IAF January/February 2015 - FULL EDITION

I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Microalgae
as an ingredient in aquafeeds
Soluble phosphorus in salmon feed

Suitable as a measure of available phosphorus?
The rise of the aquatic chicken

The global demand for Tilapia
Phytogenics
Can they address the challenges in aquaculture?
Fish Farming Technology supplement

- Defining RAS
- Open water nets and cages
Volume 18 Issue 1 - JANUARY | FEBRUARY 2015
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Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
36
EXPERT TOPIC
- SHRIMP
Photo from the International Aquafeed photo competition photographer: Mati Nitibhon
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
Professor Antnio Gouveia (Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
10 MICROALGAE
14 SALMON
Editorial executive
Olivia Holden
Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
Editorial assistance
Malachi Stone
Email: malachis@perendale.co.uk
Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design Manager
James Taylor
Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk
International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
Tom Blacker
Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk
Tilly Geoghegan
Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk
Latin America
Ivn Marquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
Pablo Porcel de Peralta
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India
Raj Kapoor
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Africa
Nathan Nwosu
Email: nathann@perendale.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
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Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
CONTENTS
Volume 18 / Issue 1 / January-February 2015 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2014 / All rights reserved
REGULAR ITEMS
3-9 INDUSTRY NEWS
4 THE AQUACULTURISTS
26 PHOTOSHOOT
36 EXPERT TOPIC - SHRIMP
44 INDUSTRY EVENTS
50 THE MARKET PLACE
52 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
54 INDUSTRY FACES
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

004 Defining RAS - safeguarding
the future of the industry
004 Defining RAS - safeguarding
the future of the industry
FEATURES
10 Microalgae as an ingredient
in aquafeeds
14 Soluble phosphorus in salmon
feed - Suitable as a measure
of available phosphorus?
16 Innovation in aquafeed
processing technology
20 The rise (and rise) of the
aquatic chicken
44 Can phytogenics address
aquaculture challenges?
44 Australia - a complex
aquaculture industry
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published. Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale
Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Professor Simon Davies
Creoso - welcome
write this editorial from a new vantage point in

Brixham, Devon. Brixham is a principal fishing port
in England steeped in history and I intend to write a
feature sometime in the New Year.
Plymouth University has been gifted the old Astra Zeneca

laboratories for development and the agenda will be environmental research, commercial engagement and educational
use. My new office overlooks the waters edge and will hopefully inspire me to think more deeply of the various issues
affecting the global fishing industry and aquaculture. Indeed
it is important to note the interplay between the established
sea fishing industry with its quotas and legislative constraints,
diminishing stocks of specific species and the emergence
of aquaculture to provide some 47% or more of sea food
production globally. I am like others, passionately concerned
about the sustainability of our natural fish populations and
advocate policies directed towards protective zones and conservation. Aquaculture from the perspective of marine fish
farming and shellfish farming can augment the sea fish industry
and such activities as the use of hatcheries and on-growing of
stock for release offer hope for endangered species. Already
the National Lobster Hatchery in Cornwall, UK has made

invaluable contributions to this end and there are many other
examples throughout the world where aquaculture contributes to biodiversity through breeding programmes. After all
many of the so called wild Pacific salmon start their complex
life in a hatchery fed artificial feeds. We need to consider
these in a future article.
A controversial area that has attracted comment lately
is the question of GMO and products in aquaculture and
our policy within International Aquafeed to such technology.
Well, our policy is not to have an official policy, but to allow
freedom of expression based on factually based scientific
evidence and clear governance that is reliably sourced and
available for discussion. It is certainly not the case that I would
impede on a personal level anyones thoughts and opinions
but it is wise to ask if an opinion reflects a consensus view in
future articles.
I personally, as a scientist, must see things based on sound
data and do respect the tremendous advances in the GMO
field with respect to genomics and applications in animal
and plant production. There is obviously great potential in
this rapidly advancing science, but real issues such as safety,
costs and consumer protection and acceptance are important drivers that will dictate the longer term outcomes and
deliverables.
However I have refrained from a direct opinion in my
editorial as I am also acutely aware of strong views in either
direction and to maintain the impartiality and integrity of the
magazine. No doubt there will be many other areas evoking
similar passion and controversy in the future.
In this issue we concern ourselves with Shrimp as our
regional focus, taking a look at the issues surrounding secure
shrimp farming and using seaweed to prevent Vibrio. We
take a look at new innovations in aquafeed processing technology with Clextral and address whether phytogenics can
address challenges in aquafeed. A very vibrant issue to start
to the new year with indeed!
All that remains is to wish our readers a prosperous and
successful 2015. I look forward to welcoming you to our next
edition in March!
Aquaculture America 2015
- International Aquafeed will be

exhibiting again! Come along to stand 242 and meet Darren and Tom
from the team at this important aquaculture conference and exhibition from the
19th to the 22nd of February.
NEWS
Local apprentice leads new

wave of young blood into burgeoning
Scottish aquaculture sector
imon MacLellan, the talented

24-year-old aquaculture
trainee working for Marine
Harvest in Lochaber and winner of
the Lantra Scotland Aquaculture
Learner of the Year Award 2013,
is leading a new wave of Modern
Apprentices into an expanding
fisheries and aquaculture management sector.
With new Government targets
for marine production set to
increase to 210,000 tonnes and
shellfish to 13,000 tonnes by 2020,
there are significant and growing
career oppor tunities for school
leavers and college graduates
looking for a challenging and highly
skilled occupation.
The aquaculture industry is currently worth at least UK800m per
year across the UK, with over 560
aquaculture businesses employing
nearly 6000 people.
According to Lantra Scotland,
the sector skills council for the
land-based, environmental and
aquaculture industries, about 50
percent of these are based in
Scotland, with Scottish businesses
employing about a third of the
entire UK workforce.
The introduction of new talent
into the sector has been spearheaded by the success of the
Scottish Governments Modern
Apprenticeship programme, which
provides a very successful route
into work for young people and
access to new talent for employers.
The programme offers a unique
mix of college-based learning and
practical on-the-job training which
gives young people all the theoretical and practical skill sets that they
need to succeed in their chosen
careers.
Aquaculture trainee Simon
MacLellan is cutting his teeth at
the sharp end of fisheries management, working with one of
Scotlands leading producer s,
Marine Harvest. He is employed
in the salmon hatcher y side
of the business, whilst undertaking the theoretical part of his
Modern Apprenticeship Level 3 at
Inverness College.
Simon explains: I chose aquaculture because I can see this is
an industry that is only going to

grow. Thankfully, as a society we
have come to realise that commercial fishing is unsustainable,
and with only 2 percent of the
worlds oceans farmed, this represents a big opportunity for us all.
It is very satisfying to be part of
an industry that is geared towards
sustainable fish production and I
believe being part of the Modern
Apprenticeship programme has
given me the ideal star t to my
career.
Lynn MacFar lane , Tr aining
and Human Resources Officer,
Marine Harvest, comments: As a
company we are keen to support
our staff with their learning, and
we have found that doing the SVQ
(Scottish Vocational Qualification)
alongside working on the farm
is an effective combination for
gaining knowledge and learning
skills. Simons success as the
Aquaculture Learner of the Year
2013 is a great inspiration for all
our SVQ students.
We have another employee,
Jake Handley, who won Student of
the Year for SVQ Aquaculture at
Inverness College UHI earlier this
year. So we are extremely pleased
with how well staff are doing.
Kevin Patrick, Interim Director of
Lantra Scotland adds: The aquaculture sector in Scotland has
grown steadily over the last few
years, and we have seen a rise in
demand for skilled personnel.
The Aquaculture Moder n
Apprenticeship programme is
a very effective route into work
for young people and provides
employers with access to new
talent.
The framework is unique in that
it provides a mix of college-based
learning with practical, on-thejob training. This provides all the
necessary theoretical and practical skill sets that young people
need to succeed in their chosen
careers.
Were also grateful to Marine
Har vest for helping sponsor
our land-based and aquaculture
learner of the year awards, and
to our main sponsor, the Scottish
Salmon Company.
Towards
eggy fish oils
Ioannis Zabetakis,
assistant professor
of food chemistry,
university of Athens,
Greece
iven the increasing need for fish oil in the aquafeed

industry, scientists and formulators around the globe
are in a constant quest for alternative sources of fish
lipids. Wild fish stocks are decreasing fast and sardine oil may
soon be too dear. Therefore many believe that krill oil is the
next big thing. But is it?
Because krill oil delivers omega-3 fatty acids in phospholipid
form, krill experts maintain that krill oil is a more effective, betterabsorbed delivery system for omega-3 fatty acids than fish oils,
which contain these fatty acids mostly in a triglyceride form.
But Nordic Naturals just released Omega-3 Phospholipids,
a fish oil product combining standard fish oil with phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids from herring roe (fish eggs).
The result is, according to the company, the highest omega-3
DHA and EPA content (thanks to the fish oil) as well as the
highest phospholipid content and a broader range of phospholipids compared to krill oil. (It is especially high in phospholipid-bound DHA.)
The product features 520mg of EPA and DHA, 143mg of
which are phospholipid-bound. Company CEO and founder
Joar Opheim calls these levels more meaningful amounts of
EPA and DHA that meet the minimum 500-mg EPA/DHA
dose per serving that experts recommend.
Nordic Naturals is marketing Omega-3 Phospholipids as
the potent alternative to krill, contending that it offers more
than twice the level of omega-3s compared to all leading krill
products on the market.
All leading krill oil products provide significantly less than
500mg EPA+DHA per day, says Scott Minton PhD, Nordic
Naturals scientific advisor.
Because Omega-3 Phospholipids provides more omega-3
EPA and DHA in both triglyceride and phospholipid-bound
forms compared to any krill product, the opportunities for
absorption are increased.
The choice of herring roe (from wild, sustainable Norwegian
herring) was due to roes high content of phospholipid-bound
EPA and DHA, the company says.
Gram for gram, krill oil and herring roe oil have a similar
amount of phospholipid content, says Minton. However, the
herring roe oil has a broader spectrum of phospholipids and
a higher amount of phospholipid-bound omega-3 DHA.
Not all fish eggs are high-phospholipid candidates, though.
In general, the percentage of phospholipids present in a fish
egg will vary with many factors, including the fish species, the
developmental stage of the egg, water temperature and lifehistory features of the adult fish, Minton says.
Using special laboratory equipment, the amount of phospholipids in different fish roe can be measured.
Taking this story a step further, at the University in Athens
we are carrying out research (e.g. http://www.researchgate.
net/publication/235981254_asj1067_nasopoulou_et_al_egg_
paper ) on the cardioprotective properties of hens egg polar
lipids. The future could be eggy indeed by valorising egg lipids
into aquafeeds.
izabet@chem.uoa.gr
@yanzabet
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NEWS
i i i i i i i
i
i i
The Aquaculturists
A regular look inside

the aquaculture
industry
Repairs to ancient English fish pass
now complete
The Environment Agency has carried
out the work at the Roman Steps near
Skinningrove, east Cleveland, which is
the largest in North-East England.
bit.ly/1yq6cDE
Marine Harvest ASA to merge

Marine Harvest Chile with AquaChile
The Board of Directors of Marine
Harvest ASA is pleased to announce
that it has entered into a Conditional
Transaction Agreement (CTA) with
Empresas AquaChile SA (hereinafter
AquaChile) to merge Marine Harvest
Chile SA with AquaChile. The surviving entity will be AquaChile and
AquaChile will continue to be listed
on the Santiago Stock Exchange on a
stand-alone basis.
bit.ly/1sXNSkz
Scientists raise alarm on China's

fishy aqua farms
Fish farmers in China have been
increasingly harvesting wild stocks in
order to feed their caged varieties,
putting new strains on the world's
oceans, said new research from scientists at Stanford University, Reuters
reports.
bit.ly/1AM5ZI2
Mid Easts First Aquaculture

Exhibition Launches As Industry
Investment Surpasses US$12 Billion
AquaME, formally a vertical of the
AgraME exhibition, will become the
regions first standalone platform dedicated to the burgeoning aquaculture
and fishing industry.
bit.ly/1J7cTOk
www.theaquaculturists
.blogspot.com
Sir Bob Geldof:

Responsible aquaculture
important in feeding the world
he complex challenge of feeding the world's

growing population can only be properly
addressed when all stakeholders - commercial operations, governments and NGOs - find genuinely fair and practical ways of working together, Sir
Bob Geldof told delegates at AquaVision 2014.
In his keynote address, the rock star turned poverty
and environmental campaigner said he believes that
aquaculture can play its part by bridging the gap
between sustainable fisheries and the global demand
for seafood but that the industry can only hope to
achieve this when systems are responsibly implemented and managed.
"We need to get to the point whereby aquaculture is not only a viable business but also a viable
methodology for keeping so many of us alive," said
Sir Bob.
Stating that 20 percent of the world's population
uses 80 percent of the earth's resources, he urged
the aquaculture industry to strike the right balance
between consumer and business demands together
with the broader social and environmental needs of
the planet.
"When you do this, and you will, you will have
helped deal with the signature issue of our time,

which is inequality and disequilibrium. That is worth
fighting for and it is worth getting right. All of this is
achievable; we just need the will, commitment and
absolute understanding that we will implement that
change," he said.
www.aquavision.org
Kasetsart University honoursErich Erber
n a dignified ceremony, graced by the presence of HRH

Princess Chulabhorn and 2450 students at Kasetsart University
(Bangkok), Erich Erber, the founder of Biomin and Erber Group,
was the sole recipient of the prestigious PhD hc from 2014.
The university council had already decided in June 2014 to
award Dr Erber the degree 'Doctor of Philosophy in Animal
Nutrition and Food Technology Honoris Causa'.
Dr Erich Erber's overall contribution to the field of Thai agriculture and animal nutrition development led the university council
to bestow the honorary degree.
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2015
Professor Dr Her Royal Highness

Princess Chulabhorn Mahidol
handing over the PhD certificate to
Erich Erber (Chairman, Erber Group)
NEWS
Traditional small boat

Icelandic lumpfish fishery is
MSC certified
celands lumpfish fishery has

been MSC certified as a sustainable and well-managed
fishery. The 330 small boats are
the first MSC certified lumpfish
fishery in the world.
Lumpfish has been harvested for centuries inside the
Icelandic Exclusive Economic
Zone. Male and female lumpfish
are easily distinguished both in
colour and size, where females
are larger. The big mesh size
gillnets fishery mainly targets
the females for their roe, which
is exported as a luxury caviar
mainly to European countries. There is also a growing
Chinese market for the female
fish while male lumpfish is less
frequently caught, mostly for
traditional local consumption.
Stable stocks
The lumpfish distr ibuted

between Iceland and Norway
is one of three genetically
distinct stocks of lumpfish in
the Nor th Atlantic. Although
some other lumpfish stocks
have faced challenges, the
Icelandic lumpfish fisheries
have been relatively stable
since 1990.
The lumpfish fishery is controlled by various measures that
include restrictions regarding
the number of licenses and nets,
a fishing season of three months
only as well as limitations on
vessel and mesh sizes.
Delicate
ecosystems
Icelandic waters contain a

wide range of delicate ecosystems, mostly in deep water.
The static bottom-set gillnets
used in the lumpfish fisher y
have minimal contact with
these ecosystems as the fishery
mainly takes place on a rocky
sea bed in shallow waters.
The fisherys main bycatch is
the MSC certified cod (Gadus
morhua), representing around
five per cent of the total catch.

All bycatches are landed as
discarding is prohibited in
Iceland.
A world first
The client, Vignir G. Jnsson

hf., was a family run business
founded in 1970 but is now
a subsidiar y of the seafood
company HBGrandi. The headquarters and main processing
site of Vignir are in the town of
Akranes, with a staff of about
40, but they also operate in
east coast of Iceland.
Vignir CEO, Mr. Erkur
Vignisson says: Im happy that
this assessment is now completed. All lumpfish fisheries in
N-Atlantic were last year listed
as red by many of the eNGO
traffic light systems. That was a
huge disappointment for the
industry but I hope this certification will contribute to the
Icelandic lumpfish products
falling under the green
category. It is important for the
industry to be able to demonstrate to overseas buyers that
our products originate from a
truly sustainable fishery.
Gisli Gislason, MSC Manager
for the Nor th Atlantic said:
Lumpfish roe is an important product for European
markets and this is the first
lumpfish fishery in the world
to get MSC cer tified. This is
the only traditional fishery in
Iceland exclusively performed
by small vessels. Close cooperation between the authorities
and the small boats association
is vital to protect the marine
environment and ensure
lumpfish stocks are stable for
the future. MSC cer tification
provides independent reassurance for consumers around
the world that the lumpfish
roe comes from a sustainable
fishery. We hope that this certification will in return incentivise other lumpfish fisheries to
enter the MSC program.
University news
Plymouth University, UK, has a rich history of fish biology and
aquaculture research dating back over 30 years. These research themes
are an integral part of the Universitys world renowned marine science
base. In this inaugural monthly newsletter from the aquaculture and fish
health research group at Plymouth, Dr Daniel Merrifield tells us about the
recent participation of Plymouths students at Aquaculture Europe 2014
at San Sebastian.
Presenting your research at an international conference is a rite of passage for PhD students, and our aquaculture and fish health researchers at
Plymouth University travel the world each year presenting their cutting
edge research at a range of conferences and symposia. Recently, our PhD
students Peter Bowyer, Alex Jaramillo Torres and Gabriella Do Vale Pereira
presented their work on fish gut health and nutrition at Aquaculture Europe.
Peter, supported by Alltech, Plymouth University and the Technology
Strategy Board (Lupins in UK Agriculture and Aquaculture), gave a presentation demonstrating the benefits of a solid-state fermentation product
(Synergen) in improving digestive morphology and capacity of rainbow
trout fed high-lupin diets. Alex is funded by COLCIENCAS (the Colombian
governmental agency of Science, Technology and Innovation) and Lallemand
SAS. Alex presented data from his recent Atlantic salmon experiments in
collaboration with BioMar and Nofima which demonstrated that the probiotic Bactocell could populate the salmon intestine and promote positive
antiviral transcriptional responses in the salmon intestine. Gabriella presented a poster on her CAPES Foundation (Brazilian government) funded
project on the gut microecology and health of Pirarucu, which reported the
presence of antibiotic resistance genes present in lactic acid bacterial populations in the pirarucu intestine.
These presentations were warmly received and stimulated follow-up
discussions with academics and industrial stakeholders: The high scientific
quality and direct commercial relevance of the research carried out by the
fish health research group at Plymouth is making a huge contribution to our
understanding of the importance of gut health in aquaculture and should be
acknowledged as world leaders in the field Dr John Tinsley, of BioMars R&D
centre UK. It is becoming increasingly clear that maintaining microbial balance
in the intestine is essential to promote fish health. Plymouth University is at the
forefront of this field and the first book on this topic - Aquaculture Nutrition:
Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISBN: 978-0-470-67271-6), was edited
by Daniel Merrifield and Einar Ring, and published by Wiley Blackwell in
October 2014.
January-February 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5
NEWS
Safe &
responsible feed
with GMP+
certification
Sandra de Bruin, project

coordinator of GMP+
International
ll over the wor ld

consumer s are setting
str ict requirements on
the safety and quality of their
food. In order to gain and retain
their confidence , supplier s of
meat, dairy products and eggs are
demanding that feed companies
create a perfect basis for this.
GMP+ International manages the
unique GMP+ Feed Cer tification
scheme in a continuous process
of innovation to ensure the safety
of feed. This makes the GMP+
Feed Cer tification scheme a well
accepted cer tification scheme, and
it is in many countries and markets
even a license to sell. Currently
over 13,000 companies in all links
in the feed chain are cer tified.
responsibility. Therefore, GMP+

International created a plugin
model in which cer tification of
various market initiatives can be
facilitated. GMP+ International
provides a basic GMP+ FRA
(Feed Responsibility Assurance)
Fr amewor k in which var ious
market initiatives can be plugged
in. This GMP+ FRA Framework
consists of the GMP+ B100
Feed Responsibility Management
System standard and a cer tification system. In this GMP+ FRA
Framework, various market initiatives can be plugged in to provide
cer tification for responsible feed
production and/or trade.
One-stop-shop multiple
certification
First market initiatives
GMP+ cer tified companies are

more and more confronted with
questions to demonstrate that
feed is not only safe but also
responsibly produced and traded.
These questions refer, for example,
to the use of responsible feed
ingredients. Within the GMP+
Feed Cer tification scheme, useful
tools are available for the assurance of both feed safety and feed
responsibility in the daily operations of a feed company. Therefore,
GMP+ International provides the
possibility for cer tification of both
feed safety and feed responsibility
within one cer tification scheme.
This creates a so-called one-stopshop multiple cer tification opportunity where one auditor can
cer tify a company for both aspects
in one audit. This saves both time
and money and makes it more
interesting for companies to be
active in responsible feed production and trade.
Plugin model
GMP+ International doesnt have
the intention to play a leading
role in defining feed responsibility, because various
mar ket segments
or regions have different wishes and
opinions about feed
With the publication of the

fir st mar ket initiatives documents in November 2014, GMP+
International launched the option
to cer tify the production and/
or trade of responsible feed. All
current market initiative documents refer to the use of responsible soy, defined as RTRS or
equivalent. Both SMK (manager
of the Dutch Milieukeur cer tification scheme for pork, eggs and
poultry meat) and the Dutch dairy
industry (via the Responsible Dairy
Chain Duurzame Zuivelketen)
requested a certification option for
feed companies to demonstrate
the use of responsible soy in the
feed supplied to pigs, poultry and
dair y cows. For the supply chain
of RTRS soy, a combined cer tification is provided for the production and trade of RTRS soy. This
cer tification is approved by RTRS
as equivalent to their RTRS Chain
of Custody certification. These first
market initiatives are an example
on how mar ket par ties in the
animal production chain collaborate on providing responsible food
to the consumer.
Biomin announces opening of the

