6400 k.m.) of telegraphic lines
connecting ,
(Calcutta) Kolkata with Peshawar,
(Bombay) Mumbai and (Madras) Chennai was installed.
The military value of this was realized during the revolt of
1857.
30 Education
The Department of Public Instruction (DPI) was opened in
Sir Charles woods Despatch each province. He took steps to establish universities at
of 1854
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
Dalhousie introduced the grants-in-aid scheme to
help the private institutions.
These reform measures of Dalhousie led to the modernization of India.

31 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
32
Early revolts against the
British Rule (1765 1856)
Sepoy Mutiny: Vellore 1806
Barrackpore Mutiny: 1824
33
The First War of Indian

Independence or The Great
Revolt of 1857
34
Political Causes
35
Racial Arrogance
36
R.D.Mangles
37
Military Causes
38
Mangal Pandey, Barrackpore

29 March 1857
39
Failure of Revolt
Wrote Discovery of India.

Palayakkars (Poligar) resisted the extension of the British
authority in their area.
Maruthu Brothers
Veera Pandya Katta Bomman
Pulithevan and
Veluthambi.
The Indian soldiers in the East India Companys army
rebelled against the British in 1857.
Lord Canning was the Governor-General of India at that
time.
Annexation policy of British was one of the
major causes.
The annexation of Oudh and deposition of its ruler Wazid
Ali Shah, made Oudh the most prominent centre of the
revolt.
Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son.
The Indians could not travel in first class train
compartments.
The conservative section of the Indians were alarmed by
the rapid spread of Western culture and English education
in India.
Christian converts offended the Indian orthodox
sentiments.
R.D. Mangles, a member of the British Parliament,
declared openly that Every British must try his utmost to
convert every Indian to Christianity and the banner of
Christ should wave triumphant from one end of India to
the other.
They were prohibited from their traditional religious
practices like wearing a saffron mark on their forehead,
growing beard and wearing turbans. Lord Cannings
Government passed in 1856, The General Services
Enlistment Act. It compelled the Indian Sepoys to serve
abroad, if there was need. They had to cross the seas. It
made them angry against the British.
They thought that this would offend their religious
tradition because the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the
pig is detestable to the Muslims.
A young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment, refused to
use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He
was arrested, tried and executed. When this news spread
many sepoys started the revolt.
Lack of Unity. Lack of Modern Weapons and techniques.
40
Act of 1858 and Queen

Victorias Proclamation
Magna Carta
41
Governer Genaral
42
Foreign Scholars
43
Brahmasamaj 1828
Leadership.
In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act. It
put an end to the rule of the East India Company. The
British Crown took over the administration.
Viceroy. Representative of British Crown.
Max Mueller and William Jones.
Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Akbar II Sent him to England.
The Brahmo Samaj was an assembly of all those who
believed in a universal religion based on the principle of
one Supreme God.
The Brahmo Samaj condemned caste, untouchability, the
practice of Sati and image worship.
The Brahmo Samaj also opposed child marriage and
polygamy.
It supported widow remarriage.
Efforts of one of the leaders of Brahmo Samaj, an Act was
passed in 1872. It abolished polygamy and childmarriage
44
Keshab Chandra Sen
45
Devendranath Tagore
After Raja Ram Mohan Roy the work of the samaj was
carried out by Keshab and Tagore.
46
Arya Samaj 1875
Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj.

Born : Gujarat.
Disciple/o: Swami Vrajananda.
Work:Propagation of Vedas.
Motto:Go Back to the Vedas.
Opposed: Idol Workship, Animal Sacrifice, the idea of
Heaven and Hell and the concept of fatalism.
Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) Schools and Colleges
provide modern education in humanities and sciences.
Followers: Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj and Pandit Guru
Dutt. Bala Gangadhara Tilak and Gopala Krishna Gokale.
Theos and Sopos: Theos God and Sopos Wisdom.
Greek Words.
Madame Blavatsky and H.S.Olcott in USA.
Shifted Headquarters to Adyar in Chennai.
Mrs. Annie Besant is the famous Member.
Suddhi Movement
Reconversion.
47
Theosophical Society 1875

Knowledge of God
Brahma Gyan.
48
Mrs. Annie Besant
49
Ramakrishna Mission 1897
50
Service to Man means

Service to God.
Swami Vivekananda
Central College at Benaras.

