GRAMER

NOTLARI

GRAMER NOTLARI..........................................................................................................1
TENSES...............................................................................................................................6
1-THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Geni Zaman)......................................................6
2-THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE (MDK ZAMAN)................................9
3-THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (GEM ZAMAN)...................................................12
4-PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE (imdiki Zamann Hikayesi )..................................13
5-PAST PERFECT TENSE...........................................................................................16
6-PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE...............................................................19
7-THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE...........................................................................21
PRESENT PERFECT TENSETE KULLANILAN ZEL KALIPLAR......................25
8- THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE..............................................................................28
9- THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE.................................................................31
10- THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.........................................................................32
11- FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE......................................................33
DER FUTURE KALIPLAR......................................................................................34
SPECIAL STRUCTURES.................................................................................................35
1) AS IF / AS THOUGH (SANK\ MI GB).............................................................35
2) S + WOULD RATHER/WOULD SOONER + SOMEBODY + V2 = SIMPLE
FUTURE........................................................................................................................36
3) S + WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER + SOMEBODY HAD + V3= PAST 36
4) S + HAD + HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY + V3 .. WHEN + S + V2.............36
5) S + HAD + NO SOONER + V3 THAN+ S+ V2......................................................37
GERUNDS (VING)..............................................................................................................38
1-PRESENT ACTIVE GERUND..................................................................................42
2-Present Passive...........................................................................................................42
3-Farkl Zamanlardaki Active Yaplar...........................................................................42
4-Farkl Zamanlardaki Passive Yaplar..........................................................................43
INFINITIVES (to+V1).......................................................................................................44
1-Subject of a Sentence: Cmlenin znesi Konumunda...............................................44
2-Infinitiveler cmlede ama bildirmek iin kullanlabilirler....................................44
3-ngilizcede sfatlardan sonra kullanlacak olan bir fiil infinitiveolmak zorundadr.
.......................................................................................................................................44
4- Too ya da enoughyaplarndan sonra to infinitivekullanlr............................44
5- ngilizcede nesne zamirlerinden sonra to infinitiveyaps kullanlr......................45
6- ngilizcede belli fiillerden sonra kullanlacak olan ikinci bir fiil infinitive olmak
zorundadr......................................................................................................................45
7-ngilizcede pasif, edilgen yaplardan sonra infinitivekullanlr..............................47
8-To be fiilinden sonra to infinitive yaps kullanlr..............................................47
9-simlerden sonra bir fiil gelecekse infinitive ile kullanlr......................................47
10- The first yaplarndan sonra to infinitive yaps kullanlr...................................47
11-something/nothing/somewhere/nowhere/anywhere gibi ifadelerden sonra to
infinitive kullanlr.......................................................................................................48
HEM GERUND HEM INFINITIVE ALAN YAPILAR...................................................48
1-Baz fiiller pelerinden, herhangi bir anlam deiiklii olmakszn, hem gerund
hem infinitive alrlar...................................................................................................48

2-Baz fiiller anlam deiikliiyle birlikte gerund ya da infinitive alabilirler........49

3-See, feel, hear, watch, observe, smell gibi duyulara ynelik fiillerden sonra
Vingyaps kullanlyorsa bahsedilen olayn sadece bir ksmna tank olduunuz ifade
edilir...............................................................................................................................51
1-PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE.................................................................................53
2-PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE................................................................................53
3-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE INFINITIVE.....................................................53
4-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE INFINITIVEYOKTUR...............................53
5-PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE.................................................................................54
6-PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE................................................................................54
7-PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE INFINITIVE......................................................54
8-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE INFINITIVEYOK.......................................55
MODALS..........................................................................................................................56
1. PERMISSION (zin istemek).................................................................................56
2. REQUEST (Rica bildirme)........................................................................................57
3. ABILITY (Yetenek)...................................................................................................57
4. OBLIGATION (Zorunluluk).....................................................................................59
5. SUGGESTION (neri).............................................................................................62
6. OFFERING (Teklif)...................................................................................................62
7. CERTAINLY (Kesinlik, eminlik)..............................................................................63
8. CRITIZING (Eletiri)................................................................................................65
9. HABITS (Alkanlklar)............................................................................................66
10-PREFERENCE (Tercih)...........................................................................................67
11-LACK OF NECESSITY (Gerekli olmamak)...........................................................69
2. PROHIBITION (Yasaklamak)...................................................................................70
OTHER MODAL EXPRESSIONS (Dier Modal fadeler).........................................70
ACTIVE PASSIVE.........................................................................................................73
1- Transitive Verbs.........................................................................................................73
2- Intransitive Verbs.......................................................................................................74
ACTIVE VOICE (ETKEN ATI).................................................................................74
PASSIVE VOICE (EDLGEN ATI)...........................................................................74
MODALLARIN PASF HALLER...............................................................................76
Thatli ve That Clause Cmleciklerinin Pasif Yaplmas...............................................77
EDATLI FLERN PASF YAPILMASI......................................................................78
STATIVE PASSIVES (DURAAN PASF).................................................................79
GET LE YAPILAN PASFLER...................................................................................79
CAUSATIVES (ETTRGEN ATI)..............................................................................79
ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES............................................................................81
1- Defining Adjective Clauses (Tanmlayan Sfat Cmlecikleri)..................................81
Aklanacak olan isimden sonar edat hemen gelirse insanlarda Whom, eya ve
hayvanlarda which, iyelikte whose kullanlr................................................................86
2- NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (Tanmlayan Sfat Cmlecikleri)........87
NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: KULLANILDIKLARI YERLER..........88
NUMBERS AND QUANTIFIERS WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS.........................91
THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS......................................................................................92
REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.................................................................93
3

NOUN CLAUSES (SM CMLECKLER)..................................................................97

1) SORU KELMELERYLE NOUN CLAUSES........................................................98
2) WHETHER / IF.........................................................................................................98
3- THAT.........................................................................................................................99
The Fact That Yaps....................................................................................................100
REPORTED SPEECH.................................................................................................100
TIME CHANGES- ZAMAN DEKL TABLOSU...........................................101
MODAL CHANGE.....................................................................................................102
Emir Cmleleri............................................................................................................104
Reduction of Noun Clauses.........................................................................................105
zel Yaplar.................................................................................................................105
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE..................................................................................................107
A) TIME......................................................................................................................107
B) PLACE....................................................................................................................110
C- MANNER (TARZ).................................................................................................110
D- CAUSE-REASON..................................................................................................111
E- PURPOSE-(AMA BLDREN BALALAR)..................................................113
F- CONTINGENCY (BEKLENT BALALARI)..................................................116
G- RESULT- (SONU BLDREN BALALARI).................................................118
CONDITINAL CLAUSES..........................................................................................121
1) If Clauses.............................................................................................................121
INVERTED STRUCTURES...................................................................................123
MIXED TYPES.......................................................................................................124
I) WISH CLAUSES.................................................................................................127
- CONTRAST.............................................................................................................129
J- RESERVATION (UYMAZLIK)..............................................................................133
K) COMPARISON (KARILATIRMA YAPILARI)...............................................133
L) PROPORTION (ORAN).........................................................................................134
SENTENCE CONNECTORS (CMLE BALAYICILARI)....................................136
A- CONTRAST (ZITLIK BLDREN CONNECTORLAR).................................136
B-RESULT (Sonu Bildiren Balayclar)..............................................................139
C-SEQUNCE (DZ, SIRA, DZN).......................................................................141
D- REINFORCEMENT- GLENDRC............................................................142
E- EXAMPIFICATION-RNEKLEME.................................................................144
F- EXPLANATION- AIKLAMA.........................................................................146
G-SIMILARITY-BENZERLK...............................................................................147
G- EMPHASIS- Vurgulamak..................................................................................148
H- CONCLUSION- SONU..................................................................................149
I- TRANSITION......................................................................................................149
J- EXCEPTION- STSNA......................................................................................150
K- GENERALIZATION- GENELLEME...............................................................151
L- AND OTHERS....................................................................................................152
CONJUNCTIONS (BALALAR)...........................................................................154
REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES..............................................................157
NOUNS............................................................................................................................159
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (saylamayan isimler).....................................................162

