Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
______________________________________________________________________________
Supply or extract air quantities for each terminal device (diffuser, register, grille) in the room.
The location of the terminal device in the room and the routing of ductwork from fan to
terminal
Design criteria limits for the project. These include:
Sizing method and associated velocity limits
Ductwork dimensional criteria
Static and total pressure limits to be used in
Fan Selection
Ductwork design and sizing
Air quantities for terminal devices located in each room can be calculated by the HVAC
Application Loads Program. Locating terminal devices, assigning air quantities to them and
during graphic input routing ductwork from the fans to the terminal devices.
Q=
AV
c f
Sizing Principles
Duct design is essentially a solution of two basic equations, the relationship between duct
velocity, air quantity and duct cross-sectional area, Eq. 1, and Bernoulli's energy balance
equation, Eq. 2.
V1
V2
+ P z 1 + P 1 + Z 1 =
+ P Z 2 + P 2 + Z 2 + P t
2 gc
2 gc
where: 1,2
A
V
Q
gc
P
g
Z
P1, P2
PZ1, PZ2
Pt
cf
When the specific weight of atmospheric air a is constant, it can be written that:
P Z 1 - P Z 2 = a Z 2 - Z 1
Assuming that the specific weight of atmospheric air equals that of air within the duct, and
combining Eq. 2 and 3 yields:
2
V 1 + P1 = V 2 + P 2 + P t
2 gc
2 gc
Head and Pressure
Head and pressure are often used interchangeably, but these terms have specific meanings.
Head is the height of a fluid column supported by fluid flow, while pressure is the normal force
per unit area. With a liquid, it is convenient to measure the head of a fluid in terms of the
flowing fluid. With a gas or air, however, it is customary to measure pressure on a column of
liquid.
Static Pressure
Air exerts pressure on the walls of the duct in which it is confined. This pressure Ps is called static
pressure at a station in the system and is positive or negative according to whether the pressure
is greater or less than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Velocity Pressure
The term ( V2/2gc) in Eq. 2 is called the velocity pressure. Acting in the same direction as the
flow of air, it is a measure of the kinetic energy. The velocity head (V2/2g) is independent of fluid
density, while velocity pressure is not independent of density.
V
Pv =
c f
where: Pv
V
cf
Total Pressure
Total pressure is the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure:
Pt = P s + Pv
V
Pt = P s +
c f
where: Pt
Ps
Pv
The pressure loss Pt in Eq. 2 is the resistance of a section of a duct system to flow and is
composed of two elements:
Duct friction, which as the name implies, is the frictional drag of the fluid moving along a
rough surface, the duct wall.
Dynamic loss, caused by restrictions and changes in direction to the flow through a piece of
equipment (volume damper, heating coil, sound attenuator, etc.) and duct fittings.
Frictional Losses
When air flows through a duct, there is a loss of pressure due to the frictional drag of the air
moving along the surfaces of the ducts.
For air flow in ducts, the friction loss may be calculated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
Pf r= f d
where:
V
V
L
c
x
x
D
c f 2
Pfr
fd
L
D
cf1
cf2
Air flow in ducts follow two very different regimes: laminar flow at low velocities, and turbulent
at high velocities. A transition zone in which flow may be either laminar or turbulent exists
between the laminar and fully developed turbulent regions. Experimentation has determined
two Reynolds numbers for which the flow is entirely laminar or turbulent. This dimensionless
quantity, known as the Reynolds number Re, is defined by:
Re - c f x
where: D
V
cf
V D
Within the region of laminar flow (Reynolds numbers less than 2100). The friction factor f d is a
function of the Reynolds number only, and it is ndependent of the roughness coefficient of the
duct wall. It is defined by:
fd=
64
Re
In completely turbulent regions (Reynolds numbers greater than 4000), the friction fd depends on
the relative roughness of the duct material. It is independent of the Reynolds number and
defined by:
D
= 1.14 + 2 log
c
f
fd
In the transition zone (Reynolds numbers between 2100 and 4000), the fraction fd depends on
duct material absolute roughness and the Reynolds number represented by the Colebrook
equation:
D
9.3
- 2 log 1 +
= 1.14 + 2 log
fd
R e c f / D
c f
where:
cf
f d
If the air flow is smooth (Re < 2100), then Eq. 10 is used to determine the friction factor fd to
solve the Darcy-Weisbach equation, Eq. 8, for friction drop through the duct section. To
differentiate between transitional and rough turbulent flows, a value for fd is calculated from the
equation for rough turbulent flows. Eq. 11. This is then used in Eq. 13 which is a close
approximation of the curve which separates the rough flow from transitional on the Moody chart
(ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 4.10, fig. 13).
T =V
where: cf
f / 8 x x
xc f
If T is greater than 100, the flow is rough and the value calculated for fd in Eq. 11 is
representative of the flow. If T is less than 100, the flow is transitional and the value for fd
obtained from Eq. 11 is used as a starting value to solve Eq. 12 iteratively for the friction factor
for the flow. fd is then used in Eq. 8 to obtain the friction loss through the duct section.
Absolute Roughness
Duct material absolute roughness used by the program is shown in Fig. 1-6:
Duct Material
Uncoated Carbon Steel, Clean
Aluminum
Galvanized Steel, Hot Dipped
Stainless Steel
Fibrous Glass Duct, Rigid
Flexible Duct, Metallic
Fibrous Glass Duct Liner
Absolute Roughness, / ft
0.00015
0.0002
0.0005
0.0003
0.0003
0.007
0.015
(a b )0.625
De = 1.30
(a + b )0.250
duct is:
where: De = circular equivalent of a rectangular duct of equal length, fluid resistance and flow
a = length of one side of duct (in.)
b = length of adjacent side of duct (in.)
The mean velocity in a rectangular and oval duct will be less than its circular equivalent.
For oval ducts, the corresponding equations are:
De =
1.55 A0.625
0.25
p
b2
A=
+ b (a - b)
4
P = b + 2 (a - b)
where: p
a
b
For both rectangular and oval ducts, the length of the sides is initially determined by the target
aspect ratio. If the resulting dimensions fall outside the minimum and maximum allowable limits
you have set, the dimensions are recalculated without using the target aspect ratio.
Dynamic Losses
Dynamic losses are caused by restrictions and changes in direction to the flow through a piece of
equipment (volume damper, heating coil, etc.) and duct fittings. HVAC Systems Duct Design,
SMACNA, 1985 lists the fittings available for round and rectangular ducts. Since little dynamic
loss data for oval fittings are available, the data for rectangular fittings are used as an
approximation.
Fittings
A duct fitting can occur anywhere along the length of a duct section. The program does not limit
the number of fitting types or multiples thereof per duct section. If a fitting type is not available
in the tables, its dynamic loss has to be entered as a special loss.
All the necessary engineering performance information for fittings is provided in the Ducts
Program. The engineering design effort is to locate the appropriate fitting type in the duct
network system. The duct fitting type and shape type should be compatible. Fittings are
classified as junctions, transitions, and elbows.
Junctions
Junctions are fittings which split the air stream into two or more branches.
Converging junctions join two or more air streams into one and are basically
used in a return/extract duct system. Fittings called take-offs, tees, and wyes
are in this category. Loss coefficients for junctions are functions of the duct
dimensions, air velocities and airflow rates.
Transitions Transitions are fittings which change the duct size or shape without changing
airflow direction or airflow rate. Transitions can be converging or diverging.
Loss coefficients for transitions are functions of upstream and downstream
duct velocities, angle of transition, transition length, and Reynolds number, Re.
Elbows
Elbows are fittings which change the direction of the air stream without
changing the air quantity or velocity. The loss coefficients of elbows are
functions of the elbow radius, duct dimensions, angle of turn, and Reynolds
number, Re.
By definition, a new duct section occurs when there is a change in air quantity, velocity, shape,
duct material or duct insulation. Every duct section, therefore, begins with a junction or
transition type fitting. These fittings are commonly referred to as take-off fittings. There is
always one, and only one, take-off fitting per duct section.
Fitting Losses
Methods of computing the energy losses from the various fitting types are based on information
found in ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 33.28 through 33.50
The fluid resistance coefficient represents the ratio of the total pressure loss to the dynamic
pressure at the referenced cross-section O:
Co =
Pt
=
2
c f o
where: cf
Pt
Co
V
Pv,o
Pt
P v,o
For entries, exists, elbows and transitions, the fitting total pressure loss at section is calculated
by:
P t = C o P v,o
where the subscript o is the cross section at which the velocity pressure is referenced.
