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3 MEASUREMENTS
The aim of the measurements was to find out how two different types
of clean grease and wear particles affect the vibration measurement
signals. The possible factors affecting the signal are, for example, the
base oil viscosity, the type of thickener of the grease, the hardness and
the shape of the wear particles and the damping characteristics of the
grease regarding the vibration signal. The main interest in the
measurements was in the AE and the SEE methods, because these
methods should be sensitive to inadequate lubrication and to early
stage bearing faults.
3.1 Measurement arrangements
The tests were carried out using the rig for grease lubricated bearings
shown in Fig. 4. A rotational speed of 800 rpm was kept constant in
all the measurements. The bearings used in the measurements were
deep groove ball bearings with an outside diameter of 62 mm, an
inside diameter of 30 mm and a width of 16 mm. The bearing load
corresponded to a C/P value of 10, and it was static and purely radial.
Temperature
39 oC
Continuous
emission:
140mV-160mV
Temperature
41 oC -45 oC.
Continuous
emission:
Clean grease 1
40mV-50mV
Grease 1+Fe
particles
90mV-110mV
SEE:
Clean grease 1
0.97 See
Grease 1+Fe
particles
1.54 See
Continuous
emission:
Clean grease 1
45mV - 70mV
Grease 1+ Quartz
particles
200mV-530mV
SEE:
Clean grease 1
1.43 See
Grease 1+Quartz
particles 3.79 See
derivative method and the SPM method, showed higher levels with
grease 2. The measurement with the unlubricated and the lubricated
bearing, Meas 7, was made only using the AE pulse count method,
which showed a very high rise in the AE activity in the dry contact in
comparison with the oil lubricated contact.
5 DISCUSSION
The tested greases were very different in behaviour, one to another.
The AE method proved to be very sensitive for monitoring the
lubrication situation in the grease lubricated rolling bearings. The AE
activity showed clear differences between the clear greases, as shown
in Figs. 5 and 6. Furthermore, the contaminants caused a radical
increase in the level of the AE signals, and was clearly seen by the
SEE method, Figs. 7 and 8. During the measurements it was noticed
that the running conditions have a great effect on the acoustic
emission signal level, for instance that an increase in the rotational
speed causes a significant increase in the AE activity. The changes in
temperature, within the range that was used in the measurements, did
not particularly affect the AE activity, which can be seen for example
in Fig. 6. At the higher temperatures, the change in the temperature
was found to have a great influence on the AE activity.
In the outer race fault tests the fault represented a large fault in the
bearing, and was found with all methods. The signal level in all other
methods except in the higher derivative method and the SPM method
was higher with the grease type 2, as can be seen in Table 1. Using
the AE method, the difference between the greases was smaller in the
test with the faulty bearing than in the clean grease test. One reason
for this might be that the signal level caused by the fault was so high
that the AE activity of the clean grease remained lower than in the
clean grease test.
6 CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of two
different types of grease and the influence of contaminants in the
grease on the results of certain vibration measurement methods. In
this study, the AE method proved to be the most sensitive method in
monitoring the behaviour of the tested clean grease types and in
monitoring the grease containing solid particles.
10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful for the financial and technical support from
the following companies and institutions: The Technology
Development Centre of Finland (Tekes), SKF Engineering &
Research Centre B.V., Mobil Oil oy ab, Rautaruukki Oy, VR Ltd.,
Acutest Oy and the Finnish Maintenance Association.
REFERENCES
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vibration signature analysis. Sound and Vibration, November
1991. pp. 24 -35.
2. SFS-ISO 2372 Standard. 1992. Mechanical vibration of machines
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evaluation standards.
3. Berry, James E. 1997. Tracking of rolling element bearing failure
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