ABSTRACT NOUNS..................................................................................................162
POSSESIVES- YELKLER- SAHPLKLER...........................................................163
PRONOUNS- ZAMRLER.........................................................................................164
QUANTIFIERS-BELRLEYCLER..........................................................................165
ARTICLES..................................................................................................................178
TAG QUESTIONS......................................................................................................184
TOO, SO / NEITHER / NOR / EITHER.....................................................................186
ADJECTIVES..................................................................................................................189
COMPERATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES.......................191
KARILATIRMA YAPILARI..................................................................................192
MODIFICATION OF COMPARATIVES (SIFATLARIN GLENDRLMES).. .195
MODIFICATION OF SUPERLATIVES.....................................................................196
ADVERBS- ZARFLAR..................................................................................................197
STATIVE PASSIVES......................................................................................................199
COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS.........................................................................................204
DSDE IKAN BAZI ZARFLAR...............................................................................206
DSDE IKAN BAZI PHRASAL VERBLER...........................................................210
DSDE SIKA IKAN SZCKLER........................................................................218

TENSES
1-THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Geni Zaman)
S+V+O+adverb of place+adverb of time
Geni zaman gemite, u anda, gelecekte doru ve geerli olan durumlar iin kullanlr.
Kullanm Yerleri:
1) Var olan bir durumu anlatr.
Tim knows Jennifer. (Tim Jennifer bilir.)
I have two sisters. (Benim iki kz kardeim var)
Her mother wears glases. (Onun annesi gzlk takar.)
2) Alkanlklar ve gnlk rutin olarak yaplan eylemleri ifade eder.
Every year I go on a holiday on 15th July. (Her yl 15 Temmuzda tatile giderim.
They always go to school on food. (Onlar daima okula yayan giderler.
I get up at 6 oclock every morning. (Her sabah 6da kalkarm.)
3) Her zaman genel geerlilii ve doruluu olan bilimsel gerekleri ifade etmekte
kullanlr.
The earth revolves around the sun. (Gne dnya etrafnda dner.)
Coffee grows in Brazil. (Kahve Brazilyada yetiir.)
The sun rives in the east. (Gne doudan ykselir.)
4) Fikir ve dnceleri ifade ederken kullanlr.
He thinks that his sister does not study for her lessons.
He think you are very clever.(Sizin ok zeki olduunuzu dnyorum.)

5) Duygular ifade etmek iin kullanIr.

I dont like soop-operas. (Ben pembe dizilerden holanmyorum.)
My doughter enjoys cantoons. (Kzm izgi filmlerden holanr.)
6) Bir zaman izelgesine bal olarak gelecek zamana ait olaylar ifade etmek iin
kullanlr. Bu tr cmlelere mutlaka gelecek zaman ifade eden bir zaman zarf eklenir.
The film at the Odean begins at 10:30 pm tonight.(Odeanda film akam 10:30da
balayacak.)
We leave for Venice at six in the morning.(Sabah altda Venedik iin ayrlacaz.)
(bir yere gitmek iin ayrlmak,tek bana leave ayrlmak)
forcmleden karlrsa:Sabah altda Venedikten ayrlacaz.

SIKLIK ZARFLARI
always: daima
almost always: hemen hemen daima
often: sk sk
fruquently: sk sk
generally: genellikle
sometimes: bazen
occasinally: ara sra
seldom: nadiren
rarely: nadiren
hardly ever: hemen hemen hi Cmleyi olumsuz yapar.
never: asla hi
ZAMAN ZARFLARI
one a day: gnde bir kez
twice a week: haftada iki kez
three times a mounth: ayda kez
several times a year: ylda birka kez

these days: bu gnlerde

every day: her gn
at weekends: hafta sonlarnda
at night: geceleri
on mondays: pazartesi gnleri
this time everyday: her gn bu zaman
all the time: her zaman
on occasion: zaman zaman
as usual: her zamanki gibi
at times: bazen
from time to time: zaman zaman
after
.when
.as soon as + S+ Simple Presnt. Tense , S + Simple Presnt.Tense
.before
.until
YAN CMLE / TEMEL CMLE
After I get up, I brush my teeth.
(Kalktktan sonra dilerimi fralarm.)
When I go to stanbul, I visit the Topkap Palace.
(stanbula gittiim zaman Topkap Sarayn ziyaret ederim.)
Until my children arrive home, I do not go to bed.
(ocuklarm eve gelene kadar yatmam.)
Whenever I go to Ankara, I spend a lot of time.
(Ne zaman Ankaraya gitsem ok zaman harcarm.)
Yan cmlede hibir zaman future tense kullanlmaz.

2-THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE (MDK ZAMAN)

S+amisare +Ving+ O+Adverb of Place+Adverb of Time
Kullanm Yerleri:
1-Konuma srasnda olmaya devam eden eylemleri ya da olaylar anlatmak iin
kullanlr.
Diana is sweeping the floor now.(Diana imdi yeri spryor.)
They are wating fort he bus right now.(Onlar imdi otobs bekliyorlar.)
The sun is shining now.(Gne imdi parlyor.)
2-Konuma srasnda olmasa bile onu da ieren genie bir zaman diliminde meydana
gelen olaylar anlatmak iin kullanlr.
I am reading a book by Orhan Pamuk. (Orhan Pamuktan bir kitap okuyorum.)
My sister is taking four courses this semester.(Kz kardeim bu smestir drt ders alyor.)
3-Gelecekte yaplmas nceden planlanm ileri anlatmak iin kullanlr.Bu durumda
cmleye gelecek zaman ifade eden bir zaman zarf eklenmelidir.Cmle Trkeye ecek,-acak ekleriyle evrilir.
We are moving to stanbul this week.(Biz bu hafta stanbula tanacaz.)
I am spending next summer in Miami.(Gelecek yaz Miamide geireceim.)
Jack is leaving tomorrow.(Jack yarn ayrlacak.)
4-Geni zamana ait always, constantly, continously gibi zaman zarflaryla imdiki
zamanlarda aknlk, znt ve rahatszlk ifade etmek mmkndr.
You are always telling lies.(Daima yalan sylyorsunuz.)
My husband is constantly losing thing.(Eim daima bir eyler kaybeder.)
Aye is frequently making her father angry.(Aye babasn daima kzdryor.)
9

ZAMAN ZARFLARI:
now: imdi
right now: tam imdi
just now: tam imdi
currently: hali hazrda
at the moment: u anda
at this moment: u anda
at present: u anda
for the time being: u anda
Aadaki fiiller progressive tenselerde kullanlmazlar.Ancak iaretli fiiller farkl
anlamlarda progressiveyaplarla kullanlabilirler:
abhor: nefret etmek, admire: beenmek, adore: tapmak, agree: hem fikir olmak
appear: grnmek, apply: bavurmak, appreciate: taktir etmek, astonish: artmak
be: olmak, believe: inanmak, belong to: ait olmak,
care: ihtimam gstermek,taktir, concern: bilgilenmek, contain: iermek, cost: fiyat
olmak, mal olmak,
depend on: bal olmak, deserve: hak etmek, desire: istemek,arzu etmek,
despise: hor grmek,aalamak, detest: nefret etmek, dislike: holanmamak
doubt: phe etmek,
enjoy: holanmak, envy: kskanmak,
feel: hissetmek, fit: uymak, forget: unutmak, forgive:affetmek,
guess: tahmin etmek,
hate: nefret etmek, have: sahip olmak, hear: duymak, hope: ummak,

10

imagine: hayal etmek, impress: etkilenmek, include/involve: iermek,dahil etmek,

keep: korumak,muhafaza etmek, know: bilmek,
lack: eksik olmak,yoksun olmak, last: srmek,devam etmek, like: holanmak,
loathe:nefret etmek, look: grnmek,bakmak, love: sevmek
mean:demek istemek,kast etmek,anlamna gelmek, mind: umursamak,
need: ihtiyac olmak,
owe: borlu olmak, own: sahip olmak,
perceive: alglamak, please: honut olmak,memnun olmak, possess:sahip olmak, prefer:
tercih etmek,
reach: ulamak,varmak, realise: anlamak, recall: hatrlamak, recognise: tanmak,bilmek
regard: kabul etmek, remain: kalmak, remember: hatrlamak, require: gerektirmek
resemble: benzemek,
satisfy: tatmin etmek,memnun etmek, see: grmek, seen: grnmek, smell: koklamak,
sound: kulaa ses gelmesi, stop: durmak,brakmak, suffice: yeterli olmak, suppose:
varsaymak,farz etmek, surprise: artmak, survive: hayatta kalmak, suspect:
phelenmek,
taste: tatmak,tad olmak, tend: meyilli olmak,eilimli olmak, trust: gvenmek
understand: anlamak,
want: istemek, weigh: arlnda olmak,tartmak, wish: istemek,dilemek, wonder:
merak etmek
11