For converging and diverging flow junctions, the total pressure loss through the main section is
calculated as:
Pt = C c,s P v,c
For total pressure losses through the branch section
P t = C c,b P v,c
where: Cc,s = main local coefficient, dimensionless
Cc,b = branch local coefficient, dimensionless
Pv,c = velocity pressure at the common section, c
A tee nomenclature is shown in Fig. 1-7 for converging and diverging flow junction where,
i=1
j =1
Pt = Pi + P j + Pk
The total pressure losses for each section of a duct system are calculated by Eq. 22:
where: Pt = total pressure loss for section of ductwork (in. of water)
Pi = fitting total pressure loss (in. of water)
n = number of fittings within a section of ductwork
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
10
P t = P t + SEF i + SEF o + P f + P d
where: Pt
?
SEFI
SEFo
Pf
Pd
Duct Sizing
The sections of supply duct systems can be sized using one of the following methods:
Pre-sized
equal friction
static regain
total pressure
velocity reduction
constant velocity
Equal friction and constant velocity are the only methods for the design of extract duct systems.
For a draw-through fan, the first section is the one immediately downstream of the fan outlet. If
the supply fan arrangement is blow-through, the first section of the ductwork is the section
immediately downstream of the cooling coil. If the fan has a discharge plenum, the first section
of the ductwork is the one immediately following the plenum. You should identify the first
section and lay out the duct network accordingly.
The static regain, total pressure and velocity reduction sizing methods cannot be used to size
duct sections downstream of terminal boxes. If you select one of these three methods
11
downstream of a terminal box, the program will automatically default to the equal friction
method.
Flexible ducts are always considered round in shape. They are sized using the velocity you
specify.
Pre-Sized Method
The pre-sized method can be used to calculate pressure losses for a system with pre-calculated
duct dimensions. If you choose this method, the program will check the network for duct
dimensions. Only if all sections are sized will it calculate pressure drops through each section
and determine critical circuits.
12
Essentially, the program disregards any sections that have been overridden or that use another
sizing method.
The advantage of this method is that all sections have approximately the same entering static
pressure, thereby simplifying outlet selection. One disadvantage might be seen in networks with
a large pressure drop in a section near the fan outlet. The velocity could be reduced to the
minimum within a few sections in such a way that all the ductwork downstream would be sized
using minimum velocity. Another disadvantage could stem from specifying a very low minimum
velocity. Ducts would then tend to be very large at the end of long branch runs. The sizing
method does not account for the total mechanical energy supplied to the air by the fan.
13
ducts are also sized based on a design velocity you specified. The constant velocity method can
be used for the design of supply and extract duct systems.
Add the pressure losses in each section of the circuit to obtain the circuit pressure loss.
Determine the highest circuit pressure loss.
Set the entering total pressure of the first section in the circuit as the sum of the highest
circuit pressure loss and the velocity pressure in the section.
Analyze each section in the circuit starting with the first section and moving through each
section in the fluid flow sequence.
The entering section total pressure is the leaving section total pressure of the upstream
section.
The leaving section total pressure is the entering section total pressure less the section
pressure loss.
The entering and leaving section static pressures are obtained by deducting the velocity
pressure at these nodes.
Calculate the balancing required in each circuit. This is equal to the highest circuit total
pressure loss minus the given circuit total pressure loss.
In the case of primary-secondary systems, the primary circuit ends at the fan-powered box or the
terminal device if there is no box in the circuit.
Secondary systems are analyzed independently as separate systems. The entering pressure of
the first section in the secondary system is the pressure loss of the secondary circuit with the
highest pressure loss.
The objective of system balancing is to maintain the same pressure loss in all circuits. Dampers
at the end of each circuit will still be required, but are used to make the fine tuning adjustment
to maintain the right air quantity at each opening.
Using the specified sizing method, the Ducts Program makes the preliminary analysis and
calculates sizes for all sections of the duct system. It next determines the circuit with the highest
pressure loss. This circuit is commonly referred as the longest hydraulic run. All other circuits
will have to be dampered. The amount of dampering is directly related to the difference
between the pressure loss of the given circuit and the highest pressure loss of the system.
The system balancing process involves a series of iterations to increase the pressure losses of all
circuits to that of the circuit with the highest pressure loss. The process starts with the circuit
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
14
with the next highest pressure loss and continues in descending order of circuit pressure loss.
Duct sections in the circuit and that are not common to the previously analyzed circuits are
iteratively reduced in size until the circuit pressure loss is equal to the loss in the longest run.
There are limits to the process of reducing sizes. The iteration stops when the pressure loss,
velocity and noise levels in the duct section reaches the maximum limits of the design criteria. In
this case, the circuit still remains unbalanced and requires dampering. Output reports indicate
the amount of dampering required by each circuit.
Thermal Analysis
After the duct network has been sized, the system can be analyzed to calculate heat gains or
losses in the network.
The thermal analysis option is available only for systems that satisfy the following criteria:
There are no terminal boxes in the network with reheat coils.
All rooms are in either the heating or cooling mode.
There are no secondary heating coils in the system.
The program begins the thermal analysis with the first section in the ductwork. The temperature
of air entering the first section is the same as the coil leaving temperature for a blow-through
system. For a draw-through system, the temperature of air entering the first section is adjusted
for heat gain across the fan. For a motor that is inside the airstream, the heat gain is given by
qm =
HPm x LF x cf
/100
qm = HPm x LF x cf
where: qm = heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)
HPm = horsepower rating for the motor
= full load motor efficiency (%)
LF = load factor, i.e. a fraction of rated load delivered
cf = conversion factor (745.7)
The horsepower rating and full load efficiency are obtained from Fig. 1-8.
The temperature rise across the fan is then calculated using the following equation:
15
T f =
where: Tf
qm
Q
cf1
qm
Q xc f1x
= temperature rise across the fan (F)
= heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)
= air flow quantity (cu ft/min)
= conversion factor (14.4)
= air density (lbm/cu ft)
Rated
Motor HP
0.16
0.25
0.33
0.50
0.75
1
2
3
5
7.5
10
15
Full Load
Efficiency %
35
54
56
60
72
77
79
81
82
84
85
86
Rated
Motor HP
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
200
250
Full Load
Efficiency %
87
88
89
89
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
91
qe =
UPL t e + t i
- ta
cf 2
te =
t i ( y + 1) - 2 t a
( y - 1)
16
ti =
t e ( y - 1) 2 t a
( y + 1)
where: Y
y
qe
U
P
A
D
L
and
te
ti
ta
cf
cf1
cf2
The U-values used in the program for sheet metal, lined and insulated ducts are shown in Fig 1-9.
(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals, p. 33.10, Fig. 8)
17
Reanalysis Options
The program provides two ways to reanalyze heat gains and losses. You can choose to
Recalculate air flow quantities at each terminal device
Adjust the coil leaving temperature
Option One
The first option is to recalculate air flow quantities required at each terminal device in order to
satisfy the design cooling or heating loads in each room. This is done by comparing the actual
supply air temperature to the design supply air temperature that you can specify for each room.
The following expression is used to recalculate the air flow quantities:
Q 2 = Q1
where: Q1
Q2
Tr
Ts
To
Tr -Ts
Tr -To
Once the supply air quantities are adjusted, the program then resizes the ductwork and has the
option of performing pressure, acoustic and thermal analyses for the new network.
Option Two
The second option is to recalculate the coil leaving temperature by an amount equal to the
temperature difference in the circuit with the maximum temperature rise or drop.
For a network that has net heat gain across the sections, the coil leaving temperature is lowered
so that the design supply air temperature can be maintained at the terminal device for the circuit
with the maximum temperature rise. For a network that has net heat loss across the sections,
the coil leaving temperature is increased so that design supply air temperature can be
maintained at the terminal device for the circuit with the maximum temperature drop.
The next step is to recalculate supply air quantities for all other terminal devices in order to
satisfy design cooling or heating loads for each room.
Once the required air quantities are recalculated, the program then resizes the network and has
the option of performing pressure, acoustic and thermal analyses for the network.