Erber Research Centre in Thailand
uilt with natural, functional and sustainable

mater ials, the Erber
Research Center was recently
opened on the grounds of
Kasetsar t Univer sity at its
Khamphaeng Saen Campus in
the Nakhon Pathom province
of Thailand.
150 distinguished guests
attended the r ibbon-cutting ceremony of the Erber
Research Center, a joint effort
between Biomin and the Faculty
of Agriculture at Kasetsar t
Universitys Kamphaeng Saen
Campus in Thailand, which officially opened on 2 December
2014. In line with its R&D slogan,
Turning science into sustainable solutions, the purpose of
the centre with its modern trial
facilities is to enable the application and testing of new innovative solutions for the animal
feed industry.
The Erber Research Center
is the sixth investment in a
global network of BIOMIN
Centers for Applied Nutrition
(CAN). According to Franz
Waxenecker, Director of
Development at BIOMIN, the
importance of combined laboratory and applied research
in a major poultry producing
country such as Thailand cannot
be overstated.
Specially designed by Austrian
architect, Markus Roselieb, the
466-square meter research
centre boasts a unique design
inspired by the traditional
Chinese farmhouse cour tyard with a mixture of Thai
and European features. Made
entirely of earth and bamboo, it
uses only natural materials with
energy saving features, keeping
it naturally cool in the hot Thai
weather. It is adjoined to a
state-of-the-art broiler experiment facility by two large glass
windows where visitors are
able to observe the chickens
during trials without compromising biosecurity or causing
stress to the animals.
At the opening ceremony, Dr
Erich Erber, founder of Biomin
and the ERBER Group, said
I am very happy, thankful and

proud that we have built something for the future of Kasetsart
University, for the future of the
Thai industry, for the future of
our youth, students and future
generation to feed this world sustainably, healthily and tastily.
Dr Erber was recently awarded
a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
honoris causa by Kasetsar t
Univer sity for his lifetime
achievements and contributions
to the livestock industry.
D r. E r b e r c o n g r a t u lated Professor Dr. Seksom
Attamangkune, Dean of the
Faculty of Animal Science, for
helping to achieve a shared vision.
The research center will be run
by Assistant Professor Dr.Yuwares
Ruangpanit, Deputy Head of
the Research and Technical
Services Department, under the
guidance of Associate Professor
Dr Neramit Sookmanee, the
Head of the Animal Science
Department. According to Dr.
Yuwares, we would like our
students to be able to contribute to society in terms of
animal research, training and also
modern developments in animal
science. This is something we are
very much looking forward to in
the near future.
Dr Apichar t Pongsrihadulchai,
the Deputy Minister of
Agriculture and Cooperatives
of Thailand officiated the
opening of the research centre.
Among the distinguished
guests in attendance was Dr
Duong Duy Dong, Dean of
the Faculty of Animal Science
and Veterinary Medicine from
Nong Lam University in Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam and Dr
Tun Pheakdey, President of the
University of Management and
Economics of Cambodia.
Piyapa Erber, Chief Operating
Officer of Biomin Thailand and
Kasetsar t University graduate
said, A big part of who I am
today is because of Kasetsart
University, and I feel it is time
to give back to my alma mater.
So at Biomin, we will continue
to support the university in any
way we can.
NEWS
International Volunteers Day
quaculture without
Frontiers (AwF) relies
heavily on people
who are prepared to devote
time and effort to the cause
without this most generous gift
we could never have achieved
anything like what we have
over the years. We salute all
volunteers but we were especially keen to suppor t our
own people on 5 December
- International Volunteers Day
(IVD).
On this day our major
announcement was that
we have been accepted as
members of Volunteers for
Economic Growth Alliance
(VEGA) - an umbrella organisation consisting of economic
development organizations
that integrate highly skilled volunteers into programs mainly
funded through the USAID
program.
VEGA is involved in many
and varied projects that involve
one or more of the member
organizations and as we engage
we believe this will create
many oppor tunities. We aim
to collaborate with all of the
members and to be their aquaculture experts.
The following actions have
been under taken, or are
planned, as a result of the energetic suggestions from our volunteers re IVD. We:
have established a Twitter
account @AwFVols and
invite everyone to communicate through this to
see the latest information

and news;
ask our Volunteer s to
provide us a single word
or phrase that means volunteer to them, eg giving,
satisfaction or Yeah! From
all the input we will create
a word cloud to add to
the website, giving us a
combined sense of everyones contribution;
are creating a Volunteer
noticeboard on the
website;
have utilised our affiliation with the Wor ld
Aquaculture Society and
now have links to their
employment infor mation on our website and
encour age volunteer s
looking for full time work
to use that connection;
are planning a newsletter (r un by the
Volunteer s Committee
and Secretariat) for volunteers to contribute their
stories and experiences in
the coming year.
AwF will be holding a Board
Meeting and a Session at
in New Orleans between 19
and 22 February so we look
forward to meeting lots of old
and new friends at that event.
Our President, Roy Palmer,
will be updating ever yone
and will hopefully have some
news about future projects,
which we are working hard to
achieve.
Number crunching Aquaculture in the EU

85,000 - The total number of people directly employed in the
aquaculture industry in the EU.
14,000 - The number of aquaculture enterprises in the local EU.
23.1 - The average seafood consumption per person, per year in
the EU is 23.1 kg.
Deakin partnership with

Aquaculture without Frontiers to
support sustainable communities
Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture
without Frontiers
eakin Univer sity will

partner with aid organisation Aquaculture without
Frontier s (AwF) to improve
outcomes in disadvantaged communities using sustainable aquaculture
farming.
The new par tnership between
Deakin aquaculture and marine
sciences exper ts and AwF will
include research programs designed
to improve the nutrition and health
within communities and to foster
social and economic development.
We are excited to partner with
Aquaculture without Frontiers,
which suppor ts responsible and
sustainable aquaculture to alleviate
pover ty and malnutrition and to
enhance food security for disadvantaged people, Deakin Associate
Head of School of Life and
Environmental Sciences Associate
Professor Giovanni Turchini said.
The partnership will also provide
a platform for aquaculture professionals to come together and volunteer their services to achieve these
objectives.
We are keenly anticipating the
opportunities this will provide for
Deakin students to under take
student placements and research
projects with the support of AwF
centres around the world.
Associate Professor Turchini said
the collaboration would enable
students to experience hands-on
learning in real-world settings, while
they contributed to communities by
helping to facilitate sustainable aquaculture practices.
AwF (Australia) Chair Katherine
Hawes said the organisations partnership with Deakin was one of the
first actions of the newly established
Australian arm of the global organisation.
We believe that by collaborating
and working with like-minded organisations such as Deakin University
we will be able to make major contributions to the core of our main
objectives, Ms Hawes said
We aim to be a catalyst for change
as a means to improve the nutrition
and health of people and to foster
social and economic development
through supporting responsible and
sustainable aquaculture.
In the decades to come, aquaculture is likely to underpin the future
health of all humans by providing
the essential nutrients and vitamins
currently missing from many diets,
and at an affordable price.
Plans are also in place to look at
incoming training or short course
workshops at Warrnambool utilising
Deakin and AwF networks.
There is also the impor tant
aspect of utilising the partnership to
promote the Deakin brand in the
field of aquaculture.
Associate Professor Turchini said
Deakins main aquaculture activities
in Warrnambool were very close
to the birthplace of aquaculture, by
indigenous Australians many thousands of years ago.
We aim to kick off the partnership with an Indigenous Symposium
in the first semester of 2015 as it
impor tant to know how we can
assist Australian indigenous people
in todays environment with aquaculture activities, he said.
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
Source: European Commission, Maritime affairs and fisheries.

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Aquaculturists
i i i i i i i
i
i i
5 - the five main EU aquaculture producers are: Spain, France, UK,

Italy and Greece.
i i i i i i
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7 - the seven most popular aquaculture species produced in the

EU are: mussel, trout, salmon, oyster, carp, seabream and seabass.
Get more daily industry news at the
i i i i i i
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i i i i i i
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43 - the total percentage of aquaculture products consumed

within the EU originating from the EU.
i i i i i i
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24 - The total percentage of food consumption in the EU that

comes from aquaculture.
NEWS
AQUACULTURE
by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel
Meaningfullycomparingtheefficiency
of different animal productions?
ack in October 2014, I attended the World

Nutrition Forum (WNF) organised by
Biomin in Munich, Germany. Several times
during this very interesting forum, the different speakers and participants raised the
issue of efficiency in animal food production. One of the keynote
speakers, Jrgen Randers from BI Norwegian Business School,
told the audience that the broiler chicken would most probably
emerge as the global winner among all other animal productions with the increasing scarcity of global feed/food resources
in sight. Other experts at the WNF contended that aquaculture
species due to their low feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed: gain)
and low energy requirements, should not be discounted and could
well win the efficiency game, if there was ever one.
We, in the field of aquaculture, are not at our first exposure with
this type of debate. My favorite debates are those raised by small
(and rich) interest groups based in the USA: Are we farming
the tigers of the sea? Shouldnt we cultivate thriftier herbivorous
or omnivorous fish species (tilapia and carps) rather than wasteful carnivorous species, such as Atlantic
salmon?
Having received academic training in
agronomy and livestock production, taught
agriculture and animal nutrition courses
and studied quite extensively the bioenergetics, nutrient mass balances and macronutrient nutrition of different aquaculture
species for the better part of past three
decades, I enjoy watching and occasionally
contributing to this debate.
ent productions then? Energy, macronutrients, carbon footprint?

Per kg of live weight or kg of edible product? At a common
weight? Over the entire life of the animal or just the productive
periods (in the case of a laying hen or dairy cow for example)?
Only the edible products or all the waste and by-products properly accounted for?
A few years ago, Dr. Katheline Hua (Humboldt University, Berlin,
Germany) and I carried out an analysis of the efficiency of a few terrestrial animal and aquaculture species. We tried to base our analysis
on values from published scientific studies that we deemed credible
and fairly representative. We also tried to gather data that were representative of the normal market weight of the animals. Some part of
this analysis was already presented in a review paper we wrote with
sustainability researchers and some industry critics (Reference :
Naylor et al., 2009. PNAS, 106, 15103-15110).
Our findings were that of the animals we selected, pigs were
less efficient. However, their market weight is also considerably
greater than of fish and birds species cultivated today. Protein
and energy-wise today, the broiler chicken does win the efficiency game today.
However, interestingly most aquaculture species are really
not far behind. Genetic improvement played a big role in the
efficiency of poultry production. Today, a broiler chicken reaches
its market weight (2 kg?) in about 6-7 weeks. With a few minor
exceptions, weve barely started any meaningful genetic selection
efforts for aquaculture species.
Overall, differences between different aquaculture species
were not that large. The great differences in FCR we are seeing
between species are often a reflection of different digestible
nutrient density of the diet, the energy-yielding nutrients used
(lipids vs. protein vs. starch) and difference in harvest weights.
However, differences do exist and we need to explore the basis
of these differences to make progress. We clearly need to invest
more efforts in genetic selection. And
I forgot, no Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout are not less efficient than
omnivorous species!
The big scheme of things?
Figure 1
No, efficiency cannot be

only boiled down to FCR
How does fish production compare with

cattle, pig or chicken production? How
do different aquaculture productions compare? We are often tempted to compare
things on the basis of feed conversion
ratio (FCR), ie. kg of feed used vs. kg
of biomass obtained. However, feeds for
different species have different nutritional
composition. In general, feeds for aquaculture species are of significantly higher
nutritional density (e.g., higher digestible protein, higher lipids, higher digestible energy) than feeds for terrestrial livestock species (beef, dairy, swine, poultry,
etc.). Animals also have different market
weights and efficiency generally changes
quite significant with live weight.
On what basis should we compare differ-
Figure 2
Figure 3
In the big scheme of things, is it at all

meaningful to compare efficiency of
different animal productions? Do we
debate endlessly about the efficiency
of traveling to work on foot or by
bicycle, motorcycle, smaller or larger
car, 4x4 minivan, bus, tramway or
train? Our homes and landfills are full
of appliances, furniture, clothes, and
nick-nacks that all required resources
and energy to produce and transport
and to operate? We travel hundreds
of kilometers for rest and recreation
(R&R) on weekends or to visit a
single client during the workdays. I
do not pretend to know the truth or
whats best. To me this is all much too
complicated. However, it does worry
me a little when the liveliest debate is
which of the broiler chicken, Atlantic
salmon, common carp or Nile tilapia is
the most efficient! I think we have got
bigger things to worry about.
Agree or disagree? Always happy to
hear from you. dbureau@uoguelph.ca
NEWS
International research puts the

dangers of Chinese aquaculture
sector under expert gaze
he University of Stirling
has contributed to a
major inter national
research project to investigate
the dangerous pressure Chinas
aquaculture industry is putting
on world fish supplies.
In a new paper in the journal
Science, the researchers offer
the clearest picture to date of
the enormous impact China
is having on wild fisheries
and present a more sustainable alternative to the current
practice of using wild-caught
fish to feed farm-raised fish.
China is the world's leading
producer, consumer and processor of fish, contributing onethird of the global supply. Its
booming aquaculture industry
relies increasingly on fishmeal
made from wild-caught fish, a
practice that depletes wild fish
stocks and strains fragile ocean
ecosystems.
One of the researchers - the
University of Stirlings Wenbo
Zhang, who conducted the
research whilst completing his
PhD at the Universitys internationally renowned Institute of
Aquaculture, said:
Our research shows that
so significant is Chinas impact
on the worlds seafood supply
chain the future availability of global seafood will
be dependent on how China
develops its aquaculture and
aqua feeds sector.
Fishing in the coastal waters
of China is poorly regulated
and often indiscriminant. The
result is that large volumes of
assorted trash fish species
that are undesirable for human
consumption end up in animal
feeds, including in fishmeal that is
fed to farm-raised fish. Many of
the species of wild fish used for
feeds have been fully exploited
or overexploited, and reducing
this demand will help protect
fragile ocean ecosystems.
One promising solution is
to recycle the waste by-products from seafood processing
plants across China. This waste,
which can be 30-70 percent of

the incoming volume of fish, is
often discarded or discharged
into nearby waters.
The teams analysis shows
that these processing wastes
could satisfy between half
and two-thirds of the current
volume of fishmeal used by
Chinese fish farmers, replacing
much of the wild fish currently
used in feeds.
Zhang added: Issues of quality
and food safety are two possible
obstacles to implementing this
fish processing waste alternative because the waste is lower
in protein than wild-caught fish
and its use also raises concerns
about contamination and disease
transmission.
However, these concerns
could be addressed by adding
alternative plant-based protein
sources to the fish feed, and
through conducting fur ther
research on the safety risks and
introducing more efficient regulating of using fish processing
waste.
Lead author, Ling Cao, a
postdoctoral scholar at the
Center on Food Security and
the Environment at Stanford
Univer sity said: "This is a
critical juncture for China. If
the countr y makes proactive reforms to its aquaculture
sector, like using fish processing
wastes instead of wild fish, and
generally reducing the amount
of fishmeal in aquafeeds, it can
greatly improve the sustainability of the industry. If not, the
consequences for the entire
global seafood supply chain are
going to be really serious."
Led by Stanford University,
USA, the research brought
together a consortium of scientists from around the world.
Zhang worked with colleagues
from Leiden University, the
Netherlands; the University
of Wollongong, Austr alia;
Stockholm University, Sweden;
The Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences, Sweden; and Shanghai
Ocean University, China.
The importance
of preserving
aquaculture
experience and
insight
he Aquaculture
Communications
Group, LLC (ACG) has
launched a project to capture
the experience of pioneering
and veter an aquaculture
industry members in their own
words while there is still time.
Many of this generation are
either retiring or have retired/
passed away.
The modern global aquaculture industry is almost 50 years
old, which means that those
who were the early entrepreneurs are now approaching or
have reached the end of their
working lives.
ACG believes it is of great
impor tance to preser ve as
much of these veter ans
stories as possible before they
are lost to history. It is important for current and future
generations practicing aquaculture to be able to go back
and learn from history in order
to build an even better future.
Aquaculture is full of colorful
and spirited, intelligent and
persevering individuals that
have learned so much from
the school of hard knocks; we
must capture their experience
in their own words before
it is too late said Tor-Eddie
Fossbakk, Founding Partner of
ACG.
To date ACG has interviewed
and recorded the stor ies
of nineteen pioneer s and
industry veterans from around
the world using high definition
video and posted them on the
ACG website.
Common for most of the
inter viewees is how the
industry developed from low
tech solutions, often engineered on site, to todays
high tech and sophisticated
solutions. The early days of
trial and error have been

replaced by solutions based on
science, research and development.
We were interested in
finding out how or why these
people became interested in
an industry most people had
never heard of, Mr. Fossbakk
said. For many of them the
answer was shor t, Jacques
Cousteau. Their interest
was bor n while watching
Cousteaus television shows
while growing up.
The project should also have
a wider audience than just
the global fish farming community. The general public will
find many of the inter views
and the stories being told of
great interest to understand
where the industr y star ted,
how it has developed, and all
the hard work that has been
put into building it to what it
is today.
Mr. Fossbakk said that this
first round of interviews was
self-funded by ACG because
the company strongly believe
in the impor tance of the
project. However, in order to
continue recording interviews
and bringing them not only to
the aquaculture community
but also to the general public,
ACG needs financial assistance
from corporations, institutions,
organisations and individuals
who share the vision.
Learning from the people
that helped build the modern
aquaculture industr y will
enable current and future generations to be better equipped
to succeed.
Please contact Mr. Fossbakk
(tor-eddie@aquacomgroup.
com) should you want to contribute to this very interesting
and important project.
Microalgae
as an ingredient in aquafeeds
Inclusion of microalgae in diets for gilthead
sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles
and the effect on intestinal functionality
by Antonio Vizcano, Mara Isabel Sez, Toms Martnez
and Javier Alarcn, LifeBioencapsulation SL Almera, Spain
ishmeal is currently the main

source of protein utilised in
carnivorous fish feeding but
overexploitation of fisheries
combined with growing demand has caused
its price to rise continuously. Consequently,
future expansion of aquaculture
production based on the use of fishmeal
as a major ingredient for aquafeeds will be
unsustainable. Plant protein sources such as
soybean meal, rapeseed meal, corn gluten
meal or wheat gluten are commonly used
as ingredients in commercial aquafeeds.
However such protein ingredients often
contain anti-nutritional factors that can
have negative effects on the digestive tract
of fish (Santigosa et al., 2008; Merrifield et
al., 2009).
Microalgae as an ingredient
in aquafeeds
In this regard, and owing to their

chemical composition, microalgae appear
as a promising alternative for enhancing the
nutritive value of conventional feeds and
for use, at least partially, as a substitute for
fishmeal (Lupatch, 2009).
In general microalgae contain a protein
level ranging from 30-55 percent DM;
about 13-33 percent DM total lipids, with
considerable amounts of highly unsaturated
fatty acids (HUFA) which are indispensable in
fish nutrition; and high vitamin content. They
are also rich in pigments such as chlorophylls,
carotenoids and phycobiliproteins (Vizcaino
et al., 2014). Microalgae therefore stand out
as a promising protein source for aquaculture
and thus might well reduce the ecological
impacts associated with current fishmealbased intensive fish farming if sufficient
quantities of algal biomass become available
at a suitable price (Shields and Lupatch,
2012).
Uses of Scenedesmus
almeriensis microalgae in fish
In a recent study we evaluated the effect

of inclusion of Scenedesmus almeriensis
microalgae as a dietary ingredient on intestinal
proteolytic activity of juvenile sea bream.
Scenedesmus is a native microalga and it
was chosen in the present study owing to its
high protein content, fatty acid profile with
substantial amounts of linolenic acid, 18:3(n3), and remarkable productivity. Biomass was
obtained from the facilities at the Estacin
Experimental Las PalmerillasFundacin
Cajamar (Almera, Spain). The Scenedesmus
alga was cultivated in a large-scale tubular
photobioreactor. The algal biomass was
harvested using a RINA continuous centrifuge
(Riera Nadeu SA, Spain) then frozen,
freeze-dried and finally milled to obtain a
homogenised powder (<100 m) that was
stored in the dark at 20 C until use.
Dry algal biomass was incorporated
into four experimental diets (40 percent
crude protein and 10 percent crude lipid) at
increasing levels (12, 20, 25 and 39 percent).
A feed without Scenedesmus served as
a control diet. Feeds were made at the
University of Almeria-CEIA3 facilities (Service
of Experimental Diets; http://www.ual.es/
stecnicos_spe). Every experimental feed was
randomly assigned to triplicate groups of
fifteen sea bream juveniles (8.0 g initial body
weight). Fish were fed by hand twice per
day (9:00 and 13:00) at a rate of 3 percent
of their body weight over 45 days. At the
end of the trial, fish were killed according
to the requirements of the Directive
2010/63/UE, and the digestive tract was
removed and processed to obtain enzymatic
extracts. Digestive enzymes activity levels
were differentiated in two groups: total
alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin
and -amylase activity levels were used as
indicators of digestive capacity, while leucine
aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase

activity levels were used as indicators of
intestinal absorptive capacity.
In order to visualise the active proteases
present in intestinal extracts of fish fed on
different experimental feeds, substrate-SDS-
Figure 1: Digestive enzyme activities

trypsin (A), L-aminopeptidase (B) and
alkaline phosphatase (C) measured
in intestinal extracts of juvenile sea
bream at the end of feeding trial.
Dietary codes: control, SC12: 12
percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion,
SC20: 20 percent Scenedesmus
meal inclusion, SC25: 25 percent
Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC39: 39
percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion.
Values are expressed as mean SD
(n=12). Different lowercase letters
indicate significant differences among
experimental groups (P < 0.05).
FEATURE
Figure 2: Zymograms of alkaline

proteolytic activity in intestine extracts
of juvenile S. aurata fed on diets with
increasing Scenedesmus meal levels. All
lanes in zymograms contain the same
enzyme activity (2 units of activity per
well). Dietary codes: control, SC12: 12
percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion,
SC20: 20 percent Scenedesmus
meal inclusion, SC25: 25 percent
Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC39: 39
percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion.
lture | 2015
Hatchery
Ad Campaign
| Theme: Ad-1
True | electron
Design:
A | Version:Effect
1
studiedConal
by transmission
microscopy
PAGE
electrophoresis
gels were carried
of SA on digestive enzyme
(TEM),
giving
information
about
the
length
and
out
(Alarcn
et
al.,
1998).
In
addition,
the
activities of sea bream
ernational Aquafeed | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mm
presence of protease inhibitors in SA was
tested according to Alarcn et al. (1999).
Possible impacts of the different diets on
the ultrastructure of the intestinal mucosa were
diameter of the microvilli. The intestines of

three fish from each tank were collected for
examination and TEM samples were prepared
according to Vizcaino et al. (2014).
Algae When You Need It
The ability of fish to use the ingested

nutrients depends on the presence of an
adequate set of digestive enzymes. Hence,
knowledge on nutrient hydrolysis in the
www.reed-mariculture.com
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providing custom adjustments to enrichments and
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Dr. Conal True, head of the Fish Culture Biotech Unit
at Autonomous University of Baja California
Dr. True made it his lifes work to bring the totoaba an endangered,
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DANIE
FEATURE
LifeBioencapsulation:
Customised solutions for unusual aquafeeds
he need to supplement aquafeeds with a wide range of additives

including probiotics, prebiotics and nutraceuticals is currently a major
issue in aquaculture, owing to the demand for solutions aimed at
overcoming the physiological and productive consequences associated with intestinal overload in farmed fish. Noticeable changes have been
observed as a result of increasing amounts of vegetable protein added to
commercial feeds as an alternative to fishmeal.
The quest for solutions to those disorders caused by nutritional factors is
nowadays a burgeoning research field, as feed industries are particularly interested in nutritional supplements that could improve the properties of aquafeeds.
However, new additives frequently imply a need for new delivery strategies, since
many additives of potential interest in fish nutrition cannot finally be added to
feeds. Limitations related to additive deterioration during feed processing (extrusion involves high pressure and temperature) or to inactivation during digestive
transit or to the impossibility of guaranteeing precise dosage restrict the efficient
utilisation of many of such substances.
Although oral delivery would be, when possible, the preferred route of administration in aquaculture, the constraints mentioned above are of particular interest
in the case of live microorganisms used as probiotics. Given that microbial cells are
inactivated during feed processing, they are not normally included in feeds but are
rather added later to granules as a coating layer. The consequences are imprecise
dosage and erratic delivery.
In this regard LifeBioencapsulation SL has obtained excellent results in the
delivery and dosage of live microorganisms through a patented preparation
intended for oral administration in fish, based on the use of inert capsules. This
product clearly improves oral delivery of live microbes compared to the usual
methods.
The capsules were created to deliver probiotic microorganisms (although
they can also include prebiotic and nutraceutical substances) which are protected
from both the chemical and enzymatic digestive physiological barriers during their
transit through the stomach and intestine of the fish. Thus, the protected microorganisms maintain their integrity and viability and they can exert their biological
effects after being released in later sections of the digestive tract.
Capsules might be administered on their own, apart from feed, provided that
their size can be specifically adapted to each stage of development. However, and
depending on the nature of the substances added, capsules can also be further
introduced into fish feeds, providing resistance to processing as well as a precise
dosage without interfering in the feeding routine of the fish farm and consequently
minimizing fish stress.
LifeBioencapsulation SL is a Universidad de Almera spin-off recently awarded
with prizes for the best project company and for the best business idea in AgriFood research by Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3,
Spain). The company was created with the aim of meeting the specific requirements of aquaculture nutrition.
LifeBioencapsulation SL is made up of a group of researchers with extensive
experience in animal nutrition and oral delivery of bioactive molecules of interest
in aquaculture. The company has developed different encapsulation methods that
offer quite unique solutions to specific problems.
Through the utilisation of different polymers and protocols, LifeBioencapsulation
SL manages to adapt the formulation of each capsule to each specific substance
to be delivered, and to each growth stage of the animal. Consequently, the
company offers encapsulation la carte, providing services designed to specific
requirements in aquaculture. The needs of each client are unique and therefore
our products are also. In addition to this versatility in developing innovative
products our company can manufacture small quantities on an experimental
scale. Consequently, limited amounts of several experimental diets, including
multiple factors at different concentrations for small-scale studies can be prepared.
After determining the most suitable formulation, the feed can be produced on a
medium scale to satisfy greater experimental needs.
lifebioencapsulation@gmail.com
digestive tract is an important factor in optimising fish feeds