Duyu fiilleri (hear, smell, see, taste, feel) istem d durumlar ifade ederken Simple
Present Tense ile, isteyerek yaplan eylemleri ifade ederken Simple Present Prograssive
Tense ile kullanlr.
The room smells awful.-istem d-(Oda berbat kokuyor.)
I am smelling these beautiful flowers.-isteyerek-(Bu gzel iekleri kokluyorum.)
I hear the footsteps of a stranger. (Ben bir yabancnn ayak seslerini duyuyorum.)
The members of the jury are hearing the evidence next week. (Jri yeleri gelecek hafta
kantlar dinleyecek.)

3-THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (GEM ZAMAN)

(+) S + V2 + object + adverb of place + adverb of time
(?) Did + S + V1 +.?
(-) S + did + not + V1...
Kullanm Yerleri:
1-Gemite belli bir zamanda olup bitmi olan olaylar anlatmak iin kullanlr.
He lived in Turkey between 1990 and 1993. (1990 ve 1993 yllar arasnda Trkiyede
yaad.)
We saw Peter yesterday. (Dn Peteri grdk.)
2-Gemite belli bir sre ierisinde devam eden durumlar anlatmak iin kullanlr.
He was the captain of the team when he was at high school.
(O, lisedeyken takmn kaptanyd.)

12

3-Gemi zamanda kullandmz zaman zarflar ile gemiteki alkanlklar ifade etmek
iin kullanlr.
I went for a walk every morning when I was younger.
(Genken her sabah yrye giderdim.)
I often went to movies with my father when I was a child.
(ocukken sk sk babamla sinemaya giderdim.)
4- Hikaye anlatmak iin kullanlr.
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl in the wood.
(Bir zamanlar ormanda gzel bir kz vard.)
ZAMAN ZARFLARI
yesterday: dn, this morning/afternoon: bu sabah, leden sonra
last night/week/month/year: geen gece, hafta, ay, yl
half an hour ago: yarm saat nce, two days ago: iki gn nce
in the past: gemite the previous day: nceki gn, formely: nceden

4-PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE (imdiki Zamann Hikayesi )

(+) S + was were + Ving +

(?) waswere + S + Ving + ?
(-) S + waswere + not + Ving

13

Kullanm Yerleri:
1) Gemite belli bir zamanda bir sre olmaya devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek iin
kullanlr.
I was studing English at this time yesterday.
(Dn bu saatte ngilizce alyordum.)
I was going home at 10 oclock in the morning.
(Sabah saat 10da eve gidiyordum.)
2) Devam etmekte olan bir eylem srasnda baka bir eylemin gereklemesini ifade
etmek iin kullanlr.Bu gibi durumlarda past prograssive tense uzun ve nceden olan
eylemi ifade ederken, simple past tense ksa ve tamamlanm olan eylemleri ifade eder.

uzun (past progressive )

ksa( simple past)
Annem TV izlerken, babam eve geldi.
(past prog.)
(simple p.)
While my mother was watching TV,my father came home.
Tam bankaya girerken bir patlama duydum.
While I was getting into to the bank,I heard an explosion.
KURALLAR:
1-when
while (iken,-ken) + S +Past Prog., S+Simple Past T.
as

just as: tam bir ey yaparken

As Aye was washing the dishes, she broke one of the plates.
(Aye bulak ykarken tabaklardan birini krd.)
When the phone rang, I was playing to guitar.
Telefon aldnda gitar alyordum.

14

2-when+S+simple past,S+past prog.

Olu vazoyu krdnda, Susan uyuyordu.
When her sun broke the vase, Susan was sleeping.
Okula giderken, Ahmeti grdm.
When I was going to school,I saw Ahmet.
Ben salona girdiimde orkestra benim en sevdiim arky alyordu.
When I went into the hall,the orkestra was playing my favourite song.
3- When balac gemite ok fazla zaman fark olmadan pepee ya da arka arkaya
olmu ve bitmi eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlabilir. Bu durumda hem yan hem
temel cmlede simple past tense kullanlr.
When+S+s.past, S+simple past tense
When I opened the window, the the door smashed.
(Pencereyi atmda, kap arpt.)
When the door bell rang, I got up.
(Kap zili aldnda uyandm.)
When my father came in, I went out.
(Babam eve geldiinde, ben ktm.)
4-Gemite ayn anda paralel olarak meydana gelen iki eylemi ifade etmek iin hem yan
cmlede hem de temel cmlede past progressive tense kullanlr.
Annem TV izlerken, babam gazete okuyordu.
While my mother was watching TV, my father was reading his newspaper.

15

while
as

+S+past progr. , S+past progr.

just as

Ben ngilizce alrken, kardeim izgi film izliyordu.

While I was studying English, my sister was watching cartoons.
Kaza meydana geldiinde, adam ld.
The accident occured, the man died.
Ben skdara giderken, bir mendil buldum.
While I was going to skdar, I found a handkerchief.
Kz kardeim stanbula geldiinde, ben fabrikada alyordum.
When my sister came to Istanbul, I was working in the factory.

5-PAST PERFECT TENSE

S+had+V3
Had+S+V3
S+had+not+V3
stasyona vardmda tren oktan ayrlmt.
When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
Past Perf. Hibir zaman prs. zamanlarla kullanlmaz.
Patron ofise geldikten sonra ben raporu yazdm.
After the boss had come to the office, I wrote the report.
Aye had come. (Aye gelmiti.) come-came-come

16

Patron geldi, ben rapor yazdm.(iki olayda zaman fark yoksa simple past/simple past
kullanlr.)
1-After+S+Past Perfect,S+Simple Past T
(Simple Past)
John beni aradktan sonra ben dar ktm.
After John had called me, I went out.
After John called me, I went out.
Zamana ait bala yoktur. Balalar btn zamanlarla kullanlr.
2-Before+S+Simple Past,S+Past Perf.
renciler okula gitmeden nce okul kapanmt.
Before the students arrived at school, the school had closed.
Arrived at yakn yerler iin kullanlr, arrived in uzak yerler iin kullanlr.
3-As soon as+S+Past Perfect,S+Simple Past Tense
(Simple P.T.)iki olay pepeeyse
Ben kapy aar amaz, paspasn zerinde byk bir kutu grdm.
As soon as I had opened the door, I saw a big box on the mat.
Bakan konumasn bitirir bitirmez toplantdan ayrd.
As soon as the president had finished his speech, he left the meeting.
Evy ders almaya baladnda ellerini ykamt.
When Evy began to study, she had washed her hands.
4-When+S+Simple Past, S+Past Perfect
Simple P.T.

17

Jane mektubu aldnda beni aramt.

When Jane received the letter, she had called me.
Ben konuyu snfa tekrar akladmda btn renciler onu anladlar.
When I had explained to the subject to the students, again, all the students understood it.
5-When+S+Past Perfect,S+Simple Past
(After)
Polis bankaya varana kadar, hrszlar oktan kamt.
ki olaydan ikincisini ifade etmek iin by the time ifadesini kullanrz.
By the time the police arrived at the bank, the rabbers had already escaped.
Ei gelene kadar Susan akam yemeini hazrlamt.
By the time her husband came, Susan had prepared dinner.
Biz tiyatroya gidene kadar oyun balamt.
By the time we arrived at the theatre, the play had started.
6-By the time+S+Simple Past,S+Past Perfect
By the time ve untilin her ikisi de oluncaya kadar anlamna gelmesine ramen
ikisinin kullanm farkldr. By the timekullanldnda ikinci eylem olduunda ya da
olana kadar,birinci eylem olup bitmiti anlamna gelir. Untilkullanldnda ikinci
eylemin birinci eylemin meydana geldii zamana kadar gereklememesi anlam vardr.
Untiliki olaydan birincisini ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
7-Until/Till+S+Past Perfect,S+Simple Past
Eim gelene kadar uyumadm.
Until my husband had come, I didnt sleep.
Richard onu arayana kadar o, evden ayrlmad.

