SOLAR POWERED BACK PACK

CAPSTONE PROJECT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for Award of degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By
Mir Shezan Anwar

11111201

Arsh Veer Singh

10901571

Shekhar Mor

11005361
Under the supervision of
Mr. Jaswinder Singh
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
PHAGWARA, PUNJAB (INDIA) 144402
1

Lovely professional university Jalandhar, Punjab

CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that work which is being presented in the capstone project entitled Solar
Powered Back Pack in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
Bachelor of Technology and submitted in department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely
Professional University, Punjab is an authentic record carried out during period of capstone
project under the Supervision of Mr Jaswinder Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Lovely professional university, Punjab.

The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me anywhere for the
award of any other degree or to any institute.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge.

Date:

(Mr Jaswinder Singh)

Supervisor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take the opportunity to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of the people towards
the completion of our project. We would like to thank management of our University, the
HOD and the respective faculties for their support and words of wisdom.
We sincerely thank Mr Jaswinder singh (Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical
Engineering) for his valuable guidance and constant encouragement at each and every step in
preparation of this work.
We are also thankful to Mr Ankur Bahl (Assistant Dean, School of Mechanical Engineering)
for encouraging us during the course of the project.

We express our gratitude to all the teaching and non teaching staff, members of workshops,
our friends and families for their invaluable cooperation towards the project.

Table of contents

Chapter

pages

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1. Introduction to solar power back pack

....

6-8

1.1. Objectives

....

1.2. Need of our project in present

....

1.3. Utilization

.....

1.4. Block diagram of solar power back pack

.....

Chapter 2. Literature review

..... 9-12

2.1. First sprayer

.. 9

2.2. Common problems and reviews

.. 10

2.3. Sprayer history

.... 11

Chapter 3. Components in detail

..... 13-19

3.1. Pump

..... 13

3.1.1. Types of pumps

........

3.1.2. Diaphragm pump

...... 14

3.2. Nozzle

13

... 16

3.2.1. Types of nozzles

... 16

3.2.2. Nozzle performance factors

...... 19

3.3. Solar panel

21

3.3.1. Building blocks of a solar panel

21

3.3.2. Theory and construction

22

3.3.3. Efficiencies

23

3.3.4. Recycling

........ 24
4

3.3.5. The current scenario

24

3.4. Battery

... 32

3.4.1. Advantages

... 32

3.4.2. Charging specifications

... 32

3.4.3. Circuit diagram

... 33

3.4.4. Features

....... 33

3.4.5. Advantages and benefits

... 33

3.4.6. Product type

.... 33

3.4.7. Applications

.... 34

3.5. Tanks and chemicals

.... 34

Chapter 4. Methodology
4.1. Volumetric method

.... 36

4.2. Gravimetric method

... 37

Chapter 5. Technical specifications

...........38

5.1. List of components used

38

Chapter 6. Result and discussion

.39

Chapter 7. Conclusion and recommendations

7.1. Future scope

40

7.2. Scope and future of the project

.40

7.3. Advantages of solar powered sprayer

41

Appendix

.42

References

.43

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Solar agro sprayer can be used as a fuel alternating device as the cost of
fuel is increasing every passing day. It works on the principle of solar photovoltaic
(PV), with certain modifications on the existing power sprayer in the market. The
annual maintenance charge of the sprayer is expected to be around Rs 200 with the
initial investment of Rs. 6000 towards the cost of the sprayer.
1.1 Objectives
To extend the concept of Solar PV- Technology on Solar Sprayers as
Energy Alternate Devices. To convert the Fuel Operating System as Free Energy
Operating System for agriculture implementation.
We are proudly introducing High Power Solar Battery Sprayer, which can
charge using solar power as well as Normal Electric Line. We Promise that the
Performance is unbeatable than other battery sprayer models already in market. we
convert this Sprayer model for Farmer Friendly UPS System, Mainly Used for Home
Lighting Purpose and also for cattle shed Lighting, When the sprayer is not in use.
This saves life of the battery also. It supports for Mobile Phone Charging purpose and
runs DC Fan 8 Hours at home or Providing 8 Hours for 3 Nos of Three Watt LED
Bulbs which is the additional Benefit of this model.
1.2 Need of our project in present
1. This is a solar power backpack sprayer which means that this run through solar
energy rather than using fuel. So we can use this source of energy rather than using
renewable source.
2. Conventional back pack sprayer is the source of pollution and it requires lot of
human effort. But by using this we can reduce pollution as well as human effort.
3. That the idea of converting existing battery powered backpack equipment into solar
powered one emerged because villages still did not have enough electricity to either
run the sprayers or to charge the batteries for any single spraying operation. The solar
power system is priced at Rs. 3,500. Farmers can buy it and fit to the existing devices
they use.
4. In remote areas power failures are common occurrence. This device seems to be a
boon in these areas.
5. The solar power system in the sprayer can also facilitate lighting of wireless light
6

traps' that control insect pests and reduces the number of insecticide sprays by fifty
per cent, cutting the cost of cultivation for the farmer.
6. Since villages still get electricity for a short time, that too during odd hours, this
solar sprayer just might be the answer.
7. A woman farmer who bought the sprayer said It is easy for me to carry the load on
my back and spray easily on my jasmine crops.
8. In the commonly available ones, the user needs to exert a lot of effort to push the
lever up and down to create the pressure to spray. Sometimes when the pressure
becomes uneven, the nozzle gets blocked and the farmer has to spend time to rectify
it.
9. The sprayer not only minimizes the drudgery of the work but is also more effective
than the conventional ones.
10. While spraying in the field, the battery can be further charged by switching on the
solar power system attached to the sprayer.
11. Solar power backpack sprayer having very less weight that can be easily hanged
on shoulders which increases the efficiency for the farmer to work for more hours in
the field.
12. These agricultural sprayers offered by us are widely appreciated among the clients
for their comfort ability, reliability, easy maintenance and cost effectiveness
13. The biggest advantage is that it generates uniform droplets due to constant
pressure of 3-3.5 kg/cm2 which is ideal to prevent the droplets from being blown
away by wind and polluting the environment.