(Deguara et al., 2003). Intestinal enzymes are correlated
with the nutritional status of fish, and their activities
have been used as indicators of the digestive capacity of
farmed fish (Alarcn et al., 1998). In fact fish are capable
of modulating their digestive enzyme pattern in response
to the feed source, quality and concentration of dietary
nutrients (Santigosa et al., 2008).
The use of Scenedesmus meal to replace fishmeal
protein did not decrease the enzyme activities secreted
into the intestinal lumen at any of the inclusion levels
tested, albeit increased activities attributable to algae
inclusion have been observed. For trypsin activity,
which plays a decisive role in dietary protein hydrolysis
and zymogen activation, fish fed on SC12 showed
significantly higher activity than those animals fed on a
microalgae-free diet. In addition, alkaline phosphatase and
L-aminopeptidase activities increased significantly in the
SC20 group compared to the Control and SC39 groups
(Fig 1). Nevertheless, total alkaline protease, chymotrypsin
and -amylase activities remained unaffected by
Scenedesmus inclusion.
Zymograms carried out on intestinal extracts obtained
FEATURE
Figure 3: Comparative TEM micrographs from the anterior (A) and posterior (B)
intestinal regions of juvenile S. aurata at the end of the feeding trial. Scenedesmusfed fish (SC20 and SC39) showed longer microvilli than control-fed fish. Dietary
codes: CT: control, SC12: 12 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC20: 20 percent
Scenedesmus meal inclusion, SC25: 25 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion, C39:
39 percent Scenedesmus meal inclusion (TEM bar: 2 m).
after electrophoretic separation of proteins
are shown in Fig 2. The profile of the
intestinal proteases seems not to be
influenced by the inclusion of Scenedesmus
biomass, given that all the animals showed
the same number and distribution of active
fractions as control-fed fish, characterised by
five groups of active bands.
Another important aspect to consider
when using ingredients alternative to
fishmeal is the presence of anti-nutritive
factors that might interfere with nutrient
digestion and absorption (Alarcn et al.,
1999). Among the wide range of such
factors, protease inhibitors are well known
as substances that can affect dietary

protein utilisation. In this study, neither
Scenedesmus meal (unlikely other protein
sources) nor experimental feeds contained
substances able to inhibit the digestive
proteases of gilthead sea bream juveniles,
given that inhibition never reached more
than 5 percent (data not shown).
Checking effects by histological

study of the intestine
In addition to digestive enzyme activities,

the structure and morphology of the
intestinal mucosa play a key role in nutrient
absorption. TEM analysis of anterior
and posterior intestine (Fig. 3a and 3b,

respectively) revealed that the inclusion of
microalgae reduced microvilli length (ML),
except for the SC20 group (with higher
and similar ML values compared to those of
the CT group in the anterior and posterior
intestine, respectively) and the SC39 group
(with similar and higher ML values compared
to those of control fish in the anterior and
posterior intestine, respectively), and that
microvilli diameter in the anterior intestine
was greater in Scenedesmus-fed fish. Thus,
the overall effects of both results were
increased absorptive surface and improved
contribution of the intestinal mucosa as a
physical barrier.
Conclusions
The inclusion of S. almeriensis increased

the level of intestinal enzyme activities as
well as the intestinal absorptive surface.
Therefore, the combination of these effects,
together with the lack of anti-nutritional
factors, confirms that Scenedesmus biomass
can be used as a dietary ingredient for
juvenile sea bream diets, and furthermore,
that an inclusion level of 20 percent is
recommended according to the positive
effects observed on gut functionality at such
a ratio.
Die and roll re-working machines
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Phone: +45 75 14 22 55
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mail: info@oj-hojtryk.dk
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Esbjerg
CVR.: 73 66 86 11
FEATURE
Soluble phosphorus in salmon feed

by Sissel Albrektsen, senior scientist Nofima
hosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that has to be added

to salmon feed to achieve normal growth and skeletal
development. P from marine ingredients, plant protein
and crystalline P salts provide respectively 46, 30 and 24
percent of dietary P in Norwegian salmon feeds. Hence, fishmeal is
an important P-source, even though the level of fishmeal in the feed
has dropped significantly from 64 percent in 1990 to 20 percent in
2012 (Ytrestoyl et al., 2014). About 40 percent of P in the fishmeal
originates from the bones, and is present as calcium (Ca)-phosphate
salts in hydroxyapatite. P in hydroxyapatite has low solubility and is
poorly available to salmon. The digestibility of P in different fishmeal
reflects this and further shows great variation (20 60 percent),
depending on the fish raw material and seasonal variations. No
reliable direct measure of available P exists, and this makes it
difficult to know how much available P is present in any given fish
feed. In this article we will focus on the possibility of using a new
method on soluble P as a measure of available P in ingredients and
feeds, and what opportunity this gives to ensure better control of
available P in the feeds.
Industrial fish that traditionally has been used as raw material for
fishmeal production, such as herring in the Nordic countries, is today
used for consumption. As a consequence, an increasing amount of
fishery byproducts is used as raw material for fishmeal production. The
global by-product material used for fishmeal and fish-oil production
has been rising by 12 percent year1, and represented 25 percent of
world production in 2010 (Shepherd and Jackson, 2013). In Norway,
fishery byproducts accounted for 30 percent of the raw material in
fishmeal in 2013 (Ytrestoyl et al., 2014). Fishery byproducts contribute
with high content of total P from the fish bones, while at the same
time, the percentage of P that is available for the salmon is actually
reduced compared with a traditional fish meal produced without trimmings. Fig. 1 shows total P and soluble P in herring meal produced
with different levels of trimmings from herring, and other fish meals
produced from blue whiting and capelin and also from Antarctic krill.
High inclusion levels of trimmings reduce the proportion of soluble P
Figure 1: Total P and soluble P in herring meal produced with

0, 41 and 62 % herring offal, in fish meal produced from
blue whiting and capelin, and in Antarctic krill. Soluble P is
also given as % of total P on top of each respective bars
from 61 to 35 percent of total P, which means that the level of soluble

P is reduced despite an increase in total P. The analysis of total P tells
little about the proportion of P that is available for the salmon, i.e. how
much of P that is present as free phosphates, and thereby available for
digestion. The amount of trimmings used in global fishmeal production
varies greatly, from 0 to 100 percent, which increases the unpredictability with respect to how much of dietary P that is available. In some
commercial smolt feeds, total P ranged from 0.7 to 1.77 percent,
soluble P from 0.36 to 0.7 percent and the proportion of soluble P
from 31 to 70 percent of total P.
The plant ingredients used in fish feed today contain 60-80 percent
phytic acid. Phytic acid contains P (phytate-P) but many fish species,
including salmon, has no or little phytase activity and cannot utilise
this P source. Phytic acid also acts as an anti-nutrient by inhibiting
the absorption of available P and other minerals by forming poorly
soluble mineral complex in the intestine. Nofima has analysed total P
and soluble P in many plant proteins (Fig. 2), and the main finding is
that most of the total P in plant proteins will be analysed as soluble
P. The analytical method for soluble P apparently cannot distinguish
between phytate-P and other soluble forms of P in plant proteins.
Total P and the proportion of phytate P and other P-components are
known and quite stable for most plant ingredients. By analysing soluble
P in the plant ingredient, it is easy to correct for the proportion of P
that is present as phytate-P, an approach that is also applied in the
aquafeed industry today. Overall, the method will give much more
reliable measures of available P in salmon feeds and feed ingredients
compared to the current total P analysis.
The P requirement is affected by a variety of biological and
environmental factors, and it can vary with life stage and growth rate
of fish, diet composition and temperature. When available P in the
diet is low, the fish will regulate this by increasing the P uptake in
the intestine, reduce the excretion of P in the kidney, and mobilise
P from the skeleton to cover vital functions in other body compartments. Sustained demineralisation of the bones over a long period will
weaken the skeleton and eventually cause deformity. In fast-growing
Atlantic salmon fed 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 percent soluble P in the diet
Figure 3: Digestibility of total P (A) and soluble P (B) in

Atlantic salmon decrease with increased dietary P levels, and
the utilization of dietary P is most effective in fish fed low
dietary P levels
FEATURE
following seawater transfer, the fish developed 30, 15 and 0 percent deformity in the
lower jaw bone concomitant with increased
mineral content of the spinal bones within a
feeding period of only 12 weeks. In another
smolt trial with similar size fish, reduced mineralisation was found in fish fed 0.5 percent
soluble P in the diet compared to fish fed 0.7
percent soluble P, while no sign of external
deformity was observed. This illustrates the
risk of feeding slightly sub-optimal P (0.5 perFigure 2: Total P and soluble P in plant protein ingredients. Soluble P is also given as %
cent soluble P in the diet), it is cost effective
of total P on top of each respective bars
and environmentally friendly, but may occasionally affect fish welfare due to variation in the fish material, growth not only distinguish between the P in hydroxyapatite and other P-forms,
rate, feed or the environmental conditions which is not easy to control. but can also be used to distinguish between P from inorganic salts with
The digestibility of P depends on dietary P level, irrespective of different solubility, which is the main criterion for P absorption. Monomeasuring total P or soluble P in the feeds. In salmon fed diets with Ca-P salt was found to contain about 65 percent soluble P, while monodifferent P contents, the digestibility of total P varied between 30 and Na-P salt contained more, about 94 percent soluble P, demonstrating
50 percent (Fig. 3a), while the digestibility of soluble P in the same that the mono Na-P salt contain higher levels of available P than mono
feeds were higher and varied between 60 and 80 percent (Fig. 3b). Ca-P despite similar levels of total P. Inorganic mono-salts of P will also
Other trials have shown that the digestibility of soluble P in the feed be more soluble than di-salts of P and this will contribute to different P
can be as high as 90 percent in salmon, indicating a very efficient diges- digestibility and thus different availability of P from the feed. Nofima has
tion of soluble P. The amount of dietary P that is retained (deposited) conducted experiments that indicate that feed that contain 0.7 percent
in the body is about 30 percent, which means that about 70 percent soluble P provide adequate P in salmon at the smolt stage, while a higher
of dietary P will be released to the environment. As this is a major dietary P content of 0.8 percent soluble P is required in Atlantic salmon
global concern, dietary P is usually added close to or slightly below the fry during early start feeding. More research is needed to understand
requirement in order to obtain maximum P utilisation and minimum P the potential for using dietary soluble P when analysing commercial high
load to the environment, as well as to keep the cost as low as possible. plant protein diets with variable phytate levels, although it is possible to
This is a reasonable strategy, but requires better feed control with correct for this. The soluble P method has been developed and validated
available P than is realistic to achieve today by analysing dietary total P. by Nofima and found to have high accuracy, resembling the analytical
The new method distinguishes between insoluble and soluble P, method for total P (Hovde, 2013).
References available on request
which is to be seen as indigestible P and digestible P, respectively. It does
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EXTRUSION
INNOVATION
IN AQUAFEED
PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGY
Clextral new
Preconditioner +
and twin screw
extruder EVOLUM+
by Clextral
orld leading aquafeed

technology expert
Clextral has played
a pioneering role in
the innovation and development of
twin-screw extrusion for aquafeed
since the 1970s. To respond to new
challenges and increase the capacity of
existing systems, Clextral is introducing
two innovations this year: a new
preconditioner and a new range of twinscrew extruders with advanced control.
Process flexibility and

improved efficiency
In twin-screw extrusion of fishfeed pellets, preconditioners are

recognised by industry experts for their
production benefits. The new Clextral
Preconditioner+ integrates two horizontal,
intermeshing, counter-rotating shafts that
provide tangible production benefits:
improving the overall process and the
quality of the finished food products and
enabling energy savings, while providing
greater flexibility and more precise control
over the operating parameters, whatever
the recipe.
The key innovation of Clextrals
Preconditioner that improves heat and
mass transfer to the product is the
Advanced Filling Control

device (AFC) which interacts
directly with the material inside the mixing
chamber and enables the filling ratio to
be adjusted. The AFC system uses an
exclusive conveying screw inside the tank
and adjusts the flow by enabling a partial
and controlled recycling of the material
being processed, from the outlet to the
entry point, thus intensifying the specific
preconditioning functions.
In addition to increasing the filling ratio,
the AFC system also generates better
product distribution, in particular in the
first third of the mixing chamber which is
the preferential zone for steam injection.
The adjustable water and steam injection
ports have been optimally positioned to
enhance absorption and product exposure
time during the mixing stage.
Extensive experimental trials have
been carried out on the Preconditioner+
to verify the processing improvements
generated by its AFC system on the
twin-screw extrusion process. In this case
a standard fish-feed recipe (basic salmon
feed) was used, not to gauge optimal
performance but to set an objective
benchmark compared to traditional
preconditioning systems.
The first significant observation was a
lowering of the SME (Specific Mechanical
Advanced Filling
Control (AFC)
system: key
innovation of
Clextral new
preconditioning
system
Energy) required in the extruder

an average of 3 percent with equal
extrusion parameters mainly due to
the increase in preconditioning time, and
largely compensating for the additional
consumption of the Preconditioner+.
As mentioned previously, this efficient
pre-cooking reduces the shear and the
torque requirements in the extruder,
which results in less wear of the screws
and barrels.
By focusing exclusively on the
Preconditioner+, the experiment also
demonstrated that the new filling ratio (up
to 75 percent) achieved with AFC made
it possible to increase residence time by
60 percent for an equivalent fish-feed
flow and therefore to exceed the average
of three minutes. At the same time, the
combination filling/steam distribution
made it possible to increase the product
temperature by 3-4C at the outlet of the
Preconditioner+, using comparable steam
injection.
It is even possible to achieve a product
temperature of over 96C with optimised
steam injection, while limiting energy loss
due to the new design. Following the
improvements on the pre-cooking stage, a
significant increase in starch gelatinisation
before product feed into the extruder was
witnessed and measured.
Finally, on the finished product after
extrusion, granulation and drying, these
upstream modifications resulted in an
increased hardness of the pellets of at
least 10 to 15 percent, an essential quality
criterion required for their use in fish
farms.
Beyond the process benefits on
product quality, it is important to note
that this equipment is designed to facilitate
EXTRUSION
industrial applications, in particular because
of the increased flexibility provided by
the AFC. This variable speed device
enables adjustments of the residence time
as required to adapt the equipment to
different types of recipes and to respond
to the needs of multi-product extrusion
lines. Moreover, this convenient design
allows the system to start up when fully
charged, even after prolonged downtime
with a full tank, thanks to the new
kinematic feature.
In terms of hygiene and food safety,
the Preconditioner+ is designed with
minimal retention areas to facilitate
cleaning. This feature is further enhanced
by an integrated quick recipe changeover function through the reversible
AFC system, used here as a conveying
screw that enables the entire tank to
be emptied. These improvements in
equipment cleaning capabilities and
hygienic design are important advantages
for food processing applications.
Finally, the intensification of Clextrals
Preconditioner + offers improvement in
the overall process, energy savings and
enhanced quality of finished products,
as well as greater flexibility and better
control of operating parameters, whatever
the recipe.
New range of twinscrew extruders
A daily task of aquafeed processors is

ensuring the perfectly stable quality of the
finished product despite daily variation in
the characteristics of the raw materials.
Clextrals new EVOLUM + twin-screw
extruders offer advanced technology that
gives processors new levels of throughput,
flexibility, and control while ensuring
maximum product quality and process
stability.
A major innovation, the Advanced
Thermal Control (ATC) is a self-learning,
proprietary software solution to ensure
absolute precision in temperature control.
ATC continuously monitors production
and adjusts to changes in parameters
(characteristics of raw materials, recipes,
throughput, etc.) to ensure process and
product consistency. ATC is proven
to enhance process stability up to 70
percent, with energy savings averaging
20 percent by eliminating excess heating/
cooling to maintain process temperature
set points in any circumstances.
The EVOLUM+ range has also
been specifically built for more hygienic
processing and food safety with
ergonomic designs and open profiles that
allow full machine access.
Improved response time and stability

thanks to Advanced Thermal Control
(ATC) proprietary innovation.
Clextral continues to innovate
with twin-screw extrusion systems
that produce aquatic feed with a
precise balance of proteins, oils and
carbohydrates, processed for optimum
digestibility with reduced waste. Clextrals
systems process a wide selection of
recipes and raw materials and accurately
control pellet density for specific product
attributes, such as sinking and floating
properties. With these innovations in
preconditioner and extruder technologies,
Clextral is helping aquafeed processors
meet the process challenges of today and
the future.
Your global technology process supplier

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EXTRUSION
Extruded feed
for warm water finfish and shrimp
by Prof Mohammed Y Al-Saiady
Extrusion
is a cooking process that typically uses high

temperature and high pressure for a short period of time. The first
extruder was developed in the 1930s for pasta; extrusion was later
modified for the production of pet food and fish feeds as well as
human foods like snacks, breakfast cereals and sweets. The extrusion process begins with preconditioning the meal using steam and
water to form a hot, moist mash. The process has the flexibility to
produce diets with a wide range of fat levels, densities, shapes and
sizes. It also has the capability to produce floating, semi-sinking
and sinking pellets for shrimp and pelagic fish. Extrusion has been
used to manufacture shrimp feed since the early 1970s, but not
widely adopted due to a persistent tendency for expansion in
extruded feeds, which leads to undesirable flotation.
Expansion is exacerbated by the use of smaller die open-
ings. To minimise flotation, feed manufacturers were forced to

limit inclusion levels of starch, which tended to increase raw material costs. These constraints have been virtually eliminated through
recent advances in extrusion technology, such as adjustments in
screw design and speed, changes in die configuration and vacuum
venting of the extruder barrel. It is now possible to produce 100
percent sinking extruded shrimp feeds with densities equivalent to
those of pelleted feeds.
xtruded feed has the advantage of reducing raw material

expenses, achieved by the substitution of high levels of
wheat flour with lower levels of less expensive starch.
This is possible due to the high moisture, temperature
and pressure within extruders, which lead to nearly complete
gelatinisation of a wide range of starches. Extruded feeds utilise
relatively high levels of moisture, which can be added in the form
of flavors and palatability enhancers such as fish, dried solubles
and flavorful enzymatic digests of seafood waste. This offers the
potential to produce a new generation of highly palatable shrimp
feeds without reliance on expensive marine protein such as
squid meal and krill meal. The rate of swelling of extruded feeds
can also be manipulated to deliver feeds of varying softness.
The swelling is a function of starch fragmentation, also known
as dextrinisaton, which can be controlled by the degree of shear
exerted by the extruder screw. The 1995 study Physiochemical
properties of extruded pelleted shrimp feeds with various
wheat flours conducted by GH Ryu and coauthors at Kansas
state university in Kansas, USA showed an 89 percent correlation between the extent of starch gelatinisation and the water
stability of 10 Asian shrimp feeds. Other studies on conventional
single-pelleted feeds for terrestrial animals reported that only
about 20 percent of the starch is gelatinised. This explains why
typical poultry feed disintegrates in water within minutes of
immersion.
In addition, pelleting systems for shrimp feed use advanced
manufacturing techniques such as fine grinding of raw materials,
multiple steam conditioners, higher moisture levels, pelleting dies
with higher compression ratios, post-pelleted conditioning and
drying. These techniques increase the starch gelatinisation levels
of extruded shrimp feeds to 80 95 percent compared with
conventional pelleted shrimp feeds.
In a 12-week study in 2000, Albert Tacon and co-workers
at the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, USA compared single feed
formulation in pelleted or extruded forms and two different sizes;
results reported in February 2003 showed higher shrimp survival
and weight gain and greater feed efficiency from extruded feed.
These results are being validated on a commercial scale in Korea,
Malaysia and Brazil. Compensation for the vitamin losses thought
to be slightly higher in extrusion than in pelleting can be easily
accomplished by slight fortification of premixes.
Finally, recent developments in extrusion processing allow the
production of sophisticated 100 percent sinking diets with lower
cost and better performance than conventional pelleted feeds.
Its advantages are expected to become more apparent, since
the additional benefits of higher liquid addition, greater control
of swelling and greater pasteurisation further contribute to higher
performance.
EXTRUSION
There is strength in numbers.