Merged with University of Benaras later.
New India Spread Theosophical Ideas.
Rama Krishna Paramahamsa. He was a priest in a
temple of Kali at Dakshineswar near Kolkata.
He had deep faith in the basic truth of all religions. He
preached the unity of all religions.
His parables are very simple and famous.
Disciple: Swami Vivekananda. Narendra Nath.
He participated in the World Religious Congregation held

at Chicago in the United States of America in 1893.
Brothers and Sisters of this universe.

Missions Motto: Service to Humanity.
51
Syed Ahmed Khan and

Aligarh Movement
In 1864 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started a school at

Ghazipur. It was later called as the Scientific Society.
Mohammeden Anglo Oriental College (MAO) at Aligarh
in 1875. It later developed to Aligarh Muslim University.
Magazine: Tahzil-ud-Akhlaq (Reform of Morals).
52
Dadabai Naoroji and Naoroji

Furduni
Khalsa College
Sikh
For the progress of women and the spread of modern

education they, together, started a journal Rast Goftar.
Amristar.
Both Shiromany Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee and
the Akali Dal party aimed at handing over the control of
the Gurudwaras to the representative of the Sikh
community.
53
54

After the Great Revolt of 1857 the administration of India passed from the hands of the
Company to the British Crown in 1858. The Crown, acting through the Secretary of State for
India, directly assumed the Indian administration. A 15 member India Council was set up at
London to assist the Secretary of State, who controlled the administration of India.
55
Governor Genaral or Viceroy Answerable to Secretary of State.
56
India Council Act 1861
The British Parliament passed the Indian Councils Act in
1861.
It increased the number of members of the GovernorGenerals Council to 12. The Governor-General could
nominate these members. Among the members some were
Indians.
57
58
1870
Lord Lytton (1876 1880)
59
60
61
1878
1878
Lord Ripon (1880 1884)
Father of Local Self
Government
62
Local Self Government
63
IIlbert Bill 1883
64
Lord Curzon (1899 1905)
65
66
Partition of Bengal 1905

Divide and Rule
Swaraj
67
NewsPapers
68
The Indian National

Congress 1885
69
Moderates
Political Mendicancy
70
Extremists
Telegraph line laid between India and England.

Indians became dissatisfied of his measures.
To prevent Russian expansion, Lord Lytton decided to
have a complete control over Afghanistan.
Vernacular Press Act
Indian Arms Act
Factory Act 1881
Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act 1881
Census of India 1881
Education Commission 1882
Punjab University.
His Government passed a series of Acts in 1883 1884 for
the establishment of Local Self Government in India.
According to them District and Taluk Boards were set up
throughout the country.
According to it Indian magistrates were to be given the
right to try the British accused. It made the Indian judges
equal in power to the European judges.
Famine Commission and allocated a large sum of money
for relief work.
Agricultural Research Institute was started at Pusa in
Bengal.
Imperial Cadet Corps was founded to train young men for
military service.
Department of Archaeology and Epigraphy was
established in 1904.
Lord Curzons decision to partition Bengal in 1905 was the
greatest blow to the national aspirations of Indians.
Dayananda Saraswathi was the first Indian who used the
word Swaraj.
The Social Reformer, the Times of India, the Madras Mail,
the Statesman, the Hindu, the Amrit Bazaar Patrika, the
Kesari, the Maratha, the Tribune, the Bombay Samachar
and Rast Goftar were quite popular.
Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, was
mainly instrumental in the formation of the Congress. The
first session of the Congress was held at Mumbai. W.C.
Bannerjee.
Surendranath Banerjee,
Dadabai Naoroji
Pheroze Shah Metha
Gopalakrishna Gokhale and
M.G. Ranade
Bala Gangadhara Tilak (Bal) Newspaper - Kesari
Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal)
71
Swadeshi Movement
Slogan - VandeMataram
72
73
Vande Mataram
V.O.C
74
Formation of the Muslim