1.3 Utilization
There is one major question where we utilize our project .so we are giving
some beautiful examples and utilization of solar power backpack sprayer.
1.3.1 Rural areas:-In rural areas where there is lack of electricity it can be efficiently
used.
1.3.2 Multitasking: it not only reduces human effort but it can also be used to charge
mobile, operate table fan.
1.3.3 At Homes: we can make a mixture of neem and other ingredients in the tank to
repel the mosquitoes from our home
7

1.3.4 Plant and Gardens: Because of its compact size, comfort ability and flexibility
it can be easily used in plants and gardens.
1.3.5 Car washing:- It can be used to wash the car because it creates so much
pressure that small dust particles can easily be washed away where the normal flow
water cant reached.
Its popularity and utilization is in the hype, most especially in the Asian countries. As
we know that still there are many villages in India where electricity is not available so
it is a boon for them.

1.4 Block diagram of Solar Power Backpack Sprayer

SOLAR PANEL

TANK

BATTERY

PUMP

NOZZLE

OUTLET

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Whenever we see sprayer used by farmers we see tiring efforts made by them
as they have to create the pressure by pressing the ram or piston used in the tank in
which the chemicals are filled. The main motto is to reduce the human fatigue and
moreover the time taken by the farmers to spray the field is more as they have to
create pressure time to time before spraying the chemicals.
So we start the survey and does the literature review to minimize the above problems
faced by the farmers.
2.1 First sprayer
Gautam Majumdar, scientist CICR who developed the sprayer, said that
the idea of converting existing battery powered knapsack equipment into solar
powered one emerged because villages still did not have enough electricity to either
run the sprayers or to charge the batteries for any single spraying operation. In manual
sprayers, user has to exert a lot while pushing the lever up and down (20-40 strokes
per minute) for creating enough pressure to generate uniform and continuous spray.
"Farmers had been using lever operated knapsack sprayer in which operator manually
stroke the lever with one hand and spray with the other hand. This is very
cumbersome and took a lot of time to cover the entire field. The solar photo voltaic
panel and electrostatic charger can charge the equipment much quicker as the farmer
uses it," Majumdar said.
Since spraying should ideally be done during sunny days to bring the required effect
on insects, the solar panel has been mounted in a way so as to provide shade to the
operator while spraying. As it is much smaller in size than conventional sprayers it
reduces drudgery of the work. Farmer can cover at least a hectare a day. "Except for
repeated refilling of the container, there are no disadvantages," Majumdar said.
The biggest advantage is that it generates uniform droplets due to constant pressure of
3-3.5 kg/cm2 which is ideal to prevent the droplets from being blown away by wind
and polluting the environment.

2.2 Common problems and reviews

1. The brinjal crop was being infested with brinjal fruit borer. With the quality of
harvesting being low owing to fruit borer attack, farmers were getting only 50 paise
per kilogram. To overcome this problem, farmers started spraying pesticides, once a
week. Not only was the pesticide expensive, farmers had also to incur additional costs
for spraying using petrol sprayer. They were using 2.5 litres of petrol per hectare per
spray. Consequently, the cost cultivation increased by around Rs. 2625 per hectare.
Under such circumstances, David was exploring alternatives to reduce the cost of
cultivation. Initially he tried with electric sprayer. This had to be operated by an
electric motor powered by a rechargeable battery. Once charged, the sprayer could be
used for only 3 hours in the field. But, as there were frequent power cuts, farmers
found it difficult to re-charge. Then he made an improvement to the sprayer by
harnessing the solar energy.
A solar panel was attached to a helmet in such a manner that the panel faced the sun.
The solar powered sprayer could be used throughout the day without any interruption.
However, after a few trials, farmers felt it was difficult to carry the helmet with the
panel on the head. Then David fitted the solar panel in the sprayer itself. The entire
process took two years.
2. A new solar and battery powered device is expected to improve the lives of
financially-challenged farmers from India. David Raja Beleau, the assistant director
of Horticulture Kadayam, has decided to revolutionize agriculture by
implementing.
Farmers from developing countries often rely on centuries-old methods to water their
crops, green diary informs.
So far, they were forced to carry around a heavy sack that had to be constantly filled
with water and pesticides. However, things are about to change as Beleau has
improved the system, counting on the benefits of clean, green solar power.

2.3 Sprayers History

1.

2.

1961
The brother Luigi and Luciano Carraro found the mechanical workshop
O.C.L.L. Srl.
1971
The first sprayer is design and built.

10

3.

1981
The factory specializes in the construction of sprayers for the protection of plants
and agricultural crops.
4.

1991
The first low volume sprayer is designed and built.

5.

1995
New line CARRAROSPRAY is designed with the intent to improve the access in
the international markets.
6.

1999
Study and construction of a new sprayer that meets the needs of the French
chamber of agriculture. The test shows that the sprayer is compliant to the chamber of
agriculture request.
7.

2001
Introduction of a new concept of sprayer equipped with 2 counter-rotating fans.

8.