Perhaps the only thing more reassuring than having the extrusion leader work on your behalf is
having their dedicated subsidiaries work for you, as well.
Anchored by Wenger and their nearly 80 years of process experience, the Wenger Group includes
Corporate Project Services specialists in complete project planning and food safety requirements;
and Source Technology innovators of inline sampling and analysis equipment, fully integrated
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Rally the power of three to address the entire scope of your extrusion-based project. Youll
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12/18/14 6:11 PM
FEATURE
THE RISE (AND RISE)
of the aquatic chicken

by Lian Heinhuis,
Analyst Seafood, Food
& Agribusiness Research
and Advisory, Rabobank
International, The
Netherlands and Gorjan
Nikolik, Rabobank
International, Singapore
orldwide demand for seafood is growing and wild

catch production cannot grow at the same pace,
meaning that aquaculture is becoming key for
the supply of aquatic protein. As the farming of
fishespecially freshwater speciesrapidly gains popularity around
the world, opportunities increase for both farmers and players active
in auxiliary industries.
Farmed freshwater fish species, consisting of different types of carp,
catfish and tilapia, accounted for over half of the 66 million tonnes of
fish produced in aquaculture in 2012 (see Figure 1).
Although carp is by far the largest subgroup (38 percent of total
aquaculture production), it is predominantly consumed locally around
the world. Like tilapia, pangasius has an export market and is popular
among western consumers; yet its market share is still relatively small.
Unlike the other species, tilapia has seen the greatest growth in production and widespread appeal in global markets.
Tilapia is easy to farm and feed and has a neutral flavour that
appeals to many, hence it is often compared to chicken.
Global tilapia production volumes have increased from just over
100,000 tonnes in 1980 to 4.5 million tonnes in 2012, and the industry
has an estimated total value of US$6.7 billion.1 The export market
is currently dominated by China, while the United States (US) is the
biggest importer. In the coming years, we expect China to focus more
on its domestic market, which will create opportunities for other producers to emerge and increasingly supply growing markets, including
the US.
Latin American producers are in a strong position to benefit due
to their location, access to feed and natural resources. Having already
doubled output between 2007 and 2012, the region is expected to
see further growth.
Tilapia is thriving thanks to biology and technology
The whitefish sector has seen incredible growth rates in past years.
Tilapia is one of the main drivers of this growth, with farming having
expanded to more than 80 countries and global production volumes
having grown by an average of 11 percent per year.
Tilapia is farmed in small backyard farms as well as industrial compounds managed by multinational companies. Production methods
range from simple cage systems to complex indoor recirculation facilities. Technology has played an important role in the development of
the tilapia industry, and innovations such as the sex-reversal technology
that allows farmers to grow only the faster-growing male fish have
greatly contributed to better farming practices and output.
In addition, tilapias biological characteristics provide further advantages to farmers worldwide: the fish is relatively resilient, has a low-cost
Tilapia
Global production of tilapia has increased by eleven percent

annually over the past decade, making it the worlds second most
farmed fish.
The US is the worlds largest importer, with imports valued
at approximately US$1 billion per year, and China the leading
exporter. But rising costs and a change in government policy will
make Chinese producers less competitive over time, levelling
growth and turning producer focus more towards the domestic
market.
This will likely create opportunities for other tilapia producers to
enter the global market.
Rabobank expects Latin America to step up its supply in the
coming decade, with production volumes projected to rise to two
million tonnes by 2025.
diet, needs little dissolved oxygen in the water and reaches marketable
size quickly.
The main tilapia-producing country is China, which accounts for a
third of all production (1.5 million tonnes annually).
Chinese government programmes on farmingalong with support subsidies and programmes focused on advancing technology and
geneticshave resulted in a growing tilapia industry. Family-owned
farms account for the largest share of production.
Although volumes from China are larger than volumes from any
other country, profit margins have been very low, and the industry as
a whole has been making a loss.
Subsidies have created competitive prices for the Chinese product,
which is sold as frozen fillets in the US (almost half of total Chinese
tilapia exports).
However, they also pose a risk, as discontinuity could mean rising
costs. Volumes in the global tilapia industry have seen strong growth,
andassuming no major disease outbreak or other negative event
occursthere is potential to double output again to nine million
tonnes (live weight equivalent) by 2025 (see Figure 2).
Tilapia is Americas next top seafood item
The US is the most important market for tilapia. With import volumes of more than 228,000 tonnes (over 600,000 tonnes in live weight
equivalent), Americans consume more than other major tilapia-eating
countries such as Egypt or China (see Figure 3).
Tilapia has risen fast on the charts of seafood popularity and now
only trails salmon, shrimp and tuna as the most favoured seafood item
in the US.2
FEATURE
ADVANCED FEATURE COOLING
Figure 1: Development of farmed whitefish continues to rise
Advanced Feature
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Dramatically reduce downtime and cost
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The new Advanced

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Advanced Features
include:
Easy access
sanitary design for
quick, complete
clean-out
Figure 2: Strong growth in tilapia production, with more to come

While originally presented as a low-cost alternative for wild-caught
whitefish, the product is now consumed more than cod or pollock, and
it dominates the broader whitefish category (see Figure 4). As tilapia
is still priced considerably higher than chicken (on average double the
price of chicken breast fillet), it is more relevant to compare it with
other seafood products.
However, in the longer term, this can also have an impact on the
consumption of species in the broader animal protein segmentparticularly on chickenbecause of its similar neutral taste.
Tilapia is not as popular in Europe as in the US. With frozen tilapia
fillet imports of only 19,000 tonnes in 2013 - barely 12 percent of US
frozen fillet imports - the fish has not taken off anywhere near like it
has across the Atlantic.
Pangasius has established a much stronger position than tilapia in
Europe, with frozen fillet imports of 142,000 tonnes in 2013. This can
be explained by lower prices and tilapia producers focusing less on
this region - so far.
In the years to come, freshwater whitefish consumption will
continue to rise in the US. The focus on healthier diets will increase
demand of both tilapia and pangasius.
However, these characteristics are currently not exploited in
marketing campaigns, with low price remaining the key selling point.
European consumption growth will be more challenging, as farmed fish
production has received some very negative media attention lately.
Since 2011, the popularity of pangasius has declined somewhat, after
bad publicity surrounding alleged poor farming standards in Vietnam.
Chinas position faces challenges
Asian producers - particularly China - have dominated the global

tilapia industry in the past decades. With a share of nearly 74 percent
in the US frozen fillet market and continuing growth (five percent
CAGR between 2008 and 2013), China is in a strong position.
However, there are reasons to expect the Chinese product to
become less competitive over time, including rising input costs, currency, climate, limited resources and food safety.
Input costs are driven up by rising feed and labour costs. This means
that the product will become more expensive to produce. Average
labour costs in China more than doubled in the period between 2007
and 2012.3
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FEATURE
Figure 3: US imports of tilapia remain high, 2008-2013
country a difficult market to develop. Tilapia in China has the most

potential as a fillet, predominantly sold through retailers, especially in
the countrys south where people live close to the farms. The live/fresh
market is more difficult to enter, as people will first choose to purchase
traditional fish.
The other major challenge to Chinese dominance of the farmed
whitefish export market is pangasius. Imports of Vietnamese pangasius
- at a lower price per kilogramme (about 25 percent less) - are growing
faster than those of Chinese tilapia and pangasius exports to the US
between 2008 and 2012 were much higher than tilapia volumes from
Latin America, showing increasing demand for pangasius.
Vietnam currently produces around one million tonnes of pangasius
per year, and the government is supporting the sector and has set a
goal to expand it by 20 percent, to 1.2 million tonnes in 2015.
Furthermore, there is a good possibility that other countries, such as
Indonesia and India, will start large-scale production of pangasius. The
fish is perceived to be very similar to tilapia, although its fillet colour
is much whiter. Low prices and increased marketing efforts could lead
American consumers to increasingly choose pangasius, although tilapia
still has a distinct first-mover advantage and much wider recognition
among consumers.
Opportunities lie in other parts of the world
Figure 4: Tilapia dominates US consumption, 2000-2012
Figure 5: US tilapia imports show the position of different

exporting countries, 2013
In past years, average retail prices of pellet feed increased from
RMB3260/tonne in 2006 to RMB4140/tonne in 2012.4
The currency will not benefit Chinese competitiveness, with the
yuan having appreciated by 24 percent since 2005, to CNY6.14 per
US$ in 2014.5
China has limited resources of fresh and clean water. Pollution is
an important problem, and there is increased competition for water
space from other agricultural and aquacultural products such as rice
and shrimp.
Food safety issues surrounding the Chinese product have resulted
in more negative market perception in the US, allowing non-Chinese
products to be sold for US$1/pound more. If this image problem continues, Chinese frozen fillets could also become less popular.
These issues present a scenario of increasingly challenged competitiveness.
Moreover, climate is an issue as tilapia need water temperatures
of at least 27C, and the consistent conditions found in more tropical
areas of the world do not exist in China.
As the Chinese industry now heavily relies on subsidies to produce
at low cost, changes in policy could have another negative impact.
Combined, this could result in China exporting less tilapia and being
forced to develop its domestic market. Tilapia sales in China are now
mainly concentrated in the provinces where it is produced and where
it competes with traditional food fish such as carp.
Strong regional cultural traditions in the Chinese diet make the
The challenges create room for other producers to become both

exporters and more self-sufficient.
Mexico, for instance, is now a big importer of tilapia, as it produces
70,000 tonnes, while consuming 130,000 tonnes. The remaining 60,000
tonnes are imported from China. Mexico has good production facilities and capabilities of its own, but farmers there have found it difficult
to compete with Chinese prices, which have been about 30 percent
lower than Mexican tilapia prices.6
In Africa, we can also expect further investment in fish farming
industries in order to meet local demand. Ghana is a good example
of this: the country has witnessed growth rates that have averaged
39 percent annually over the past five years. This comes from a very
low base, with production volumes of 26,000 tonnes in 2012. Local
demand has been increasing, and there are many initiatives to use
small-scale fish farming of tilapia as a way to alleviate poverty.
The key consumer and producer in Africa is Egypt, which is the
second-largest producer worldwide, with 768,000 tonnes in 2012, and
growing rapidly by 15 percent per year (based on the CAGR between
2008 and 2012).
Other Asian producers such as India, Thailand and Malaysia are also
growing (albeit from a low base) and have export potential.
Indonesia is already a sizable exporter to the US, with 11,000
tonnes of exports in 2013 (from 717,000 tonnes total production) and
the unique position of being the only Asian country that sells a highvalue product, produced at high-quality standards (see Figure 5). The
country is also home to the largest production facility of the worlds
leading tilapia-producing company, Regal Springs.
Latin America is poised to take

a bite out of the market
There are several factors putting Latin American producers in

a good position to obtain a bigger share of the international tilapia
market: the region has lower feed costs (soymeal prices in Brazil are
below prices in China, with an average difference of 11 percent since
2010); labour costs are increasingly competitive compared to China;
the region is close to the current key consumer market; the climate is
right; and both freshwater and brackish water resources are sufficient.
In 2012, Latin America produced only 453,000 tonnes of tilapia,
which makes up about 10 percent of global production. Although
this is only a fraction of Asian production, there is good potential for
growth. In recent years, the tilapia industry in Latin America has already
shown strong growth rates, doubling in size from 2007 to 2012 - and
FEATURE
exports to the US are increasing. The Latin American tilapia product is
sold fresh in the US, for a premium price (about US$1/pound higher
than frozen).
To grow the industry, Latin American auxiliary businesses such as
processing, feed and logistics will need further development.
Rabobank projects Latin American tilapia volumes could rise to at
least two million tonnes by 2025, with more than half of future production in this region expected to come from Brazil. The country is already
the largest Latin American producer and is especially resource-rich.
Countries such as Mexico and Colombia are also expected to strongly
increase production.
However, in some countries tilapia is facing competition from other
species, as is the case in Ecuador. Due to high prices in the shrimp
sector (due to a disease in Asia and Mexico), many Ecuadorian farmers
have left the tilapia business to pursue shrimp farming, resulting in a
decline of exports.
In conclusion
The tilapia industry has shown incredible growth rates. In all production regions, volumes at least doubled in the period from 2007 to
2012.
Of course, biological risks are always present in any type of farming, and climate change or disease outbreaks could seriously harm the
industry, setting back production volumes.
Nevertheless, the characteristics of the industry provide cause for
optimism. Tilapia is amongst the easiest fish to farm, and - at least to
date - no global disease outbreaks have occurred.
Moreover, tilapia requires a relatively low investment in the farm
structure. Due to low-cost feed, it has a competitive price point in
both developed and developing markets. Tilapia are resilient, they
grow fast and are increasingly popular among consumers. The current
leading consumer market in the US is far from saturated, and consumption in local markets is also expected to increase.
While China will remain a key producer in the foreseeable future,
Latin American producers like Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico
are well positioned to produce high volumes that could supply both
domestic and international markets.
Other Asian producers such as Thailand, Indonesia, India and
Malaysia are also expected to strongly increase tilapia output in the
coming decades.
Although no fish-farming business is risk-free, the future for tilapia
looks bright.
As a source of affordable animal protein, tilapia could (continue to)
feed the masses and become a key commodity in the animal protein
market. What chicken has been for the poultry industry, tilapia can
be for aquaculture. Low-cost feed, simple farming structures and fast
growth contribute to its popularity among farmers, while its neutral
taste makes it popular among consumers - characteristics that make it
much like its terrestrial equivalent, the chicken.
The aquatic chicken industry will continue to rise, which will bring
some interesting new business opportunities for farmers, but also for
companies in secondary industries such as feed and processing.
References:
1
Based on estimated whole prices at the farm level

Based on per capita consumption in 2012. Source: National Marine
Fisheries Service, 2014
3 According to a report by EY in 2012: Chinas productivity imperative,
p.13
4 Presentation Grobest at Groundfish Forum 2013
5 Average exchange rate against the dollar in September for each of the
two years
6 Source: Alfredo Aranda, Aquamar expo Veracruz 2014
2
phytogenics
Can
address
aquaculture challenges?
by Rui Gonalves, Technical Manager Aquaculture, Biomin
ver the last decade, the aquaculture industry experienced

consistent growth mainly in
developing countries. Global
aquaculture production will clearly continue
to grow mainly due to improvements in production technology and increased demand
for fish and shrimp products. However,
aquaculture faces several important challenges in terms of efficient use of the raw
materials, health management and environmental impact.
Challenges in aquafeeds
Reliance upon scarce and costly raw materials, such as fishmeal, and the optimal use of
alternative ingredients, likely constitute one of
the main concerns in aquaculture. Consumer
awareness about environmental sustainability
also encourages producers to improve the
production performance through sustainable
aquaculture practices. However, the use of
less costly protein sources and low-nutrient
dense diets will most likely lead to lower protein digestibility, higher amino acid imbalance,
higher carbohydrate and fibre content.
This can lead to inefficient nutrient use,
resulting in increased feed usage and consequently higher production costs. In addition,
sub-optimal animal performance leads to
greater susceptibility to disease and higher
ammonia emissions that increase the ecological footprint. Phytogenic feed additives
consisting of herbs, spices, extracts or other
plant-derived compounds have gained
considerable attention as an answer to these
challenges. The active ingredients (e.g. phenols
and flavonoids) can exert multiple effects in
animals, including improvement of feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, growth rate,
reduction of nitrogen excretion and improvement of the gut flora and health status.
Reduced dependence on
fishmeal verses feed efficiency
The replacement of fishmeal by plant

protein, whether for economic or sustainable
reasons, can decrease feed efficiency. Plant
raw materials are less digestible and negatively
impact the gastrointestinal tract. The presence
of undigested nitrogenous compounds in the
intestine favours the formation of ammonia and biogenic amines by the intestinal
microbiota. These toxic compounds cause an
imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, resulting in inflammatory processes and accelerated turnover of the intestinal tissue, leading
to poor performance. Phytogenics stimulate
the digestive secretions, increase villi length
and density and increase mucous production

through an increase in the number of globlet
cells. Through different strategies phytogenics
can improve feed digestibility, especially for
proteins and amino acids.
Make money with

sustainable solutions
Beyond the clear positive effects on

improving feed efficiency, nutrient sparing
could be a powerful solution to limit the
nitrogen discharge to the environment.
Phytogenic feed additives can decrease
ammonia emissions through improved protein use, hence decreasing the discharge of
nitrogen. The reduction of nutrient excretion also means less available nutrients in
the water for opportunistic pathogens to
grow. Figure 1 displays a basic example on
Figure 1: Impact of
digestibility improvement on
feed costs and environment.
FEATURE
Figure 2: Phytogenics mode
of action on aquatic species.
how digestibility can improve production.

Phytogenics can be used as a tool to comply
certain sustainability targets, e.g. sustainability
certification, than can offer a premium price
and allow exports to command higher value
markets.
Meanwhile, get rid of AGPs
Low levels of antibiotics in animal feeds,

known as antibiotic growth promoters
(AGPs), results in antibiotic resistance and
the emergence of so-called superbugs. In
recent years antibiotic growth promoters
have been banned from aquaculture produc-
tion in nearly all countries. Farmers who still

use AGPs have limited or no access to high
value markets. Phytogenics can act as natural
growth promoters improving palatability of
diets, stimulating appetite, increasing feed
consumption and growth performance. It also
induces the transcription rate (increasing the
RNA) that leads to an increase in total amino
acid available and therefore enhancing the
production of proteins in the cells.
Making sustainability profitable
With the current record-high raw feed

prices, the pressure to optimise the use
of alternative ingredients, and consumer

awareness about sustainability, it is imperative to improve the digestibility of commercial diets, to optimise feed utilisation
and to reduce nitrogen discharges. Recent
research confirms that phytogenic feed
additives can improve feed digestibility,
especially of proteins and amino acids, thus
reducing feed costs and nitrogen output.
Therefore, phytogenic feed additives are
considered a valuable tool to secure better
feed efficiency and maintain a profitable
aquaculture business following sustainable
guiding principles.
Better digestion for better feed efficiency

Add the power of Phytogenics
to your diet:
A unique blend of herbs, essential
oils and functional flavors
Proven in science and practice
Tailored to the animals needs
digestarom.biomin.net
Naturally ahead
PHOTOSHOOT
Fish and more at
EuroTier 2014
ish, mussels and algae were not only the subject of

discussion they could be seen and almost touched
at the Marketplace for Aquaculture in Hall 17 at the
Hanover Fairgrounds, Germany.
From 11 to 14 November 2014, altogether 2500 exhibitors gathered at the leading international trade fair for
animal husbandry and management covering an exhibition
floor space of 240 000 m to present new and established
exhibits to 156 000 visitors.
Growth in water
In Hall 17 everything revolved around life and growth in

water. A DLG showcase Growth in Water was set up for
the first time. As a blue planet, the earth is largely covered
with water and this should be reason enough to demonstrate the potential of the organisms that grow in water.
Mussels, shrimps and crustaceans were on show, as were
African catfish (Clarias ssp), cichlids (Tilapia) and all kinds
of freshwater fish. The sturgeon which was Fish of the year
2014 in Germany naturally also played a role. Nine companies joined DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft
German Agricultural Society) in arranging the showcase and
attracted large numbers of visitors. The fish were constantly
surrounded, as was the green shimmering photo-bioreactor
for producing microalgae. Biomass in combination with
water cleaning, known as aquaponics, also drew crowds, and
the plant-based purifying systems for water cleaning were
also new topics in the Marketplace and at EuroTier.
The Marketplace for Aquaculture remained true to its

concept again this year too, showing innovations presented by exhibitors, but also providing professional information in the Forum Aquaculture and impartial advice at
the Aquaculture Advisory Centre. Leading outfitters for
fish keeping and feed suppliers were represented, as well
as specialists in wastewater treatment and net production.
Above all national and international fish farm providers for
closed freshwater and saltwater systems came to Hanover
from Germany, Denmark, Austria, the Netherlands,
the Czech Republic, and this year also from the Peoples
Republic of China, the pioneers in aquaculture. Altogether
the marketplace in Hall 17 played host to 40 aquaculture
exhibitors.
Knowledge, trends and discussion
There was a full house at Forum Aquaculture 2014 when

it was opened by Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber, DLG Project
Manager for Aquaculture and the Lower Saxony Fisheries
Director, Dr Olaf Prawitt, who welcomed the audience.
The interest in topical, practice-driven and controversial facts and trends in fish keeping and water treatment
was very high. New aquaculture candidates and production sequences were introduced and reports on practical
experience gained with new farming systems were presented.
At the twelve sessions fifty national and international
speakers had their say and joined in discussions with the
audience. The first day was devoted to Aquaculture &
Cost Efficiency, Rearing and Innovations. The sessions on
Aquaculture & Growth in Water, Feed, and New Ways for
Practice followed on Wednesday, 12 November. Aquaculture
& Law, Sturgeon Fish of the Year 2014, and Market and
International Developments were the subject of discussions
on Thursday, 13 November. On Friday, 14 November, the
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT
FISH FARMING
Innovation and
service to the global
aquaculture sector
Fusion Marine
Defining RAS
safeguarding the future of the industry
SUPPLEMENT
Defining RAS
safeguarding the future of the industry

by Ivan Tankovski, Research Consultant, Pontus Aqua Ltd
and Dr Jack M James, Principal Consultant, Pontus Aqua; Director, Pontus Research Ltd
ith concerns being raised about the impacts and

safety of open water cage and pond farming, the
spotlight has begun to fall upon more sustainable
and environmentally friendly methods for raising
fish. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), provide clean,
sustainable and environmentally friendly products due to their closed
nature, high degree of control and detachment from the surrounding
environment. In order to assist the industry to develop and create
its own identity, it is necessary to properly define the technology
and the production methods. This is necessary in order to ensure
that the integrity of the industry and the sustainability claims of
RAS are safeguarded and not undermined by systems with different
environmental, economical, quality and welfare limits. Engineers
and biologists have been working hard for the past 20 years, and
continue to do so, in order to improve and optimise the design and
operations of such systems, in turn making them more profitable
and more popular as a method for large scale production of high
quality fish.
What is RAS?
A RAS usually consists of different compartmentalised units where the

waste water from the fish tanks is treated biologically and mechanically,
allowing it to be reused and maintained within the optimum ranges for
the species grown. As the name suggests, the water in such systems
circulates in a loop with minimum discharge, and a RAS can be defined
as such if the water exchange is limited to 15 or even 10 percent of
the total volume per day. In order to achieve such low exchange rates
(compared to flow through and partial exchange water systems, where
the exchange rate is much higher) the water treatment systems must
be correctly designed and sized so as to effectively deal with the waste
produced. A system where the treatment processes, for purposes of
economy, practicality or something else, are not sized to be able to
fully process the waste produced, and therefore have exchange rates
of anything above 10 to 15 percent, should therefore be considered

partial reuse.
Secondly, the circulation of the water is crucial to the definition
while some extensive static ponds may have close to zero discharge,
the water is not circulated and therefore cannot be termed as RAS.
The reason for this defining and demarcation is to be able to help to
protect the quality of the industry and improve confidence in the sector. Chris Clayburn, Director of the RAS design and engineering company Aqua EcoSystems says: It would eliminate those systems being
classified as RAS that are not and that may be "white elephants" for the
rest of us who understand the difference and the distinct advantages,
the complex work and considerable experience involved in developing
RAS and help clients/customers/investors to discriminate and invest in
viable operations.
Crucial to the effective running of any RAS are the treatment processes employed, such as mechanical filtration and biofiltration, while
effective denitrification, degassing, aeration, pH control are also essential in ensuring the optimal functioning of the system and maintaining
excellent fish health. Several technologies are available to remove
solids originating from fish waste or uneaten feed including: drum filters,
belt filters, parabolic filters, sand filters, and bead filters among others.
The selection of the proper mechanical filtration system during the
design phase of RAS is the first step to ensuring a system functions as
planned, with the main parameters of interest being particle sizes, solids
loading and water flows. The next stage in efficient water treatment
is nitrification of ammonia, produced as a by-product of the animals
metabolism. Bacteria living in the biofilter oxidise ammonia to nitrite
followed by a second oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. While ammonia
and nitrite are highly toxic to fish and could be lethal if allowed to
build up in the water, nitrate can be tolerated in higher concentrations
before welfare of the fish becomes compromised.
In terms of the biofilter design, again there are many possibilities including moving bed bioreactors, trickle filters, submerged and
upwelling bioreactors, and again different types of biofilter are more
002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

suited to different types of system and should be properly sized and
designed. While nitrate has low toxicity, chronically high levels can
retard the growth of the animals, reducing production potential, and is
one of the main reasons for water exchange in RAS.
Recently, denitrification reactors have been designed to facilitate the
removal of nitrate from RAS, thus minimising water exchange or facilitating the reduction in water exchange rates. Other factors which will
affect the exchange rate are dissolved gas build up, which in the case
of carbon dioxide can cause low oxygen absorption even under high
oxygen conditions, and nitrogen which can lead to gas bubble disease.
It is therefore essential to design a suitable degassing system into a RAS
to prevent these issues. In reducing the loading of very fine solids in
the system, technology such as protein skimming or foam fractionation
is utilised, which can assist in particle bound phosphorus removal and
reduction in ammonia due to removal of organics.
Finally, the use of effective systems to monitor and control parameters such as oxygen concentration, temperature, pH, water flows and
levels can also prove to be key to running a successful RAS as it allows
the farmer to be aware of all essential parameters at all times, and to
react quickly should a problem arise. Adoption of any of the design
factors mentioned will depend on a range of prevailing environmental
and economic factors, such as cost/benefit of technologies, location of
the operation, cultured species, water availability, local discharge regulations and environmental conditions, among others.
Why use RAS technology at all?
RAS provides a unique opportunity to grow fish practically anywhere