18
Item
6
7
Fig. 1-10:
Summary Table
On determining the resultant sound power level for each circuit, the program does not take into
account the following items:
attenuation through terminal boxes
terminal box discharge sound power level
regenerated noise at fitting
attenuation in fittings other than elbows and branch takeoffs
19
Fan Noise
The sound power generation of a given fan obtained from the fan manufacturer may be entered
using the fan sound power levels input form. However, if the data are not available, the program
can estimate the octave band sound power levels for various fans using the following expression:
L w = K w + 10 log
where: Lw
Kw
Q
Q1
P
P1
C
Q
P
+ 20 + log
+C
Q1
P1
The values of the estimated sound power level Lw are calculated for all eight bands using Eq. 30,
and the BFI (see Fig. 1-11) is added to the octave band in which the blade passage frequency
falls. Fig. 1-12 is used to determine the octave band in which blade frequency increment (BFI)
occurs for the various types of fans.
63
>= 36 in.
32
32
31
29
28
23
15
10
< 36 in.
All
> 40 in.
40 in.-20 in.
20 in.
>= 40 in.
40 in.
>= 40 in.
40 in.
36
47
45
55
63
39
37
41
40
38
43
39
48
57
36
39
39
41
36
39
42
48
58
38
43
43
47
34
33
39
45
50
39
43
41
46
33
28
37
45
44
37
43
39
44
38
25
32
40
39
34
41
37
43
20
23
30
38
38
32
38
34
37
15
20
29
36
37
30
35
31
32
All
48
51
58
55
52
46
40
Fan Type
Centrifugal Airfoil
backward curved,
Backward inclined
Forward, curved
Radial blade,
Pressure blower
Vaneaxial
Tubeaxial
Propeller
Cooling tower
BFI
3
2
8
6
5
Fig. 1-11:
Sound Power Levels
Specific sound power levels for inlets or outlets.
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.7, p. 11.14)
20
Fan Type
Octave Band
Centrifugal
Airfoil, backward curved, backward
inclined
Forward curved
Radial blade, pressure blower
250 Hz
Vaneaxial
125 Hz
Tubeaxial
63 Hz
63 Hz
500 Hz
125 Hz
Point of Operation
The specific sound power levels given in Fig. 1-11 are for fans operating at or near the peak
efficiency point of the fan performance curve. If a fan is not operating at or above 90% of peak
static efficiency, a correction factor, C (see Eq. 30), is added to the specific sound power levels
given in Fig. 1-13 for all eight octave bands. Fig. 1-12 gives the correction factor C as a function
of percent of peak static efficiency.
Static Efficiency
% of Peak
Correction Factor
dB
90 to 100
85 to 89
75 to 84
65 to 74
55 to 64
12
50 to 54
15
21
Fans In Parallel
The program can accept up to ten fans in parallel. These fans must be of the same type and
produce the same static pressure and flow rate. The resultant sound power levels of two or
more fans in parallels for all octave bands are obtained from Fig. 1-14.
Difference
between sound
levels in dB
No. of dB to be
added to higher
level
3.0
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
10
0.4
12
14
0.3
0.2
Find the resultant sound power levels of three fans in parallel having an estimated
sound power level equal to 90 dB at the 125 octave band using Fig. 1-14.
Solution:
1. 90 dB - 90 dB = 0 dB from Fig. 1-14, 3 dB is added to the higher level 90 dB. The
resultant sound power level for 2 fans in parallel is 90 + 3 = 93 dB.
2. 93 dB - 90 dB = 3 dB from Fig. 1-14, 1.8 dB is added to the higher level 93 dB. The
resultant sound power level for 3 fans in parallel is 93 + 1.8 = 94.8 dB.
22
A = 10 log
where:
Se
Sw
dr
1 cos 1 -
+
2
S e 2 d S w
23
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft
Smallest Duct
Dimension
3"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
63
.10
.15
.18
.20
.20
.20
.20
8000
.04
0.4
0.4
0.4
.04
.04
0.4
Fig. 1-16:
Attenuation, Unlined Rectangular and Oval Ducts
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10A, p. 11.16)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Round
Duct dB/ft
Smallest Duct
Dimension
3"-5"
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
63
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
8000
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fig. 1-17:
Attenuation, Unlined Round Ducts
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10B, p. 11.16)
Smallest Duct
Dimension
Attenuation
3"-5"
Of Unlined
6"-12"
Rectangular
13"-18"
Duct dB/ft with
19"-24"
1 lining
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
63
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
8000
4.0
2.0
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.3
.2
Fig. 1-18:
Rectangular Duct, 1 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10E, p. 11.17)
24
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft
with 1/2
lining
Smallest Duct
Dimension
3"-5"
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
63
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
8000
4.0
2.0
1.0
.8
.6
.3
.3
.2
Fig. 1-19:
Rectangular Duct, 1/2 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10F, p. 11.17)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Round
Duct dB/ft
with 1
lining
Smallest Duct
Dimension
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
63
.3
.2
.1
.07
.04
.02
.01
8000
2.2
1.3
.5
.5
.5
.4
.3
Fig. 1-20:
Round Duct, 1 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10G, p. 11.17)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Round
Duct dB/ft
with 2
lining
Smallest Duct
Dimension
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
63
.5
.4
.3
.2
.12
.08
.06
8000
2.3
1.5
.7
.6
.6
.5
.4
Fig. 1-21:
Round Duct, 2 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10H, p. 11.17)
The attenuation of unlined rectangular and round elbows is given in Fig. 1-22. The program
doubles the attenuation values given in this table if the unlined elbow has external insulation.
25
Smallest Duct
Dimension
To 4"
5"-10"
11"-20"
21"-40"
41"-80"+
63
0
0
0
0
0
8000
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Elbows
Rectangula
Duct dB/ft
Fig. 1-16:
Unlined Rectangular and Round Elbows
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10C, p. 11.16)
The attenuation of lined rectangular and round elbows is given in Fig. 1-23.
Octave Band Center Frequency Hz
Smallest Duct
Dimension
63
125
250
500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Attenuation
To 4"
0
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
Of lined Elbows
5"-10"
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Round &
11"-20"
0
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Rectangular
21"-40"
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
41"-80"+
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Duct dB/ft
Fig. 1-23:
Lined Rectangular and Round Elbows
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10D, p. 11.16)
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
0.2%
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
0.5%
1.0%
2.0%
5.0%
10.0%
20.0%
50.0%
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
Fig. 1-24:
Branch Takeoff Attenuation
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.11A, p. 11.18)
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
26
The program calculates the attention of branch takeoffs using Fig. 1-24. This table gives the
branch duct attenuation as a function of the percentage of the room to the system air flow
quantities for all eight octave bands.
The program computes the attenuation available through end reflection loss using Fig. 1-25.
Smallest
Duct
Dimensions
125
250
500
To 5"
17
12
6"-8"
14
10
9"-12"
12
13"-16"
10
Reflection
17"-22"
Loss
23"-30"
31"-40"
41"-60"+
Duct
Diameter
End
Fig. 1-25:
Duct End Reflection Loss
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10B, p. 11.18)
Room
Effect
(for
average
rooms)
Room
Volume
Ceiling
Height
1000
2000
5000
10000
10000
20000
20000
30000
30000
40000+
40000+
40000+
8'
8'
8'-12"
8'-10"
11'-14"
8'-12"
13'-15"
8'-11"
12'-15"
8'-14"
15'-17"
18'-22"
125
3
6
8
9
9
10
12
13
11
12
13
250
500
2
3
6
8
9
9
10
12
13
11
12
13
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
12
13
14
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
14
15
2
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
14
15
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
14
15
16
Fig. 1-26:
Room Effect Attenuation
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10C, p. 11.18)
The program calculates the room effect attenuation using Fig. 1-26. This table gives the
attenuation for room with suspended ceilings as a function of the ceiling height and room
volume for all eight octave bands.
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
27
Room Criteria
Fig. 1-27 gives the sound pressure levels for all eight octave bands that correspond with a
specified NC level for the room.
Octave Band Center Frequency Hz
NC-30
NC-35
NC-40
NC-45
NC-50
NC
Noise
Criterion
Levels
63
57
60
64
67
71
125
48
53
57
60
64
250
35
46
51
54
59
Fig. 1-27:
Sound Pressure Levels
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.11D, p. 11.18)
Material Estimation
Classification of Ducts
This feature of the program allows you to select a gage or thickness and reinforcement required
for the ducts once they have been sized.
Operating pressures for each section of ductwork are calculated earlier during the pressure
analysis. Fig. 1-28 gives the pressure class for each section and corresponding operating
pressure. Once the operating pressures are determined, the sections are analyzed based on the
specified shape, rectangular/oval or round.