18

Until Richard had called her, she didnt leave home.

8-Until/Till+S+Simple Past, S+Past Perfect
O, Japonyaya gidene kadar; hi pirin arab imemiti.
Until he went to Japan, he had never drunk rice wine.
By the timeiki olaydan ikinciyi, untilbirinciyi ifade eder.Ama istisnalar var.
Until gelecekte belli bir zamanda duracak olan ve devam etmekte olan bir durumu
ifade etmekte kullanlr. Byise gelecek bir zamanda veya gelecek bir zamandan nce
meydana gelecek olan bir eylemi ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
Can I stay until the weekend? Yes, but you will have to leave by Monday midday at the
latest.
Can you repair my watch by Tuesday? No, I will need to keep it until Saturday?

6-PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

S+had+been+Ving
Had+S+been +Ving?
S+had+not+been+Ving
Gemite bir eylemin yine gemiteki baka bir eyleme ya da zamana denk ne kadar
sredir devam etmekte olduunu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
aradaki sre

---------- ---------------- -----------------------

(Birinci eylemden ikinciye geene

kadarki zaman)
1.olay

2.olay

Jennifeer nihayet geldiinde John onu bir saattir beklemekteydi.

When Jeniffer finally came, John had been waiting for her for an hour.
Babam eve geldiinde, ben saattir TV izliyordum.

19

When my father came to the home, I had been watching TV for three hours.
O baka bir i aramaya karar verdiinde be yldr sper markette alyordu.
When he decided to look for another job, he had been working at the supermarket for five
years.
Janet grdmde, o tenis oynuyordu.
(When I saw Janet, she was playing tennis.)
Janet grdmde, o tenis oynamt.
(When I saw Janet, she had played the tennis.)
Janet grdmde, o iki saattir tenis oynamaktayd.
(When I saw Janet, she had been playing the tenis for three hours.)
Ben Janet grdmde, Janet dt.
(When I saw Janet, she fell down.)
Janet tenis oynarken, ben kitap okuyordum.
As/when/while/just as she was playing tennis, I was reading a book.

OTHER PAST FORMS

A-S+waswere+about to+V1when+S+V2
Bir eyin gemite olmak zere olduunu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
Ayeyi grdmde, ben mzeye girmek zereydim.
When I saw Aye, I was about to enter the museum.
Biz sinemaya gittiimizde, onlar ayrlmak zereydiler.

20

When we went to the cinema, they were about to leave.

B-S+waswere+going to +V1 (Future in The Past -Gemiteki Gelecek-)
Mary patronla konuacakt, fakat konumamaya karar verdi.)
(Mary was going to talk to the boss,but she decided not to do.-talk to-)

7-THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

S+havehas+V3-----------------Have
Has

+S+V3----------------?

S+havehas+ not + V3

Kullanm Yerleri:
1-Gemite balam ve bitmi, ancak etkisi hala sren olaylar ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
(Olayn ne zaman gerekletii verilmez.)
I have cut my finger.Its stil bleeding.
-Why are your clothes so wet? (so:bu kadar)
-I have washed the car. (ykamann etkisi hala devam ediyor.)

2-Gemite balam hala devam eden olaylar ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
Be yldr Ankaradaym.
I have been in Ankara for five years.

21

Yirmi yldr ngilizce retiyorum.

I have taught English for twenty years.
Be aydr onlar grmedim.
I havent seen them for five months.
Aye 1994ten beri retmenlik yapyor.
Aye has been a teacher since 1994.
3-Gemie ynelik deneyimleri ifade etmekte kullanlr.
Hi yurt dnda bulundunuz mu?
Have you ever been abroad?
No, I have never been abroad.
4-Gemite meydana gelen, fakat ne zaman meydana geldii belli olmayan olaylar ifade
etmek iin kullanlr.
Snavlarnz getiniz mi?
Have you passed your exams?
Onlar oturma odasn boyadlar.
They have painted the living room.

ZAMAN ZARFLARI
Btn zamanlarla kullanlr. Fakat arlkl olarak prsnt.perf.ile kullanlr.
1) For: -dr,-dir.

22

Gemite eylemin balad andan, iinde bulunduumuz zamana kadar geen sreyi
ifade eder.-zaman aralnki yldr bu irkette alyorum.
I have worked for this company for 2 years.
O, iki gndr yok.
She has been absent for two days.
Uzun zamandan beri Tomu grmedim.
I have not seen Tom for a long time.
2) Since- -den/-dan beri: Eylemin gemiteki balang zamann ifade eder.
1973ten beri burada yayoruz.
We have lived here since 1973.
3) Just:
Gemite balayp konuma anndan ok ksa bir zaman nce tamamlanm olan
eylemleri ifade eder. Henz, biraz nceanlamlarna gelir. Olumlu cmlelerde yardmc
fiille esas fiil arasnda kullanlr.
Biraz nce Fatma hakknda ok elenceli bir hikaye duydum.
I have just heard a very funny story about Fatma.
4) Already:
Gemite balayp beklenenden daha nce tamamlanm olan eylemleri ifade eder.
oktan, zaten anlamlarna gelir. Olumlu cmlelerde yardmc fiille esas fiil arasnda
kullanlr.
Ali oktan devini bitirdi.
Ali has already finished his homework.

23

5) Yet: daha, hala, henz anlamlarna gelir. Olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde cmle
sonunda kullanlr.
devini daha bitirmedin mi?
Have you finished your homework yet?
Annem ve babam henz eve gelmediler.
My mother and father have not come home yet.
6) Ever:
Hianlamna gelir ve soru cmlelerinde zneyle esas fiil arasnda kullanlr.
Have you ever visited foreign countries?
Have you ever been foreign countries? (bulundunuz mu?)
7) Never:
Asla, hianlamndadr. Ever ile sorulan bir soruya olumsuz cevap vereceksek yrd. fiille
esas fiil arasnda neverkullanlr.
No,I have never visited foreign countries.
8) Recently/Lately:
Son gnlerde, son zamanlardaanlamlarna gelirler ve cmle sonlarnda kullanlrlar.
Have you seen Jane recently?
Son gnlerde kz kardeimden haber almadm.
I havent heard from my sister lately.

9) So far/Up to now/Till-Until now:

Bugne kadar, u ana kadar anlamlarna gelir. Cmle sonunda kullanlr.

24

u ana kadar ka blm altn?

How many chapters have you studied so far?
O, u ana kadar iki yz sayfa okumay bitirdi.
He has finished reading two hundred pages up to now.
10) Today/This morning/afternoon:
Henz tamamlanmam bir zaman diliminden bahsedildiinde kullanlrlar.
Babam bugn be sigara iti.
My father has smoked five cigarettes today.
Bu sabah annemi aramadm.
I have not called my mother this morning
11)Over:Over the past three months (son aydr)
Over the past three months, I have studied very hard.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSETE KULLANILAN ZEL KALIPLAR

1-It is + the first + time +S+Present Perfect Tense
This is the second

Bu, Fatmann k oluunun ikincisi.

This is the second time Fatma has fallen in love.
Bu ata biniimin ilki.
This is the first time I have ridden a horse.
ride-rode-ridden.

25

2-It is + Superlative Form +Noun +S+Present P.T.

This is of an Adjective
u ana kadar okuduum en kt kitap.
This is the worst book I have ever read.
ever: u ana kadar
bad - worse - the worst
(comperative) (superlative)

Ahmet u ana kadar tantm en yakkl erkek.

Ahmet is the most handsome man I have ever met.
handsome-more handsome-the most handsome
3-It is + a period of time + since + S +Present Perfect
Simple Past
It is two days since the baby has not eaten anything.
the baby did not eat anything.
Aye einden haber alal uzun zaman oldu.
It is a long time since Aye has heard from her husband.
Aye heard from her husband.
4-S+Present Perfect+Since+S+Simple Past
Gemile imdiyi birletirir.
stanbula tandmdan beri pek ok arkadam oldu.
I have had many friends since I moved to stanbul.
Sevgi ocukluundan beri izgi filmlerden holanmaktadr.