League 1906
Surat Split 1907
75
76
77
78
79
Minto Morley Reforms

1909
Minto Viceroy
Morley Secretary of State
Lucknow Session in 1916
Nehru met Gandhiji.
The First World War 1914

1918
Home Rule Movement 1916
80
Montague Chelmsford
Reforms Act, 1919
Montague Secretary of
State.
Chelmsford Viceroy
81
Gandhiji
82
Rowlatt Act 1919
83
Jallianwalabagh Massacre,
13 April 1919
84
Khilafat Movement
Protest - Injustice done to
Bibin Chandra Pal (Pal) - NewIndia

Arabindo Ghosh. Bandemataram.
Instead of dividing the people, the partition of Bengal
united them. It paved the way for the birth of the Swadeshi
Movement, an economic boycott.
A great regard to the Mother country
V.O. Chidambaram Pillai of Tuticorin, popularly known as
V.O.C., established the Swadeshi Steam Navigation
Company for carrying trade between India and Ceylon.
The Muslim League was set up under the leadership of
Salimullah Khan, the Nawab of Dacca, in 1906.
The Congress became divided and the Extremists left the
Congress. This is known as the Surat Split.
Minto, the Viceroy and Morley, the Secretary of State for
India jointly proposed reforms to the Indian
Councils.
The policy of Divide and Rule made the Moderates
indifferent towards the Government and paved the way for
their re-union with the Extremists at the Lucknow Session
in 1916.
the Congress and the Muslim League signed a pact
agreeing to Co-operate with each other in order to achieve
selfgovernment
The British Government wanted India to participate in the
war on behalf of Britain.
Bala Gangadhar Tilak formed the Home Rule Movement.
Mrs. Annie Besant started it in Chennai.
Self Government for Indians.
Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das Supported this movement.
Annie Besants NewIndia banned.
August Declaration 1917.
By this Act separate electorates were given to three other
communities Christians, Anglo Indians and the Sikhs.
It introduced Dyarchy in the Province.
He used the weapons of Satyagraha and Non-violence.

The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. It empowered the
British Government to arrest anyone without a warrant
General Dyer - About 500 persons were killed and 1200
people wounded. This incident is called as the
Jallianwalabagh massacre or Punjab Tragedy
The Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started
the Khilafat Movement in India. The Congress supported
Turkey by British
this movement. Gandhi thought that it was an opportunity

for uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. The Khilafat
movement brought the Muslim League and the Indian
Muhammad Ali National Congress closer.
85
The Non-Co-operation
1. Retuning Titles and Honours.
Movement 1920
2. Hartals and Demonstrations.
3. Non Payment of Taxes.
86
The Chauri Chaura Incident
In Uttar Pradesh the peasants set fire to the police station in
1922
response to wanton police firing. About 22 police men
were killed in that incident. This is known as the Chauri
Chaura incident.
Therefore he suspended the Non-Co-operation Movement immediately. The British Government
arrested Gandhiji. He was imprisoned for six years.
87
The Swaraj Party 1923
Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, formed the Swaraj Party in
1925
Alipore Prison.
88
The Simon Commission
People boycotted this Commission when it came to
1927
India with the slogan Simon Go back.
89
Lala Lajapat Roy
Lala Lajapat Roy, the Lion of Punjab, who led a
Lion of Punjab
demonstration against the Simon Commission at Lahore,
died out of police lathi charge. His death was avenged by
Bhagat Singh.
90
The Lahore Congress 1929
It passed a resolution demanding Complete Independence
President:Jawaharlal Nehru
or Purna Swaraj from the British.
Another resolution was also passed. According to it Civil
Dis-obedience Movement was launched against the British.
th
91
The Congress tri-colour flag was hoisted on 26 January
26 January 1930
1930. The people took pledge to fight for achieving
26th January 1950
complete independence. It became a red letter day for the
Congress. To make this day memorable in our history, the
Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January
1950. This day is now celebrated as the Republic Day.
92
The Salt Satyagraha of 1930 Against Salt Tax.
or The Civil Disobedience
He undertook the historic march to Dandi in Gujarat on
Movement (VandeMataram) 1930.
93
South India
Rajagopalachariar, Trichy Vedaranyam.
Kelappan, Calicut Paiyanur.
94
North western frontier
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.[Frontier Gandhi]
95
The First Round Table
London. No Congress leaders Participation.
Conference 1930
96
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931 According to it Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement. He also agreed to attend the Second
Round Table Conference.
97
The Second Round Table
No concrete outcome from the Conference.
Conference 1931
98
The Third Round Table
Failure. No Congress leaders Participation.
Conference 1932
99
The Communal Award and