and provides a great opportunity to expand aquaculture into areas
where it might previously have been impossible, thereby getting
produce physically closer to markets, reducing food miles and carbon
footprints. All environmental parameters can be monitored and strictly
controlled: temperature, oxygen saturation, pH, CO2 concentration,
suspended solids and photoperiod, allowing the commercial production of virtually any species regardless of environmental preferences,
even in geographical locations which normally would be wholly unsuitable for a certain species. For example The Fresh Shrimp Company
produces tropical shrimp in England while the Abu Dhabi company
Asmak produces cold water salmon in their 500,000 square metre
onshore site.
The main benefits of RAS farming are:
Feeding is constantly observed and can be controlled by robots
so that overfeeding is easily avoided. Feed conversion in RAS is
therefore much higher compared to other systems, reducing the
amount of feed necessary to grow the fish to market size, thus
reducing expenses and maximising profit.
Growing fish in RAS allows the farmer to maintain uniformity in
his stock through size-grading and the adjustment of feeding rates.
Exposure to disease is reduced as contact with the outside
environment is minimised through strict biosecurity protocols and
incoming water can be sourced from known clean sources or can
be treated before being introduced to the system. Additionally,
many RAS designs include the use of ultraviolet light and ozone
for water sterilisation. As well as ensuring high welfare standards,
this reduces the use of antibiotics and other pharmaceutical
products, highly undesirable in aquaculture when considering
environmental impacts of such chemicals, and the perception of
the consumer.
Fish are not exposed to extreme weather conditions, and any
unusual behaviour can be recognised and reacted to accordingly,
and any dead fish can be promptly removed.
Many concerns have been voiced over the mixing of wild
populations with fish escaping from nets in sea and lakes reducing
the genetic variability in nature, and this risk is removed in RAS
operations.
Crucially, RAS allows the collection, treatment and potential uti-
lisation or treatment of waste products, including heat and CO2

as well as biological waste, reducing the impact of farming on the
environment. For example, with proper design waste heat energy
from equipment such as pumps or chillers can be harvested and
used to heat other parts of the farm or other operations.
Identifying the potential pitfalls, and avoiding them
As with any novel undertaking or technology, RAS can and does come
up against challenges. Chris Clayburn states that: There will be some
genuine RAS that fail even when operating within certain defined limits,
which may be down to margins because RAS is an inherently expensive
way to produce fish [which] should be mitigated by thorough feasibility
study. Indeed research by CEFAS highlighted several cases of RAS
operation failings for a variety of reasons, including poor understanding
and planning, high costs, lower than expected sales values, poor design,
market challenges, environmental concerns and more.
Initially, building a RAS requires high capital investment and as such
must be well funded through the initial stages of growth through to
full production, which may be in the range of 12 to 18 months. This
can be off-putting to investors, but RAS must be seen as a long- term
investment, with potentially significant returns having. In addition to this,
high operational costs when using traditional energy sources can be a
barrier to development. However, through careful planning, proper
feasibility analysis and forward thinking, incorporating renewable energy
generation through solar, wind, gasification of waste or biomass generators and, in the case of exotic species in temperate climes, siting nearby
sources of waste heat such as power stations can make operations
significantly more viable. Even under standard energy conditions it is
possible to significantly reduce energy consumption through proper
design, bringing it in line with flow through systems. When considered
in tandem with reduced feed conversions, limited risks of stock failure,
reduced impact on local environment, the economic and environmental balance of RAS then become much more favourable.
In terms of the systems themselves, it is essential that the design
is fit-for-purpose for the very start, and as such each farm should be
treated as a unique project, ensuring all local variables are catered for.
Having a system with a poor or unsuitable design, or utilising a generic
system under special circumstances, could have disastrous consequences. Furthermore, an in depth knowledge of the target market and species demand is also very important. It is not unheard of for farms to go
bankrupt because of poor market research. Once operational, several
factors must be considered for a system to be successful. One of them
is organic matter and nutrient loading in the effluent water, particularly
phosphorus and nitrogen which, if discharged, can contribute to the
eutrophication of the receiving water bodies. Therefore the design
must take account of this and have sufficient denitrification capabilities
to ensure discharges are as clean as possible, and at least comply with
local environmental guidelines.
While denitrification reactors can make operations economically
unfeasible, less intensive methods are becoming increasingly popular, such as stabilisation ponds and wetlands, which can also provide
additional income to the farmer. In addition to nitrate removal, the
removal or limitation of phosphorus discharge should also be considered such as optimising phosphorus retention in the fish, rapid
removal of solids from the water preventing phosphorous leaching
or dephosphonation techniques. Of course a farm will also produce
significant quantities of solid waste, which would need to be dealt
with. Firstly, it is important to treat this sludge and remove as much
water as possible through the use of dewatering belts, flocculation
tanks, or other available technologies, the resulting water entering
denitrification processes outlined above. The resulting dewatered
waste can then either be removed by municipal services, be used
in energy generation, or can be used as fertiliser or compost;
however, in this instance other regulations should be adhered to.
There are also biological methods for dealing with both dissolved
Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

ing a balanced system with constant recycling
and utilisation of by-products and developing
multiple income streams.
Finally, technologies such as the up flow
sludge bed manure denitrification reactor
(USB-MDR) which allows for the reduction
of make-up water supply for nitrate control; reduction of nitrate-nitrogen discharge;
reduction of energy consumption due to a
low make up water supply flow and heat production by the bacteria biomass in the USBMDR, concentration of the drum filter solids
flow; reduction of the size/volume of the
post treatment of the sludges and increased
alkalinity production and allows a pH neutral
fish culture operation, can provide the farmer
with the opportunity to reduce exchange
rates to just 0.15 percent in some cases.
The future of RAS
RAS is a set to become a very important

part of global aquaculture, just as long as the
potential pitfalls are avoided from the beginning
of the thought process it can be considered
the clean and green future of aquaculture.
In improving the efficiency and reducing the
impact of RAS, research continues to seek to
optimise feeds to reduce waste production
and produce faeces with high water stability
and optimal particle sizes, facilitating the cleaning process. Additionally, new technologies
are being developed to optimise the nitrogen
removal from the systems.
One of them, ANNAMOX a trademark
for an anaerobic ammonium oxidation process
owned by Paques - allows the direct conversion
of total ammonia nitrogen into nitrogen gas
under anaerobic conditions, helping to achieve
99 percent recycling in sea water systems.
Moreover, as highlighted previously, energy
reuse, optimising and developing energy saving
equipment and using alternative energy sources
are also helping in developing RAS into more
sustainable and environmental friendly practice,
governed by standards of best practice as well
as economical drivers. The state of the art as it
stands, coupled with the improvements which
are happening and will occur, will undoubtedly see RAS, with its defining 10 percent or less water exchange and circulated water, develop
considerably in the coming years.
"With concerns being raised about the

impacts and safety of open water cage and
pond farming, the spotlight has begun to fall
upon more sustainable and environmentally
friendly methods for raising fish"
and solid waste, where the waste of one species is used as an input
for another.
For instance, aquaponics, itself in its commercial infancy, utilises dissolved waste products for growing plant crops, while Integrated MultiTrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) can utilise dissolved wastes in growing
algae, while solids can be utilised by detritivores or filter feeders, creat-
www.pontusresearch.com
www.pontusaqua.com
References available on request
Does your company want to be involved in our

Fish Farming Technology supplement?
Contact Olivia Holden +44 1242 267706 - Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
a source of key molecules in aquaculture

feeds
Fine particle filtration in

aquaculture
in compound feeds for aquaculture
Prevalence of mycotoxins in
aquafeed ingredients:
Understanding ammonia
in aquaculture ponds
an update
New functional
fish feeds to reduce
cardiovascular disease
EXPERT TOPIC
Salmon
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S E P T E M B E R | O C TO B E R
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Profitable aquafeed
moisture control
in European aquafeeds
one of the key B vitamins for sustaining

healthy fish growth and production
EXPERT TOPIC
Ultraviolet
water disinfection for fish
farms and hatcheries
J U LY | A U G U S T
VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 3 2 0 1 3 -
24/07/2013 14:33
Chicken viscera for fish

feed formulation
Nutritional benefits of
processed animal proteins
Niacin
as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia
channel catfish
N OV E M B E R | D E C E M B E R
Transforming aquaculture
production using
oxygenation systems
Controlling mycotoxins with

binders
Effect of probiotic,
Hydroyeast Aquaculture
AquaNor event review
a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cages
They are what they eat

Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds
with microalgae
The potential of
microalgae meals
Pellet distribution modelling:
VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 6 2 0 1 3 -
Maintaining ingredient
quality in extruded feeds
Animal co-product
hydrolysates:
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M AY | J U N E
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13/05/2013 16:03
Spray-dried plasma
Bioenergetics
application in aquaculture nutrition
from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic

salmon parrs
Towards aquafeeds with

increased food security
The shrimp feed industry in China

an overview
MARCH | APRIL
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Fusion Marine
Innovation and
service to the global
aquaculture sector
usion Marine Ltd is a leading supplier of equipment for the

aquaculture sector, with a particular focus on robust and
versatile fish farm pens manufactured from tough polyethylene and available in a variety of different formats and
specifications. The companys range of fish farm pens have been
successfully installed in some of the harshest marine environments
in the world and are suitable for a wide range of species including
salmon, bream, bass, tuna, trout and many others.
friendly solution by using the material from old pens to manufacture

new systems incorporating the latest designs and technologies.
Fusion Marine is continually investing in new technology to ensure
it stays ahead of the field. Their expertise in plastics technology
has enabled the diversification of its product and service range to
include pontoons and support expertise for hatchery installations and
upgrades.
With almost 25 years experience within the aquaculture sector,

Fusion Marine has forged strong relationships with customers based
on a reputation for service and support, combined with excellent
product quality. For example, the company works closely with customers to future-proof their fish farm operations by providing new
equipment and upgrading existing infrastructure.
This upgrade and refurbishment work is proving particular popular
among aquaculture companies and provides an environmentally
Fusion Marine circular fish pens are renowned around the work
for their toughness, versatility and overall excellence of design.
Manufactured from tough polyethylene (PE), cutting-edge technology is used in their manufacture to ensure the highest quality and
most modern equipment. Available in two or three-ring formats,
innovative Electrofusion and butt-fusion jointing techniques are
utilised in the manufacturing processes to ensure optimum strength
and integrity.
Fish pen overview
Recently, Fusion Marine teamed up with PE jointing specialist

ControlPoint to utilise its suite of technologies, enabling Fusion
engineers to be supported by two new advanced information and
inspection systems. The adoption of these advanced technologies is
an integral part of Fusion Marines commitment to deliver the best
possible customer service by continually innovating and enhancing its
manufacture and installation standards.
Aquaflex pens
The proven and highly successful Aquaflex aquaculture system

covers fish farming pen sizes from 35-80m circumference and utilises
250mm diameter flotation pipes. Incredibly robust and featuring a
modular design, Aquaflex fish farm pens have been engineered to give
fish farmers peace of mind so they can concentrate on rearing quality
farmed fish. Aquaflex is the ideal fish farming system for inshore sea
farms, fresh water fish farms, pilot fish farms and for rearing juvenile
fish stock.
Oceanflex pens
Oceanflex is the fish farm pen of choice for aquaculture companies operating over a wide variety of marine sites. These heavy
duty, all polyethylene fish farm pens are built on the security and
safety of Fusion Marines proven three ring flotation fish farm
system. The Oceanflex aquaculture system is used around the
world for a large range of marine species. This versatile system
features 315mm diameter flotation pipes for pen sizes ranging
from 60-150m.
Triton pens
The Triton 400 and 450 fish pens have been developed to meet
the demanding conditions found in open sea fish farming sites.
With the future trend of fish farming moving further offshore, these
incredibly strong large diameter aquaculture pens provide the perfect
solution.
Triton is the fish farm pen of the future, with its incredible strength
ment, coupled with their strong track record in the aquaculture market
enables the highest level of support for hatchery operations.
The fabrication, supply and bespoke installation of pipes, manifolds,
valves, PE sheets and other specialised parts can be utilised in both
small and large-scale hatcheries. As well as supplying a full turnkey package from design and installation to after sales service, the company also
carry out repairs and alterations to existing systems. This expertise can
be applied to other operations that utilise pipe-work and associated
fittings such as shellfish depuration units.
Pontoons
combined with large diameter making it ideal for exposed offshore

locations. The extra -large three-ring Triton 450 cage has already
proved extremely successful for the offshore farming of tuna and
salmon. The new Triton 400 version has been developed to provide
an alternative specification that can be used in either three or two ring
formats.
The excellent buoyancy and strength of the Triton range provides
a safe and stable working platform aided by heavy gauge handrails. All
Triton cages feature anti-slip safety decking, with the handrails and all
other fittings constructed from tough and corrosion resistant PE.
Square pens
Ideal for freshwater and estuarine locations, these pens are excellent for small-scale production and the rearing of juveniles. Widely
used around the world, they are manufactured to individual customer
specifications.
Hatcheries
Fusion Marines expertise with plastic piping and associated equip-
Fusion Marine pontoons provide convenient and cost effective

access for a variety of waterside locations, including remote coastal
areas.
Constructed from tough polyethylene and recycled plastic, the flexible nature of these custom-sized pontoons enables them to be sited
on shelving beaches and other similar areas. As the tide or water level
fluctuates, the pontoon follows the contours of the foreshore, providing the perfect answer for individuals, businesses and other organisations looking to gain easy access to the sea or other waterbody.
These low maintenance pontoons are ideal for the landing and
mooring of small and medium sized vessels. There is the option
to increase the available berthing space by utilising a hammerhead
arrangement at the end. All pontoons are specifically designed in close
consultation with the customer to ensure they meet their specific site
and size requirements.
For specific aquaculture applications, pontoons are manufactured as
landing and service platforms for fish farms, for example as a central
pontoon with fish pens arranged on either side. Fish transfer pontoons
are also designed and manufactured, enabling wellboats to pump fish
ashore, or take fish onboard.
www.fusionmarine.com
Forum addressed Technology & Systems and Aquaculture &

Products, as well as the changeover of organic operations.
The summaries of the entire Forum are being combined in
written form and can be ordered as a pdf file by email.
Party-power and new partners
No Forum without a stand party remained the maxim

this year too. Both exhibitors and visitors celebrated in
high spirits, enjoying delicious fish dishes, beer and wine following a long exhibition day. The Fish Party was opened by
Dr Bernhardt Feneis - the President of the Association of
German Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture (VdBA). He is
also Vice President of FEAP, the Federation of European
Aquaculture Producers.
A meeting between international fish breeders and fish
traders was organised for the first time in 2012 and at the
special request of the participants this was repeated in 2014
(2nd International Fish Discussion). They had lots to say to
each other and the international Fishtalk lived up to its name,
helping many producers to find new customers. For instance
there were lively discussions between Turkish and Danish trout
producers about prices and import duties. Traders debated
the sense and nonsense of certificates, from Biolabel to Global
Gap. Eric Bink, Chairman of the new Dutch Aquaculture
Experts association, opened the International Fish Discussion.
The established maxim of the Fish Talk was a brief opening
address, lots of discussions, getting to know each other quickly
and building up fruitful contacts in a relaxed setting with food
and drink a kind of fisheries speed dating.
Aquaculture at EuroTier is a get-together for the industry
that is increasingly attracting international interest. Although
the aquaculture sector will not fill halls at the leading trade
fair for animal husbandry and management, Growth in
Water makes EuroTier a whole lot more colourful and
interesting.
AQUACULTURE & STURGEON

(FISH OF THE YEAR 2014)
SPONSORED FEATURE
Scan QR code to view

all ALFRA systems
ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology
A complete range of dosing and weighing

systems through 80 years of experience

80 years experience has led to a complete range of machines

for the animal feed industry. The state-of-the-art machines are
extremely robust and unequalled in terms of speed and
accuracy. The ALFRA range of systems for dosing and weighing
in industrial processes include:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Duplex flow weigher, weighing capacity up to 600 tons

per hour
Oblong weigher with quick discharge slide and
underhopper, weighing capacity up to 6.000 kg
Macro component dosing system, weighing capacity up
to 2.000 kg
Oblong weigher with discharge conveyor, weighing
capacity up to 6.000 kg
Medium component dosing system, weighing capacity
up to 1.000 kg
Small component dosing system, weighing capacity up
to 100 kg
Micro component dosing system, weighing capacity up
to 30 kg or 5 kg / 100 kg.
Movable batch collecting system, weighing capacity up
to 2.000 kg

From the intake to outloading in bulk, big bags or bags,

there are ALFRA dosing and weighing systems for all
capacities and accuracies.
Flexible container component dosing system, weighing
capacity up to 5 kg / 150 kg
10 Pneumatic transport system, transport capacity more than
100 tons per hour
11 Automatic container transport, transport capacity up to 150
tons per hour
12 Bulk batch transport, weighing capacity up to 6.000 kg
13 Movable weighing mixer, weighing capacity up to 5.000 kg
14 Certified movable bulk weigher for contraset filling,
weighing capacity up to 10.000 kg
15 Silo discharge system for finished products, discharge
capacity up to 600 tons per hour
16 Certified movable bulk weigher for direct truck loading,
weighing capacity up to 10.000 kg
9
If you need to find out more about how ALFRA Dosing & Weighing
Technology can help optimize your dosing performance, reduce
operator actions, and cut down on overdosing, contact KSE at the
address below or go to www.alfra.nl.
KSE Process Technology B.V. | Rondweg 27 | 5531 AJ BLADEL | The Netherlands | Tel: +31 (0)497 383818 | www.alfra.nl | info@kse.nl
SPONSORED FEATURE
Scan QR code to see

our company film
KSE Proven Process Technology
Guaranteed performance improvement

for your factory
2013 was a milestone for
KSE Process Technology
as it celebrated the 40th
anniversary of KSE and
the 80th anniversary
of ALFRA. It was also
the silver jubilee for
PROMAS software. Some
of the first systems still
run today, testimony
to the future-proof
design of this modular
automation software.
KSE Process Technology (Bladel, the Netherlands) serves a

global customer base in the animal feed, premix, mineral,
dry petfood and other industries where powders, granules
and pellets products are processed. The company is built
on three pillars: equipment (ALFRA); software (PROMAS);
and services.
We understand your business
KSEs services include consultancy, design, engineering,
project management, service and maintenance. Whether you
need a new installation or an upgrade, we strive to optimize
performance and quality, increase productivity, reduce costs
and extend the economic life.
Robust, fast and accurate equipment
ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology is a leading
manufacturer of robust, fast and accurate dosing and weighing
equipment. From the intake to outloading, there are ALFRA
solutions for all capacities and accuracies, including fixed and
moveable weighers, ingredient dosing systems, dosing slide,
mixers and transport systems.
Software that grows with your needs

Automation using PROMASST Process Management Software is not
only the solution for now but also for the future because it enables
you to upgrade, expand or improve process control as your needs
grow. In addition to data, reporting, analysis, quality, process
control, service and maintenance applications, we also provide
remote support with on-line diagnostics and a 24-hour helpdesk.
Visit KSE at Victam on stand C151
VICTAM Asia 2014 is South East Asias premier event for the
production and processing of animal feeds, specialist feeds, dry
petfood and aquafeed. It is held at the Bangkok International
Trade Exhibition and Convention Centre in Thailand on April 8
and 9, and KSE Processing Technology are exhibiting on stand
C 151, where you can see the ALFRA dosing slide in action.
STAND NUMBER
C151
SPONSORED FEATURE
Scan QR code to see

the FCCD in action
ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology
Eliminate hand-tipping with ALFRAs