26

Sevgi has enjoyed cartoons since she was a child.

Siz Denizliye geldiinizden beri babanz sizi arad m?
Has your father called you since you came to Denizli?
5-The Present Perfect Progressive Tense

S+havehas+been+Ving+object+adverb of place+adverb of time

Gemite balam ve konuma annda hala devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek
iin kullanlr. Eylemin ne kadar sredir devam etmekte olduu nemlidir. Present Perfect
Tense konuma anna kadardr. Present Perfect Progressive Tense konuma annda da
devam eder.
Bu kitab satn aldmdan beri gndr okuyorum.
I have been reading this book for three days since I bought.
Ahmet st.a tanana kadar yl benimle kalmt.
Ahmet had been staying with me for three years,by the time Ahmet moved to st.
Onlar evlendiklerinde yldr niversitede tarih retmekteydiler.
They had been teaching history at the university for three years,when they got married.
Geen yl evlendiklerinden beri retmenim ve ei bir yldr niversitede tarih
retiyorlar.
My teacher and his husband have been teaching history at the university for a year,since
they got married last year.
Doktor birka dakikadan beri babam muayene ediyor.
The doctor has been examining my father for a few minutes.

27

Ku gndr umuyor.
The bird has not been flying for three days.
Yeim Londradan ayrldndan beri siz ona mektup yazyor musunuz?
Have you written a letter to Yeim since she left London?

8- THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

1-Gelecekte yaplmas nceden kararlatrlm, planlanm eylemleri ifade etmek iin
the present prog. tense gelecek zaman ifade eden bir zarfla birlikte kullanlabilir.
I am visiting my mother tomorrow afternoon. (Yarn leden sonra annemi ziyaret
edeceim.)
We are going to Italy nex week.
2-Otobs, tren, sinema, tiyatro gibi saatleri nceden belirlenmi programlar ifade etmek
iin simple present tensegelecek zaman zarflaryla beraber kullanlabilir.
The film begins at eight tonight.
The train arrives in Prague at seven oclock tomorrow morning. (Tren yarn yedide
Praga varacak.)
3-Be Going To

S+ amisare+going to+V1+object+adverb of place+adverb of time

a) Gelecekte yaplmas nceden planlanm eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlr.(Bir
numarayla ayn.)
oktan kararm verdim,bu ie bavuracam.
I have already decided,I am going to apply for this job.
Aye gelecek hafta tenis oynayacak.

28

She is going to play tennis next week.

b) Bir eyin gelecekte olacana dair birtakm belirtiler varsa ya da bir ey zaten olmaya
balamsa be going tokullanlr.
Hava bulutlu,yamur yaacak.
It is cloudy.It is going to rain.
Kz kardeim hamile,bir bebei olacak.
My sister is pregnant,she is going to have a baby.
4-will(S+will+V1)
a) Gelecekte olmas beklenen olaylar ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
Tren yaknda burada olacak.
The train will be here soon.
b) Gelecekte yaplacak olan herhangi bir eye konuma annda karar veriliyorsa will
kullanlr.
-The phone is ringing.
-I will answer it.
Oh! I have left the windows open.
I will go and shut them.
c) Gelecekte herhangibir eyin yaplacana dair sz veriliyorsa will kullanlr.
ngilizce renmek iin elimden gelenin en iyisini yapacama sz veriyorum.
I promise I will do my best to learn English.
do my best: elinden gelenin en iyisini yapmak
I promise I will finish my homework.

29

d) Teklif ve nerileri ifade ederken kullanlr.

Yorgun grnyorsunuz. Size yardm edeyim.
You look tired. I will help you.
Size bir fincan kahve getireyim mi?
Shall I bring you a cup of coffee?
e) Gelecekte gerekleip gereklemeyeceinden emin olmadmz sadece ihtimal
dahilinde olan eylemleri ifade etmekte kullanlr.
I hope I will pass UDS Exam.
I expect my friend will come.

expect: ummak

I am sure (eminim)
I dont think they will invite me.
I wonder what will happen.
f) Tehdit ieren ifadelerden sonra willkullanlabilir.
Leave me along, or I will call the police. (Beni rahat brak, yoksa polisi arayacam.)
leave me a long: beni rahat brak
After
Before
When

+ S + Simple Present

Present Perfect ,

Simple Past

Simple Future

As soon as
Until

Yan cmlede hibir zaman future tense kullanlmaz. Future Tensedaima temel
cmlede kullanlr.
Temel cmlede future tense kullanlrsa,yan cmlede simple present tenseya da
present perfect tensekullanlr.
Kahvaltdan sonra banyo yapacam.
After I have breakfast, I will have a bath.
30

veya;
After I have had breakfast, I will have a bath.
Onlar mezun olduklarnda st.dan ayrlacaklar.
When they have graduated, they will leave st.
O, beni arayana kadar; ben onu affetmeyeceim.
Until he has called me, I will not forgive him.
Until he calls me, I will not forgive him.
Onlar ne yapacaklarna karar verir vermez biz dar kacaz.
As soon as they have decided what to do, we will go out.

9- THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE

S+will+be+Ving:
Gelecekte belli bir zamanda bizim yapyor olacamz ya da devam edecek olan eylemleri
ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
Gelecek hafta bu zamanda muhtemelen kumsalda gne banyosu yapyor olacam.
I will be probably sun bathing on the beach at this time next week.
Yarn saat drtte arabayla Bodruma gidiyor olacam.
I will be driving to Bodrum at four oclock tomorrow.
Siz geri geldiinizde biz uyumuyor olacaz.
We will not be sleeping when you come back.
Yarn bu saatlerde ne yapyor olacaksnz?
What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?

31

10- THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

S+will+have+V3
Gelecekte belli bir zamandan ya da baka bir eylemden nce tamamlanm olacak olan
eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
ZAMAN ZARFLARI
by 4 oclock
by tomorrow

by+noun,S+V
by the time S+V,S+V

by then (o zamana kadar)

by next week
by next month
by in a week
by in a month
by when
by before
By the time ve by en ok kullanlanlardr.
Olu niversiteden mezun oluncaya kadar,o emekli olmu olacak.
By the time his son has gratuated from the university,he will have retired.
willden sonra hep have kullanlr.
50 yllk zaman ierisinde Trkiyenin nfusu 100 milyona ykselmi olacak.
The population of Turkey will have risen to 100 million in fifty years time.
ncrease: arttrmak
Temmuza kadar dalardaki tm kar erimi olacak.
By July, all the snow on the mountains will have melted.
Siz sinemaya varana kadar film oktan balam olacak.

32

By the time you arrive at the cinema, the film will have already started.

(2.yrd.fiilden sonra kullanlr.)

Siz geldiinizde biz iimizi bitirmi olacaz.

When you come, we will have finished our work.
Gelecek haftaya kadar John ve Suzan ikinci ocuklarna sahip olmu olacaklar.
By next week, John and Suzan will have had their second child.
Siz ngiltereden dnmeden nce biz stanbula tanm olacaz.
Before you come back from England, we will have moved to stanbul.

11- FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

S+will+have+been+Ving
Gelecekte bir eylemin yine gelecekteki baka bir eyleme ya da zamana denk ne kadar
sredir devam etmekte olacan anlatmak iin kullanlr.
Biz, Marmarise varana kadar on saattir araba kullanyor olmu olacaz.
We will have been driving for ten hours, by the time we arrive in Marmaris.
Dnem sona erdiinde, ben alt aydr tezim zerinde alyor olmu olacam.
When the semester end, I will have been studing on my thesis for six monts .
PRESENT

PAST

FUTURE

Simple Present

Simple P.

Simple F.(Present Prog.)

Present Prog.

Past Prog.

(Simple Present)

Present Perf.

Past Perf.

(be going to)

Prsnt.Perf.Prog.

Past Perf.Prg.

(will)
Future Prog.
Future Perf.
Future Perf.Prog.