Poona Pact of 1932
Ramsay Mac Donald announced a scheme called

Communal Award.
Separate electorates for Depressed and Minority Classes.
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar accepted it. Gandhi rejected this.
Poona Pact: Between Gandhi and Ambedkar.
Instead, it was accepted for the increase of the number of
reserved seats for the depressed and weaker classes in the
legislature.
100
The Government of India Act

1935
(Based on Simon
Commission and 3 round
table conferences)
101
Second World War
102
Jinnahs Two Nation Theory

1940
103
The August offer 1940
104
The Indian National Army

1942
Jai Hind
Delhi Chalo
105
The Cripps Mission 1942
(1) Introduced provincial autonomy,

(2) Abolished dyarchy in the provinces
(3) Established federal Government at the Centre
(4) Provided for the establishment of a federal court to
decide the conflicts between the provinces and the centre
and
(5) Provided for the establishment of a Federal Reserve
Bank.
Congress accepted Indias Participation subject to the
condition that India would be given freedom at the end of
the war.
Muhammed Ali Jinnah put forth the Two Nation Theory in
1940. He demanded a separate nation Pakistan for the
Muslims.
The British Viceroy Linlithgow was responsible for
involving Indians in the Second World War.
Dominion Status after the war was Promised.
Congress rejected this offer.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
Forward Bloc Party. Presidentship of the Indian
independence League was handed over to Subash by Rash
Behari Bose.
A womens regiment named after the Rani of Jhansi was
organized under the captaincy of Lakshmi from
Tamilnadu.
The Indians should render their help to the British in their
war efforts forgetting their hatred towards them.
Mahatma Gandhi rejected the assurance as a post-dated
cheque on a failing bank. The Cripps Mission ended in
failure.
106
The Quit India Movement,

1942
Bombay Resolution was
passed.
He openly declared that there could be no friendly

understanding and cooperation between India and Britain.
Gandhijis memorable speech. I am not going to be
satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. We
shall do or die. We shall either free India or die in the
attempt. It was indeed a clarion call for unarmed revolt
107
108
109
Gandhiji
Second World War end
1945
The Cabinet Mission, 1946
110
The Mount Batten Plan 1947
on a mass scale.
Magazine Harijan.
Labour Party Came to Power in England.
Attlee was the leader.
Pethick Lawrence, the British Indian Minister, A.V. Alexander,
the President of Commercial Committee and Sir Straford
Cripps visited India
In 1947 Lord Mount Batten became the GovernorGeneral of India. He was the last British GovernorGeneral.
According to his plan India had to be divided into two
independent countries namely the Indian Union
and the Pakistan Union.
India became free on 15 August 1947. Tricolour Indian flag was hoisted in the place of British
Union Jack on the Historic Red Fort at Delhi. Lord Mount Batten became the first GovernorGeneral of free India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister. Later
C. Rajagopalachariar became the first and last Indian Governor-General of India. When India
became a Republic on 26 January 1950 Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of our
country.
111 Integration of Princely States There were 565 states in india. About 562 princely States
were merged with the Indian union. some states like
Kashmir (Harisingh) , Hyderabad and Junagath were
reluctant to join.
112 French Possessions 1954
With the consent of the French Government, Pondicherry,
Karaikal, Mahe, Yenam and Chandranagore became the
parts of the Indian Union in 1954.
113 Portuguese Possessions 1962 Goa, Diu and Daman were the Portuguese settlements in
India.
114 Bhoodan Movement 1951
Acharya Vinoba Bhave. It wanted the re-distribution of
excess lands from the landlords among the landless poor.
115 Sarvodaya Movement
Acharya Vinoba Bhave. Promotion of Cottage Industries
and Khadi movement.
116 Marriage Act 1954
This Act made inter-caste and interreligious marriages
legal. It fixed the marriage age of boys 21 years and girls
18 years. Child marriage is punishable.
117 Hindu Marriage Act 1956
This Act made monogamy legal. It outlaws polygamy
among all Hindus. It confers equal rights of divorce on
both men and women.
118 Hindu Succession Act 1956
This Act gave equal right to a daughter and her children to
succeed equally with the son and his children to all the
property of either parent.
119 Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 This Act protects women against dowry exploitations.
(Amended in 1984)
Dowry demand is severely punished.
120 Maternity Benefits Act 1961
121
122
123
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971

Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
National Commission for
National Commission for Woment was set up on 1922.
women 1990(Act)
124 International Womens year
U.N.O declared 1978 as International Womens Day.
125 Indian Factories Act 1948
Prohibits employment of a boy or girl below 14 years in
factories.
126 Plantation Labour Act 1951
Bans the employment of children below 12 years in coffee
and rubber plantations.
127 Mines Act 1952
Restricts the employment of persons below 15 years in
mines.
128 Childrens Act 1960
Children Welfare Boards have set up in all states.
129 Female Infanticide Act 1961 Prevent the killing of female children.
130 Untouchability offences Act
Awards punishment to those who practise untouchability.
1955
131 Scheduled Caste and
Provides severe punishment against atrocities to the S.C.
Scheduled Tribe (Prevention and S.Ts.
of Atrocities) Act, 1989
132 National Commission for
Provided for the set up of National and State Minorities
Minorities Act, 1992
Commissions. These measures have instilled a sense of
security among the minority people in the country.
133 Disabilities Act 1955
To take care of rehabilitating the disabled
people.
134 Artificial Limb
Kanpur in 1976.
Manufacturing Corporation
of India
135 National Handicapped
1977
Finance and Development
Corporation
136 Unversity Education
Dr.S.RadhaKrishnan.
Commission 1948
New Education Policy 1953
Dr. Lakshmana Swamy Mudaliar.
137 Kothari Commisssion or
Its report of 1966 wanted to make the educational structure
National Education
uniform in India. It gave importance to vocational,
Commission. 1964
technical, engineering, agricultural and science education.
138 Woment Reservation of Jobs 30%
in Tamilnadu
139 Planning commission, March Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first chairman of the
1950
Planning commission.
1.Draw Five Years Plans
2. Assess the material capital and human resources
3. Determine the areas of resource allocation
4. Appraise the economic progress of the country
5. Advise the Government on economic policies and
Programmes.
140
National Development
Council. 1952
141
Objectives of Planning.
142
Nehru Government
143
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Eleventh Planning
Commission
First Five Year Plan
(Rs. 2400 Cr.)
Damodar Project
Hirakud Dam
Bhakra Nangal Dam
Tungabhadra Dam
Chambal
Mayurakshi
Nagarjuna Sagar
Second Five Year Plan
153
154
155
156
Aluminium Plants
Copper Mining
Zinc Smelters
Third Five Year Plan
157
158
Annual Plans
Fourth Five Year Plan
159
160
Industry Policy Resolutions

Operation Flood Programme
144
To strengthen the planned economic development of the

country. There is the involvement of the States in this
body.
1.Increasing the National Income and the Per Capita
income of the people
2. Raising the standard of living of the people
3.Reducing poverty and unemployment
4. Providing equal opportunities to all.
Mixed Economy.
It means the co-existence of both the government owned
(Public Sector) and private owned (Private Sector)
industries.
2007-2012
1951 1956
Importance: Agriculture.
West Bengal and Bihar.
Worlds longest dam across Mahanadhi river in Orissa.
Across river Sutlej. [Indias Multi purpose Project].
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
West Bengal.
Andhra Pradesh.
1956 1961
Heavy Industries.
Four Steel Plants Bhilai,
Bokaro,
Durgapur and
Rourkela came into existence.
Add. Plants Salem, Badravati and Vishakapatinam.
Kyon and Korba.
Khetri, Agnikundla, Rakha and Malanjhand.
Udaipur and Dhanbad.
1961 1966
Agriculture and Industry.
Green Revolution (Agriculture Progress). India attained
Food self sufficiency due to green revolution.
1966 1969
1974 1979
Agriculture 5% growth per annum.
Industries 9% Industrial growh.
Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty).
Growh for Social Justice. Ideal.
1973, 1978 and 1980.
1970. Enabled India to become Worlds
number one milk producer in 1997.
159
160
161
162
Poultary Development gained the fifth status in the world

in egg production.
Balanced regional development.
1980-1985
1985 1990
1992 1997
1997 2002
Sixth Five Year Plan