2002
The CARRAROSPRAY by O.C.L.L. is rewarded with the UNI.EN.ISO
9001:2000.
9.

2004
Introduction of E-Commerce to buy on-line.

10. 2005
Study and construction of a new sprayer with stainless steel tank that meets the
needs of us market used also in other areas of the world.
11. 2008
Maurizio and Michele Carraro assume the leadership of the company with the
role of directors, always with the presence of the fathers Luigi anc
12. 2009
The Company and other 7 Italian manufactures leader in the agricultural founds a
consortium named "IL COSTRUTTORE" change of generation from father to son.
13. 2010
Foundation of CARRAROSPRAY FRANCE
15. 2012
restructuring of the internal system, focusing in human resources.
16. 2013
Extensive restyling of the range with the introduction of a new sprayer with
panels (ECOLOGICAL) project realised with solid works.
11

17. 2014
Introduction of lean production process to optimize and to reduce production's
costs.
From the literature review, it was found that little work has been done on the
following.
1. Little work is done on renewable resources , hence we used this resources to have
no running cost and keeping in mind the sustainable development.
2.

It was observed that little work is done on closing/opening of the valve.

3.

Little work is done on controlling the discharge according to the needs.

CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS IN DETAIL

12

The various components used in solar power back pack sprayer such as Pump, Nozzle,
Solar Panel, Battery, Tank & Chemical etc. The brief introduction are as follows:-

3.1 Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries,
by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to
the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume
energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many
energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come
in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial
pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for watercooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or
for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical
processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements
for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
3.1.1 Types of pumps
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed
external to the fluid.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into
1. Positive displacement pumps.
2. Impulse pumps.
3. Velocity pumps.
4. Gravity pumps.
5. Steam pumps and valve less pumps.
A major component of the plumbing system is the pump. The characteristics of a
particular pump will usually define the plumbing system. Most pumps are categorized
as positive displacement or non positive displacement pumps.
The positive displacement pump moves a specific volume of liquid with each stroke
or revolution. The pump output is proportional to speed and virtually independent of
pressure. Examples of positive displacement pumps include piston, roller and
diaphragm.
13

The output of non positive pumps varies directly with pump speed and is sensitive to
pressure. Typically, the output will decrease dramatically with increasing pressure. An
example of a non positive pump is a centrifugal pump which has an impeller with
curved vanes that rotates at high speeds. The liquid is drawn into the centre of the
impellers. Then the liquid is dispersed by centrifugal.
Pumps for Agricultural Sprayer
Pump type
Centrifugal
Diaphragm
Piston
Roller
Turbine

Pressure
range(psi)
5-80
50-850
400-1000
50-300
5-60

Operating
speed(rpm)
2000-4500
200-1200
600-1800
300-1000
600-1200

Flow
rate(gpm)
0-120
1-60
5-60
1-45
10-80

Displacement
type
Non positive
Semi positive
Positive
Positive
Non positive

3.1.2 Diaphragm Pump

Fig 3.1 Diaphragm Pump

1. What is a diaphragm pump?

A diaphragm pump is a positive displacement pump that uses a combination
of reciprocating action and either a flapper valve or a ball valve to transfer liquids.
This pump is sometimes referred to as a membrane pump. Diaphragm pumps are self
priming and are ideal for viscous liquids. Most models are available in electric,
engine, manual, air operated or hydraulic configurations.
14

2. What sizes of diaphragm pumps are available?

Diaphragm pumps are available in 1"-4" connection sizes. Couplings are available to
fit almost any piping arrangement.
3. What kinds of fluids does a diaphragm pump transfer?
Diaphragm pumps transfer almost any kind of slurry, debris laden waste, food
processing residual, liquid, stones, sticks, sugar, oil sludge, refinery waste, mud, clay
pharmaceutical, industrial fluids and much more.
4. What types of diaphragm pumps are available?
You have a wide choice of diaphragm pump offerings. First you can choose between
single or double diaphragm models and stationary, wheel kit, skid mounted or trailer
mounted models.
5. How long have diaphragm pumps been specified for waste transfer?
Diaphragm pumps have been in existence since the 1920's. Many consulting
engineering firms have been specifying diaphragm pumps for wastewater and slurry
handling since the 1930's.
6. Who manufactures the Mud Sucker Diaphragm Pump?
Wastecorp Pump is the OEM (original equipment manufacturer), which means that we
design engineers, manufacture and test Mud Sucker pumps in North America.
7. Whereare Mud Sucker Diaphragm Pumps Made?
The Mud Sucker brand is one of the only diaphragm pumps designed and built in
North America. Mud Sucker's can be used anywhere in the world with 50 Hz drive
systems.
8. Is it easy to use a diaphragm pump?
Mud Sucker's are designed and engineered placing the operator and application first.
This means that when you choose the right pump for your application, you get the
legendary long Mud Sucker life cycle, easy to maintain design and minimal
replacement parts costs. In most cases, you connect your Mud Sucker and turn it on.

