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purpose of a microwave link and what kind of information should be transmitted at the
general transmission path.
Path Length
Reliability Requirement
Configuration
Traffic Capacity
STEP 3
32.50 kilometers
99.999%
Non-protected
8xE1 (4xE1 main plus, 4xE1 spare)
Clark
Latitude: 1511'17.61"N
Longitude: 12032'58.81"E
Tarlac
Site B
Latitude: 15 28'33.20"N
Longitude: 120 35'47.01"E
STEP 4
Determine the frequency band required. Once the path length has been
identified, select a preliminary band which to select a specific microwave frequency
form.
2Ghz
5Ghz
8Ghz
10Ghz
13Gh
45Km
z
35Km
15Km
10Km
5Km
3Km
STEP 5
Determine the channel plans available. The channel plans are based on
the frequency band and the bandwidth (multiplexed digital rate) of the traffic being
carried. These can be taken from the technical specifications set by CCIR or
sometimes, the equipment specifications themselves.
Band
Frequency Plan
13 GHz
Frequency Band
12.751 G
266 MHz
Channel Spacing
14 MHz
STEP 6
Arbitrary Channels = 5
Bandwidth = Channel Spacing multiplied by the chosen Arbitrary Channel
Bandwidth =
12.821 GHz
13.080 GHz
STEP 7
Using the formula below, compute for the minimum elevation at site A and
site B that would clear earth curvature
h=
16.252
=132.03125 m
4
1.5( )
3
STEP 8
Create a table plotting points along the path and identifying the possible
sources of reflections and obstruction.
Distance A
Distance B
Path
Elevation
Terrain
Earth
Curvature
Ground
Elevation
32.50
50
Urban
0.00
50.0000
0.50
32.00
51
Urban
1.25
52.2549
1.00
31.50
51
Urban
2.47
53.4706
1.50
31.00
52
Urban
3.65
55.6471
2.00
30.50
52
Rice field
4.78
56.7843
2.50
30.00
53
Urban
5.88
58.8824
3.00
29.50
54
Woods
6.94
60.9412
3.50
29.00
55
Woods
7.96
62.9608
4.00
28.50
56
Woods
8.94
64.9412
4.50
28.00
57
Rice field
9.88
66.8824
5.00
27.50
58
Rice field
10.78
68.7843
5.50
27.00
59
Rice field
11.65
70.6471
6.00
26.50
60
Rice field
12.47
72.4706
6.50
26.00
61
Rice field
13.25
74.2549
7.00
25.50
61
Rice field
14.00
75.0000
7.50
25.00
62
Rice field
14.71
76.7059
8.00
24.50
62
Rice field
15.37
77.3725
8.50
24.00
63
Rice field
16.00
79.0000
9.00
23.50
63
Rice field
16.59
79.5882
9.50
23.00
64
Rice field
17.14
81.1373
10.00
22.50
64
Rice field
17.65
81.6471
10.50
22.00
65
Rice field
18.12
83.1176
11.00
21.50
65
Woods
18.55
83.5490
11.50
21.00
63
Urban
18.94
81.9412
12.00
20.50
63
Rice field
19.29
82.2941
12.50
20.00
62
Rice field
19.61
81.6078
13.00
19.50
61
Rice field
19.88
80.8824
13.50
19.00
60
Rice field
20.12
80.1176
14.00
18.50
60
Rice field
20.31
80.3137
14.50
18.00
59
Urban
20.47
79.4706
15.00
17.50
58
Rice field
20.59
78.5882
15.50
17.00
57
Woods
20.67
77.6667
16.00
16.50
58
Woods
20.71
78.7059
16.50
16.00
62
Woods
20.71
82.7059
17.00
15.50
66
Rice field
20.67
86.6667
17.50
15.00
69
Woods
20.59
89.5882
18.00
14.50
71
Rice field
20.47
91.4706
18.50
14.00
72
Rice field
20.31
92.3137
19.00
13.50
74
Rice field
20.12
94.1176
19.50
13.00
76
Urban
19.88
95.8824
20.00