33

DER FUTURE KALIPLAR

I

1) To be about to +V1
To be due to +V1

I due to/about to: Bir eyin olmak zere olmas.

S+ amisare+ about todue to+V1

I must hurry. The bus is about to leave.

I sports center is due to be completed soon.
The baby is about to sleep. Be silent!
2)
To be on the point of +Ving
S+ amisare+on the point of +Ving (olmak zere )
Uak inmek zere, emniyet kemerlerinizi balayn ltfen.
The plane is on the point of landing, fasten your seat belts, please!
emir cmleleri yaln halde baa gelir
Sue, irketle anlama imzalamak zere.
Sue is on the point of signing a contract with the company.

34

SPECIAL STRUCTURES

1) AS IF / AS THOUGH (SANK\ MI GB)

Eer gerek bir olaydan bahsediliyorsa as if/as though sonra present tense, hayali
gerek olmayan bir olaydan bahsediliyorsa as if/as though sonra simple past, gemite
olmu bir olaydan bahsediliyorsa as if/as though sonra past perfect tense kullanlr.
EXAMPLES
- I feel as if I have fever. (gerek)
Sanki ateim varm gibi hissediyorum.
- You look as if/as though you have sick.
Sanki hasta gibi grnyorsun.
- Ahmet acts as if/as though he knew everything.
Ahmet her eyi biliyormu gibi davranyor.
- Aye acts me as if/as though she were my mother.
Aye bana kar annemmi gibi davranyor.
- He is guilty. He acts as if/as though he were innocent.
O sulu fakat masummu gibi davranyor.
- She acts as if/as though nothing had happened last night.
Sanki dn gece hibirey olmam gibi davranyor.
- I feel a if/as though I had not slept last night.
Sanki dn gece uyumamm gibi hissediyorum.

35

2) S + WOULD RATHER/WOULD SOONER + SOMEBODY + V2 = SIMPLE FUTURE

Geni veya gelecek zamanda bir bakasnn bir ey yapmasn tercih etmek anlamna
gelir.
- Okan drives at the school.
But I would rather / would sooner his took a bus.
- Aye learns (is learning) English. But I would rather / would sooner she learned French.
Aye ngilizce reniyor fakat ben onun Franszca irenmesini tercih ederim.

3) S + WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER + SOMEBODY HAD + V3= PAST

Gemite bir bakasnn baka bir ey yapm olmasn tercih ederim.

-My firend took meet to the students opera last night. But I would rather / would sooner
he had taken met o the theatre instead.
Arkadam dn gece beni prenci operasna gtrd. Fakat ben onun beni onun yerine
tiyatroya gtrm olmasn tercih ederim.

4) S + HAD + HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY + V3 .. WHEN + S + V2

HARDLY
SCARCELY + HAD + S + V3 . WHEN + S + V2
BARELY

Daha henz yapmtm ki.. anlamnda gelir.

- I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang.
Henz gzlerimi kapamtm ki, telefon ald.
Hardly had I closed my eyes whe the telephone rang.
- She had hardly said when she realised her mistake.
Tam sylemiti ki hatasn anlad.

36

Hardly had she said when she realised her mistake.

5) S + HAD + NO SOONER + V3 THAN+ S+ V2

NO SOONER + HAD + S + V3 + THAN + S + V2

Yapar yapmaz, eder etmez . anlamlarna gelir.

- I had no sooner closed the door than somebody started knocking.
Tam kapy kapatr kapatmaz birisi onu almaya balad.
-He had no sooner agreed to marry with her than he began to have serious doubts.
Onunla evlenmeyi kabul eder etmez ciddi pheler duymaya balad.
No sooner had he agreed to marry with her than he began to have serious doubts.

37

GERUNDS (VING)
ngilizcede fiillerden isim elde etmenin kurallarndan biri de fiilin sonuna
inggetirmektir.
Kullanm Yerleri:

1-Subject of a Sentence (Cmlenin znesi Konumunda)

Reading horror stories always makes me frightened at nights.
(Korku hikyeleri okumak geceleri daima beni korkutur.)
Eating hot meals might cause stomochache.
(Scak yemekler yemek mide arsna neden olabilir.)
Fiil tekil olarak dnlr ve staks alr.
2-ngilizcede belli fiillerden sonra gelecek olan ikinci bir fiil daima gerunds olmak
zorundadr.
acknowledge: kabul etmek

imagine: hayal etmek

admit: kabul etmek

include/ involve: iermek

advocate: savunmak

keep: korumak, tutmak, srdrmek

advise: tavsiye etmek

mention: bahsetmek

anticipate: ummak

mind: umursamak

appreciate: takdir etmek, deer bimek

avoid: kanmak

miss: karmak, zlemek

necassiate: gerektirmek

cant help: elimde deil

object to: itiraz etmek

celebrate: tebrik etmek

pardon: af dilemek

complete: tamamlamak

postpone: ertelemek

consider: dnmek, gzden geirmek

practise: pratik yapmak

contemplate: dnmek

prefer: tercih etmek

continue: devam etmek

prevent: engellemek

defer: vazgeirmek

prohibit: yasaklamak

delay: gecikmek

quit: brakmak, terk etmek

deny: inkr etmek

recall: hatrlamak

38

detest: nefret etmek

recollect: hatrlamak

discuss: tartmak

recommend: tavsiye etmek

dislike: holanmamak

regret: piman olmak

endanger: tehlike yaratmak

remember: hatrlamak

endure: dayankllk sergilemek

repent: piman olmak

enjoy: holanmak

report: rapor etmek, bildirmek

envisage: ngrmek

resent: gcenmek

escape: kamak

resist: diren gstermek

excuse: affetmek, zr dilemek

risk: riske girmek

explain: aklamak

stand: katlanmak

fancy: hayal etmek

stop: durmak

forget: unutmak

suffer: ac ekmek

forgive: affetmek

suggest: nermek

go (physical activity): bir yere gitmek

tolerate: tolera etmek

justify: dorulamak
She hasnt consider losing her job.(ini kaybedeceini dnmyordu.)
You shouldnt keep telling lies.(Yalan sylemeyi srdrmemelisiniz.)
3-To befiilinden sonra cmlede nesne olarak kullanlrlar.
Your primary responsibility in a fire is evacuating your room quickly on the alarm
sounding.
(Bir yangndaki temel sorumluluunuz alarm sesi zerine hzla odanz boaltmaktr.)
My greatest pleasure is sitting on the grass and feeling the sun on my face.
(Benim en byk zevkim imde oturmak ve gnei yzmde hissetmektir.)
4-Edatlardan sonra(after prepositions) kullanlrlar.(Edatlardan sonra gelen fiiller ingalr.)
She is looking forward to having a summer holiday.(Yaz tatili yapmay drt gzle
bekliyor.)

39

We are tired of driving along the empty road.

(Bo yol boyunca araba kullanmaktan bktk.)

to be tired of: bkmak, usanmak

to be tired with: yorulmak

He left the hotel without paying the bill. (Otelden faturay demeden ayrld.)
The little girl insisted on going out immediately. (Kk kz bir an nce darya
kmakta srar etti.)
5-After Possessive Adjectives
Sahiplik sfatlarndan sonra gerund kullanlr.
She doesnt approve of her husbands dressing style.
(O,einin giyim stilini beenmiyor.)
His eating habit in bed annoys his wife very much.
(Onun, yatakta yeme alkanl eini ok fazla kzdrr.)
Our walking speed is not enough to catch up with the rest of the group.
(Bizim yrme hzmz grubun geri kalann yakalamak iin yeterli deil.)
6- ngilizcede baz kelime gruplarndan sonra felen fiiller gerund olmak zorundadr.
a waste of time/money
be used to
cant help
cant stand: dayanamamak
cant bear
get used to
have a hard/diffucult time
how about
have difficulyt in?
it is no good
it is no use

40

it is (no) worth
feel like: istemek
there is no point in
what about
there is no sense in
it is no good waiting outside they wont come.(Darda beklemenin yarar yok. Onlar
gelmeyecekler.)
She feels like singing a song.(Can ark sylemek istiyor.)
He will get used to meeting new people soon.(Yaknda yeni insanlarla tanmaya
alacak.)
I cant stand seeing blood.(Kan grmeye dayanamyorum.)
Her book is worth reading.(Kitap okunmaya deer.)
I cant help laughing at you.(Size glmekten kendimi alamyorum.)
7- ngilizcede baz etkinlikleri ifade etmek iin gofiilinden sonra gelen ikinci fiile
ingeklenir.
go shopping: al verie gitmek
go skiing: kayaa gitmek
go fishing: bala gitmek
go riding: bisiklet binmeye gitmek
go sightseeing: manzara izlemeye gitmek
go climbing: trmanmaya gitmek
She goes shopping once a week.(O,haftada bir kez al verie gider.)
He never goes fishing with his father.(O,asla babasyla bala gitmez.)
8- Baz fiiller isim halinde bir isim grubu ierisinde kullanlabilirler.
I have bought a new pair of running shoes.(Yeni bir ift kou ayakkabs aldm.)
Drinking water should be clear and tasteless.(me suyu temiz ve tatsz olmaldr.)
9- No+Ving
No smoking!(Sigara iilmez.)
No parking! (Park yaplmaz.)