9. What is different about a Mud Sucker diaphragm pump?

Mud Sucker's are OEM designed and manufactured by Wastecorp Pumps which
15

specializes in pump design and manufacturing. We are a pump company. While this
may seem obvious, many other brands are assembled by companies who make several
different products or "knock-off" their designs. This often results in higher
maintenance costs and almost always, shortened life cycles. The Mud Sucker is not a
"throw-away" pump. Mud Sucker's are patented and designed for the toughest
municipal, industrial and public works fluid transfer jobs. Wastecorp's pump
production staff have years of training in the pump manufacturing business.
10. What kinds of facilities use a diaphragm pump?
Facilities of all sizes use diaphragm Pumps. We provide multinational food and
beverage corporations, pharmaceutical, construction, oil and mining corporations with
packaged diaphragm pump systems. We also provide homeowners, local businesses,
restaurants, hotels, biofuel producers, marinas and campgrounds with Mud-Sucker's
for their pumping applications. No matter what the size of your pumping job
Wastecorp has the right Mud-Sucker for you.
A diaphragm pump (also known as a Membrane pump, Air Operated Double
Diaphragm Pump (AODD) or Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump) is a positive displacement
pump that uses a combination of the reciprocating action of a rubber, thermoplastic or
teflon diaphragm and suitable valves either side of the diaphragm (check valve,
butterfly valves, flap valves, or any other form of shut-off valves) to pump a fluid.
1. Those in which the diaphragm is sealed with one side in the fluid to be
pumped, and the other in air or hydraulic fluid. The diaphragm is flexed,
causing the volume of the pump chamber to increase and decrease. A pair of
non-return check valves prevents reverse flow of the fluid. Those employing
volumetric positive displacement where the prime mover of the diaphragm is
electro-mechanical, working through a crank or geared motor drive, or purely
mechanical, such as with a lever or handle. This method flexes the diaphragm
through simple mechanical action, and one side of the diaphragm is open to air.
2. Those employing one or more unsealed diaphragms with the fluid to be
pumped on both sides. The diaphragm(s) again are flexed, causing the volume
to change.
When the volume of a chamber of either type of pump is increased (the diaphragm
moving up), the pressure decreases, and fluid is drawn into the chamber. When the
chamber pressure later increases from decreased volume (the diaphragm moving
down), the fluid previously drawn in is forced out. Finally, the diaphragm moving up
once again draws fluid into the chamber, completing the cycle. This action is similar
to that of the cylinder in an internal combustion engine
Diaphragm pump characteristics
1. Have good suction lift characteristics, some are low pressure pumps with low
16

flow rates; others are capable of higher flow rates, dependent on the effective
working diameter of the diaphragm and its stroke length. They can handle
sludge and slurry with a relatively high amount of grit and solid content.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Suitable for discharge pressure up to 1,200 bar

Have good dry running characteristics
Can be used to make artificial hearts.
Are used to make air pumps for the filters on small fish tanks.
Can be up to 97% efficient.
Have good self priming capabilities.
Can handle highly viscous liquids. A viscosity correction chart can be used as a
tool to help prevent under-sizing AOD pumps.
9. Are available for industrial, chemical and hygienic applications
10. Cause a pulsating flow that may cause water hammer (This can be minimised
by using a pulsation dampener)
.

3.2 Nozzle
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a
fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber
or pipe. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area and it can be
used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used
to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the
stream that emerges from them.

Fig 3.2 Nozzle

3.2.1. Types of nozzles

3.2.1.1. Jet
17

A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid in a
coherent stream into a surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found in gas
stoves, ovens, or barbecues. Gas jets were commonly used for light before the
development of electric light. Other types of fluid jets are found in carburetors, where
smooth calibrated orifices are used to regulate the flow of fuel into an engine, and in
spas. Another specialized jet is the laminar jet. This is a water jet that contains devices
to smooth out the pressure and flow, and gives laminar flow, as its name suggests.
This gives better results for fountains.
Jet nozzles are also use in large rooms where the distribution of air via ceiling
diffusers is not possible or not practical. Diffuser that uses jet nozzles is called jet
diffuser where it will be arranged in the side wall areas in order to distribute air. When
the temperature difference between the supply air and the room air changes, the
supply air stream is deflected upwards, to supply warm air, or downwards, to supply
cold air.
3.2.1.2. High velocity
Frequently, the goal is to increase the kinetic energy of the flowing medium at the
expense of its pressure and internal energy. Nozzles can be described as convergent
(narrowing down from a wide diameter to a smaller diameter in the direction of the
flow) or divergent (expanding from a smaller diameter to a larger one). A de Laval
nozzle has a convergent section followed by a divergent section and is often called a
convergent-divergent nozzle.
Convergent nozzles accelerate subsonic fluids. If the nozzle pressure ratio is high
enough, then the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest point (i.e. the nozzle
throat). In this situation, the nozzle is said to be choked.
Increasing the nozzle pressure ratio further will not increase the throat Mach number
above one. Downstream the flow is free to expand to supersonic velocities; however
Mach 1 can be a very high speed for a hot gas because the speed of sound varies as the
square root of absolute temperature. This fact is used extensively in rocketry where
hypersonic flows are required and where propellant mixtures are deliberately chosen
to further increase the sonic speed.
Divergent nozzles slow fluids if the flow is subsonic, but they accelerate sonic or
supersonic fluids.
Convergent-divergent nozzles can therefore accelerate fluids that have choked in the
convergent section to supersonic speeds. This CD process is more efficient than
allowing a convergent nozzle to expand supersonically externally. The shape of the
divergent section also ensures that the direction of the escaping gases is directly
18

backwards, as any sideways component would not contribute to thrust.

3.2.1.3 Propelling
A jet exhaust produces a net thrust from the energy obtained from
combusting fuel which is added to the inducted air. This hot air passes through a high
speed nozzle, a propelling nozzle, which enormously increases its kinetic energy.
Increasing exhaust velocity increases thrust for a given mass flow, but matching the
exhaust velocity to the air speed provides the best energy efficiency. However,
momentum considerations prevent jet aircraft from maintaining velocity while
exceeding their exhaust jet speed. The engines of supersonic jet aircraft, such as those
of fighters and SST aircraft (e.g. Concorde) almost always achieve the high exhaust
speeds therefore necessary for supersonic flight by using a CD nozzle despite weight
and cost penalties; conversely, subsonic jet engines employ relatively low, subsonic,
exhaust velocities and therefore employ simple convergent nozzle, or even bypass
nozzles at even lower speeds.
Rocket motors maximize thrust and exhaust velocity by using convergent-divergent
nozzles with very large area ratios and therefore extremely high pressure ratios. Mass
flow is at a premium because all the propulsive mass is carried with vehicle, and very
high exhaust speeds are desirable.
3.2.1.4 Magnetic
Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some types of propulsion, such
as VASIMR, in which the flow of plasma is directed by magnetic fields instead of
walls made of solid matter
3.2.1.5 Spray
Many nozzles produce a very fine spray of liquids.
1. Atomizer nozzles are used for spray painting, perfumes, carburetors for
internal combustion engines, spray on deodorants, antiperspirants and many
other uses.
2. Air-Aspirating Nozzle uses an opening in the cone shaped nozzle to inject air
into a stream of water based foam (CAFS/AFFF/FFFP) to make the concentrate
"foam up". Most commonly found on foam extinguishers and foam hand lines.
3. Swirl nozzles inject the liquid in tangentially, and it spirals into the center and
then exits through the central hole. Due to the vortexing this causes the spray to
come out in a cone shape.