Static Pressure
Pressure Class
0.5 in. of water
1 in. of water
2 in. of water
3 in. of water
4 in. of water
6 in. of water
10 in. of water
Operating Pressure
up to 0.5 in. of water
over 0.5 in. of water to 1 in. of water
over 1 in. of water to 2 in. of water
over 2 in. of water to 3 in. of water
over 3 in. of water to 4 in. of water
over 4 in. of water to 6 in. of water
over 6 in. of water to 10 in. of water
Fig. 1-28
Operating Pressures
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, p. 106)
28
Duct Materials
The thickness and weight of sheet-metal sheets available in the program are given in Fig. 1-29
through Fig. 1-32 reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Appendix 1 through 4. The program uses the nominal thicknesses from the tables. Minimum
and maximum thicknesses are shown for your information only.
Thickness in Inches
Gage
Min
30
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
12
11
Max
.0105
.0136
.0142
.0158
.0189
.0220
.0241
.0273
.0304
.0335
.0388
.0450
.0513
.0565
.0643
.0711
.0100
.1150
.0145
.0176
.0202
.0218
.0249
.0280
.0321
.0353
.0384
.0415
.0488
.0550
.0613
.0685
.0763
.0851
.1184
.1350
Nom
.0125
.0156
.0172
.0188
.0219
.0250
.0281
.0313
.0344
.0375
.0438
.0500
.0563
.0625
.0703
.0781
.1094
.1250
Weight
Lb/ft2
.525
.656
.722
.788
.919
1.050
1.181
1.313
1.444
1.575
1.838
2.100
2.363
2.625
2.953
3.281
4.594
5.250
Fig. 1-29:
Stainless Steel
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 1)
29
M.S. Gage
Weight lb/ft2
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
.625
.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.125
4.375
Nominal
.0149 in
.0179 in
.0239 in
.0299 in
.0359 in
.0478 in
.0598 in
.0747 in
.1046 in
Thickness
Cold Rolled
Min
Max
.0129 in
.0169 in
.0159 in
.0199 in
.0209 in
.0269 in
.0269 in
.0329 in
.0329 in
.0389 in
.0438 in
.0518 in
.0548 in
.0648 in
.0697 in
.0797 in
.0986 in
.1106 in
Fig. 1-30:
Standard Gage Uncoated Steel
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 2)
Nom.
Thickness in Inches
Min.
Max.
Weight
lb/ft2
.016
.020
.024
.025
.032
.040
.050
.063
.080
.090
.100
.125
.014
.0175
.0215
.0225
.0295
.037
.046
.059
.076
.086
.095
.12
.018
.0225
.0265
.0275
.0345
.043
.054
.067
.084
.094
.105
.13
.228
.285
.342
.356
.456
.570
.713
.898
1.140
1.283
1.426
1.782
Fig. 1-31:
Aluminum Alloy 3003-H14
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 3
30
Gage
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
Min
Thickness in Inches
Max
Nom
Weight
Nom lb/ft2
.0127
.0157
.0187
.0236
.0296
.0356
.0466
.0575
.0705
.0187
.0217
.0247
.0316
.0376
.0436
.0566
.0695
.0865
.0157
.0187
.0217
.0276
.0336
.0396
.0516
.0635
.0785
.656
.781
.906
1.156
1.406
1.656
2.156
2.656
3.281
Fig. 1-32:
Galvanized Tolerances
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 4)
31
Duct
Duct
Gauge (No
Dimension
Reinforce(in.)
ment)
10 dn.
12
14
16
18
26 ga.
20
24 ga.
22
22 ga.
24
22 ga.
26
20 ga.
28
18 ga.
30
18 ga.
36
16 ga.
42
48
54
60
72
84
96
97 UP
2-1/2
A-26
A-26
A-26
A-26
B-24
B-24
C-22
D-20
E-20
E-18
F-18
H-16
F+rod
B-26
B-26
C-24
D-24
D-22
E-20
F-20
G-18
F+rod
H-16
F+rod
I-16
F+rod
C-26
D-26
D-26
D-26
E-24
C-26
E-26
F-22
F-24
H-22
+rod
H-20
F+rod
H-18
G-24
F+rod
H-22
F+rod
Fig. 1-33:
1/2-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 1/2" of water, positive and negative static pressure
32
Duct
Duct
Gauge (No
Dimension
Reinforce(in.)
ment)
10 dn.
12
26 ga.
14
24 ga.
16
22 ga.
18
22 ga.
20
20 ga.
22
18 ga.
24
18 ga.
26
18 ga.
28
16 ga.
30
16 ga.
36
42
48
54
60
72
84
96
2-1/2
A-26
A-24
A-24
A-24
A-24
B-24
B-22
C-22
C-22
D-20
E-18
F-16
G-16
F+rod
A-26
A-26
A-26
B-24
C-24
C-24
D-22
D-20
E-18
A-26
A-26
A-26
B-26
B-26
C-26
D-24
E-24
D-26
D-26
F-18
E-22
E-24
G-18
F+rod
F-22
F-24
H-18
F+rod
I-18
F+rod
J-16
F+rod
G-22
F+rod
H-20
F+rod
I-18
F+rod
G-24
F+rod
I-20
F+rod
97 UP
Fig. 1-34:
H-22
F+rod
I-22
F+rod
H-18t
1-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 1" of water, positive and negative static pressure
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-4, p. 1-17)
33
Duct
Dimension
(in.)
Duct Gauge
(No Reinforcement)
10 dn.
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
36
42
48
26 ga.
24 ga.
22 ga.
20 ga.
20 ga.
18 ga.
16 ga.
16 ga.
54
NOT
60
ALLOWED
72
84
96
97 UP
2'
H-24
F+rod
I-22
F+rod
-
Fig. 1-35:
2-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 2" of water, positive and negative static pressure
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 1-5, p. 1-18)
34
Duct
Dimension,
in.
10 dn.
No
Reinforcement Duct
Gauge
8'
5'
4'
3'
2'
2'
24
12
22
A-24
A-24
14
20
A-22
A-24
16
18
A-22
A-24
18
18
A-22
A-24
20
16
B-18
B-20
A-24
22
16
C-18
B-20
B-24
24
16
C-18
C-18
B-24
26
D-18
D-18
C-24
28
D-18
D-18
C-22
C-24
30
D-16
D-18
C-22
C-24
E-16
E-20
D-24
42
E-20
E-22
E-24
48
G-18
F-20
E-22
E-24
54
H-18
F+rod
H-16
F+rod
H-18
F+rod
H-18
F+rod
I-16
F+rod
G-22
F+rod
G-20
F+rod
H-20
F+rod
J-18
F+rod
L-16
G+rod
E-24
G-24
F+rod
H-22
F+rod
I-20
F+rod
K-18
G+rod
H-18t
36
60
72
84
96
NOT
97 UP
H-24
F+rod
I-22
F+rod
J-20
G+rod
H-18t
Fig. 1-36:
3-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 3" of water, positive and negative static pressure
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 1-6, p. 1-19)
35
8 dn.
10
No
Reinforce
-ment
Duct
Gauge
24 ga.
22 ga.
12
20 ga.
A-22
14
18 ga.
16
18
Duct
Dimension,
in.
8'
5'
4'
3'
2'
2'
A-24
A-22
A-24
A-20
A-22
A-24
18 ga.
A-20
A-20
A-24
16 ga.
B-18
B-20
A-24
20
C-18
C-20
B-24
22
C-18
C-18
B-24
24
D-18
D-18
C-22
C-24
26
D-18
D-18
C-22
C-24
28
E-18
E-18
D-22
D-24
30
E-18
E-18
D-22
D-24
36
E-20
E-22
D-24
42
F-18
F-20
E-22
E-24
48
G-18
G-18
F-22
F-22
E-24
54
H-16
F+rod
I-16
F+rod
H-18
F+rod
I-16
F+rod
G-20
F+rod
H-20
F+rod
G-22
F+rod
H-22
F+rod
F-24
I-18
F+rod
K-16
G+rod
I-20
F+rod
J-18
F+rod
L-16
G+rod
H-18t
60
NOT
ALLOWED
72
84
96
97 UP
-24
F+rod
H-22
F+rod
J-20
F+rod
K-20
G+rod
H-18t
Fig. 1-37:
4-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 4" of water, positive static pressure
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 1-7, p. 1-20)
36
Duct
Dimension
, in.
No
Reinforcement Duct
Gauge
8 dn.