Seventh Five Year Plan
Eigth Five Year Plan
Ninth Five Year Plan
(Rs. 8, 59,000 Cr.)
163 Tenth Five Year Plan
2002 2007
164 Eleventh Five Year Plan
2007 2012
They aimed at the development of agriculture, industry, human resources, physical and social
infrastructure, employment generation, increase of national income, and removal of poverty.
165 Thatchar Era
1976 1989
Privatisation
The policy of privatizing the state-owned industries
emerged in the 1980s.
166 Liberalisation
This process began in India after 1991.
Private sector is allowed to start steel, air transport,
shipping, heavy machinery and even defence industries.
Similarly there has also been the relaxation of all rules and
regulations with regard to license, permissions to import
and export, price control and marketing. This process is
called as liberalization.
167 Disinvestment
Disinvestment has become the next step in liberalization
168 New Industrial Policy
The New Industrial Policy, announced in 1991, has made
Strategic and High-Tech Industries and Infrastructure as
the Government investment areas.
169 Globalisation
World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 1 January 1995.
Head Quarters: Geneva.
The member countries of WTO have to enter into liberal
bilateral trade agreements. They must allow free flow of
goods, capital, technology and labour. They have to relax
trade restrictions in their countries. They have to remove
the limits on import and export quotas. At the same time
they have to accept WTO conditions. The WTO sets the
global norms of trade which the member countries have to
accept and follow. This is called as the Globalisation
process. India is a member of the WTO.
170 Scientific and Technological Prior to independence India produced scientists like
Developments after
J.C.Bose, C.V.Raman and S.Ramanujan.
Independence
171 Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru was a great believer in science and
technology. He considered them as effective tools to bring
rapid socio-economic changes in India. Therefore his
Government promoted research in science and technology.
172 Science Policy Resolution
1958
173
Organisations
174
Atomic Energy Commission
175
176
Bhabha Research Centre

Tarapur
177
Nuclear Explosions
178
Council of Scientific and

Industrial Research 1942
ISRO
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
1.Department of Atomic Energy. H.J.Bhabha.

2.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
S.S.Bhatnagar.
3.Defence Science Organisation. Headed by D.S.Kothari.
1948.
1954 Became full fledged under Homi Jehangir Bhabha.
Founder of the Atomic Energy Programme in India.
1957. Mumbai.
The first nuclear power station at Tarapur started
generating power in October 1969.Two such centres came
at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in
Tamil Nadu. The fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar
Pradesh.
India carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Phokran in
Rajasthan on18 May 1974 and 11 May 1998.
Nehru became its president. It was placed under S.S.
Bhatnagar, a great scientist.
Vikram. A. Sarabhai expanded the work of the ISRO in
Bangalore.
Space centres in India are located at
Bangalore in Karnataka(the ISRO)
Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala (the Vikram
Sarabhai Space Centre)
Sri Harikota (Satish Dhawan Space Centre) in Andhra
Pradesh
Mahen-dragiri in Tamil Nadu (the Liquid Propulsion
Systems Centre)
and Ahmedabad.
Launched in 1975.
Aryabhatta
Bhakara I and III
Satellite Launch Vehicles and Augumented Satellite Lauch Vehicles. [SLV and ASLV].
Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLVs) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles
(PSLVs). Indian National Satellites (INSAT) launched from 1982 onwards have
revolutionized our television, telecommunication, resource survey and management,
environmental monitoring meteorological and information technology systems.
Research Centre in Antartica Dakshin Gangothri
Dr.M.S. Swaminathan
Contributed to the success of the Green Revolution of
India.
Scientific Manpower
1947 - Assess the technical personnel needed for the
Committee
country.
Indian Institute Technology
Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Karagpur and Mumbai.
(IIT)
Roorkee and Assam.
Indias Foreign Policy
1. Promotion of World Peace
2. Anti-Colonialism
3. Anti-Imperialism
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
4. Anti-Racialism
5. Panch Sheel
6. Non-Alignment
7. Good Neighbourhood
8. Regional Co-operation
9. Role in the Common Wealth and
10. Anti-Terrorism
Member of India
1945 Member.
Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit
India is a member of the U.N.O. from 1945. Nehrus sister
Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit was the first woman President
of the U.N. General Assembly (1953 54).
Anti Imperialism
Conquest, annexation and administration of a weak
country by a powerful nation is called imperialism.
First World War
1914 1918
Second World War
1939 1945
Anti Racialism
Western Countries Practised Racialism. They treated the
Asian and African people as inferior.
South African White Government followed the Apartheid
policy against the blacks. It was due to the continuous
struggle of Nelson Mandela and constant moral support of
India that the Apartheid policy has been dismantled
recently.
Panch Sheel 1954
India China.
1. Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and
sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual noninterference in each others internal matters
4 Equality and mutual benefits
6. Peaceful Coexistence.
These principles were accepted by as many as 29 AfroAsian countries which took part in the Bandung
Conference held in Indonesia in 1955.
Non Alignment
US NATO and SEATO
Coined by Krishna Menon Russia Backed WARSAW Pact Countries in the west
and Communist China in the East.
Indias Nehru, Yugoslavias Tito, Indonesias Sukarno and Egypts Nasser became the
chief exponents of this policy. They conducted the first conference of NAM at Belgrade in
Yugoslavia in 1961. The second conference was held at Cairo in Egypt in 1964.
(NAM 112 Countries).
SAARC 1985
First Meeting Dacca Bangaladesh.
Head Quarters:
(1) India, (2) Bangladesh, (3) Pakistan, (4) Nepal, (5)
Kathmandu.(Nepal).
Bhutan, (6) Sri Lanka, and (7) Maldives are the 7 members
now.
SAPTA
They signed a trade agreement called the South Asian
Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) in 1993.
China War
1962
201
Pakistan War
201
202
203
Tashkant Agreement
Simla Agreement
Indian Peace Keeping Force
There were wars in 1948, 1965, 1971 and the Kargil war in
1999.
1966
1972
1990