41

1-PRESENT ACTIVE GERUND

S+V+VNG
Temel fiilin zamanyla gerundun zaman aynysa Ving kullanlr.
She suggested spending the money on unnecassary things.
(O, gereksiz eyler zerine para harcamay nerdi.)
Bu tarz ifadelerle ilgili sorular cevaplayabilmemiz iin kendimize u sorular
sormalyz:
1-Gerundm infinite mi?
2-Temel fiille bolua gelecek olan yap ayn zamanda m farl zamanda m?
3-Aktif mi, pasif mi?
Ayn zaman dilimindeler ise ve aktifse gerund
1-suggestgerundsonra gelen fiil -ingalr
2-para harcamakla neri ayn zamanda
3-eylemi yapan zne olduu iin aktif
2-Present Passive
S+V+being+V3
I appreciate being given a great support.(give)
(Byk destek verilmesini takdir ediyorum.)
1.appreciategerund -ingalr.
2.byk destek verilmesi ve takdir etmek ayn anda
3.destek veren bakas olduu iin passive
3-Farkl Zamanlardaki Active Yaplar
S+V+having+V3

42

He admitted having stolen the jewels.(steal)

1.admitgerundfiil -ing alr.
2.alma ilemi nce, kabul etmesi sonra olduu iin farkl zamanlarda
3.Eylemi gerekletiren zne olduu iin aktif

4-Farkl Zamanlardaki Passive Yaplar

S+V+having+been+V3
We should remember having been warned of the possible dangers.(warn)
(Olas tehlikeler iin uyarldmz hatrlyorum.)
1.remembergerundfiil -ingalr.
2.uyarlmalar nce,hatlamas sonra olduu iin farkl zamanlarda
3.uyaran kii bakas olduu iin passive
nceki ei tarafndan kendisine bir altn zincir verildiini hatrlyor.
She remembers having been given a gold chain by her ex-husband.
Geen hafta erken kalktm hatrlyorum.
I remember having woken up early last week.
Televizyonda ma izlemekten holanyorum.
I enjoy watching match on TV.
Aye tarafndan beenilmeyi takdir ediyorum.
I appreciate being admired by Aye.

43

INFINITIVES (to+V1)
ngilizcede fiillerden isim elde etmenin ikinci yolu infinitive yaplar kullanmaktr.

1-Subject of a Sentence: Cmlenin znesi Konumunda

To read a newspaper by the lake is the most enjoyable entertainment for me.
(Gl kenarnda bir gazete okumak benim iin en zevkli elencedir.)

2-Infinitiveler cmlede ama bildirmek iin kullanlabilirler.

Arkadam aramak iin okula gittim.
I went to the school to look for my friend.
(aramak)

Kitabm okumak iin gzlme ihtiyacm var.

I need my glasses to read my book.

3-ngilizcede sfatlardan sonra kullanlacak olan bir fiil infinitiveolmak

zorundadr.
Bir deveye binmek gerekten heyecan vericidir.
It is really exciting to ride a camel.
Snavm getiime memnunum.
I am content to pass my exam. content: memnuniyet verici.

4- Too ya da enoughyaplarndan sonra to infinitivekullanlr.

Seyahata balamak iin olduka erken.
It is too early to start the journey.
orba iilemeyecek kadar tuzludur.
The soup is too salty to drink.
too+adjective+to V1

cmleye olumsuz anlam katar

44

adjective+enough+to V1 cmleye olumlu anlam katar

The soup is salty enough to drink.(orba iilebilecek kadar tuzlu.)
enoughsfattan sonra, isimden nce gelir.
I have enough money.(Yeterli paraya sahibim.)
Biz tenis oynayabilecek kadar salklyz.
We are fit enough to play tennis. fit: zinde, salkl

5- ngilizcede nesne zamirlerinden sonra to infinitiveyaps kullanlr.

S+V+nesne zamiri+to V1
(me,you,him,her)

Mutfakta ona yardm etmemi bana syledi.

She told me to help her in the kitchen.
Bana yardmc olmas kibarlndand.
It was kind of him to help me.
Onun iin kaba olmak inciticiydi.
For him to be rude was hurtful. rude: kaba hurtful:incitici

6- ngilizcede belli fiillerden sonra kullanlacak olan ikinci bir fiil infinitive olmak
zorundadr.
afford: paraca gc yetmek

dare: cesareti olmak

agree: kabul etmek

decide: karar vermek

aim: amalamak

decline: azaltmak

appear: grnmek

demand: talep etmek

arrange: dzenlemek

determine: karar vermek

ask: istemek, sormak

drive: araba kullanmak

attempt: giriimde bulunmak

deserve: hak etmek

bear: katlanmak, aklda tutmak

endeavor: aba gstermek

45

beg: yalvarmak

expect: ummak, beklemek

begin: balamak

fail: baarsz olmak

bother: cann skmak, zmek

care: ihtimam gstermek, bakmak

forget: unutmak
happen: olmak, meydana

gelmek
choose: semek

hate: nefret etmek

claim: iddia etmek

help: yardm etmek

consent: raz olmak

hesitate: tereddt etmek

hope: ummak

remember: hatrlamak

intend: niyet etmek

seek: aramak

know: bilmek
learn: renmek
like: holanmak

seem: grnmek
start: balamak
strive: mcadele etmek, gayret

etmek

long: zlemek

struggle: mcadele etmek, gayret

etmek

love: sevmek
manage: baarmak
mean: kast etmek, anlamna gelmek

swear: yemin etmek

tend: eilimi olmak

think: dnmek

need: ihtiyac olmak

threaten: tehdit etmek

neglect: ihmal etmek

trouble: skntya sokmak

offer: sunmak

try: denemek, abalamak

plan: plan yapmak

undertake: stlenmek

prefer: tercih etmek

volunteer: gnll olmak

prepare: hazrlamak

wait: beklemek

pretend: gibi yapmak,rol yapmak

want: istemek

promise: sz vermek

wish: arzu etmek

proceed: ilerlemek

would like: istemek,

sevmek
refuse: reddetmek

would love: sevmek

regret: piman olmak

would prefer: tercih etmek

46

I cant afford to buy a new car.

(Yeni bir araba almaya g yetiremem.)

7-ngilizcede pasif, edilgen yaplardan sonra infinitivekullanlr.

She was reminded to be punctual. punctual: dakik
(Ona dakik olmas hatrlatld.)
I was forced to go there.(Oraya gitmek zorunda brakldm.)
I am told to come early.(Bana erken gelmem sylenir.)

8-To be fiilinden sonra to infinitive yaps kullanlr.

The most reasonable thing is to be blind for a while.
for a while: bir sreliine
(En mantkl ey bir sreliine kr olmaktr.)

9-simlerden sonra bir fiil gelecekse infinitive ile kullanlr.

This is the plan to follow. (Takip edilecek plan budur.)

10- The first yaplarndan sonra to infinitive yaps kullanlr.

the second
superlative
The first person to call me is Fred. (Beni arayan ilk kii Fredtir.)
This is the best thing to do. (Bu, yaplacak en iyi eydir.)
This is the last plan to resist the enemy troops. (Bu, dman birliklerine direnmek iin
son plandr.)