10
24
20
12
18
A-20
14
18
16
16
8'
5'
4'
3'
2'
2'
A-24
A-20
A-24
A-20
A-20
A-22
A-24
B-18
B-18
A-22
A-24
18
C-18
C-18
B-22
B-24
20
C-16
C-18
B-22
B-24
22
D-16
C-18
C-22
C-24
24
D-18
C-22
C-22
C-24
26
D-16
D-20
C-22
C-24
28
E-16
D-20
D-22
C-24
30
D-18
D-22
D-24
36
F-18
E-20
E-22
E-24
42
G-16
G-18
F-20
E-22
48
H-18
H-18
G-22
54
H-16
F+rod
H-18
F+rod
H-18
F+rod
J-16
F+rod
H-20
F+rod
H-20
F+rod
J-18
F+rod
L-16
G+rod
G-22
F+rod
H-22
F+rod
I-20
F+rod
K-18
G+rod
L-16
G+rod
H-18t
60
72
84
NOT
96
97 UP
ALLOWED
Fig. 1-38:
6-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 6" of water, positive static pressure
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 1-8, p. 1-21)
37
Duct
Dimension,
in.
No
Reinforcement Duct
Gauge
8 dn.
10
22
18
12
16
A-24
A-18
A-22
A-24
14
B-18
A-20
A-22
A-24
16
B-16
B-20
B-22
B-24
18
C-16
C-20
B-22
B-24
20
D-16
C-18
C-20
B-24
22
C-18
C-20
C-24
24
D-18
D-20
C-24
26
D-18
D-20
D-22
C-24
28
E-18
D-20
D-22
C-24
30
E-16
E-18
D-22
D-24
36
F-16
F-18
F-20
E-22
E-24
H-16
G-18
G-20
F-22
NOT
H-18
H-18
G-22
ALLOWED
I-16
F+rod
J-16
F+rod
H-18
F+rod
I-18
F+rod
K-16
F+rod
84
H-20
F+rod
I-20
F+rod
K-18
F+rod
H-16
96
H-16t
97 UP
H-16t
42
48
10'
8'
4'
54
60
72
3'
2'
2'
Fig. 1-39:
10-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 10" of water, positive static pressure
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 1-9, p. 1-22)
38
Galvanized Steel
28
26
.025
.032
24
.040
22
.050
20
.063
10
0.080
16
.090
Fig. 1-40:
Aluminum Commercial Sizes
Galvanized steel gauge conversion to aluminum sheet thickness
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 1-14, p. 1-32)
Fig. 1-41:
A
B
Aluminum Dimension
per Galvanized Class
C
D
K
Rigidity Class Conversion
39
Duct
Diameter
in Inches
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
Longitudi
nal Seam
Gauge
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
8
14
28
28
28
26
26
26
36
26
26
Longitudi
nal
Seam
Gauge
24
24
28
26
Longitudi
nal
Seam
Gauge
24
24
24
24
22
24
22
24
22
22
20
22
20
50
22
20
20
20
20
18
60
20
18
18
18
18
16
84
18
16
18
16
16
14
Fig. 1-42:
Gauge Selection
Round duct gauge selection, galvanized steel
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 3-2, p. 3-3)
Duct Diameter
in Inches
8
14
Spiral
Seam Gauge
.025
.025
Longitudinal
Seam Gauge
.032
.032
Spiral
Seam Gauge
.025
.032
Longitudinal
Seam Gauge
.040
.040
26
.032
.040
.040
.050
36
.040
.050
.050
.063
50
.050
.063
.063
.080
60
.063
.080
N.A.
.090
84
N.A.
.090
N.A.
N.A.
Fig. 1-43:
Aluminum Gauge Schedule
Aluminum round duct gauge schedule
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA,
Table 3-3, p. 3-4)
40
Quantity Takeoffs
Ductwork
Since the unit weight of all sheet-metal sheets is pounds per square foot of surface area, the
program therefore calculates the surface area of all ductwork to be used.
The program then calculates the total weight of sheet-metal ductwork on the basis of gauge for
fibrous ducts and commercial size for aluminum ducts. The one-inch thick fibrous glass ducts are
estimated on a per square foot basis.
The program calculates the quantity of flexible ducts based on the diameter and linear foot of
flexible ducts. Duct reinforcements are not included in the weights of the ductwork.
Lining and Insulation
The program calculates the lining and insulation quantity takeoff on a per square foot basis.
Appendix Three: Duct Fittings
41
Figures and tables appearing in this appendix are reprinted with permission from HVAC Systems
Duct Design, SMACNA, 1981. Use the table to identify the figure that corresponds to each
keyword choice on the fittypes form.
Keyword
el001
el002
el007
el003
el004
el005
el006
tc001
td001
td003
td004
td002
td005
td006
jc001
jc002
jc003
jc004
jc005
jc006
jc007
jc008
jc009
jd001
jd002
jd003
jd004
jd005
jd006
jd007
jd008
jd009
jd010
jd011
jd012
jd013
jd014
jd015
Table and
Figure
6-6: A
6-6: B
6-6: C
6-6: D
6-6: F
6-6: G
6-6: H
6-8: A
6-7: A
6-7: C
6-7: D
6-7: B
6-7: J
6-7: E
6-9: A
6-9: B
6-9: C
6-9: D
6-9: E
6-9: F
6-9: G
6-9: H
6-9: I
6-10: A
6-10: B
6-10: G
6-10: H
6-10: I
6-10: J
6-10: K
6-10: L
6-10: M
6-10: N
6-10: Q
6-10: V
6-10: U
6-10: W
6-10: X
Duct Cross Section to which Coefficient "C" is referred is at the top of each table. Negative
numbers indicate that the static regain exceeds the dynamic pressure loss of the fitting.
42
Table 6-6
LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting Loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.71
0.33
0.22
0.15
0.13
0.12
Note 1:
B.
20
30
45
60
75
90
110
130
150
180
0.31
0.45
0.60
0.78
0.90
1.00
1.13
1.20
1.28
1.40
R.D.
Pieces
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.46
0.33
0.24
0.19
0.50
0.37
0.27
0.24
0.98
0.54
0.42
0.34
0.33
20
30
45
60
75
90
0.08
0.16
0.34
0.55
0.81
1.2
Re 10
10
14
KRe
1.40
1.26
1.19
1.14
1.09
1.06
1.04
1.0
43
D.
E.
HW
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
20
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
30
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
45
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
60
0.60
0.59
0.57
0.55
0.52
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.41
0.39
0.38
75
0.89
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.77
0.73
0.67
0.63
0.71
0.58
0.57
90
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.98
0.92
0.89
0.85
0.83
8.0
1.2
0.4
4
0.2
1
0.1
7
0.1
5
F.
W1 W
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
0.25
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.7
1.4
1.0
0.95
0.90
0.84
4.0
1.5
1.1
0.81
0.76
0.72
0.66
1.5
1.0
0.69
0.63
0.60
0.55
HW
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.75
0.57
0.52
0.48
0.44
0.40
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
1.0
0.27
0.2
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.27
1.5
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
2.0
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
RW
Re 10
1
10
14
20
0.5
1.40
1.26
1.19
1.14
1.09
1.06
1.04
1.0
1.0
0.75
2.0
1.77
1.64
1.56
1.46
1.38
1.30
1.15
1.0
44
1
spli
tter
van
e
0.218
0.302
0.361
0.408
0.447
0.25
0.52
0.36
0.28
0.22
0.18
0.5
0.40
0.27
0.21
0.16
0.13
1.0
0.43
0.25
0.18
0.14
0.11
1.5
0.49
0.28
0.19
0.14
0.11
2.0
0.55
0.30
0.20
0.15
0.11
HW
3.0
0.66
0.35
0.22
0.16
0.12
4.0
0.75
0.39
0.25
0.17
0.13
5.0
0.84
0.42
0.26
0.18
0.14
6.0
0.93
0.46
0.28
0.19
0.14
7.0
1.0
0.49
0.30
0.20
0.15
8.0
1.1
0.52
0.32
0.21
0.15
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.480
0.509
0.535
0.557
0.577
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.362
0.450
0.507
0.550
0.585
0.26
0.17
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.20
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.22
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.25
0.12
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.28
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.33
0.15
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.37
0.16
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.41
0.17
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.45
0.19
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.48
0.20
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.51
0.21
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.613
0.638
0.659
0.677
0.693
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.467
0.549
0.601
0.639
0.669
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.13
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.14
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.16
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.18
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.19
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.21
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.22
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.23
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.693
0.714
0.731
0.746
0.760
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
RW
CR
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
45
H.
*No
.