19

Fig 3.3 Internal Structure of Nozzle

3.2.2

Nozzle performance factors

3.2.2.1.

Liquid properties

Almost all drop size data supplied by nozzle manufacturers are based on spraying
water under laboratory conditions, 70 F (21 C). The effect of liquid properties
should be understood and accounted for when selecting a nozzle for a process that is
drop size sensitive.
3.2.2.2 Temperature
Liquid temperature changes do not directly affect nozzle performance, but can affect
viscosity, surface tension, and specific gravity, which can then influence spray nozzle
performance.
3.2.2.3 Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid to the mass of the
same volume of water. In spraying, the main effect of the specific gravity Sg of a
liquid other than water is on the capacity of the spray nozzle. All vendor-supplied
performance data for nozzles are based on spraying water. To determine the
volumetric flow rate Q, of a liquid other than water the following equation should be
used.
3.2.2.4 Viscosity
Dynamic viscosity is defined as the property of a liquid that resists change in the
20

shape or arrangement of its elements during flow. Liquid viscosity primarily affects
spray pattern formation and drop size. Liquids with a high viscosity require a higher
minimum pressure to begin spray pattern formation and yield narrower spray angles
compared to water.
3.2.2.5 Surface tension
The surface tension of a liquid tends to assume the smallest possible size, acting as a
membrane under tension. Any portion of the liquid surface exerts a tension upon
adjacent portions or upon other objects that it contacts. This force is in the plane of the
surface, and its amount per unit of length is surface tension. The value for water is
about 0.073 N/m at 21 C. The main effects of surface tension are on minimum
operating pressure, spray angle, and drop size. Surface tension is more apparent at low
operating pressures. A higher surface tension reduces the spray angle, particularly on
hollow cone nozzles. Low surface tensions can allow nozzles to be operated at lower
pressures.
3.2.2.6 Nozzle wear
Nozzle wear is indicated by an increase in nozzle capacity and by a change in the
spray pattern, in which the distribution (uniformity of spray pattern) deteriorates and
increases drop size. Choice of a wear resistant material of construction increases
nozzle life. Because many single fluid nozzles are used to meter flows, worn nozzles
result in excessive liquid usage.
3.2.2.6.1 Material of construction
The material of construction is selected based on the fluid properties of the liquid that
is to be sprayed and the environment surrounding the nozzle. Spray nozzles are most
commonly fabricated from metals, such as brass, Stainless steel, and nickel alloys, but
plastics such as PTFE and PVC and ceramics (alumina and silicon carbide) are also
used. Several factors must be considered, including erosive wear, chemical attack, and
the effects of high temperature.

3.3 Solar Panel

Solar panels are devices that convert light into electricity. They are called
"solar" panels because most of the time, the most powerful source of light available is
the Sun, called Sol by astronomers. Some scientists call them photovoltaic which
means, basically, "light-electricity". A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of
small solar cells spread over a large area can work together to provide enough power
to be useful. The more light that hits a cell, the more electricity it produces.
21

Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research related to the practical application
of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used
specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight. Cells can be
described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily sunlight
(lamplight, artificial light, etc.).
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:
1) The absorption of light, generating electron-hole pairs.
2) The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
3) The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.
3.3.1 Building blocks of a Solar Panel
Assemblies of photovoltaic cells are used to make solar modules which generate
electrical power from sunlight. Multiple cells in an integrated group, all oriented in
one plane, constitute a solar photovoltaic panel or "solar photovoltaic module," as
distinguished from a "solar thermal module" or "solar hot water panel." The electrical
energy generated from solar modules, colloquially referred to as solar power, is an
example of solar energy. A group of connected solar modules is called an "array."

Solar Panel

3.3.2 Theory and construction

Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through
22

the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon
cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load
carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must
also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. These early solar
modules were first used in space in 1958.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the
current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive
transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the
rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3
(older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of
the system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial
module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.
Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused by
lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a
high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
3.3.3

Efficiencies

Depending on construction, photovoltaic modules can produce electricity from a range

of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically,
ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the incident sunlight
energy is wasted by solar modules, and they can give far higher efficiencies if
illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design concept is to split the
light into different wavelength ranges and direct the beams onto different cells tuned
to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 25%.

3.3.4 Recycling
Most parts of a solar module can be recycled including up to 97% of certain
23

semiconductor materials or the glass as well as large amounts of ferrous and nonferrous metals. Some private companies and non-profit organizations are currently
engaged in take-back and recycling operations for end-of-life modules. Recycling
possibilities depend on the kind of technology used in the modules:
1.