12.50
78
Woods
19.61
97.6078
20.50
12.00
80
Flat
19.29
99.2941
21.00
11.50
81
Woods
18.94
99.9412
21.50
11.00
81
Urban
18.55
99.5490
22.00
10.50
80
Flat
18.12
98.1176
22.50
10.00
80
Flat
17.65
97.6471
23.00
9.50
80
Urban
17.14
97.1373
23.50
9.00
80
Woods
16.59
96.5882
24.00
8.50
82
Woods
16.00
98.0000
24.50
8.00
85
Flat
15.37
100.3725
25.00
7.50
87
Flat
14.71
101.7059
25.50
7.00
89
Urban
14.00
103.0000
26.00
6.50
91
Urban
13.25
104.2549
26.50
6.00
93
Urban
12.47
105.4706
27.00
5.50
95
Urban
11.65
106.6471
27.50
5.00
97
Urban
10.78
107.7843
28.00
4.50
104
Urban
9.88
113.8824
28.50
4.00
110
Urban
8.94
118.9412
29.00
3.50
118
Rice field
7.96
125.9608
29.50
3.00
123
Rice field
6.94
129.9412
30.00
2.50
129
Rice field
5.88
134.8824
30.50
31.00
31.50
32.00
32.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
135
139
141
142
144
Flat
Rice field
Rice field
Urban
Urban
4.78
3.65
2.47
1.25
0.00
139.7843
142.6471
143.4706
143.2549
144.0000
STEP 9
From the table construct the figure which shows the path profile including
the earth curvature and elevation along the path.
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
15
20
Path Profile
Ground Elevation ___
Path Elevation ___
25
30
35
STEP 10
STEP 12
200.0000
180.0000
160.0000
140.0000
120.0000
100.0000
80.0000
60.0000
40.0000
20.0000
0.0000
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
STEP 13
1) Point along the path terrain that is closest to the line of sight propagation
Distance
A
Distance
B
Path
Elevation
Terrain
Earth
Curvature
LOS
Reflections
32.50
50
Urban
0.00
90.0000
0.50
32.00
51
Urban
1.25
91.4462
4480.0000
1.00
31.50
51
Urban
2.47
92.8923
2205.0000
1.50
31.00
52
Urban
3.65
94.3385
1446.6667
2.00
30.50
52
Rice field
4.78
95.7846
1067.5000
2.50
30.00
53
Urban
5.88
97.2308
840.0000
3.00
29.50
54
Woods
6.94
98.6769
0.0000
3.50
29.00
55
Woods
7.96
100.1231
0.0000
4.00
28.50
56
Woods
8.94
101.5692
0.0000
4.50
28.00
57
Rice field
9.88
103.0154
435.5556
5.00
27.50
58
Rice field
10.78
104.4615
385.0000
5.50
27.00
59
Rice field
11.65
105.9077
343.6364
6.00
26.50
60
Rice field
12.47
107.3538
309.1667
6.50
26.00
61
Rice field
13.25
108.8000
280.0000
7.00
25.50
61
Rice field
14.00
110.2462
255.0000
7.50
25.00
62
Rice field
14.71
111.6923
233.3333
8.00
24.50
62
Rice field
15.37
113.1385
214.3750
8.50
24.00
63
Rice field
16.00
114.5846
197.6471
9.00
23.50
63
Rice field
16.59
116.0308
182.7778
9.50
23.00
64
Rice field
17.14
117.4769
169.4737
10.00
22.50
64
Rice field
17.65
118.9231
157.5000
10.50
22.00
65
Rice field
18.12
120.3692
146.6667
11.00
21.50
65
Woods
18.55
121.8154
0.0000
11.50
21.00
63
Urban
18.94
123.2615
127.8261
12.00
20.50
63
Rice field
19.29
124.7077
119.5833
12.50
20.00
62
Rice field
19.61
126.1538
112.0000
13.00
19.50
61
Rice field
19.88
127.6000
105.0000
13.50
19.00
60
Rice field
20.12
129.0462
98.5185
14.00
18.50
60
Rice field
20.31
130.4923
92.5000
14.50
18.00
59
Urban
20.47
131.9385
86.8966
15.00
17.50
58
Rice field
20.59
133.3846
81.6667
15.50
17.00
57
Woods
20.67
134.8308
0.0000