Coef
f
2.0
1.5
0.75
0.12
4.5
2.25
0.15
4.5
3.25
1.60
0.18
*When extension of trailing edge is not provided for this vane, losses
are approximately unchanged for single elbows, but increase
considerably for elbows in series.
DOUBLE THICKNESS VANES
Coefficient C
Dimensions,
in.
*No
.
2.0
2
3
4
2000
3000
4000
1.5
0.27
0.22
0.19
0.17
2.0
1.5
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.23
2.0
2.13
0.38
0.31
0.27
0.24
4.5
3.25
0.26
0.21
0.18
0.16
I.
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.62
0.90
1.6
2.6
3.6
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
LH
2.4
2.8
3.2
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
Note 4: For W/H values other than 1.0 apply the following favctor:
WH
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
1.10
1.07
1.04
1.0
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.78
0.72
0.70
14
Re 10
10
KRe
1.40
1.26
1.19
1\.1
4
1.09
1.06
1.04
1.0
46
K.
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.2
2.4
2.9
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
L/W
2.4
2.8
3.2
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
L.
L/D
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
47
Table 6-7
LOSS COEFFICIENTS TRANSITIONS (Diverging Flow)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
Re
A1A
9
Re = 8.56 DV
V = Upstream Velocity
(fpm)
B.
20
30
45
60
90
120
180
0.5 10
2
4
6
10
16
0.14
0.23
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.19
0.30
0.33
0.38
0.38
0.32
0.46
0.48
0.59
0.60
0.33
0.61
0.66
0.76
0.84
0.33
0.68
0.77
0.80
0.88
0.32
0.64
0.74
0.83
0.88
0.31
0.63
0.73
0.84
0.88
0.30
0.62
0.72
0.83
0.88
2
4
6
10
16
0.07
0.15
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.12
0.18
0.28
0.24
0.28
0.23
0.36
0.44
0.43
0.52
0.28
0.55
0.90
0.76
0.76
0.27
0.59
0.70
0.80
0.87
0.27
0.59
0.71
0.81
0.87
0.27
0.58
0.71
0.81
0.87
0.26
0.57
0.69
0.81
0.87
2
4
6
10
16
0.05
0.17
0.16
0.21
0.21
0.07
0.24
0.29
0.33
0.34
0.12
0.38
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.27
0.51
0.60
0.60
0.72
0.27
.56
0.69
0.76
0.79
0.27
0.58
0.71
0.83
0.85
0.27
0.58
0.70
0.84
0.87
0.27
0.57
0.70
0.83
0.89
where:
D = Upstream
Diameter (inches)
16
2 10
6 10
A1/A
When = 180
16
20
30
45
60
90
120
180
0.18
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.30
0.36
0.43
0.50
0.56
0.61
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.42
0.47
0.58
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.76
0.75
10
0.42
0.49
0.59
0.70
0.80
0.87
0.85
0.86
48
C.
D.
E.
A1A
14
20
30
45
60
90
180
0.09
0.12
0.20
0.34
0.37
0.38
0.35
0.16
0.25
0.42
0.60
0.68
0.70
0.66
0.19
0.30
0.48
0.65
0.76
0.83
0.80
49
F.
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.11
15
0.06
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.14
20
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.16
25
0.08
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.23
30
0.16
0.24
0.29
0.32
0.34
0.35
35
0.24
0.34
0.39
0.44
0.48
0.50
Transition, Asymmetric at Fan with Duct Sides Straight, Top Level (15)
Coefficient C (See Note 6)
H.
A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
15
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
20
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
25
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.26
30
0.18
0.25
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.35
35
0.21
0.31
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.44
Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Straight, Top 10 Down (15)
Coefficient C (See Note 6)
A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
15
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.18
20
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
25
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
30
0.36
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.51
35
0.44
0.54
0.61
0.64
0.66
0.66
50
I.
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.14
15
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.15
20
0.07
0.11
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.16
25
0.09
0.14
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.22
30
0.13
0.18
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.29
35
0.15
0.23
0.28
0.33
0.35
0.36
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10
0.10
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.25
15
0.23
0.33
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
20
0.31
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.56
0.58
25
0.36
0.49
0.55
0.58
0.62
0.64
30
0.42
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.67
0.69
51
Table 6-8
LOSS COEFFICIENTS TRANSITIONS (Converging Flow)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
A1/
A
B.
10
1540
5060
90
120
150
180
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.26
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.17
0.27
0.35
0.41
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.18
0.28
0.36
0.42
10
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.19
0.29
0.37
0.43
(See Note 7)
A/A1
K
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.85
0.68
0.50
0.30
0.18
1.0
0
Co
L/D
10
20
30
40
60
100
140
180
0.025
0.50
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.41
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.50
0.05
0.50
0.45
0.41
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.35
0.42
0.50
0.075
0.50
0.42
0.35
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.30
0.40
0.50
52
0.10
0.50
0.39
0.32
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.27
0.38
0.50
0.15
0.50
0.37
0.27
0.20
0.16
0.15
0.25
0.37
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.27
0.18
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.23
0.36
0.50
10
20
0.27
0.25
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.04
40
0
Table 6-9
LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
Ab/Ac
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.4
-.56
0.44
0.35
0.28
0.15
0.04
0.05
0.5
-.48
-.37
-.28
-.21
-.09
0.02
0.11
0.6
-.38
-.27
-.19
-.12
0.10
0.18
0.7
-.26
-.16
-.08
-.01
0.10
0.20
0.28
0.8
-.21
-.02
0.05
0.12
0.23
0.32
0.40
0.9
0.04
0.13
0.21
0.27
0.37
0.46
0.53
1.0
0.22
0.31
0.38
0.44
0.53
0.62
0.69
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.5
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
3.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
53
Main, Coefficient C
Ab/Ac
Install Equa
click here t
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.1
-8.6
-4.1
-2.5
-1.7
-.97
-.58
-.34
0.2
-6.7
-3.1
-1.9
-1.3
-.67
-.36
-.18
0.3
-5.0
-2.2
-1.3
-.88
-.42
-.19
-.05
0.4
-3.5
-1.5
-.88
-.55
-.21
-.05
0.05
0.5
-2.3
-.95
-.51
-.28
-.06
0.06
0.13
0.6
-1.3
-.50
-.22
-.09
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.7
-.63
-.18
-.03
0.04
0.12
0.16
0.18
0.8
-.18
0.01
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.9
0.03
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.13
1.0
-0.01
0.10
0.02
0.04
0.05
Q/Q
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.1
0.40
-.37
-.51
-.46
-.50
-.51
-.52
0.2
3.8
0.72
0.17
-.02
-.14
-.18
-.24
0.3
9.2
2.3
1.0
0.44
0.21
0.11
-.08
0.4
16
4.3
2.1
0.94
0.54
0.40
0.32
0.5
26
6.8
3.2
1.1
0.66
0.49
0.42
0.6
37
9.7
4.7
1.6
0.92
0.69
0.57
0.7
43
13
6.3
2.1
1.2
0.88
0.72
0.8
65
17
7.9
2.7
1.5
1.1
0.86
0.9
82
21
9.7
3.4
1.8
1.2
0.99
1.0
101
26
12
4.0
2.1
1.4
1.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
54
C.
0.16
0.27
0.38
0.46
0.53
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.63
0.65
Qb/Qs
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1200
fpm
-.63
-.55
0.13
0.23
0.78
1.30
1.93
3.10
4.88
5.60
1200
fpm
-.49
-.21
0.23
0.60
1.27
2.76
2.75
3.70
4.93
5.95
As/Ac
Ab/Ac
1.0
0.5
0.5
D.
Qb/Qs
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1200
fpm
-.75
-.53
0.03
0.33
1.03
1.10
2.15
2.93
4.18
4.78
1200
fpm
-.69
-.21
0.23
0.67
1.17
1.66
2.67
3.36
3.93
5.13
As/Ac
Ab/Ac
1.0
0.5
55
E.