Silicon based modules: Aluminum frames and junction boxes are

dismantled manually at the beginning of the process. The module is then
crushed in a mill and the different fractions are separated - glass, plastics and
metals. It is possible to recover more than 80% of the incoming weight. This
process can be performed by flat glass recyclers since morphology and
composition of a PV module is similar to those flat glasses used in the
building and automotive industry. The recovered glass for example is readily
accepted by the glass foam and glass insulation industry.
2. Non-silicon based modules: They require specific recycling technologies
such as the use of chemical baths in order to separate the different
semiconductor materials. For cadmium telluride modules, the recycling
process begins by crushing the module and subsequently separating the
different fractions. This recycling process is designed to recover up to 90% of
the glass and 95% of the semiconductor materials contained. Some
commercial-scale recycling facilities have been created in recent years by
private companies.
3.3.5 The Current Scenario
Green aficionados all over the world rejoiced when total power capacity
from the renewable sources overtook worldwide production of nuclear power, in 2011.
And, in that solid figure pertaining to 381 GW of renewable power, solar power alone
accounted for a credible chunk of more than 43 GW, which is greater than 11 percent.
But, more importantly, the cost factor which has traditionally posed as a predicament
to solar energy, is clearly in the process of being subsidized, to allow for more large
scale installations of photovoltaic grids. In fact, according to some sources, many
large scale PV installations are cost effective enough to provide price competition to
even conventional power from coal and gases.
3.3.5.1 The Problems
When we consider a domestic ambit, the conventional form of solar power is
still constrained to roof top silicon based PV cells, which account for greater up front
cost than that of electricity derived from the main grid. This expensive trend severely
limits the green technologys reach, especially to the common man.
On the other hand, we do see the increasing quantity of solar energy installations
sprouting in many localities, thus contributing to the high figures exhibited by modern
24

standards of solar power. However, from an unbiased perspective, the majority of such
installations and large scale projects are being initiated in developed countries in
Europe and North America. But, when we consider emerging economies like China
and India, with a large population base, their solar power related endeavors are still
comparatively negligible.
In simpler terms, solar energy systems have certainly progressed in some regional
quarters, but still lack the adequate planning when it comes to a collective global
scale.
3.3.5.2 Scope for improvement
The only answer to such predicaments is the advancement of the present solar
based technologies, and their evolution to a cost effective yet efficient scope.
Fortunately, the core statistical figures and estimations certainly attest to a bright
future for solar energy. In fact, International Energy Agency has already predicted that
simplistic solar based systems like solar water heaters and power stations built with
mirrors could provide a third of the worlds energy by 2060.
Moreover, with the full swing of sustainability in some sectors like construction and
automotive industries, there have been some credible yet adroit conceptions that
address this collective issue. With their full fledged development, we can certainly
hope for a low emission, efficient energy fueled future, with easy accessibility to
sustainable power for the average consumer.

a)Flexible Solar Cells

25

Flexible Solar Cell

Flexible solar cells have long been used in mobile gadgets, by virtue of their relatively
portable nature. In this regard, many companies are ingeniously trying to use the
technology in its roof top iteration. Back in 2010, SoloPower designed their version of
flexible panels for commercial rooftops, with a substantial 11 percent efficiency. Their
product comprised of a composite of copper, indium, gallium and selenium, which
was then embedded in a flexible foil.
Some researches even hinged on the organic side of affairs, in which dyes were
stacked into porous 2D sheets. For example, researchers at Cornell University
conceived a structure known as a covalent organic framework (COF). The organic dye
molecules were then absorbed by this structure to form a framework for flexible
solar cells.

26

b) Invisible Solar Cells

Invisible Solar Cells

In another allusion to OPV (Organic Photo Voltaic) technology, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory scientists have contrived a unique solar cell, which is completely
transparent. Coming at a size of around 170 sq cm, which is 14 times larger than their
last attempt, the designers say each module can easily be fixed as a window pane
along building facades. In its current stage, the cells offer an efficiency of around 8
percent. However, the relatively low cost of installing the modules can counter
balance their comparatively inferior energy output.

27

c) Printable Solar Cells

Printable Solar Cells

The technology of printable solar cells insinuates exactly what their name suggests: a
new type of flexible, large sheet, reel to reel solar cell that can be produced (or rather
printed) on a commercial scale. Conceived with electrolyte suspended particles of
semi-conducting titanium dioxide that are coated with light absorbing dyes, the
resulting solution is used as ink for printing the solar cell. In fact, many researches
have advanced beyond this ambit to create multi layered solar cells. Some of them can
even be wrapped around plastic, paper or metal to increase their efficiency to a
significant 15 to 25 percent.

28

d)Solar Fabric

S
olar Fabric

This innovative technological facet entails the usage of PV cells embedded within
human clothing. Some of the companies like Japans Ideal Star have succeeded in
incorporating polymer based solar cells into the intricate threads of cloth. Other more
collective endeavorsare related to dual nature of energy harnessing, by which a hybrid
photovoltaic piezoelectric material could be integrated into the textile fiber.

29

e) Spray on solar cell

Spray on solar cell

Pretty similar to the printable solar cell technology, these solar harvesting components
are generally created by spraying a special kind of nano particle based ink on the
dedicated panels. In this regard, a Norwegian company Ensol has envisaged a scope
where a newer type of thin film photovoltaic cell can be successfully painted onto
building surfaces that are flat. In another instance, researchers at University of South
Florida have found out a way of spraying diluted organic polymer on adjustable solar
panels.

30

f) Self Repairing Solar Cells

Self Repairing Solar Cells

Arguably the most novel of all the solar power generating mechanisms, the fascinating
scope of self repairing solar cells is being pursued by Michael Strano, a professor at
the MIT. In a conventional ambit, most solar cells degrade due to prolonged exposure
to the sun rays. However, in this case, his team has created a prototype composed of
several components including a photosensitive protein, a fatty substance known as
phospholipid and sturdy carbon nanotubes. This dynamic composition in turn has the
potential to regenerate the cells individual solar energy capturing capability.
With these new types of technologies making their presence felt in our societal scale,
two very important advantages come into consideration. Firstly, their applicability is
31

enhanced by their intrinsic nature of flexibility and user convenience. As a matter of

fact, their continued progression can help us move beyond the cumbersome scope of
installing panel arrays on roof tops. Secondly, and more importantly, such innovative
conceptions can pose as cost effective yet sustainable solutions, thus pushing forth
through the nascent state of our solar power industry. Of course, all of these ventures
have to be envisaged and applied from a grass root level, thus upholding the dictum of
collective enrichment.