16.00
16.50
58
Woods
20.71
136.2769
0.0000
16.50
16.00
62
Woods
20.71
137.7231
0.0000
17.00
15.50
66
Rice field
20.67
139.1692
63.8235
17.50
15.00
69
Woods
20.59
140.6154
0.0000
18.00
14.50
71
Rice field
20.47
142.0615
56.3889
18.50
14.00
72
Rice field
20.31
143.5077
52.9730
19.00
13.50
74
Rice field
20.12
144.9538
49.7368
19.50
13.00
76
Urban
19.88
146.4000
46.6667
20.00
12.50
78
Woods
19.61
147.8462
0.0000
20.50
12.00
80
Flat
19.29
149.2923
40.9756
21.00
11.50
81
Woods
18.94
150.7385
0.0000
21.50
11.00
81
Urban
18.55
152.1846
35.8140
22.00
10.50
80
Flat
18.12
153.6308
33.4091
22.50
10.00
80
Flat
17.65
155.0769
31.1111
23.00
9.50
80
Urban
17.14
156.5231
28.9130
23.50
9.00
80
Woods
16.59
157.9692
0.0000
24.00
8.50
82
Woods
16.00
159.4154
0.0000
24.50
8.00
85
Flat
15.37
160.8615
22.8571
25.00
7.50
87
Flat
14.71
162.3077
21.0000
25.50
7.00
89
Urban
14.00
163.7538
19.2157
26.00
6.50
91
Urban
13.25
165.2000
17.5000
26.50
6.00
93
Urban
12.47
166.6462
15.8491
27.00
5.50
95
Urban
11.65
168.0923
14.2593
27.50
5.00
97
Urban
10.78
169.5385
12.7273
28.00
4.50
104
Urban
9.88
170.9846
11.2500
28.50
4.00
110
Urban
8.94
172.4308
9.8246
29.00
3.50
118
Rice field
7.96
173.8769
8.4483
29.50
3.00
123
Rice field
6.94
175.3231
7.1186
30.00
2.50
129
Rice field
5.88
176.7692
5.8333
30.50
31.00
31.50
32.00
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
135
139
141
142
Flat
Rice field
Rice field
Urban
4.78
3.65
2.47
1.25
178.2154
179.6615
181.1077
182.5538
4.5902
3.3871
2.2222
1.0938
32.50
STEP 14
0.00
144
Urban
0.00
184.0000
0.0000
Together with other losses and some gains, the Free Space Path Loss is classified as
follows:
Classification of Losses and Gains
Parameter
Microwave Radio Output
Power
Function
Value
Given
Unit
Type
dB
Variable
Connector Loss
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Waveguide Loss
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Connector Loss
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Antenna Gain
Added
dB
Variable
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Description
Taken from
Radio
Specification
s
Taken from
Waveguide
Specification
s
Taken from
Waveguide
Specification
s
Taken from
Waveguide
Specification
s
Taken from
Antenna
Specification
s
Computed
from formula
Antenna Gain
Added
dB
Variable
Connector Loss
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Waveguide Loss
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Connector Loss
Subtracte
d
dB
Variable
Given
dB
Variable
Computed
dB
Variable
Given
dB
Variable
Computed
dB
Variable
Taken from
Antenna
Specification
s
Taken from
Waveguide
Specification
s
Taken from
Waveguide
Specification
s
Taken from
Waveguide
Specification
s
Taken from
Radio
Specification
s
Computed
from Formula
Taken from
Radio
Specification
s
Computed
from Formula
Note: Most computations assume a connector loss value set to 0.5 dB, in our design however we opted
to use connector losses that are much lower. This is taken from the connectors and adapters specification
sheet.