Flexible Component Dosing solutions
Hand tipping of animal feed components is labour
intensive and subject to human error. It is also complex
to automate because of the need to accurately weigh
quantities ranging from a few grams to tens of kilograms.
In addition, a wide range of components have to be
stored in bags or big bags close to the manual weighing
station. Fortunately ALFRA has three proven solutions
that enable the complete automation of hand tipping on
one compact form factor that often fits in the currently
available space.
Manual dosing of additives in the form of powders and
granulates involves hand weighing a range of different
ingredients in widely varying quantities. Although this can be
partially integrated into a process automation system using
barcodes for batch- and ingredient identification, it remains
susceptible to error. The answer lies with the ALFRA Flexible
Component Dosing systems that not only eliminate hand
tipping but also reduce the risk of contamination, guarantee
accurate dosing and provide reliable traceability data. They
also contribute to a safer working environment because
operators are not exposed to toxic or unpleasant ingredients.
Setting the standard with the FCD
Accommodating 4 to 48 different ingredients in rigid silos or
ALFRAs unique flexible silos, the original Flexible Component
Dosing solution uses a weigher-in-weigher system for
extremely accurate dosing of amounts ranging from roughly
10 g to 100 kg. Working in combination with an ALFRA dosing
slide for each silo and the ALFRA dose&weigh control system,
this automated solution is ideal for factories that have sufficient
height and space to house the silos.
Weigher-in-weigher system
The weigher-in-weigher system achieves such a high degree
of accuracy over a wide dosing range by combining two
weighing scales in one hopper. Large quantities are dosed
directly into a 100 kg weigher, while smaller quantities are
initially dosed into a 5 kg weigher before being emptied into
the hopper. The combined weighing system is mounted on a

movable frame (with X- or X/Y-axis movement) that precisely
locates it under each dosing position and above the discharge
position to eliminate traditional horizontal transportation. To
simplify cleaning, the FCD has an additional cleaning position
that provides easy access to the hoppers of the combined
weighing system.
Introducing the compact FCD-C
The all-new FCD-C is a compact execution of the FCD that has
been specially developed for applications where floorspace
is limited yet the accuracy and flexibility of the weigher-inweigher system are still required. It saves precious space by
replacing the cleaning position with fold-out access to the
weighing system and hopper. The FCD-C is also available with
fewer silo positions than the FCD, and thanks to a re-designed
hopper that works in combination with a simplified movable
frame for the weighing station (pneumatically driven with X-axis
movement only), it is an attractively priced solution.
Dosing directly from containers
Both the FCD and FCD-C solutions require sufficient height
to be available in the factory to accommodate silos.For
applications where this headroom is not available, ALFRA
has developed a unique system that doses directly from
interchangeable containers. Called the FCCD (Flexible
Container Component Dosing system), this configuration
greatly increases operational flexibility and simplifies
switching between recipes. The accurate weigher-in-weigher
system is also used on the FCCD.
The versatility of Dosingtainers
Ingredients are first discharged from bags or big bags into
the interchangeable containers (called Dosingtainers),
which are either positioned on the FCCD or stored
until needed. Every Dosingtainer has a unique ID and is
recognizable both visually and via RFid for the control
system. Like a silo, data such as content, possible residue,
parameters and track-and-trace information are stored in
SPONSORED FEATURE
ALFRA-FCD
Manual addition stations in animal feed,

petfood and premix production present
specific challenges for process automation.
To meet these challenges in existing as well
as new production plants, ALFRA Dosing &
Weighing Technology offers three Flexible
Component Dosing solutions: the original
FCD silo-based installation; the innovative
container-based FCCD; and the compact
new FCD-C silo-based version that offers
cost benefits where floor space is limited.
ALFRA-FCCD
the computer and always available. Dosingtainers are easily

swapped using a fork-lift truck or overhead hoist and the
unused product remains in the Dosingtainer. This rapid
interchangeability in combination with the possibility to
clean, fill and store wherever it is most convenient reduces
the risk of contamination. It also means that materials are
not left for too long in silos. The containers are made of
durable, flexible material and can be equipped with special
activators to prevent non-free flowing products staying in
the container.
Automated, fast, safe and contamination-free
All ALFRA Flexible Component Dosing systems meet todays
requirements for accurate, fast and safe dosing with minimal
labour costs and a reduced risk of contamination. They make
more efficient use of available floor space and the FCCD also
fits in factories with a lower roof. To find out more, contact KSE
at the address on the back page or visit www.kse.nl.
ALFRA-FCD-C
FEATURE
AUSTRALIA
a complex aquaculture industry
From boom or bust for key species groups of shrimp, salmon and tilapia!
ustralian aquaculture is in many

ways at the crossroads. It clearly
has potential but regrettably
there are many things holding it
back. Much of Australia has been based on
the boom or bust process and aquaculture
is very much in that zone.
Setting the scene
First, we have to understand and accept

that Australia is seafood deficient and already
relies on imported seafood for around 75 percent of all seafood consumed. This has long
been the case despite Australia having the
worlds third largest Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) at around 10 million square kilometers.
When you compare that with the size of the
Australian mainland States and Territories,
which is 7.69 million square kilometers, you
can appreciate the size.
Australia is surrounded by both tropical

and by temperate seas, but these waters are
not particularly bountiful as far as wild fish are
concerned and there are many scientific and
geographic explanations for this.
However, we must ask the question has
Australia really made the best uses of its water
resources or have they been, so far, wasted by
not embracing aquaculture, the worlds fastest
growing primary industry?
Reports that point to optimism
A Report was done on Imported Seafood

by the Fisheries Research & Development
Corporation (FRDC) and detailed analysis of
fisheries statistics, various reports and trade
information from around Australia, revealed
that:
The 193,000 tonnes of seafood imported in financial year 2008/09, some 250
species/ products from aquaculture and
wild-catch fisheries, had a landed cost

of Aus$1.3 billion and an estimated final
sales value of Aus$4.5 billion
The business activities transacted in
importing this seafood, from the landing
port to the consumers plate added
Aus$3.2 billion (4.5 minus 1.3 billion) to
the Australian economy
Almost all the imported seafood was
used for seafood consumption through
the retail and the food service sectors
This quantity provided 72 percent of
the fish and shellfish flesh consumed in
Australia and underpinned more than
two-thirds of Australias employment in
the seafood post-harvest sector
Canned fish, frozen fillets, frozen whole
and processed prawns and frozen squid
products were the major imported
items
Just taking some very rough calculations
FEATURE
you will see Australias issue. Consider the

dietary recommendations for Australians by
the National Health & Medical Research
Council (NHMRC) and do a quick computation and you will see that the amount of seafood required would need to be in the region
of 750,000 tonnes of whole fish/seafood. If
you then consider Australias current harvest
(both wild-catch and aquaculture) is regularly
in the 200-240,000 tonnes you will see the
need for imported product. This situation is
not expected to improve in the foreseeable
future.
A few months ago, Rabobank gave a view
that the strong thematic drivers, both local
and global, are critical to the current growth
in the industry advising that these will continue
to support further growth in the medium to
long term.
They went on to give the view that the
rate of growth and outlook varies significantly
across sectors, depending on the exposure to

the key growth drivers and suggested that in
order for Australian seafood sectors to grow
and remain competitive, it is important that
strategies are developed to the address the
following:
Ability to sustainably
increase production
Technological and aquaculture improvements

Market concentration, with
high barriers to entry
Brand development and reputation
Improving market access
Opportunities and challenges with
meeting Asian demand growth
Evolution of the Middle Class Millions % (OECD 2010)

2009
2020
2030
North America
338 (18%)
333 (9%)
322 (7%)
Europe
664 (36%)
703 (22%)
680 (14%)
Latin America
181 (10%)
251 (8%)
313 (6%)
Asian & Pacific
525 (28%)
740 (54%)
3228 (66%)
Sub-Saharan Africa
32 (2%)
57 (2%)
107 (2%)
Middle E & N Africa

World Total
105 (6%)
165 (5%)
234 (5%)
1845 (100%)
3249 (100%)
4484 (100%)
FEATURE
Supply chain partnerships
A competitive value proposition
relative to alternate proteins
Rabobank concluded that the overall the
outlook remains very optimistic across most
key Australian sectors.
However, there will be challenges, particularly with regard to managing environmental
and sustainability issues, biosecurity as well as
trade flows.
Import reliance creates

its own issues
There is more to this as there are added

issues to being import reliant, these include
price variances due to market forces and exchange
rates. Trained staff are
not that easy to come by
and what is an enigma is
that whilst Australia has an
excellent Seafood Training
Package it is used sparingly.
The aquaculture industry
in Tasmania has definitely
made the most of this but
other states are lacking a
training focus. Clearly if you
are not training your staff
there will be consequences
down the track.
Most countries in Asia
that Australia relies on
for seafood are not only
large consumers of seafood
themselves but are also
expecting massive increases
in their middle classes. It is
understood that as people
move to middle class status their food consumption patterns change and they eat more
protein, especially proteins which they already
enjoy, e.g. seafood.
This increase in middle classes is actually a
potential double hit for seafood consumers in
Australia. As demand rises in those countries
they will not only seek to eat more of their
own production but will also be keen to
import special niche products exactly the
area where Australian production could fit.
The aim of Australian seafood harvesters
and processors generally is always at export
markets rather than domestic markets, it has
been part of the countrys psyche for generations.
This further acerbates the supply position
and whilst you would think with the abundance of resources, technology, science and
education that Australia has, we would see
the country wallowing in opportunities. Alas,
Australia seems to be paralysed and has been
that way for some time.
Politicians rarely understand the dynamic
of seafood and regrettably politics has played
a large role in Australias current position.
Some say that Australia has not moved into

the new dynamic of aquaculture as well as
it should have, especially in the governance
arena.
No cohesive plan for

shrimp, salmon or tilapia
There is no one plan for Aquaculture and

with nothing happening in Commonwealth
waters it is the States/Territories that rule the
roost. Governance is complicated and tied up
in red and green tape.
There are no two states with the same legislation/regulations. In most states/territories
fishing, a hunter-gather approach to harvest-
with production stable at approximately

20,000 tonnes. When compared to the global
supply of over six million tonnes, which is
produced in approximately equal amounts
by wild-catch and aquaculture, Australia is
a minor producer, but this could potentially
change in the future.
Whether a pipe dream or reality there
is currently a project by Australias largest
prawn farmer Seafarms Group Limited (itself
a recently-acquired subsidiary of ASX-listed
Commodities Group Limited), to create the
worlds largest prawn farm.
Based in the remote north of Western
Australia and aiming to create a 10,000ha
Black Tiger Prawn, P. monodon farm. Whilst it is still early
days and many uncertainties
remain, if this farm was developed it could become one
of Australias largest aquaculture sectors, potentially even
surpassing salmon aquaculture
in value terms. It would also
place Australia among the top
10 largest global prawn producers and also making it one
of the leading exporters.
Natural biosecurity
a key advantage
ing, is still locked with aquaculture, and that

would seem to confuse and obstruct opportunities. When you hear stories of no new
aquaculture licenses issued in a state for over
a decade when the rest of world is embracing
aquaculture it sends out bad messages to the
industry and potential investors.
Australia does have excellent science,
research and education. This is highlighted
by CSIRO Australia, who, after 10 years
of research, have perfected the Novacq
prawn feed additive.
Farmed prawns fed with Novacq grow on
average 30 percent faster, are healthier and
can be produced with no fish products in their
diet, a world-first achievement in sustainability.
Having this advantage is a major plus in
the market but alas the volumes that are produced in Australia are negligible. The quantity
of farmed prawns produced in Australia is only
around 4500 tonnes whereas in Indonesia and
many other similar countries they are producing over 300,000 tonnes the quantities all
over Asia certainly dwarf Australias activities.
At the moment for prawn Australia relies
more on wild-catch product (and imports),
Experts say from a land

and feed availability perspective
and given the suitable climate
in this region, the farm should
be feasible. The high level of
biosecurity in Australia would
be a great advantage, especially
as the global prawn sector has
been through some crises with the outbreak of
Early Morality Syndrome, which decimated key
production regions such as China and Thailand
and pushed global prices to new highs.
Talking of biosecurity. It is important to
note that imported prawns in Australia are
only allowed if they are approved through
Biosecurity Australia.
Biosecurity Australia completed the final
import risk analysis (IRA) report and strict
policy recommendations for the importation
of prawns and prawn products from all countries have been in place for over five years.
The final IRA report recommended risk
management for white spot syndrome virus
(WSSV), yellowhead virus (YHV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and NHPB (in the case of
unfrozen product) to meet Australias appropriate level of quarantine protection.
The IRA recommends that imported
prawns be sourced from a country or zone
that is recognised by Australia to be free of
WSSV, YHV, TSV and NHPB (the last disease
agent, for unfrozen product only); or have the
head and shell removed (except for the last
shell segment and tail fans) and, if not from
FEATURE
a disease free source, have each batch tested
on arrival with negative results for WSSV, and
YHV; or be highly processed, that is head and
shell-off (except for the last shell segment and
tail fans), and coated for human consumption
by being breaded or battered, marinated in a
wet or dry marinade, marinated and placed
on skewers or processed into dumpling,
spring roll, samosa, roll, ball or dim sum-type
product; or be cooked to a standard where
all protein is coagulated and no uncooked
meat remains.
Of course biosecurity is important but tens
of thousands of tonnes of imported green
prawns have been imported to Australia over the past 50 years - without any major
issue. Strangely with such rules no one seems
to take in the costs to consumers,
Salmon - the one bright light
Australias bright light in aquaculture is in

Atlantic Salmon, clearly not an indigenous
fish, but one which has now cemented itself
strongly in Tasmania. The volume is heading
towards 60,000 tonnes (Australias largest

single species harvest) with the majority of the
product aimed at the domestic market and
with strong environmental credentials being
obtained and continually chased.
It is clearly an industry sector which stands
out above most others in Australia. When
you consider that the harvest started in
1986/87 with a harvest of 53 tonnes you can
appreciate the growth.
The Huon Valley Trade Training Centre (HVTTC) at Huonville, Tasmania

This is one of four TTC's in Tasmania - there is something similar in South
Australia but nowhere else in Australia. All states treat education differently.
Steve Harrison (pictured), is Education Programs Leader at HVTTC, and will
soon take up his appointment as chairman of the AwF Global Schools/Students
Network. HVTTC enables school kids to get Certificate l & ll in the National
Seafood Training Package - which connects them with industry. Industry now
engages and enable kids to have time in the businesses through their schooling.
It's a great initiative, but its only a small pocket ...
Tassal Limited is the largest producer of

salmon in Tasmania, with almost eight million
Atlantic salmon growing in cages that can each
hold up to 40,000 fish.
Head of sustainability for Tassal, Linda
Sams has been reported as saying The
Company needs to expand to keep up with
demand. By 2030 we talk about doubling our
production, but there's a number of ways
we'll do that.
We'll do that through actually growing
more fish, but we'll actually do that as well by
growing fish more efficiently."
But Tassal and the other major Tasmanian
Salmon farms of Huon Aquaculture and
Petuna, who would jointly be close to being
Tasmanias largest employers, are continually
fought on expansion by two groups.
Yes, you would expect in Tasmania, where
the Green lobby gets most of its strength in
Australia, that the environmentalists would
be heavy objectors but it is also quite fascinating that another seafood group, the rival
abalone industry, are also wanting the expansion stopped. Both accuse salmon farms of
polluting Tasmania's waterways and killing off
marine life.
In Victoria, Pacific Oysters are considered
noxious pests and are not allowed yet South
Australia, Tasmania and NSW have created
viable businesses. Talking of noxious pests
Australia has spent millions of dollars trying to
find the silver bullet for European Carp and
Tilapia (the two largest aquaculture species in
the world) as against using the research and
technical knowhow on how to grow such species and satisfy market demand for cheaper
fresh fish.
Yet Atlantic Salmon and fish like Rainbow
Trout are allowed and even grown by
Government hatcheries.
We have not broached the money spent
on species like Tuna, Murray Cod and Silver
Perch or the Seafood CRC, so you can see
Australia is a confusing mix. Until there is
some political leadership and a national plan
which includes engagement with all States/
Territories creating a more investor-friendly
environment, then it should expect the boom
or bust era to continue and for the reliance on
imports to get stronger.
Photo from the International Aquafeed photo competition - photographer: Mati Nitibhon
EXPERT TPIC
EXPERT TOPIC
SHRIMP
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
EXPERT TPIC
2
1
The evolution
of modern
shrimp farming
by Malachi Stone, International
Aquafeed
lthough marine shrimp farming

has been practised in many
Asian countries for at least a
hundred years, it is only in the
past decade or so that it has really become
an economically important industry. In the
past, shrimp were viewed only as a secondary crop. Generally, fry were accidentally
washed by the tide into coastal paddy fields
and brackish fishponds. Trapped there,
they were simply allowed to grow to a
decent size then captured and sold. The
supply of fry would depend entirely on
fluctuations in the wild population. No
efforts were made to control predators or
competitors for food and space, and there
was no artificial feeding system. The young
shrimp were thus left to fend entirely for
themselves. Even the water they were living
in was usually too shallow to protect them
adequately from freak changes in weather
conditions. For all these reasons the yields
were somewhat haphazard. Even in a good
year, a farmer could only expect to harvest
between 100 and 300kg per hectare.
Then the market changed. Farmers realised that the shrimp in their paddy fields
were beginning to sell for more than the rice
itself. So they simply converted their fields

and fishponds into shrimp farms.
Where used, modern shrimp farming
techniques have addressed many of the failings of the traditional system. Wherever possible, the farmer has taken active control of
the situation rather than leaving it to chance.
There is a greater density of shrimp in the
pools, because more seawater and thus,
more fry - has been pumped in. The pools
have been dug deeper, providing a more
constant microclimate: the more water over
the shrimps heads, the greater the protection from environmental fluctuations.
One problem remains, however.
Expansion of the industry is still constrained

by an inconsistent supply of fry, which still
depends on captures from wild stocks. So far
only one species of shrimp, Penaeus chinensis,
is able to complete its entire breeding cycle
in captivity.
Shrimp in culture start out feeding on the
algae and aquatic plants that occur naturally
in their pools. However, as they get larger a
supplement is usually needed. Like lobsters,
they are often fed on trash fish, often mixed
with rice bran. Other feeds vary from: crushed
snails, mussel and clam meat, household
leftovers and even large pieces of cowhide
suspended in the water for them to feed on.
EXPERT TPIC
by Tilman Wilke, Susanne Kirwan (Dr. Eckel GmbH, Niederzissen, Germany), and Niti Chuchird,
Hataitip Niyamosatha (Aquaculture Business Research Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand)
r Eckel, a leading supplier for research-based functional

feed additives is about to launch its Shrimp product line
in Thailand and South-East Asia in 2015. New research
results from Thailand corroborate the strength of these
future standards in plant-based health promoters.
Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) is still a big problem in shrimp
production in South-East Asia as well as in Latin America. EMS experts
know that classical approaches like antibiotics and chemical disinfection
are no solution:
Disinfectants are only good for a couple of minutes, so they are
not the answer. Antibiotics are not the answer, either. The vibrios are
there, and we have to keep them in check with balanced systems,
says Scott Horton.
Centrepieces of such balanced systems are farms with strictly managed biosecurity and well-considered genetic resources and breeding
practices. Another task is to strengthen the natural defence mechanism
of the animals in order to cope with any kind of disease pressure.
Functional feed additives are one way to fulfill this task.
Demand for natural solutions
For several years customers and retailers in Europe have become

more and more sensitive to the abundance of antibiotic drugs usage
in animal production systems. Consumers and policymakers oppose
unjustified use of antibiotic drugs either from an individual health
perspective or from a global sustainability perspective. Shrimp farming
enterprises who want to keep pace with that development have to
change their practices and have to look for alternative ways to cope
with disease pressure in intensive shrimp farming systems.
R&D efforts come to fruition
Dr Eckel was one of the first European feed additive producers who
expanded its business to aquaculture and aquafeed industries. The success stories in livestock feed was encouragement to transfer the natural
nutraceutical concepts to aquafeed applications. Hence, the target was
to develop a functional feed additive that has positive effects on growth
and immune defence of Pacific White Shrimp.
After two years of research and development Dr Eckel is proud to
reap the fruits of its labours. In 2014, the Dr Eckel research partners
of the Aquaculture Business Research Centre at Kasetsart University
in Bangkok reported a breakthrough. The tested phytogenic feed additives proved to have positive effects on growth, survival and immune
response of shrimp.
In a series of tank trial experiments at Kasetsart University the
effects of dietary supplementation of phytogenic feed additives was
evaluated at different inclusion rates (400 ppm and 800 ppm) on

growth, survival, intestinal bacteria, immune responses and tolerance to
Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei). Postlarvae 12 (PL12) were kept in 500-litre tanks with seawater of 20-25 ppt salinity and controlled water temperature of 29+
1C. PL12 were stocked at a density of 50 PL per tank (100 PL/m2).
In the growth experiment shrimp were fed for 60 days, the challenge
experiment lasted 30 days, with Vibrio being added before stocking
and at day 14 of the experiment. Each feeding group was carried out
with four replicates.
Increased body weight gain
The Dr Eckel feed additive enhanced the growth rate of shrimp in

laboratory condition in a dose-dependent manner. After 60 days of
dietary administration, shrimp with 800 ppm inclusion rate showed the
highest average body weight of 3.48 0.18 g, followed by the 400 ppm
group with 3.42 0.22 g. Shrimp from the control group showed the
lowest average body weight of 2.64 0.43 g. These differences were
statistically different at a p-level of five percent. The researchers presume that the feed additive improved digestibility of nutrients leading
to higher feed efficiency and faster body weight gain. This hypothesis
is underpinned by the improved feed conversion ratio observed in the
treatment groups.
Better survival rates after Vibrio challenge
Survival rates did not differ between groups in the growth experiments. However, in the challenge experiment shrimp from the group
fed with Dr Eckel feed additives at 800 ppm and at 400 ppm had
significantly higher survival rates (78 percent and 67 percent respectively) compared to shrimp in the control group (64 percent) when
challenged with a virulent strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Researchers marvel at immunological effects
During the experiments, special emphasis was put on immunologi-
Figure 1: Protective feed additives are a building block of

healthy shrimp farming
EXPERT TPIC
LEIBER BETA-S
EXCELLENT FOR FISH
any Made in
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With the new shrimp-adapted versions of his natural phytogenic

feed additives Dr Eckel delivers powerful tools that assure high production and low mortality in intensive shrimp production. The proven
effects on growth, survival rate and immune response will make them
building blocks of a sustainable and balanced shrimp farming system.
Feed mills purchasers will be glad to hear that these feed additives
from Dr Eckel are heat-stable and can be ground or even pulverised,
what makes them suitable for extrusion and micro diet formulation.
And they work in low concentrations leaving enough space for
nutritional ingredients.
in G
Implications for shrimp farmers

and shrimp feed producers
e
ad
Although the biological effects are proven with scientific methods,

the molecular pathway of these effects is still under investigation. The
active ingredients in the feed additives are plant substances and plant
extracts that feature highest levels of flavonoids and polyphenols.
These substances are highly potent nutraceuticals that act as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory agent and immune
system modulators.
REAL
BREWERSViking Pro
YEAST
in G e r m a n
y
M
Modes of action under investigation
Beta-S
M ade i n G e
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cal effects as one of the target mechanism of the novel feed additive.
The tested feed additive improved shrimp immune response, which
led to higher survival rates in the challenge experiment. In the course
of their immunological studies the researchers measured the ratio
of hemocytes cells that do phagocytosis to the total number of
hemocytes. Phagocytosis is the central and terminal mechanism of the
BTR
immune system to seek
and destroy pathogenic bacteria or infected
Bierhefe
Mannan
Bierhefe
W60
cells. The share of hemocytes that perform phagocytosis was significantly larger in the treatment group (23 percent) than in the control
group (17 percent). Additionally shrimp in the treatment group had
twice as much hemocytes compared to shrimp of the control group
(4.4 x 106 versus 1.9 x 106 cells / ml).
When the researchers examined the hepatopancreas of the challenged animals they discovered a spectacular histopathological pattern:
Shrimp from the treatment group had less cell necrosis in the hepatopancreas compared to other groups (Figure 2). That means that the
phytogenic feed additive from Dr. Eckel took a cell-protective effect
in the hepatopancreas of shrimp.
Ge
Figure 2: Histology of the hepatopancreas of control shrimps

showing 30 percent cell necrosis (left) compared to the
hepatopancreas of shrimp of group fed 400ppm of Dr. Eckel
phytogenic feed additive showing 5 percent cell necrosis (right).
Magnification 500x, Hematoxylin and eosin stain. (Copyright:
Niti Churchid, Kasetsart University)
For strong, immunocompetent fish:

Improvement of the cellular &
humoral defence mechanisms
Support of immunological competence
in larval and juvenile stages
Improvement of feed conversion
VIV ASIA 1113 Mar 2015, Bangkok, Thailand