3.4 Battery
Battery is designed to meet Industrial Standards. The battery works on gas
recombination technology, which eliminates the need to top up the batteries with
water periodically and is mounted horizontally in robust stackable steel modules.
Constructional Highlights
1. Flame retardant cell case.
2. Proprietary process technology ideal for all climatic Conditions.
3. Robust & aesthetically attractive modular design with thermal control
features.
4. Unique European type wide electrode design.
5. Leak resistant double seal terminal design.
6. Efficient & Effective Vent Valve Assembly.
3.4.1 Advantages
1. Gas recombination technology that eliminates the need to add water.
2. Installation that is high on convenience is friendly & provides peace of mind.
3. Robust & aesthetically attractive modular design with thermal control features.
4. Effective & repeatable valve operation that works within a narrow pressure
band.
5. High performance operation with no maintenance (doesnt require routine water
additions or specific gravity checks).
6. Efficient & Effective Vent Valve Assembly.

32

3.4.2. Charging Specifications

Type of Charging
Float voltage and current

Constant Potential Current Limited

2.25 Volts Per Cell at 27C and current
3 to 5 mA per AH

Boost voltage and current

2.30 Volts Per Cell at 27C current

max 20% of the AH capacity

AC Ripple

Max. 3% RMS

3.4.3. Circuit diagram of battery

Circuit diagram
3.4.4. Features
1. When the charger is charging the battery, a prosperous and ventilated environment
should be maintained.
2. A special care should be taken to keep the charger away from the item that can
cause damage to it.
3. While charging, first connect the terminals and then turn on the power.
4. In case of use of charger, near the water such as in bathroom, special care should
be taken to avoid any sort of electric shocks that can cause fire.
5. These chargers are not advisable to be carried in car.

33

3.4.5.Advantages and Benefits

1. Longer battery life - will last 3-5x longer than an equivalent SLA or VRLA battery
2. Lightweight - 30% of the weight of an SLA 12V 4.5AH lead acid battery
3. Wide temperature performance
4. Can be safely charged with a lead acid battery charging system7
5. Low self-discharge
6. Maintains higher voltage during discharge than lead acid
7. Can store at any state of charge without degradation
8. Safer than traditional lithium ion batteries, hermetically sealed
9. Built in over charge and over discharge protection
10. Built in over current protection
3.4.6. Product Type
Replacement for 12V 17Ah Lead Acid Battery
No memory effect Built in short circuit protection.
3.4.7. Applications: Perfect for motorcycle starter, 12VDC power, medical
equipment, LED light power supply, solar power.
Note:
These can be used in parallel to increase the capacity, but they cannot be used in series
to increase the voltage.

3.5 Tanks and chemicals

3.5.1 Types of Spray Polyurethane Foam Products
Spray polyurethane foam (SPF) is a highly-effective and widely used
insulation and air sealant material. However, exposures to its key ingredient,
isocyanates, and other SPF chemicals in vapors, aerosols, and dust during and after
installation can cause asthma, sensitization, lung damage, other respiratory and
breathing problems, and skin and eye irritation.
To create the final SPF insulation or sealant product, a chemical reaction of two
component parts has to occur. Chemicals in SPF products leave the gun, nozzle, or
straw and form a foam as the chemicals react. Safe work practices should be in place
to avoid exposure at every stage of SPF installation.
1. Types of SPF Products
2. Information on Other Insulation Products
The chemical components, particularly isocyanates, and related hazards are similar for
the various types of SPF product son the market. The polyol blend (side B) of SPF
products contains a variety of proprietary chemicals that provide specific performance
functions i.e, catalyst, flame retardant etc.
34

However, the amount of product used, the delivery mechanism, and overall
application process differs for each type of SPF product; therefore, the potential for
exposure may vary, though there is potential for eye, skin, and inhalation exposure to
hazardous chemicals with all types of SPF products. Remember to use the appropriate
protection and best practices suited for each type of SPF product.
3.5.2 Types of Spray Polyurethane Foam Product There are three main types of
SPF products, each of which have different application uses, but all the SPF products
require the use of protective equipment in order to prevent exposure to isocyanates
and other SPF chemicals. See below for more information on the differences and
similarities of the SPF products.

35

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY

4.1 Volumetric Method: In this method water is collected in a measuring tank

of known internal dimensions. The following steps are involved in the
measurement of discharge:
1. Close the valve of measuring tank.
2. Collect some water depth in the tank and note its initial reading.
3. Using a stop watch, note down the time required for the water to rise say to
final level and note down the final reading.
4.2 Gravimetric Method: In this method, discharging water is collected in a
container is then placed on a weighing machine and mass of water thus
collected is determined. The volume is calculated by dividing this mass
density of water .The discharge is then computed by dividing volume by
time during which water is collected.
4.3 ANALYSIS of pump.
4.4 Select the appropriate battery and pump for the project.
4.5 Select the suitable power of solar panel for charging battery.
4.6 Purchasing all mechanical and electrical component required to complete
the project like pump, battery, tank, solar panel etc.
4.7 Assemble the various components.
4.8 Assemble the pump and battery inside the plate.
4.9 Apply various manufacturing operations such as riveting, drilling, round
filing etc.
4.10 Testing and evaluating the set up performance.

