It was developed in 1984 by International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

This model
have following seven layers.
How Data Is Referred to in the OSI Model
Data

Application, Presentation, and Session layers

Segment Transport layer

Packet
Frame
Bits

Networking layer
Data Link layer
Physical layer

Physical Layer of OSI Model

Defined on this layer: Cable standards, wireless standards, and fiber optic
standards
Data Link Layer of OSI Model
Responsible for moving frames from node to node
Requires MAC address or physical address
Protocols defined include Ethernet Protocol and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Two sublayers
Logical Link Control (LLC) and the Media Access Control (MAC)
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Data Link layer addressing, flow control, address notification, error
correction
Media Access Control (MAC)
Determines which computer has access to the network media at any given
time
Determines where one frame ends and the next one starts, called frame
synchronization

Defining the physical or hardware topology for connections

Defining how the network layer protocol is encapsulated in the data link layer frame

Providing both connectionless and connection-oriented services

MAC address is a 48 bit long layer two address. It is also known as hardware address. This
address is burnt with device by manufacturing company.

The first six hexadecimal digits of a MAC address represent its manufacture
company.

MAC addresses only need to be unique in a broadcast domain.

You can have the same MAC address in different broadcast domains .

Frame
Data link layer receive packet from network layer and wrap it with layer two header that is
known as frame. There are two specifications of Ethernet frame.
1. Ethernet II
2. 802

Network Layer of OSI Model

Packets (data) from one end of the network to the other, called end-to-end
communications
Requires logical addresses such as IP addresses
Datagram is just another name of packet. Network layer use datagram to transfer information
between machines.
Two types of packets are used at the Network layer: data and route updates.
Data packets
Data packets are used to transport the user data across the network. Protocols used by data
packets are known as routed protocol. For example IP and IPv6
Route update packets
These packets are used to update routers information within internetwork. Protocols that send
route update packets are called routing protocols; for example RIP, RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF
IP addresses are broken into two components:

Network component :- Defines network segment of device.

Host component :- Defines the specific device on a particular network segment

IP Classes
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class

A
B
C
D
E

addresses
addresses
addresses
addresses
addresses

range
range
range
range
range

from
from
from
from
from

1-126.
128-191.
192-223.
224-239.
240-254.

0 [Zero] is reserved and represents all IP addresses;

127 is a reserved address and is used for testing, like a loop back on an interface:

255 is a reserved address and is used for broadcasting purposes.

Class A, B,C address are known as public address that can be used to access devices in other
public networks, such as the Internet.
Private IP address can be used to configure private network. You can use private IP to build your
network without paying a single penny. But one biggest problem with private IP is that with
private IP you cannot access the internet. This is the point where ISP comes from. ISP purchase a
bulk of public IP address and provide them on rent. Whatever you pay to ISP for accessing
internet is actually the charge of using public IP address.
Private IP address:- Not routable in public network
Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Transport Layer of OSI Model

Breaks data from higher layers into segments & vice versa and puts
segments in correct order (called sequencing ) so they can be reassembled
in correct order at destination
Responsible for reliability of the transport of sent data
Use a connection-oriented protocol such as TCP to ensure destination
received segments
Use a connectionless protocol such as UDP to send segments without
assurance of delivery
Uses port addressing
Connection multiplexing allow multiple applications to connect at once. To make this possible
transport layer assigns a unique set of numbers for each connection. These numbers are called
port or socket numbers. These port number allows multiple applications to simultaneously send
and receive data.

Session Layer of OSI Model

Responsible for managing the dialog between networked devices
Provides duplex, half-duplex, or simplex communications between devices
Presentation Layer of OSI Model
Concerned with how data is presented to the network
Handles three primary tasks:
Translation:
Changes data so another type of computer can
understand it
Compression:
Makes data smaller to send more data in same amount of
time
Encryption:
Encodes data to protect from interception or
eavesdropping
Application Layer of OSI Model
Contains all services or protocols needed by application software or
operating system to communicate on the network eg Firefox web browser
uses HTTP, E-mail program may use POP3
Application layer protocols that you should know for exam are as follows:

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Allows control of networked

devices.

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Simple, lightweight file transfer.

DNS (Domain Naming System): Translates a website name (easy for people) to an IP
address (easy for computers).

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Assigns IP, mask, and DNS server
(plus a bunch of other stuff) to hosts.

Telnet : Provides a remote terminal connection to manage devices, which you are not
close enough to use a console cable.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Browse web pages.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Reliably sends/retrieves all file types.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Sends email.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol v.3): Retrieves email.

NTP (Network Time Protocol): Synchronizes networked device clocks

How Data Moves Through the OSI Model
Each layer of OSI Model except Physical adds its own header to the data
which describes each layer of the OSI Model should do with the data
Data Link layer & physical layer also adds a tailer that deals with error
correction