Meet us: Welcome Hall, Stand A005
Leiber GmbH
Hafenstrae 24
49565 Bramsche
Germany
Tel. +49 (0)5461 9303-0
Fax +49 (0)5461 9303-29
www.leibergmbh.de
info@leibergmbh.de
2
EXPERT TPIC
by Jean Peignon, aqua technical service, Olmix, Vietnam
ith unique expertise in

the use of clay and algae,
Olmix has developed
a new product aimed at
the improvement of shrimp performance
through increased digestive enzyme activity
and better digestive balance vital in preventing Vibrio. The solution lies in improving
gut health.
bacteria. Another way to prevent Vibrio

disease is improved gut health. The gut is one
of the most important conduits used by Vibrio
to infect shrimp. It is possible to favour the
natural defences of the gut by preserving its
natural balance to avoid Vibrio development
and toxicity.
While there is scientific evidence showing the benefits of clays in the prevention
or treatment of digestive problems and in
the protection of the gut mucosa, much less
is known about their capacity to improve
feed efficiency. Yet the improvement of the
digestibility of feed is an integral property of
clays. The mechanisms involved are thought
to be multiple (Reichardt, 2008). The dominant hypothesis described in the literature
is that clays slow down the transit of feed
in the intestine, so the time for digestion is
Though Vibrio bacteria are part of the natural

flora and culture environment of shrimp,
Vibriosis can occur in a context of imbalanced
environment and may cause total mortality
of the reared shrimp. During the last two
decades, mass mortality incidents in growout
ponds and hatcheries due to Vibrio were
widely reported. Among the different Vibrio
species, Vibrio harveyi is considered one of
the most important shrimp pathogens.
With very good management practices,
it is possible to limit the Vibrio problem. In
order to have complete protection against
the pathogen, it is important to find ways to
prevent shrimp being contaminated by Vibrio.
Antibiotics and chemotherapy are often used
to manage disease outbreaks. However, these
methods have limits, such as environmental
hazards or the spread of antibiotic-resistant
Shrimp farming started to develop in

the 1970s. In 2012, world shrimp production was over 4 million tonnes and more
than 50 percent of the shrimp eaten in the
world today comes from aquaculture. South
East Asia and China represent the largest
and the most productive shrimp production
areas, accounting for 80 percent of world
production. Although shrimp production has
boomed over the last few
decades, farmers have to
Growth performance
face a variety of issues to
ensure their production.
Average initial weight, g/ind
Shrimp are very sensitive
animals and many disease
Average final weight, g/ind
outbreaks have occurred
Specific growth rate, percent/d
in the past, such as white
Total feed consumption, g/ind
spot viral disease in 19941995 in south East Asia,
Feed Conversion Ratio
and some are still ongoing,
such as Early Mortality in
Shrimp syndrome, hitting
stocks across South East
Health performance
Asia since 2010.
One of the most
Vibrio at 60 days, x104 CFU/g
important of these disIn hepatopancreas
eases is Vibriosis, which
In the intestine
kills shrimp at all stages
of the production cycle.
Survival rate, percent
More than ten Vibrio species have been reported
pathogenic for shrimp.
Control
MFeed+ 0.1
percent
Variation over
control
MFeed+ 0.2
percent
Variation over
control
6.32 0.13
6.32 0.13
6.32 0.13
12.4 0.8
13.09 1.1
+5.6%
13.44 0.1
+8.4%
1.22 0.1
1.31 0.1
+7.4%
1.34 0.1
+9.8%
8.66 0.64
8.21 0.92
8.52 0.77
1.42 0.1
1.22* 0.09
-14.1%
1.23* 0.1
-13.4 percent
* p-value < 0.05
Control
MFeed+ 0.1
percent
Variation over
control
MFeed+ 0.2
percent
Variation over
control
3.07 0.39
2.83 0.31
-7.8%
1.17** 0.13
-61.9%
1.67 0.30
1.58 0.25
-5.4%
1.13 0.12
-32.3%
67.2
4.38
78.4**
4.56
+16.7%
82.4** 3.58
+22.6%
** p-value < 0.01
EXPERT TPIC
increased, hence a better digestibility of feed
and increased nutrient uptake.
Nevertheless, it seems that the action
of clays to enhance feed digestion in the
intestine also involves other mechanisms.
Reichardt (2008) and Habold et al (2009)
both report the ability of clays to favor the
contact between enzymes and nutrients and
therefore to improve the rate of digestion
of the feed. Indeed, digestive enzymes need
to be in contact with their substrate in order
for hydrolysis to occur. The physico-chemical
interactions of the enzymes with clay particles
seem to enhance the contact between the
digestive enzymes and the feed, making clays
a good supporting matrix for enzymes and
acting as a meeting point for them to be in
contact with their substrate. Indeed, Cabezas
et al (1991) demonstrated that clay-enzyme
complexes are formed at enteric pH values.
These active stable complexes are resistant
to proteolysis and increase the amount of
active digestive enzymes in the intestine, thus
improving nutrient digestibility.
In the same way, Habold et al (2009)
observed higher pancreatic lipase activity in
rats supplemented with Kaolinite; Xia et al
(2004) showed an increase in small intestinal
digestive enzyme activity in broilers supplemented with Montmorillonite; and Paolo et
al (1999) observed an increase in protein and
energy retention coefficients for growing pigs
supplemented with clay. Some studies also

suggest that the increased activity of enzymes
in contact with clay comes not only from their
stabilisation, but also from the presence of
cofactors in the clay (Reichardt, 2008; Habold
et al, 2009). Cofactors are defined as thermostable non-protein compounds that form the
active portion of an enzyme system. In other
words, cofactors are helper molecules required
for enzymes to be active. They can be organic
A specific product to improve

productivity of aquaculture
After adding VIUSID aqua to each feed intake throughout the
production process, the following results were:
www.catalysisagrovet.com
EXPERT TPIC
or inorganic, most commonly vitamins in the
first case and metallic ions in the latter.
Clays are layered mineral materials, composed of a succession of aluminum and
silicium based sheets, the order of which
varies depending on the type of clay. In
Montmorillonite, several metallic ions replace
some aluminum and silicium ions in the structure. Known as the substitution phenomenon, this event provides montmorillonite
with part of its physico-chemical reactivity. Moreover, the presence of metallic ions
may contribute to the activation of some
enzymes, through their action of cofactors
(Niederhoffer, 2000). In this way, copper
is known to activate lipase and phospholipase A (Jondreville et al, 2002) and zinc
is a required cofactor of carboxypetidase
(Williams, 1960), to mention only a couple
of examples.
The combination of the matrix support
provided by the clay and the cofactor effect
coming from the metallic ions present in its
structure can be referred to as biocatalysis:
the improvement of performance of a biochemical reaction through the action of an
external compound, a biocatalyst. Due to a
large variety of clay minerals, one can imagine
that all clays do not have the same potential
for biocatalysis depending on their type, their
purity, their source or their treatment. As
such, clay structure can be modified and asso-
ciated with other materials in order to unlock

its biocatalytic properties. Such technology
has been developed by Olmix group (France)
in the course of its research conducted on
seaweeds and clays. The micronized form
allows a fine dispersion of the product in the
intestine, providing many sites of enzymatic
digestive reaction with more easily accessible
metal ions.
Moreover, it benefits from a synergy
between clay and seaweeds in the process of biocatalysis, as seaweeds bring in
many diverse metallic ions, sometimes absent
in the feed, which are required cofactors
for the activation of several enzymes. This
unique combination of seaweeds and clay
makes it a unique tool to boost enzyme
activity through the action of biocatalysis.
MFeed+, the only product benefiting from
this new technology, has proven its efficacy in several studies. In one, MFeed+ was
tested on shrimp by researchers at Kasetsart
University (Thailand). The aim of the study
was to evaluate the effect of MFeed+ feed
supplementation on digestive and growth
performance of Penaeus vannamei.
375 shrimp (6.30.2g weight) were distributed in fifteen 500 L glass tanks containing 25 shrimp each. After a 7-day period of
acclimatization during which all shrimp were
fed the basal diet, tanks were randomly allotted to one of three treatments (5 replicates
per treatment): one control, fed the basal

diet and two MFeed+ groups, for which
the basal diet was supplemented with 0.1
percent or 0.2 percent MFeed+. Growth
performance parameters and mortality were
recorded during the 60 days of supplementation. Vibrio bacteria were counted in the
hepatopancreas and the intestine at 60 days
as a marker of digestive health. The shrimp
were fed three times a day to satisfaction.
The feed amount was adjusted daily based
on the feeding ability of the shrimp. Uneaten
feed was siphoned out of the tank 2 hours
after feeding. Water used in the experiment
was seawater, with salinity adjusted to 12-15
ppt. The water in the tanks was aerated with
air stone and exchanged every 2-3 days at
the rate of 10-30 percent volume depending
on its visible quality.
Feed Conversion Ratio was greatly
improved in groups receiving MFeed+. As a
consequence, average final weight and specific
growth rate of shrimp supplemented with
MFeed+ tended to be higher. Moreover, better digestive performance helped to improve
the digestive status of the shrimp, as demonstrated by a lower Vibrio count in the
hepatopancreas and the intestine and the
improved survival rate of the juveniles. This
study highlighted the potential of MFeed+ to
improve digestive and zootechnical performance of shrimp.
INDUSTRY EVENTS
EVENT LISTINGS
01 - 06 February 2015
25th Annual Feed and Pet Food Extrusion

Short Course
http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion
02 - 03 February 2015
15th Practical Short Course: Trends &

Markets in Aquaculture Feed Ingredients,
Nutrition, Formulation & Optimized Feed
Production & Quality Management
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index.html
19 - 22 February 2015

www.was.org/meetings/Default.
aspx?code=AA2015
11 - 13 March 2015
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www.vivasia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx
16 - 18 March 2015
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25 - 27 March 2015
Aquafeed Extrusion Technology short

course
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05 - 07 April 2015
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21 - 23 April 2015
Seafood Expo
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22 - 23 April 2015
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22 April 2015
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18 - 21 May 2015
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Aquaculture without frontiers: following Mardi Gras
quaculture without Frontiers is hitting the Directions. This presentation will bring people up
road next month and will be centering its to date with the AwF activities and global strategy
activities on New Orleans and the American to promote and support responsible and sustainAquaculture event that follows the famous Mardi able aquaculture to alleviate poverty and malnutrition and to enhance food security for disadvantaged
Gras.
I doubt if we will be parading in all the fancy people.
Please do not forget If you or your organization would
costumes as we have some serious activities like the
AwF Board Meeting, a General Meeting for AwF and like to join with us, volunteer or donate please visit our
an important session at the Conference but NOLA website (http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org/
is full of history and is the home of special music and giving-funding/donations-2/).
well known for its seafood and hospitality and is very close to our base in
Development, Welfare and Poverty
Baton Rouge, said Executive Director,
Alleviation Session (AwF)
Roy Palmer.
The Session developed by AwF
AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2015
Development, Welfare and Poverty
February 19 February 22, 2015 - New Orleans, LA
Alleviation will see speakers from
Session: Sunday, February, 22, 2015
Kenya, Ghana, Bangladesh, Nigeria,
2:00pm 5:00pm
Mexico, Netherlands and Australia
Room: TBD
covering a range of activities within the
Chair/Moderator: Roy Palmer
subject area.
Gorjan Nikolik from Rabobank
2:00-2:15 Value chain financing
International will start the session

Gorjan Nikolik Rabobank
with a presentation about Rabobank
Foundation, which pursues its objec2:15-2:30 Productivity, diversification and resilience of
tives by supporting cooperatives, or
saline aquaculture systems in coastal southern
member-based organisations, which
Bangladesh.
offer an opportunity to save, borrow

Kazi Ahmed Kabir World Fish Centre
or insure. This is directly relevant to
2:30-2:45 Does homestead food production hold
another presentation centered on a
promise to improved household food
survey in the states of Kogi and Niger
security? empirical evidence from the southin Nigeria that highlights that the major
west coastal zone of Bangladesh.
constraints faced by the respondents

Manjurul Karim World Fish Centre
were inadequate credit and high cost
of input.
2:45-3:00 Effects of socio- economic factors on
Gorjan is a senior industry analyst on
adoption of new production technolofood and agribusiness for Rabobank
gies by fish farmers in kogi and niger states,
International. Since joining Rabobank
Nigeria.
in 2005, he has focused on the global

O J Oyero Federal university of technology,
seafood sector, including aquaculture,
Nigeria
wild catch, seafood trade and processing. In his primary role, Gorjan
3:00-3:15 The impact of aquaculture technology
works as an internal consultant to
adoption on households IN Kenya
Rabobank depar tments such as

Akuffo Amankwah Purdue University
Mergers and Acquisitions, Leveraged
Finance, Venture Capital and Credit
3:15-3:30 Evaluating the role of aquaculture and fish on
Risk Management. He also produces
human nutrition in Ghana
research articles covering the seafood

Akua Akuffo Purdue University
industry.
The bulk of the presentations relate
3:30-4:00 coffee break
to outcomes from the Aquaculture
and Fisheries Collaborative Research
4:00-4:15 Fish farming and household wellbeing: A case
Support Program (AquaFish CRSP)
study in selected regions in Ghana
program in Africa, the CGIAR chal
Akuffo Amankwah Purdue University
lenge program on water and food
which highlights some good outcomes
4:15-4:30 UTMarT & AwF collaboration
on rotational polyculture, and a pres
Hctor Hugo Gjon Bez UTMarT,
entation on homestead food producMexico
tion.
There will be a presentation on AwFs
4:30-5:00 AwF - Future directions
involvement in Mexico and the session

Roy Palmer Aquaculture Without Frontiers
will be wrapped up with AwF Future
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Global Initiative
for life and
leadership
through seafood
at Aquaculture
America
ILLS will be r unning

the popular Seafood
and Health Session at
Aquaculture America (AA15) as
the event returns to New Orleans,
one of the favourite tourist spots
in the world for the only major
national aquaculture conference
and exposition held in the U.S.
At AA15 the U.S. Aquaculture
Society (formerly U.S. Chapter
of WAS) joins with National
Aquaculture Association and
the U.S. Aquaculture Suppliers
Association to produce what
promises to be one of the best
seafood events on the calendar.
At a critical point in American
seafood history with seafood consumption on the wane and knowing
that 75 percent of the health care
dollars in USA goes to treatment
of chronic diseases isnt it about
time that people started to understand the link. Commentators do
say people know that seafood is
healthy yet clearly that is not linking
to sales of seafood and the health
of the nation.
We need to be questioning why
are we not promoting good nutrition at all levels of healthcare? Pills
and drugs are not necessarily the
solution - education on good nutrition (especially fish & seafood)
would have much greater impact on
the prevention of chronic disease.
These persistent conditions, the
nations leading causes of death
and disability leave in their wake
deaths that could have been pre-
vented, lifelong disability, compromised quality of life, and burgeoning

health care costs. Prevention has to
be better than cure!
The GILLS Session will be
taking place at the Marriott Hotel
Conference Centre on Friday 20
February between 3 and 5.30pm.
Opening the session with a special
keynote on Quantum Health will be
Neurosurgeon and Optimal Health
Educator Dr. Jack Kruse.Those of us
who attended Nashville AA2013
will recall Jacks lively talk that
both praised and challenged the
industry. Jack is CEO of Optimised
life; a health and wellness company
dedicated to helping patients avoid
the healthcare burdens we typically
encounter as we age. His popular
blog, www.JackKruse.com, gets over
150,000 unique worldwide visitors
per month.
Other impor tant speakers in
the session are world renowned
exper t in aquaculture Claude E.
Boyd (Auburn University); Brett
Koonse (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration); Sherr y Wise
(U.S. Department of Agriculture);
Peter J. Bechtel (USDA-ARS);
David C . Love (Johns Hopkins
Bloomber g School of Public
Health); Md. Motaher Hossain
(Sylhet Agricultural University,
Bangladesh); Chidumeje Ndidi
Patience Okonkwo (University
of New England, Australia) and
the Association of International
Seafood Professionals Executive
Director, Roy Palmer. The full
program and times for the talks can
be seen below.
Seafood harvested from aquaculture is a complete nutrient
package being the major source
of animal proteins and micronutrients for many coastal populations and is a renewable and sustainable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA) for
optimal brain development and
the prevention of coronary heart
disease. Additionally it is a unique
Seafood & Health (Gills) full programme

Friday 20th February 2015, 3:00pm 5:30pm
3:00-3:30 KEYNOTE

Dr Jack Kruse Quantum Health
3:30-3:45

Global Perspectives On Sustainable Food Security And

Nutrition (Fsn) For Fisheries And Aquaculture
Roy Palmer Association of International Seafood
Professionals
3:45-4:00

Public health perspectives on aquaculture

David C. Love - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
4:00-4:15
Aquaculutre products must be perceived as safehow

its done
Brett Koonse - US Food and Drug Administration
4:15-4:30

Shrimp products of Bangladesh and its safety measures

in respect of microbiological and chemical issues
Md Motaher Hossain, Sylhet Agricultural University,
Bangladesh
4:30-4:45
Fishing for information: economic data resources

for the aquaculture industry at the US department
of agriculture Sherry Wise, US Department of
Agriculture
4:45-5:00
Is copper sulfate application to aquaculture ponds a

food safety concern?
Claude E. Boyd, Auburn University

5:00-5:15
5:15-5:30

Heavy metal concentration in tissues of periwinkles

tympanotonus fuscatus (linnaeus, 1758), water and
sediments from the mangrove swamps of Warri River,
Delta State, Nigeria
Chidumeje Ndidi Patience Okonkwo, University of New
England, Australia
Chemical and nutritional properties of channel and
hybrid catfish by-products
Peter J. Bechtel, USDA-ARS
and complete source of micronutrients (calcium, iodine, zinc, iron,

selenium, etc.) and an important
source of Vitamins (A, D, B group)
generally scarce in rural diets. These
are essential benefits which families

should consume weekly to ensure a
happy, healthy life and comply with
dietary guidelines, said Executive
Director, Roy Palmer.
NEWS FEATURES EVENTS

Get up to date event information with our app visit www.perendale.com on your smart phone for more
information
INDUSTRY EVENTS
REVIEW
Biomarine Business Convention
by Simon J Davies, Professor of Marine Biosciences and

Aquaculture Nutrition, Brixham Blue Hub, University of
Plymouth
was delighted to attend

the 5th Biomarine Business
Convention held in the
Estoril centre near Cascais,
Portugal on 29th -31st October
representing Plymouth University
and its new Brixham Blue Hub in
Devon, England at the heart of
the SW fishing and processing
industry.
As usual, this was an excellent
and well-organised meeting across
the marine biosciences sector.
People from all over the world
gathered in once place to share
ideas and a passion for marine
conservation and oppor tunities
for wealth creation and business
der ived from our precious
ocean resources. The conference
brought together CEOs, top execIDL milling
grain
utives and start-ups
fromandaround
CM
MY
CY
CMY
the world to discuss the importance of marine bio-resources

and the importance of the blue
economy.
Under the experienced stewardship of Pierre and Veronique Erwes,
(and assistance of his talented
sons Antione and Nicolas) new
ground was broken and innovative
approaches launched to widen
dissemination through media. This
included for the first time the
advent of Biomarine TV with live
on-streaming and daily interviews
with expert leaders in each discipline. His Serene Highness Prince
Albert II of Monaco was present
delivering a balanced view on
global food security from the seas
and consideration for the environment with emphasis on pragmatism with the need for sustain15 able
portrait
cetak.pdf in 1technology
12/24/14
development
and the business sector with

respect to our growing energy
needs and diminishing fish stocks
with concerns for any irresponsible aquaculture practices. His
passionate views relating to global
climate change and issues such as
ocean acidification are a prime area
for his Foundation to help resolve.
His Monaco Foundation provides
inspiration and generous funding
for these topical problems to be
scientifically addressed by leading
universities and agencies.
This 5th edition of BioMarine
was a deemed to be special since
the Por tuguese Government is
deploying its new Blue Growth
Strategy. This maritime country is
re-discovering its unique heritage
and we witnessed the entire
national industr y united in the
forum to project its stated aims of
achieving the Blue Economy initiative as a national policy driver.
I spoke briefly to The President
of the Republic of Portugal, His
Excellency, Anbal Cavaco Silva
who told me that this convention
had his full support and was a great
3:52
PM for Portugal to embrace
platform
new science and technologies in a very important and
strategic sector that was
impor tant for Europe and
the world.
It was also the case of full
speed ahead for BICA,The1st
General Assembly of BICA
(Biomarine International
Clusters Association) was
held on October 29th at
the Estoril Congress Center,
Por tugal opening new
avenues for business collaboration and new venture
capital investment engagement. HSH Prince Albert II
has been actively championing its creation.
Besides current Founding
Members, several entities
attended the meeting. The
Board welcomed new associate member s: Nofima
Norway, European Marine
Science Park Cluster-Scotland
Highlands and Islands
Enterprise, Shoalhaven Blue
Tech Australia, Plymouth
University Marine Institute
a n d P ly m o u t h M a r i n e
Laborator y. Pedro Nunes,
Head of Eureka Secretariat gave

a presentation on the mechanism initiate the Eureka Biomarine
Cluster. 2015 will be a busy year
for BICA as this will become
embedded in forming synergies and alliances that will attract
new funding routes and the incubation of new business interests
with robust international underpinning.
Key issues spanned over 20
themes such as:
Biotechnology and Genetics
in Aquaculture
Micro algae: the key to
improving Nutrition worldwide
Marine compounds as natural ingredients for the nutraceuticals and the cosmetic
industry.
Another area was, how can
Norway, as a leading maritime
country, help develop and boost
marine research and innovations
in other parts of the world?
Developing use of marine byproducts and discards from agriculture for nutraceutical uses as
an untapped potential of biomolecules extracted from marine
organisms was a most important
topic for many companies.
Is a vegetal diet in the next
generation of aquafeed? Marine
Biotech: novel strategies for
marine microbe cultivation, Marine
Biotechnology: Start-ups strategy
to attract the right investors
opened wide possibilities.
From the per spective of
International Aquafeed and my
own specialisation in fish nutrition,
I par ticipated briefly in the live
Biomarine TV event with my own
experience of work on suitable
plant based ingredients for use in
complete aquafeeds. This is a good
topic and formed a basis for lively
debate.
There was clearly a strong focus
on micro and macro-algae with
many examples of products on
hand to demonstrate the wide
applications in food and beverages
on the grounds of taste and health.
We were treated with a variety
of ice creams, yogurts and chocolate delights tinged with chlorella
and other strains of algae giving
an interesting twist of flavours and
tangs. Even algae enriched olive
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Jeju
steering committee
signs off
t t h e fi n a l S t e e r i n g
Committee meeting for
the organisation of the
World Aquaculture 2015 held
at the venue for the event, the
International Convention Centre
(ICC) Jeju, Korea the Jeju Special
Self-Governing Province Maritime
& Fisheries Bureau Director
General, Tae-Hee Park, invited
Conference Co-Chairs Jay Parsons
and Kwang-Sik (Albert) Choi with
the committee and selected guests
to a dinner to congratulate the
group on the work to date and
wish the Conference success. Mr.
Park recognised the impor tance
of the work to date and said Jeju
is a very important and historical
venue for the World Aquaculture
2015 conference and represents
a significant oppor tunity for the
ongoing development of aquaculture in Jeju. International conference co-chair Dr. Jay Parsons noted
the conference organisation is
well underway, with an exciting and
diverse program for both industry
and researchers.
Jeju, the largest island in the Korea
Strait and contains the natural
UNESCO World Heritage Site Jeju
Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes, will
be the centre of the worlds fastest
growing primary industry, aquaculture, when the event is held 26-30
May 2015.
According to a recently published
report by joint report by FAO and
the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD) fish farming (aquaculture)
will likely grow more than expected
in the coming decade, offering a
chance for improved nutrition for
millions of people, especially in Asia
and Africa and clearly events like
World Aquaculture 2015 enable
people to come together and share
information and network.
That joint report also highlighted
that increased investment in the
aquaculture sector - particularly in
productivity-enhancing technologies including in the areas of water
use, breeding, hatchery practices
and feedstuff innovation - should
boost farmed-fish production by

as much as 4.14 percent per year
through 2022, notably faster than
the 2.54 percent growth forecast
made last year.
Jeju is unique in many ways so
it combines modern aquaculture
with other important and relevant
seafood histor y, education and
entertainment.
Impor tantly Jeju is well known
as a centre in Korea for the
flatfish species of Olive Flounder
(Paralichthys olivaceus) and Turbot
(Scophthalmus maximus) and the
histor y with Abalone with the
infamous wild fish diving women
through to current aquaculture farms. Jeju is actually much
F/Vaqua(A4):2015
19/9/14
09:15
more than that as far as aquaculture is concerned with some two

thousand plus people engaged in
the industry on the island involved
in all sectors including research,
hatcheries, farms, feed mills, etc
and covering a multitude of species
covering eels, sea cucumbers, fish
from parrot fish to rainbow trout
and tuna and shellfish from shrimp
to clams and oysters.
The famous island is home to
a Future Aquaculture Research
Centre and besides having its own
provincial government research
activities also houses impor tant
National Fisheries Research &
Development Institute (NFRDI)
activities as well as Jeju National
University and home to Aqua