36

Measurement of Discharge

37

CHAPTER 5: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

5.1 List of components used: The capacity, running cost and economic analysis of
the existing model in the market are as below
Component
Solar panel

Pump

Battery

Tank

Specification
Panel Size :47cm29cm
Cost of the Panel : Rs.1200/ Weight of the Panel : 1/2kg
Durability of the Solar Panel
Depend upon handling and can last
for more than 3 years.
Weight of the Pump: Kg
(approx)
Operating power required :48 Watt
Operating Voltage : 12 V
Operating current : 4 Amp
Pump pressure : 35psi
Pump Cost : Rs. 700
Weight of the battery :6 Kg
Cost of the battery : Rs.750
Output power : 48 watt
Operating voltage : 12v
Current : 4 Amp
Power rating: 7.2 AH
Capacity of tank: 15 Ltr.
Operating cost: No operating cost.
Running cost: No running cost.
Tank cost: Rs 200
Chemical used in one hour:60 Ltr.

38

CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Discharge Q is given by:

Q=

( L B h)
t

If L, B, H are in meter than Q is in m3/s.

Where, L length of tank = 40cm
B breadth of tank =25.2cm
h Water rise in measuring tank in time interval, t.
t is the time interval between the discharge.
Area of nozzle
(i) For 1 pore

A = 4 4 d = 0.070685cm2 (d is diameter of pores=0.15cm)

NO.OF
PORES

INITIAL
HEIGHT
(cm)

FINAL
HEIGHT
(cm)

TIME
INTERVAL
(second)

DISCHARGE
Q (cm3/s)

FOR 1
PORE

11.1

11.5

25

16.128

2.28

11.5
11.9
12.4

11.9
12.4
12.84

25
25
25

18.95
20.16
18.144

2.68
2.85
2.56

39

VELOCITY
V=Q/A(m/s)

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. This Technology is more suitable for Energy Alternate Device for power sprayer.
2. The farming community is more dynamic and they can accept the proved
technology for implementation.
3. Moreover the same technique and technology can also be extended for all type of
power sprayer.
4. Discharge will be maximum around gate opening between 45 % 55%. After that it
will decrease, the main reason of decrease is change in head continuously as the time
and discharge proceed.

7.1. Future scope

The goal of this research is to develop efficient and affordable sprayers that use
technology to respond to crop size and presence. The sprayer then uses that
information to vary the flow of pesticides from nozzles during applications. By
spraying only the targeted plants, the sprayers have potential to reduce the volume of
pesticides used while providing comparable control of the pests. This should decrease
spray lost on the soil or by drift and also has potential for a significant reduction in
operating costs, efficacy. We are evaluating a variable-rate, air-assist sprayer for field
efficacy. The air-assist sprayer uses a more sensitive laser sensor and has the
advantage of detecting canopy density as well as presence.

7.2. Scope and the future of the project

The following work is suggested to be carried out by future researchers:
1. Future Requirements of Agricultural Machines for Mechanizing Agriculture.
2. In village eco system 80% of the total energy spent goes to domestic sector and to
that 80% goes for cooking . rural kitchen are full of smoke . ill illuminated , cause of
many health hazards. Quality of fuel decide quality of life to a housewife ,rural or
urban alike . in that scenario biogas lantern , biogas run oven, solar cookers individual
and community type , solar water heater are under promotion and are likely to
increase in number supplementing and substituting conventional cooking and water
40

heating.

7.3. Advantages of solar powered sprayer

1. The new device used to water crops depends on a battery attached to a solar panel,

representing a greener alternative to the fuel engines powering its predecessors.

2. No fuel means no harmful emissions will reach the atmosphere. The newly-tested
invention could definitely improve agricultural practices.
Also, the solar-powered sprayer is already praised by poor farmers, due to its
monetary advantages. Since fuel prices go through the roof nowadays, affordable
solar-powered appliances are considered a gold mine by workers with a low income.
3. If the 12 volt 7 amp battery is fully charged, the device can function for up to 8
hours. Even under these circumstances, if the battery fails to provide enough power,
the existing solar panels attached to a helmet worn by workers can be considered a
viable source of renewable power.
4. A major plus is that the improved design makes the sack on the sprayer lighter,
therefore easier to be moved from one place to another both by men and women.
5. Moreover, the solar-powered sprayer is considered a precious tool, seeking to
improve crop quality by halving the amount of harmful pesticides usually required.
6. The innovative technique increases the profit margins obtained by poor farmers and
improves the quality of fresh food we purchase and enjoy on a daily basis.
7. The solar sprayer has many advantages. Besides reducing the cost of spraying, there
is a saving on fuel/petrol. Also, the transportation cost for buying petrol is saved. The
solar sprayer maintenance is simple. There is less vibration as compared to the petrol
sprayer. The farmer can do the spraying operation by himself without engaging labour,
thus increasing spraying efficiency.
8. The solar power system in the sprayer facilitates lighting of wireless light traps
which controls insect pests and reduces the number of insecticide sprays by fifty
percent cutting the cost of cultivation. This also reduces pesticide residues in the
agriculture, horticulture and animal products, improving the quality of the products.
The light traps control effectively the mosquitoes too.
9. Farmers are also using this sprayer for other purposes. For instance, a solution
prepared with 1.5ml of neem oil, 1.5ml of pongamia oil in one litre of water is sprayed
41

to control mosquitoes in residential areas. By doing this, diseases like malaria

transmitted by mosquitoes are being controlled with less expenditure, without
polluting the environment.

APPENDIX

Metric conversion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1 cm = 10 mm
1 ft = 12 in
1 in = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 304.8 mm
1 psi = 6894.75 Pascal

Constant Used
=3.14

42

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