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.3
0.2
0.3
-2.4
-2.8
-.01
-1.2
2.0
0.12
3.8
1.1
5.3
1.9
6.6
2.6
7.8
3.2
8.9
3.7
9.8
4.2
11
4.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1.2
-1.6
-1.8
0.93
-.27
-.72
2.8
0.81
0.07
4.5
1.7
0.66
5.9
2.4
1.1
7.2
3.0
1.5
8.4
3.6
1.8
9.5
4.1
2.1
10
4.5
2.3
11
4.9
2.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-.46
-.94
-1.1
-1.2
1.5
0.25
-.24
-.38
3.3
1.2
0.42
0.18
4.9
2.0
0.92
0.58
6.4
2.7
1.3
0.88
7.7
3.3
1.6
1.1
8.8
3.8
1.9
1.3
9.9
4.2
2.1
1.5
11
4.7
2.3
1.6
12
5.0
2.5
1.7
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
-.55
-1.1
-1.2
-1.3
-1.3
1.3
0
-.48
-.62
-.69
3.1
0.88
0.10
-.14
-.26
4.7
1.6
0.54
0.21
0.04
6.1
2.3
0.89
0.47
0.26
7.4
2.8
1.2
0.68
0.42
8.6
3.3
1.4
0.85
0.57
9.6
3.7
1.6
0.99
0.66
11
4.1
1.8
1.1
0.75
12
4.5
2.0
1.2
0.82
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.06
-.52
-.67
-.73
-.75
-.77
-.78
1.8
0.35
-.05
-.19
-.27
-.31
-.34
3.5
1.1
0.43
0.18
0.05
-.02
-.07
5.1
1.7
0.80
0.46
0.28
0.18
0.12
6.5
2.3
1.1
0.68
0.45
0.32
0.24
7.8
2.8
1.4
0.85
0.58
0.43
0.33
8.9
3.2
1.6
0.99
0.68
0.50
0.39
10
3.6
1.8
1.1
0.76
0.56
0.44
11
3.9
1.9
1.2
0.83
0.61
0.47
12
4.2
2.1
1.3
0.88
0.65
0.50
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
---------------
21
-.54
-.21
-.05
-.02
-.10
-.14
3.7
1.2
0.62
0.37
0.23
0.11
0.05
5.2
1.8
0.96
0.60
0.42
0.24
0.16
6.6
2.3
1.2
0.79
0.55
0.33
0.23
7.8
2.7
1.5
0.93
0.66
0.39
0.27
9.0
3.1
1.7
1.1
0.73
0.43
0.29
11
3.7
2.0
1.2
0.80
0.46
0.30
11
3.7
2.0
1.2
0.85
0.47
0.30
12
4.0
2.1
1.3
0.89
0.48
0.29
56
F.
When:
Ab/As
As/Ac
Ab/Ac
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
< 1200
fpm
-.83
-.68
-.30
0.28
0.55
1.03
1.50
1.93
2.50
3.03
> 1200
fpm
-.72
-.52
-.23
0.34
0.76
1.14
1.83
2.01
2.90
3.63
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.3
0.2
0.3
5.3
5.4
-.01
3.7
2.0
2.5
1.1
1.6
0.34
1.0
-.20
0.53
-.61
0.16
-.93
-.14
-1.2
-.38
-1.4
-.58
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.1
1.4
1.5
0.46
0.81
1.0
-.07
0.42
0.68
-.49
0.08
0.39
-.83
-.20
0.16
-1.1
-.43
-.04
-1.3
-.62
-.21
-1.5
-.78
-.35
-1.7
-.92
-.47
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.77
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.34
0.56
0.66
0.73
-.09
0.25
0.43
0.54
-.48
0.03
0.21
0.36
-.81
-.27
0.02
0.21
-1.1
-.48
-.15
0.06
1.3
-.67
-.30
-.06
-1.5
-.82
-.42
-.17
-1.7
-.96
-.54
-.26
-1.8
-1.1
-.64
-.35
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.30
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.44
0
0.21
0.31
0.37
0.41
-.34
-.02
0.16
0.26
0.33
-.67
-.24
-.01
0.14
0.24
-.96
-.44
-.16
0.02
0.14
-1.2
-.63
-.30
-.09
0.05
-1.4
-.69
-.43
-.20
-.03
-1.6
-.93
-.54
-.29
-.11
-1.8
-1.1
-.64
-.37
-.18
-1.9
-1.2
-.73
-.45
-.25
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
-.06
0
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
-.27
-.08
0.02
0.08
0.12
0.15
0.17
-.57
-.25
-.08
0.02
0.09
0.14
0.18
-.86
-.43
-.21
-.06
0.03
0.10
0.16
-1.1
-.62
0-.34
-.16
-.04
0.05
0.11
-1.4
-.78
-.46
-.25
-.11
-.01
0.07
-1.6
-.93
-.57
-.34
-.18
-.07
0.02
-1.7
-1.1
-.67
-.42
-.25
-.12
-.02
-1.9
-1.2
-.77
-.50
-.31
-.17
-.07
-2.0
-1.3
-.85
-.57
-.37
-.22
-.11
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
---------------
-.39
-.19
-.10
0.04
0
0.06
0.09
-.67
0-.35
-.19
-.09
-.02
0.07
0.13
-.96
-.54
-.31
-.17
-.07
0.05
0.13
-1.2
-.71
-.43
-.26
-.14
0.02
0.11
-1.5
-.87
-.55
-.35
-.21
-.03
0.08
-1.6
-1.0
-.66
-.44
-.28
-.07
0.06
-1.8
-1.2
-.77
-.52
-.34
-.12
0.03
-2.0
-1.3
-.86
-.59
-.40
-.16
-.01
-2.1
-1.4
-.94
-.66
-.46
-.20
-.03
57
G.
0.50
1.0
0.23
0.07
H.
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.25
0.25
-.50
0.50
1.2
2.2
3.7
5.8
8.4
11
0.33
0.25
-1.2
-.40
0.40
1.6
3.0
4.8
6.8
8.9
11
0.5
0.5
-.50
-.20
0.25
0.45
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.67
0.5
-1.0
-.60
-.20
0.10
0.30
0.60
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
0.5
-2.2
-1.5
-.95
-.50
0.40
0.80
1.3
1.9
1.0
1.0
-.60
-.30
-.10
-.04
0.13
0.21
0.29
0.36
0.42
1.33
1.0
-1.2
-.80
-.40
-.20
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.38
2.0
1.0
-2.1
-1.4
-.90
-.50
-.20
0.20
0.25
0.30
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.75
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.20
-.10
-.45
-.92
-1.5
-2.0
-2.6
1.0
0.5
0.17
0.16
0.10
-0.08
-.18
-.27
-.37
-.46
0.75
0.5
0.27
0.35
0.32
0.25
0.12
-.03
-.23
-.42
-.58
0.5
0.5
1.2
1.1
0.90
0.65
0.35
-.40
-.80
-1.3
1.0
1.0
0.18
0.24
0.27
0.26
0.23
0.18
0.10
-.12
0.75
1.0
0.75
0.36
0.38
0.35
0.27
0.18
0.05
-.08
-.22
0.5
1.0
0.80
0.87
0.80
0.68
0.55
0.40
0.25
0.08
-.10
58
I.
