CHE4250 CHP 1 Notes

CH4250: Polymers for Nanotechnology
Dr. Wang, Mingfeng

School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University
Office: N1.2-B2-22
Email: mfwang@ntu.edu.sg
Consultation: By email appointment
CH4250_chp-1_Introduction
Course Schedule
Lecture: Thursday, 14:30-16:30; Venue: CBE-LT
Tutorial: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30; Venue: CBE-SR3
General Information
Website: Go to Edventure to receive updates, download notes, etc.

Recommended textbooks:
Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Ed, by P. C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge
Course grading:
Assignments: 20%; Quiz: 20% (open book); Final Exam: 60% (open book).
Points to note
Read the notes before coming to class

Work together in your group, and help one another
Summarize the content every 5-6 lectures
Dont take short cut, participate in your learning process
Polymers meet nanotechnology: An introduction
Polymers
??
Nanotechnology
What are polymers?

Why are polymeric materials important?
How to make polymers? (Polymer Chemistry)
How to characterize polymers (structures and properties)? (Polymer
physics and engineering)
What is nanotechnology? Why is it important? How is it evolved and
developed?
Current topics and future trends in polymer science and nanotechnologies
What are Polymers?
Polymer products: a big deal
Why polymers?
Mechanic flexible
Low cost
Light weight
Synthetic variety
7
Definition of Polymer
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating
structural units. These subunits are typically connected by chemical bonds.
(from Wikipedia)
Polymer
Monomer
M
M
M
M
M
M
M M
M M M
M
M
The term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastics.

8
History of Polymers
Before 1940 - the Presynthetic Materials Age:
Prehistoric Times:
Tool-oriented stone, bronze, and iron ages.
Early 20th Century:
Materials available: Steel, glass, wood, stone, brick, cotton, wool
Basically divided into metals, ceramics, and natural polymers
After 1940 - the Age of Synthetic Materials:
Synthetic polymers developed
-Macromolecular hypothesis of Staudinger accepted ca 1930
Synthetic solid state materials developed e.g. Si, GaAs, ceramic high Tc
superconductors etc)
Applications as fibers, plastics, adhesives, elastomers, resins and many exciting
recent areas (devices, nanoscience)
Replacement of metals and ceramics due to ease of processing and low density
A story about the foundation of polymer science

In a paper entitled "ber Polymerisation," Staudinger
presented several reactions that form high molecular
weight molecules by linking together a large number
of small molecules. During this reaction, which he
called "polymerization," individual repeating units are
joined together by covalent bonds.
Hermann Staudinger, 1953

Father of Macromolecular Chemistry
"My colleagues were very skeptical about this change, and those who knew my
publications in the field of low molecular chemistry asked me why I was neglecting this
interesting field and instead was working on a very unpleasant field and poorly defined
compounds, like rubber and synthetic polymers. At that time the chemistry of these
compounds often was designated, in view of their properties, as Schmierenchemie
('grease chemistry')."
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/staudingerpolymerscience.html
10
A story about the foundation of polymer science (contd)
Heinrich Wieland, 1927 Nobel laureate in chemistry, wrote to Staudinger, "Dear

colleague, drop the idea of large molecules; organic molecules with a molecular
weight higher than 5000 do not exist. Purify your products, such as rubber, then
they will crystallize and prove to be low molecular compounds!"
On December 10, 1953, Staudinger received his reward for the concept of
macromolecules and his prolonged effort to establish the science of large
molecules when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry.
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/staudingerpolymerscience.html
11
Examples: synthetic polymers
12
Examples: biopolymers
13
Homopolymer vs. copolymers
14
Polymer architectures
15
Dendrimers
16
Synthetic methods towards tailor-made polymers

Condensation polymerization
Radical polymerization
Anionic polymerization
Cationic polymerization
Ring-opening polymerization (ROP)
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)
Supramolecular polymerization
17
Polymer states
18
Something more about Kevlar

Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such
as Nomex and Technora. Developed at DuPont in 1965, this high strength material was first
commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun
into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material
components.
Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor
because of its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is 5 times stronger than
steel on an equal weight basis.[2] It is also used to make modern drumheads that withstand high
impact. When used as a woven material, it is suitable for mooring lines and other underwater
applications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pz8Tjr1ToRk
19
Hair Conditioning in Shampoo Formulations