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HISTORY

Class Sixth: Chapter 3

Trade and commerce

Exports and Imports

medicinal plants, banana and rice.

Sixth century A.D. to Ninth century A.D. / Thondai Mandalam.

Class Sixth: Chapter 7

Follower of Jainism. / Later embraced

Class Sixth: Chapter 8

Sabhas have control.

Barter System Prevalent. Later Pallavas introduced gold and

Paddy and Rice

Class Sixth: Chapter 9

were exported to the countries like Java, Sumatra, Kadaram,

Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.(Vimana Hilly Comb)/

Class Sixth: Chapter 10

Rajaraja The Great

Uttaramerur Kudavolai System,Village

Western Chalukya King Vikramadithya.

Thanjavur, Part of Trichy, Pudukottai and South Arcot Dist.

Class Seventh: Chapter 3

Class Seventh: Chapter 4

Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Viracholiyam, Nannool belong to

Velvikkudi plates, Seevaramangalam plates.

He made many grants to temples.

Class Seventh: Chapter 8

Minister and military general during the period of

Shahji-I was succeeded by his younger brother Sarfoji

He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East

Class Seventh: Chapter 9

Rulers of Ramnad and Sivaganga region of early 17th Century

Dutch traders came from Holland.

Railway Line between Madras and Arakkonam was Laid.

Class Eight: Chapter 5

INC first Conference

The Hindu, Swadesamitran and Desabakthan played a

Swaraj is my Birth Right

Ashe was murdered in 1911 at Maniachi Railway station by

Freedom Fighters from Adikeasava Naicker

Democracy, Equality, and Liberty influenced the people.

Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam - 1867

South Indian Liberal Federation.

Came to power in 1920.

Class Eight: Chapter 8

National Education Commission.

Small Scale Industries

Cottage industries are mostly traditional, producing traditional

Class Eight: Chapter 10

Primary Health Centre (PHC)

Krishnasamy Pavalar Bombay Mail.

Class Nine: Chapter 1

Old Stone age paeliolithic

New Stone Age Neolithic

Hyber and Bholan Pass.

Sir John Marshall

Harappa [3250 -2750 B.C]

Indus Valley People

man. Metals were used for making weapons

food and ornaments.

Rural Civilisation [ ARI- Foreigner Stranger]

Books [pali Language]

Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct or

Paintings at Ellora and Ajanta are the gifts of Buddhism.

Territories in the northwestern part of India