0.1
0
0.2
0
0.3
0
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
15
2.6
1.9
1.3
.77
-.30
0.10
0.41
0.67
0.85
0.97
1.0
30
2.1
1.5
1.0
.53
-.10
0.28
0.69
0.91
1.1
1.4
1.6
45
1.3
.93
.55
.16
0.20
0.56
0.92
1.26
1.6
2.0
2.3
When:
A1b = A2b
Ac
= A1b + A2b
Table 6-10
LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.35
0.28
0.22
0.17
0.13
0.09
0.06
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.75
0.55
0.40
0.28
0.21
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.72
0.51
0.36
0.25
0.18
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.26
0.69
0.46
0.31
0.21
0.17
0.16
0.20
0.28
0.39
0.65
0.41
0.26
0.19
0.18
0.22
0.32
0.47
0.67
0.59
0.33
0.21
0.20
0.27
0.40
0.62
0.92
1.3
0.55
0.28
0.24
0.38
0.76
1.3
2.0
---
---
0.40
0.26
0.58
1.3
2.5
---
---
---
---
0.28
1.5
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.78
0.62
0.49
0.40
0.34
0.31
0.32
0.35
0.40
0.77
0.59
0.47
0.38
0.34
0.32
0.35
0.41
0.50
59
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.74
0.56
0.44
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.43
0.54
0.68
0.71
0.52
0.41
0.38
0.40
0.45
0.59
0.78
1.0
0.66
0.47
0.40
0.43
0.54
0.69
0.95
1.3
1.7
0.66
0.48
0.52
0.73
1.2
1.8
2.7
---
---
0.56
0.56
1.0
1.8
---
---
---
---
---
0.60
2.1
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.83
0.71
0.62
0.56
0.52
0.50
0.53
0.60
0.68
0.82
0.69
0.61
0.56
0.54
0.54
0.60
0.70
0.82
0.81
0.68
0.60
0.58
0.58
0.61
0.72
0.87
1.1
0.79
0.66
0.61
0.62
0.68
0.76
0.94
1.2
1.5
0.76
0.65
0.65
0.74
0.89
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.3
0.80
0.75
0.89
1.2
1.8
2.6
3.5
---
---
0.77
0.96
1.6
2.5
---
---
---
---
---
1.0
2.9
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.95
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
1.1
1.2
1.4
0.95
0.94
0.95
0.98
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.96
0.97
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.7
2.0
0.97
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.5
0.99
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.4
---
---
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.3
---
---
---
---
---
1.3
1.9
2.9
---
---
---
---
---
---
2.1
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.85
0.74
0.62
0.52
0.42
0.36
0.32
0.32
0.37
0.52
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
60
C.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.84
0.61
0.41
0.27
0.17
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.18
0.27
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
D.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
1.32
1.51
1.60
1.65
1.74
1.87
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.7
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
E.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
1.03
1.08
1.18
1.33
1.56
1.86
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.4
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
F.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
1.06
1.15
1.29
1.45
1.65
1.89
2.2
2.5
2.9
3.3
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
G.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.94
0.88
0.84
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.95
1.02
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
61
H.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.95
0.90
0.86
0.81
0.79
0.79
0.81
0.86
0.96
1.10
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
I.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.88
0.77
0.68
0.65
0.69
0.73
0.88
1.14
1.54
2.2
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
J.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.82
0.63
0.52
0.45
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.41
0.45
0.56
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
K.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.84
0.72
0.62
0.54
0.50
0.56
0.71
0.92
1.22
1.66
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
L.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.93
0.71
0.55
0.44
0.42
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.54
0.62
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
62
M. 45 Wye, Conical Main and Branch with 45 Elbow, Branch 90 to Main (15)
Branch, Coefficient C (See Note 8)
Vb/Vc
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.76
0.60
0.52
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.56
0.61
0.68
Vb/Vc
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
0.86
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.2
N.
Vs/Vc
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.14
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.18
0.30
0.46
0.64
0.84
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.91
0.4
0.81
0.79
0.6
0.77
0.72
0.70
0.8
0.78
0.73
0.69
0.66
1.0
0.78
0.98
0.85
0.79
0.74
1.2
0.90
1.11
1.16
1.23
1.03
0.86
1.4
1.19
1.22
1.26
1.29
1.54
1.25
0.92
1.6
1.35
1.42
1.55
1.59
1.63
1.50
1.31
1.09
1.8
1.44
1.50
1.75
1.74
1.72
2.24
1.63
1.40
0.9
1.17
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
63
P.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.61
0.4
0.46
0.61
0.6
0.43
0.50
0.54
0.8
0.39
0.43
0.62
0.53
1.0
0.34
0.57
0.77
0.73
0.68
1.2
0.37
0.64
0.85
0.98
1.07
0.83
1.4
0.57
0.71
1.04
1.16
1.54
1.36
1.18
1.6
0.89
1.08
1.28
1.30
1.69
2.09
1.81
1.47
1.8
1.33
1.34
2.04
4.78
1.90
2.40
2.77
2.23
0.9
1.92
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
Q.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2
1.03
0.4
1.04
1.01
0.6
1.11
1.03
1.05
0.8
1.16
1.21
1.17
1.12
1.0
1.38
1.40
1.30
1.36
1.27
1.2
1.52
1.61
1.68
1.91
1.47
1.66
1.4
1.79
2.01
1.90
2.31
2.28
2.20
1.95
1.6
2.07
2.28
2.13
2.71
2.99
2.81
2.09
2.20
1.8
2.32
2.54
2.64
3.09
3.72
3.48
2.21
2.29
0.9
2.57
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
64
R.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.58
0.4
0.67
0.64
0.6
0.78
0.76
0.75
0.8
0.88
0.98
0.81
1.01
1.0
1.12
1.05
1.08
1.18
1.29
1.2
1.49
1.48
1.40
1.51
1.70
1.91
1.4
2.10
2.21
2.25
2.29
2.32
2.48
2.53
1.6
2.72
3.30
2.84
3.09
3.30
3.19
3.29
3.16
1.8
3.42
4.58
3.65
3.92
4.20
4.15
4.14
4.10
0.9
4.05
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
S.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.60
0.4
0.62
0.69
0.6
0.74
0.80
0.82
0.8
0.99
1.10
0.95
0.90
1.0
1.48
1.12
1.41
1.24
1.21
1.2
1.91
1.33
1.43
1.52
1.55
1.64
1.4
2.47
1.67
1.70
2.04
1.86
1.98
2.47
1.6
3.17
2.40
2.33
2.53
2.31
2.51
3.13
3.25
1.8
3.85
3.37
2.89
3.23
3.09
3.03
3.30
3.74
0.9
4.11
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
Main, Coefficient C (See Note 8)
Vb/V
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.27
0.30
0.25
65
T.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2
1.00
0.4
1.01
1.07
0.6
1.14
1.10
1.08
0.8
1.18
1.31
1.12
1.13
1.0
1.30
1.38
1.20
1.23
1.26
1.2
1.46
1.58
1.45
1.31
1.39
1.48
1.4
1.70
1.82
1.65
1.51
1.56
1.64
1.71
1.6
1.93
2.06
2.00
1.85
1.70
1.76
1.80
1.88
1.8
2.06
2.17
2.20
2.13
2.06
1.98
1.99
2.00
0.9
2.07
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
15
0.81
0.65
0.51
0.38
0.28
0.20
0.11
0.06
0.14
0.30
0.51
0.76
1.0
30
0.84
0.69
0.56
0.44
0.34
0.26
0.19
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.51
0.76
1.0
45
0.87
0.74
0.63
0.54
0.45
0.38
0.29
0.24
0.23
0.30
0.51
0.76
1.0
60
0.90
0.82
0.79
0.66
0.59
0.53
0.43
0.36
0.33
0.39
0.51
0.76
1.0
90
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
66
1560
90
As/Ac
Vs/Vc
0-1.0
0-0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Install Equation Editor and do
click here to view equat
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.36
0.25
0.16
0.04
0
0.07
0.39
0.90
1.8
3.2
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.36
0.25
0.16
0.04
0
0.07
0.39
0.90
1.8
3.2
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.52
0.40
0.30
0.23
0.17
0.20
0.36
0.79
1.4
2.4
4.0
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.52
0.38
0.28
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.21
0.59
1.2
-----
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.37
0.27
0.18
0.07
0.05
0.14
0.39
-------
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.36
0.25
0.16
0.04
0
0.07
---------
V.
0.40
0.50
0.75
1.0
1.3
1.5
0.80
0.83
0.90
1.0
1.1
1.4
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
67
90 Branch
Qb/Qc
Ab/
Ac
Ab/
Ac
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.25
0.25
0.55
0.50
0.60
0.85
1.2
1.8
3.1
4.4
6.0
0.33
0.25
0.35
0.35
0.50
0.80
1.3
2.0
2.8
3.8
5.0
0.5
0.5
0.62
0.48
0.40
0.40
0.48
0.60
0.78
1.1
1.5
0.67
0.5
0.52
0.40
0.32
0.30
0.34
0.44
0.62
0.92
1.4
1.0
0.5
0.44
0.38
0.38
0.41
0.52
0.68
0.92
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.0
0.67
0.55
0.46
0.37
0.32
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.37
1.33
1.0
0.70
0.60
0.51
0.42
0.34
0.28
0.26
0.26
0.29
2.0
1.0
0.60
0.52
0.43
0.33
0.24
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.21
X.
Qb/Qc
Ab/
As
Ab/
As
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.25
0.25
-.01
-.03
-.01
0.05
0.13
0.21
0.29
0.38
0.46
0.33
0.25
0.08
-.02
-.01
0.02
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.34
0.5
0.5
-.03
-.06
-.05
0.06
0.12
0.19
0.27
0.35
0.67
0.5
0.04
-.02
-.04
-.03
-.01
0.04
0.12
0.23
0.37
1.0
0.5
0.72
0.48
0.28
0.13
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.18
0.30
1.0
1.0
-.02
-.04
-.04
-.01
0.06
0.13
0.22
0.30
0.38
1.33
1.0
0.10
0.01
-.03
-.01
0.03
0.10
0.20
0.30
2.0
1.0
0.62
0.38
0.23
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.06
0.10
0.20
0.50
1.0
0.30
0.25
68