Planet Jeju which is the largest
aquarium in all of Asia (Total Floor
Area: 25,600m, 10,800 tons)
reportedly approx. 11 times that of
63 Sea World. With approx. 48,000
animals and plants of around 500
species in exhibition.
Whilst the program for the
Conference is filling fast it has been
agreed to extend the deadline until
15 February and exhibitors should
note there are just a few booth
spaces left for the Trade Show
event. The World Aquaculture
Society will be holding its board
meetings pre and post the event
as well as the annual meeting for
the society.
Page 1
THE WORLDS FOREMOST

INGREDIENT & PRODUCTION
EVENT FOR AQUACULTURE FEEDS
9 11 JUNE 2015 COLOGNE EXHIBITION HALLS, COLOGNE, GERMANY
Ingredients
Nutrition Additives
Specialist conferences:
Aquafeed Horizons International 2015
The FIAAP Conference 2015
Petfood Forum Europe 2015
The IFF Feed Conference 2015
Global Milling Conference with
GRAPAS INTERNATIONAL 2015
Biomass & Biomass Pelleting 2015
GMP+ International 2015
Co-located with:
Feed Production Machinery

Ancillary Equipment Formulation
For further information please contact:
Victam International BV
PO Box 197, 3860 AD Nijkerk, The Netherlands
T: ++31 (0)33 246 4404
F: ++31 (0)33 246 4706 E: expo@victam.com
Free online visitor registration is available
from 1st January 2015 at:
www.fiaap.com
www.victam.com
See us on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Google+

or scan the QR codes:
The flour milling and grain processing equipment show

Please contact your local consultant:
INDUSTRY EVENTS
NEWS SERVICE
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i
i
i i
Aquaculturists
i i i i i i
i
i i
Find more event stories at the
i i i i i i
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i i i i i i
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i
theme of this first edition, which

will focus on vital industry issues
affecting the key Middle Eastern
aquaculture producing countries.
The forum will beheld at the Dubai
World Trade Centre, Dubai on
April 5-6, 2015.
Plenary speaker Ahmad Al Ballaa
(MD, National Aquaculture Group
and Chairman, Saudi Aquaculture
Society) has stated:
"Aquaculture has a pivotal role
to play in global food future.
Conser vative estimates indicate
that output from aquaculture
must at least double to meet
the demand for aquatic protein
by 2050. With a current population of more than 400 million, the
i i i i i i
i i
i
he Middle East Aquaculture

Forum (MEAF) has been
created to bring together
aquaculture exper ts from the
Middle East, to showcase the latest
products and offer industry professionals a state-of-the-art platform
to interact. The MEAF will focus
on vital industry issues affecting
the key Middle East aquaculture
producing countries. Activities will
include specific topical industr y
sessions, technical sessions, facilitated workshops and panel discussions. Industry professionals will
be able to interact and network in
designated meeting space.
Towards Sustainable Aquaculture
in the Middle East will be the
i i i i i i i
i
i i
Ahmad Al Ballaa (MD, National Aquaculture Group and

Chairman, Saudi Aquaculture Society)
Outlook of Aquaculture in
the Region: latest updates will
be provided by Dr Haydar
Alsahtout.
Dr Far shad Shischensian
(President, Asia Pacific Chapter
of the World Aquaculture
Society) will talk about: The
status of shrimp farming and
new advance systems in Asia.
Dr Sherif Sadek will deliver
a talk on The concept
of integration of aquaculture and agriculture in the
Middle East. This presentation will focus on the culture
of various species using fresh
ground water (tilapia/catfish/
carp/freshwater prawn) and/
or brackishwater (red tilapia/
blue tilapia/seabream/seabass/
shrimp).
The Middle East Aquaculture
Forum, Dubai, 5-6 April 2015 will be
hosting workshops, industry presentations and an exhibition for aquaculture suppliers and producers.
It is sponsored by the European
Aquaculture Society (EAS) and the
World Aquaculture Society (WAS),
with the Arab Aquaculture Society
(AAS), the Pakistani Aquaculture
Society (PAS) and the Saudi Arab
Aquaculture Society (SAAS) as
affiliate sponsors. All these societies
are welcome to hold their annual
meeting at MEAF15 and invite all
their members to Dubai to join this
unique forum.
Abstract submission is open until
15 February 2015: www.meaf.ae.
Advanced online registration is recommended. There are just a few
booths left now. Industry partners
can contact us by e-mail to find out
about sponsorship opportunities:
mario@marevent.com. For regular
programme updates please visit
www.meaf.ae
Looking forward to seeing you in
Dubai at this exciting Forum.
Middle East Aquaculture Forum
Secretariat
i i i i i i i
i
i i
The Middle East

aquaculture forum
April 5-6 2015,
Dubai World Trade
Centre
Middle East region has an increasingly important role to play in this

future, on both the demand and
the supply side. In order to meet
that future opportunity, we must
however develop aquaculture
responsibly. Contributions at MEAF
from world renowned experts and
local farmers on their hard earned
lessons in issues such as rearing
practices, disease management,
diversification and markets will
provide valuable information which
will dramatically shorten the costly
learning curve for new ventures in
the region. This forum will be the
first of many such meetings that will
offer important and timely opportunity for researchers, governments
and investors to jointly develop a
roadmap for sustainable aquaculture in the region. "
MEAF15, the forum where Middle
East Aquaculture Experts will discuss
the future of sustainable aquaculture
in the Middle East, includes:
Biosecurity: Dr Melba Reantaso
(FAO) will deliver the keynote
in the health session chaired
by Dr Victoria Alday. All
Middle East Aquaculture
Experts and government delegates are invited to participate in the round table discussion: Biosecurity: developing a
regional aquatic initiative.
Nutrition: Dr Alber t Tacon
will give a plenary presentation on 'Future feeds for a
growing aquaculture sector
in a hungry world, with Dr
Muhammed Alsaiady from
Arasco feed company delivering the keynote presentation of the nutrition session.
Industry: Eng. Ahmad Al Ballaa
will give a plenary presentation on the first day of the
event.
Synbiotics and probiotics:
Prof. Einar Ringo will give the
keynote presentation showing
the latest results in this field.
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Under the patronage of H.E. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Bin Fahad, Minister of Environment & Water
16 18 March 2O15
Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre
THE LEADING AQUACULTURE

EVENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST
+971 4 336 5161
aquame@informa.com
www.aqua-middleeast.com
ORGANISED BY
STRATEGIC PARTNERS
www.aqua-middleeast.com
qualathcyuPelotpuler,ePla2n015
A
et an
rlrde for He
dP
o
rofi
Wcultu
t
ua
Aq
Working to improve the

sustainability of
compound feed production
Responsible opeRations standaRd (Ros)

foR Compound feed manufaCtuReRs
Now Open for Public Consultation
Deadline:15 February 2015
www.was.org
Find out how to participate at www.globalgap.org
WA2015 - Jeju Island

Korea
May 26-30, 2015
STIF
+33 2 41 72 16 80
www.stifnet.com
Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed
Directory (published by Turret Group)
VAV
+31 71 4023701
www.vav.nl
Elevator & Conveyor Components

4B Braime
Additives
+44 113 246 1800
TSC Silos
+31 543 473979
Chemoforma
www.tsc-silos.com
+41 61 8113355
www.chemoforma.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Ab Vista
+1 204 233 7133
+44 1672 517 650
www.westeel.com
www.abvista.com
+31703074120
www.liptosa.com
www.sonac.biz
Westeel
JEFO
+1 450 799 2000
GMP+ International
+34 902 157711
+31 499 364800
Enzymes
Certification
Liptosa
Sonac
www.go4b.com
www.gmpplus.org
www.jefo.com
Equipment for sale
Conveyors
ExtruTech Inc
+1 785 284 2153
Vigan Enginnering
www.extru-techinc.com
+32 67 89 50 41
Analysis
R-Biopharm
+44 141 945 2924
www.r-biopharm.com
www.vigan.com
Event organisers
Colour sorters
Eurasia Trade Fairs
Bhler AG
+90 212 3471054
Romer Labs
+41 71 955 11 11
www.eurasiafairs.com
+43 2272 6153310
www.buhlergroup.com
www.romerlabs.com
Amino acids
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Animal Health & Nutrition
Satake
+81 82 420 8560
www.satake-group.com
Computer software
Adifo NV
+32 50 303 211
Extruders
Almex
+31 575 572666
www.almex.nl
Amandus Kahl
+49 40 727 710
www.akahl.de
Cenzone
www.adifo.com
+1 760 736 9901
Format International Ltd
Andritz
www.cenzone.com
+44 1483 726081
+45 72 160300
www.formatinternational.com
www.andritz.com
Bags
Mondi Group
Colour sorters
Brabender
+43 1 79013 4917
SEA S.r.l.
+49 203 7788 0
www.mondigroup.com
+39 054 2361423
www.brabender.com
Bin dischargers
Denis
+33 2 37 97 66 11
www.denis.fr
www.seasort.com
Coolers & driers

Consergra s.l
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
+34 938 772207
Coperion GmbH
www.consergra.com
+49 711 897 0
Bentall Rowlands
FrigorTec GmbH
www.coperion.com
+44 1724 282828
+49 7520 91482-0
www.bentallrowlands.com
www.frigortec.com
Chief Industries UK Ltd
Geelen Counterflow
+44 1621 868944
+31 475 592315
www.chief.co.uk
www.geelencounterflow.com
Insta-Pro International
Croston Engineering
Muyang Group
+44 1829 741119
+86 514 87848880
www.insta-pro.com
www.croston-engineering.co.uk
www.muyang.com
Silo Construction Engineers
Wenger Manufacturing
+32 51723128
+1 785-284-2133
www.sce.be
www.wenger.com
Bulk storage
Silos Cordoba
+34 957 325 165
www.siloscordoba.com
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Elevator buckets
Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
+1 515 254 1260
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com
Palletisers
Feed
Aller Aqua
+45 70 22 19 10
www.aller-aqua.com
+55 11 4873-0300
www.ehcolo.com
www.kepler.com.br
Obial
+34 973 21 60 40
Tel.: +351 249 435 145
Wynveen International B.V.
Kepler Weber Group
+45 75 398411
PAYPER, S.A.
SPAROS
Website: www.sparos.pt
Silos
Ehcolo A/S
+90 382 2662120
www.payper.com
www.obial.com.tr
Pellet binders
MYSILO
Akzo Nobel
+31 26 47 90 699
+90 382 266 2245
+46 303 850 00
www.wynveen.com
www.mysilo.com
www.bredol.com
Hatchery products
Symaga
Borregaard LignoTech
Reed Mariculture
+34 91 726 43 04
+47 69 11 80 00
www.symaga.com
+1 877 732 3276
www.lignotechfeed.com
www.reed-mariculture.com
PellTech
Tornum AB
+47 69 11 80 00
+46 512 29100
www.pelltech.org
www.tornum.com
Laboratory equipment
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87
Pest control
www.bastak.com.tr
+1 402 434 9102
Aqualabo
+44 0800 917 1987
Level measurement
BinMaster Level Controls
Sensors
Rentokil Pest Control
+33 2 97 89 25 30
www.rentokil.co.uk
www.aqualabo.fr
Pipe systems
Agromatic
Jacob Sohne
www.binmaster.com
+41 55 2562100
+49 571 9580

FineTek Co., Ltd
+886 2226 96789
www.fine-tek.com
www.agromatic.com
www.jacob-pipesystems.eu
Dol Sensors
Used around
all industrial
Plants
sectors.
+45 721 755 55

www.dol-sensors.com
Andritz
Vega
Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu
Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45
+44 1444 870055
72 160300
www.andritz.com
www.vega.com/uk
Moisture analyzers
+31 318 545 754
+41 71 955 11 11
www.dishman-netherlands.com
+33 14 1475045
FAMSUN
www.chopin.fr
+86 514 87848880
Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770
Probiotics
www.nir-online.de
Vacines
Recruitment
JCB Consulting
www.seedburo.com
+49 6227 732668
CB Packaging
+44 7805 092067
www.cbpackaging.com
Ridgeway Biologicals
+44 1635 579516
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk
Vacuum
+44 161 427 2402
Wynveen International B.V.
www.jcb-consulting.com
+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com
Rolls
Leonhard Brietenbach
+49 271 3758 0
www.breitenbach.de
OJ Hojtryk
Packaging
www.nabim.org.uk
www.biomin.net
+1 312 738 3700
NIR-Online
+44 2074 932521
+43 2782 803 0
Seedburo
NIR systems
nabim
Biomin
Hydronix
www.hydronix.com
Training
www.muyang.com
www.doescher.com
+44 1483 468900
Dishman
Buhler AG
www.buhlergroup.com
CHOPIN Technologies
Shrimp feed additives
+45 7514 2255

www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Safety equipment
Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com
Yeast products
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030
Mondi Group
Rembe
www.leibergmbh.de
+43 1 79013 4917
+49 2961 740 50

www.rembe.com
Lesaffre Feed Additives
www.mondigroup.com
Ugur Makina
+90 (364) 235 00 26
www.ugurmakina.com
Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.sw.co.uk
+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr
To include your company in the

International Aquafeed market place in
print, and a company page on our website
contact Tom Blacker.
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk
The aquafeed
interview
Wally Stevens is acting director of the Global Aquaculture Alliance as well as the executive director of the Responsible Aquaculture
Foundation. A 35-year veteran of the seafood industry, Wally Stevens continues to help expand the Best Aquaculture Practices
certification program and related educational efforts on responsible aquaculture. Previously, Stevens was president of Ocean Products
and U.S. based Slade Gorton & Co. He also helped establish the National Fisheries Institute Future Leaders program. The Global
Aquaculture Alliance is an international, non-profit trade association dedicated to advancing environmentally and socially responsible
aquaculture. Through the development of its Best Aquaculture Practices certification standards, GAA has become the leading standardssetting organisation for aquaculture seafood.
existed. So health and disease management is clearly the No. 1
challenge affecting aquacultures growth.
What is the mission behind Global

Aquaculture Alliance?
GAA is a non-profit organisation that seeks to promote

education and training in support of responsible aquaculture.
GAA further recognises that aquaculture is the only sustainable
means of increasing seafood supply to meet the needs of
the world population. Our mission is to promote our best
aquaculture practices programme. GAA encourages the use of
responsible production systems that are sustainable regarding
environmental and community needs. There is much exciting
work to be undertaken in this growing industry.
However, 13 percent of the audience selected consumer

education as the No. 1 challenge facing aquaculture, outscoring
environmental and social responsibility at 11 percent, feed and
investment capital at 9 percent each, leadership at 6 percent
and market support at 4 percent. Whats surprising is that just
moments before I posed the question I added consumer
education as the seventh major challenge facing aquaculture.
Yet the audiences response to such a poignant question is
proof that the industry still has a lot of work to do to familiarise
consumers with farmed seafood.
What are the main challenges facing

the aquaculture industry?
How does GAA's Best Aquaculture

Practices Programme Certification
help to promote 'responsible practices'
across the aquaculture industry?
Firstly it is clear that we are going to have to be in a position

to provide food sustainably for a growing population. The main
challenges are currently disease management, feed supply,
and investor support, ensuring that no harm is done to the
environment and that we are socially responsible. Secondly, that
the marketplace appreciates and expects that the aquaculture
industry will develop and perform in light of these challenges.
The marketplace will need to ensure that their expectations are
in line with such problems that we need to address.
Regarding feed ingredients, what are the

challenges that need to be addressed?
The demand for feed ingredients has doubled in the last two
decades. With regards to fishmeal, we cannot continue to keep
using the same ingredients going forward at this point in time.
We must look for a substitute for fishmeal or look for ways to
extend the current supply. Currently the demand for fishmeal
from certified fisheries around the world means that we do not
have enough to support growth in aquaculture.
What were the main challenges and

issues in aquaculture addressed at this
years GOAL conference in Vietnam?
Six major issues emerged at GOAL 2014 Disease risk

management (including early mortality syndrome in shrimp),
the potential of zone management, aqua feed sustainability,
leadership and innovation, marketplace accessibility, and
consumer education.
Currently, what is the number one challenge

affecting aquaculture's growth?
In my opening remarks at GOAL 2014 I asked an audience

of more than 400 seafood professionals, via the conferences
audience response system, Whats the No. 1 challenge limiting
aquacultures growth? To no surprise, given early mortality
syndromes devastating effect on global shrimp production,
health and disease management garnered nearly half of
the audiences vote. One speaker projected global shrimp
production to total around 4 million metric tons in 2016. It
would have totaled close to 4.5 million tons had EMS not
Best Aquaculture Practices is an international certification

program based on achievable, science-based and continuously
improved global performance standards for the entire
aquaculture supply chain farms, hatcheries, processing
plants and feed mills. What sets BAP apart from the
competition is 1) the concept of continual improvement
(BAP standards are constantly strengthened and expended)
and 2) the comprehensiveness of the program (the program
covers environmental responsibility, social responsibility, food
safety, animal welfare and health and traceability, and BAP
standards for zone management are in the very early stages of
development). Heres a summary of the five elements of the
BAP program:
Environmental responsibility - At the hatchery, farm, feed
and processing levels, BAP-certified facilities must comply with
standards that address such issues as habitat conservation, water
quality and effluents.
Social Responsibility - BAP-certified facilities must comply with
local laws for worker safety, child labor and community rights at
the hatchery, farm, feed and processing levels.
Food Safety - Standards for food safety help ensure that
no banned antibiotics or other chemicals are used during
production and that all approved chemical treatments are
carried out in a responsible fashion. Random samples of finished
product are analysed by certified laboratories for bacterial
contamination and antibiotic residues to verify that control
processes are effective. The BAP seafood processing plant
standards are benchmarked against the latest Global Food
Safety Initiative (GFSI) food-safety requirements.
Animal health and welfare - Standards for animal welfare cover
a wide spectrum of best practices in animal husbandry, including
health and welfare from cultivation to harvest (such as disease
control, growing conditions and transportation). BAP standards
emphasise humane treatment throughout the life cycle.
Traceability - Supply chain traceability from the source to the
marketplace is mandated by the BAP program before a facility
can apply the BAP mark.
An extended version of this interview can

be found on the Aquaculturists blog.
AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY FACES
New UK sales assistant appointed at Azelis
zelis is pleased to announce the appointment of Elizabeth Tomlinson as UK Sales Assistant,

Animal Nutrition. In this new role, Ms Tomlinson will provide commercial and technical support to the
Animal Nutrition sales function and work closely with Antony Wildon, Azelis UK Sales Manager. Elizabeth
Tomlinson joins Azelis from Lloyds Animal Feeds where she has worked for the last three years. She holds a
BSc degree in Agriculture and Marketing from Harper Adams University and has gained a number of years of experience
in the UK animal feed industry.
We are delighted that Elizabeth has joined our team. Her appointment will further enhance the level of communication and support we provide to customers and assist in developing our future business strategy for Azelis Animal
Nutrition, says Antony Wildon announcing her appointment.
Neil Manchester appointed as Managing Director of Hendrix Genetics
eil Manchester, General Manager of Landcatch, based in Argyll and Stirling, has been appointed as
Managing Director of the newly-formed aquaculture business unit of Hendrix Genetics, the multispecies breeding company. He will be based at the Hendrix Genetics headquarters in Boxmeer,
Netherlands, and will be in charge of Atlantic salmon, coho salmon and trout breeding operations, as
well as cutting-edge genetics services, in Scotland, the US, Chile and the Isle of Man.
The move follows a landmark deal signed in October between Landcatch, which supplies Atlantic salmon eggs
and smolts and genetics technology to the international aquaculture industry, and Seattle-based Troutlodge Inc,
the worlds largest rainbow trout egg producer.
The deal included Landcatch taking a 45 percent shareholding in Troutlodge and the setting up of a new joint venture to establish an
independent Atlantic salmon breeding programme, backed by genetics research, in Chile.
Neil Manchester said: I am excited about taking up this important role in the newly-created aquaculture unit within Hendrix Genetics
as we seek to develop existing operations and explore opportunities in new species and new market areas.
The recent agreement brings together three world-leading companies with the goal of becoming one of the main global players in
aquaculture breeding. Creating this unit is another step towards that goal. It represents an experienced and talented management team
and we look forward to working together to ensure the success and on-going development of the aquaculture business unit.
Neil Manchester has nearly 30 years experience in aquaculture, primarily in Scotland but also Chile, South Africa and the Mediterranean
industries. Coming from an agricultural background, he achieved a BSc degree in Agricultural Technology at Harper Adams University
in Shropshire, and started his aquaculture career in 1985 on a trout farm in Argyll.
He joined Landcatch in 1998 as an area manager, progressing to director level and then to general manager. He specialises in the
breeding and production of juvenile Atlantic salmon for the domestic and export markets.
Marine Stewardship Council appoints Brian Perkins as Regional Director for

the Americas
he Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has appointed Brian Perkins, a former commercial fisherman
and international seafood trade show executive, as Regional Director Americas. This appointment
is part of a new strategy to continue to expand the MSCs presence in the Americas and increase
availability of MSC certified sustainable seafood across the region.
Mr Perkins joined the MSCs senior management team on January 5th. He will work alongside the organisations Chief Executive, Rupert Howes and Global Commercial Director, Nicolas Guichoux. Mr Perkins will also
work closely with industry and the conservation community to recognise and encourage sustainable fishing practices that support healthy marine ecosystems.
Mr Perkins will be based in Washington D.C. at a new office location that will serve as the MSCs Americas region headquarters. The
MSCs Seattle office will be retained as its USA headquarters.
Mr Perkins has worked within the seafood industry for more than 40 years. He started at a salt fish factory in Iceland and went on
to become Executive Vice President and COO of Diversified Business Communications, organiser of Seafood Expo North America/
Seafood Processing North America and Seafood Expo Global/Seafood Processing Global. During his 16-year career at Diversified Mr
Perkins oversaw 18 seafood trade shows focusing on areas including seafood processing, commercial fishing, ethnic food and organic
products. He was instrumental in launching and managing new expositions in Europe, Singapore and San Francisco and provided counsel
on strategic direction for the company. He was also responsible for industry publications, National Fisherman, Seafood Business and
WorkBoat.
Brian added: Working for the MSC is a great opportunity to make a difference within an industry which has been such a big part of
my life. I join the team at an exciting time and look forward to working with fisheries, commercial partners and conservation organisations. The MSC team has established the gold standard for third party certification of wild fisheries and I believe that continued growth
of the program will bring both environmental and socio-economic benefits to the Americas.
DIRECTORY & BUYERS GUIDE 2015/16

The International Aquafeed Directory was launched in 1997 as an
easy-to-use publication for manufacturers of fish feed to source
suppliers. It evolved to become a practical guide to plant and
materials available throughout the world.
The International Aquafeed Directory continues to maintain its
unique position. It is one of the most comprehensive directories
specifically designed to identify all aquafeed ingredients, raw
material feedstuffs, feed additive micro-ingredients, production
machinery, plant and equipment available on the world market.
Make sure your company is listed in

the 2015/16 edition
If you have not already received your listing renewal via email, then
contact Barbara Williams on Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437616 or email
b.williams@turretgroup.com. Alternatively you can visit
www.turretgroup.com to download the entry form. For details on
display advertising contact Julie Saridakis Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437620
j.saridakis@turretgroup.com.
Published by:
Turret Group Ltd

Cardinal Point, Park Road, Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 1RE. UK
Tel: +44 (0)1923 432705 Fax: +44 (0)1923 432770
ww.turretgroup.com
THE INTERNATIONAL RESOURCE GUIDE

IAF January/February 2015 - FULL EDITION

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