Cationic polymer is commonly used as conditioning agents
in shampoo and conditioner formulations.
Improve wet combability.
Anti-static.
Restore disrupted cuticle.
Aid of active delivery (flocculation during rinsing).
20
Commonly used cationic polymers
21
Discovery of conducting polymers

Nobel Prize of Chemistry in 2000
Alan J. Heeger
Alan G. MacDiarmid
Hideki Shirakawa
Polyacetylene
Oxidation of polyacetylene with iodine results in a 108-fold increase in

conductivity. The conductivity of this doped material can approach the
conductivity of the best available conductor, silver.
22
More metallic and semiconducting polymers
A. J. Heeger J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8475
23
Applications of metallic and semiconducting polymers
Chemical / Biological sensors
Field effect
transistors
Metallic and semiconducting

polymers
Light emitting
diodes
Solar cells / Photovoltaics
24
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8S8tbQMp2k
25
Why plastic solar cells?

-Conjugated polymers as semiconducting ink
Solution-processable (roll-by-roll printing)

Light-weight
Mechanically flexible
Synthetic variety
Potentially low-cost
Materials
Efficiency
Materials cost
Installed cost
$ / kWh
Poly-Si
12-14%
Expensive
$4-6/Wp
$ 0.20-0.30
Cheaper
$3/Wp or lower
$ 0.15 or lower
Organic/Plastic
8-9%
26
Applications of plastic solar cells: a promising future
27
Whats
Nanotechnology?
28
29
30
31
Semiconductor nanocrystals: size-dependent

optical properties
Just tuning the size
1 nm = 1 10-9 m
32
Revolution of carbon nanomaterials: From fullerenes to

carbon nanotubes, graphenes and beyond
33
34
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Acm_bH413wk
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Nanocapsules
50
51
52
Polymers meet Nanotechnology
53
Polymers meet nanotechnology: An example
Interface
Flexible, and printable polymer solar cell

demonstrated by Siemens AG, Germany.
F. Wudl, A. J. Heeger et al., Science 1992, 258, 1474
54
Polymers meet nanotechnology: Other polymer

nanocomposites
55
From conventional electronic devices to the future
http://creativesatworkblog.com/2011/10/new-screen-technologies-may-changecomputer-usage/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cf7IL_eZ38#t=319
56
Flexible electronic devices from hard inorganic materials

Flexible silicon electronics
Bio-resorbable, silk-based
electronics for neural monitoring
J. A. Rogers et al. Science 2010, 327, 1603

http://rogers.matse.illinois.edu/research/unusual-format-electronics.php
57
Summary
Knowledge of polymers: history and advances; polymer architecture,
structures; commonly used polymers and their applications.
Knowledge of nanomaterials/nanotechnology and their impact.
Appreciate the important of nano-length scale on the physical properties
of synthetic and biological systems.
58
59
Take-home questions
1. How to define Polymers? What are their implication and impact on
human beings living?
2. How to define Nanotechnology? What are their implication and
impact on human beings living?
3. What are new opportunities at the interface between Polymers and
Nanotechnology?
60

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CH4250: Polymers for Nanotechnology

Dr. Wang, Mingfeng

Website: Go to Edventure to receive updates, download notes, etc.

Read the notes before coming to class

Polymers meet nanotechnology: An introduction

What are polymers?

What are Polymers?

Polymer products: a big deal

The term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastics.

A story about the foundation of polymer science

Hermann Staudinger, 1953

A story about the foundation of polymer science (contd)

Heinrich Wieland, 1927 Nobel laureate in chemistry, wrote to Staudinger, "Dear

Examples: synthetic polymers

Homopolymer vs. copolymers

Synthetic methods towards tailor-made polymers

Something more about Kevlar

Hair Conditioning in Shampoo Formulations

Commonly used cationic polymers

Discovery of conducting polymers

Oxidation of polyacetylene with iodine results in a 108-fold increase in

More metallic and semiconducting polymers

Applications of metallic and semiconducting polymers

Chemical / Biological sensors

Metallic and semiconducting

Solar cells / Photovoltaics

Why plastic solar cells?

Solution-processable (roll-by-roll printing)

Applications of plastic solar cells: a promising future

Semiconductor nanocrystals: size-dependent

Revolution of carbon nanomaterials: From fullerenes to

Polymers meet Nanotechnology

Polymers meet nanotechnology: An example

Flexible, and printable polymer solar cell

Polymers meet nanotechnology: Other polymer

From conventional electronic devices to the future

Flexible electronic devices from hard inorganic materials

J. A. Rogers et al. Science 2010, 327, 1603

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