0.12
dB
x 40 m
m
= 4.8dB
0.12
dB
x 40 m
m
= 4.8dB
FSL = 144.9698221 dB
First Link Budget Calculation for High Band Frequency
STEP 15
STEP 17
kh
kv
GHz
1
2
4
6
7
0.0000387
0.0001540
0.0006300
0.0017500
0.0030100
0.000352
0.0001380
0.0005910
0.0015500
0.0026500
0.912
0.963
1.121
1.308
1.332
0.880
0.923
1.075
1.265
1.312
8
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.0045400
0.0101000
0.0188000
0.0367000
0.0751
0.124
0.187
0.263
0.350
0.0039500
0.0088700
0.016800
0.0335000
0.0691
0.113
0.167
0.233
0.310
M=
M =0.2965705323
1.327
1.276
1.217
1.154
1.099
1.061
1.021
0.979
0.939
1.310
1.264
1.200
1.128
1.065
1.030
1.000
0.963
0.929
x 1.217[0.2965705323 x ( 1.2171.154 ) ]
x 1.198316056
DE
32.5
32.5
1+
2.352192946
DE = 2.193442199
ARAIN = 22.40417422 dB
Link Budget Calculation for
M=
M =0.3861984616
x 1.217[0.3861984616 x ( 1.2171.154 ) ]
x 1.192669497
DE
32.5
32.5
1+
2.352192946
DE = 2.193442199
ARAIN
2.193442199 x 11.05594664
ARAIN
24.25057991 dB
STEP 18
24 dB
0.20 dB
0.20 dB
144.9698221 dB
24.11495234 dB
0.20 dB
0.20 dB
-116 dB
STEP 19
STEP 21
7.19 x 103+
6.09
4.81
dB
+
x 12.8212 x 103
2
2
km
12.821 +0.227 ( 12.82157 ) + 1.5
A0 = 7.668263776 x 10-3
dB
km
dB
km x 32.5 km
A0 = 0.2492185727 dB
For High Band Frequency
FHB = 13.080 GHz
A0 =
7.19 x 103+
6.09
4.81
dB
+
x 13.0102 x 103
2
2
km
13.010 +0.227 ( 13.01057 ) +1.5
A0 = 7.738324918 x 10
-3
dB
km
21.2
dB
km x 32.5 km
AH20 =
[
3
9
4.3
dB
+
+
] x 12.8212 x 12 x 104
2
2
2
km
( 12.82122.3 ) +7.3 (12.821183.3 ) + 6 ( 12.821323.8 ) +10
AH20 = 6.160959472 x 10
dB
km
-3
dB
km x 32.5 km
AH20 = 0.2002311828 dB
3
9
4.3
dB
+
+
]x 13.0802 x 12 x 104
2
2
2
km
( 13.08022.3 ) +7.3 ( 13.080183.3 ) +6 (13.080323.8 ) +10
AH20 = 6.74521834 x 10
-3
dB
km
dB
km x 32.5 km
AH20 = 0.2192195961 dB
STEP 22
Connector Loss
Antenna Gain
Free Space Path Loss
Oxygen Absorption Loss
Water Vapor Loss
Antenna Gain
Antenna Misalignment loss
Connector Loss
Waveguide Loss
Connector Loss
Received Signal Level
Minimum Receiver Threshold
Thermal Fade Margin
0.20 dB
144.7961052 dB
0.2492185727 dB
0.2002311828 dB
0.5 dB
0.20 dB
0.20 dB
-116 dB
STEP 23
FM FLAT =84.74414508 dB
FM FLAT =93.89714513 dB
FM FLAT =84.54916388 dB
FM FLAT =93.74234844 dB
STEP 24
FM EFF= 65.18050026 dB
65.22289015
FM EFF= 65.17829579 dB
65.22267631
STEP 25
h Inclination
1000 x 32.5
90184
= 1000 x tan-1
= 2.892299627 milliRadians
m=
32.5
[3400 x ( 0.090+0.184 ) ]
m=1.133802061
0.090+0.184
c=
0.0900.184
c=0.3430656934
b 2
3 ( 0.3430656934 ) 3 ( 1.133802061 )
1.133802061+1
1
x cos
+ x cos1
3
1.133802061 x 3
3 3
2
( 1.1338 02061+ 1 )
))]
b 1.434048272
90+184
2
x (11.133802061)(1+1.434048272 )
32.5
=3.448917 milliRaidians
C. Geoclimatic Factor
This is the percent of time when the refractivity gradient of a specific place goes below
100 N units per kilometer. This value changes from month to month. In path
calculations, the worst fading month is taken from refractivity map while K is computed
as follows
(used for calculations over land paths)
5.4
1.5
K 10 x 32.5
K 7.376070202 x 10
1.1
( 3.448917 )
8
ULB 1.287137627 x 10
Path Reliability:
1.2
( 12.821 )
0.93
( 32.5 )
3.3
(10
65.16663669
10
Path Reliability:
Path Reliability
Path Reliability