47

11-something/nothing/somewhere/nowhere/anywhere gibi ifadelerden sonra to

infinitive kullanlr.
I think you can find something to feed our cat.
(Bence siz bizim kedimizi beslemek iin bir eyler bulabilirsiniz.)
Bu gece gidecek hibir yerim yok.
I have nowhere to go to night.
Ailemi memnun etmek iin genellikle hibir ey yapmam.
I usually do nothing to pleaase my parents.

HEM GERUND HEM INFINITIVE ALAN YAPILAR

1-Baz fiiller pelerinden, herhangi bir anlam deiiklii olmakszn, hem gerund
hem infinitive alrlar.
advise: tavsiye

love: sevmek, ak olmak

allow: izin vermek

neglect: ihmal etmek

begin: balamak

omit: atlamak, ihmal etmek

commence: balamak

prefer: tercih etmek

continue: devam etmek

permit: izin vermek

deserve: hak etmek

require: istemek, gerektirmek

dislike: holanmamak

start: balamak

endure: dayankllk sergilemek

intend: niyet etmek

hate: nefret etmek

loathe: nefret etmek, irenmek

like: holanmak

recommend: tavsiye etmek

I attempted walking along the rope. rope: ip (p boyunca yrmeye altm.)

to walk

48

Kan grmeye dayanamyorum.

I cant endure seeing the blood.
to see

Bu fiiller progressive zamanlarda kullanlrlarsa to infinitive yapsyla kullanlrlar.

(O, yeni romann yazmaya balyor.-balayacak-)
She is beginning to write her new novel.

2-Baz fiiller anlam deiikliiyle birlikte gerund ya da infinitive alabilirler.

Forget
She forgot to lock the door. lock: kilitlemek (O,kapy kilitlemeyi unuttu.)
forget+to V1:
gereklememi bir eyi yapmay unutmak,yapacak olduu bir eyi unutmak
She forgot locking the door. (O,kapy kilitlediini unuttu.)
forget+Ving:
gereklemi olan bir eyi unutmak,gemite olan bir eyi unutmak
I will never forget going on holiday with you to Paris (go)
(Ben sizinle Parise gittiimi unutmayacam.)
Please, dont forget to set the alarm clock. (set)
(Ltfen saati kurmay unutmayn.)
Remember
I remembered to ask him the question. (Ona soru soracam hatrladm.)
remember+to V1:
yaplacak olan bir eyi hatrlamak

49

I remembered asking him the question. (Ona soru sorduumu hatrladm.)

remember+Ving:
gemite olan bir olay hatrlamak
Regret
We regret to inform you that you owe the bank 100 TL.
(Sizin bankaya 100 TL borcunuz olduunu bildirmekten zgnz.)
regret+to V1:
zgn olmak
I regret inviting him to my birthday party.
(Onu doum gn partime ardma pimanm.)
regret+Ving:
piman olmak
Try
We tried to open the bottle with a screwdriver.
(Biz bir tornavidayla ieyi amaya altk.)
try+to V1:
aba sarf etmek,uramak
We tried opening the bottle with a screwdriver.
(Biz bir tornavidayla ieyi amay denedik.)
try+Ving:
denemek
Stop
We stopped drinking tea at a cafe. (Kafede ay imeyi braktk.)

50

stop+Ving:
bir ey yapmay brakmak,vazgemek
We stopped to drink tea at a cafe. (Bir cafede ay imek iin durduk.)
stop+to V1:
bir ey yapmak iin bir yerde durmak
Mean
I did not mean to imply that you were dishonest. dishonest: hilekar, erefsiz; imply: ima
etmek
(Sizin bir hilekr olduunuzu ima etmeyi kast etmedim.)
mean+to V1:
kast etmek, niyet etmek
Missing the train mean waiting for a long time.
(Treni karma uzun bir sre beklemek anlamna gelir.)
mean+Ving:
anlamna gelmek

3-See, feel, hear, watch, observe, smell gibi duyulara ynelik fiillerden sonra
Vingyaps kullanlyorsa bahsedilen olayn sadece bir ksmna tank
olduunuz ifade edilir.

toolmadan sadece V1 ifadesi kullanlyorsa olayn tamamna tank olduunuz anlamna

gelir.
I saw him crossing the street.
I saw him cross the street.

51

help fiilinden sonra ya to V1yaps ya da sadece V1 yaps kullanlr.

She did not help us to prepare the dinner table.
(O,bize akam yemeini hazrlamakta yardmc olmad.)
No one helped George climb the steps.
(Hi kimse Georgenin basamaklar trmanmasna yardmc olmad.)
Eer aadaki fiiller nesne almazlarsa, pelerinden Ving yaps kullanlr. Nesne
alrlarsa to V1 yaps kullanlr.
acknowledge: kabul etmek
admit: kabul etmek
consider: dnmek, gzden geirmek
imagine: hayal etmek
recommend: tavsiye etmek
encourage: cesaretlendirmek
allow: izin vermek
advise: tavsiye etmek
forbid: yasaklamak
permit: izin vermek
The police do not allow us to park here. (Polis buraya park etmemize izin vermez.)
The police do not allow parking here. (Polis buraya park yaplmasna izin vermez.)
6- see something V3: bir eyin yapldn grmek
see something being V3: bir ey yaplrken grmek
I have never seen (heard) English spoken with a New Zealand accent.
(Yeni Zelanda ivesiyle ngilizce konuulduunu hi grmedim-duymadm-)
We saw the car being stolen. (Biz araba alnrken grdk.)
7-need+Vingpasif anlam verir
need+to V1aktif anlam verir

52

Your shoes need polishing (Ayakkablarnzn parlatlmaya ihtiyac var.)

You need to polish your shoes.(Ayakkablarnz parlatmaya ihtiyacnz var.)

1-PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

to+V1
I want to go to the cinema.(Sinemaya gitmeyi isterim.)
Bu tarz cmlelerde gerund ta olduu gibi soru sorarz:
a-Fiil gerund m infinivite mi? wantinfinitiveto alr
b-Ayn zamanda m,farkl zamanda m? (sinemaya gitmesi ve istemesi ayn zamanda.)
c-Aktif mi,pasif mi? Eylemi yapan zne olduu iin aktif.

2-PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE

to be+V3
I want to be taken to the cinema. (Sinemaya gtrlmeyi isterim.)
a-wantinfinitiveto alr
b-sinemaya gtrlmesi ve istemesi ayn zamanda olduu iin present
c-Sinemaya gtren bakas olduu iin pasifV3

3-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

to+be+Ving
Jane is said to be coming soon.(Janenin yaknda gelecei syleniyor.)

4-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE INFINITIVEYOKTUR

53

5-PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

to have+V3
The mechanic is thought to have repaired the car.(Teknisyenin arabay tamir ettii
dnlyor.)
Pasif yaplardan sonrainfinitiveto
Tamir etmesi nce,dnlmesi sonra olduu iin,farkl zamanlardahave
Tamir eden zne olduu iin aktifto have V3

6-PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE

to have been V3
Ayeye geen yl dl verildiine inanlyor.
Aye is believed to have been given a medal last year.
a-Pasif yaplardan sonrainfinitiveto
b-dln verilmesi ve inanlmas farkl zamanlardaperfecthave
c-dl veren bakas olduu iinpassivebeen V3
Arabann tamir edildii dnlyor.
The car is thought to have been repaired.

7-PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

to have been Ving
Ayenin iki yl boyunca Ahmete para verdii dnlyor.
Aye is thought to have been giving money Ahmet for two years.
(gemite bir sre devam etmiprogressive)
(farkl zamandaperfect)
(veren Ayeactive)

54

8-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE INFINITIVEYOK

rnekler
ngilizcenin dnyann her yerinde konuulmu olduu sylenir.
English is said to have been spoken everywhere in the world.
Johnun Billden daha iyi tenis oynayacana inanlyor.
John is believed to play tennis better than Bill.
ngilizcenin dnyann her yerinde konuuluyor olduu syleniyor.
English is said to be spoken everywhere in the world.
Ayenin okula devam ediyor olduu syleniyor.
Aye is said to be attending school.
Patron tarafndan iyi davranld iin anslyd.
She is luck to be treated well by her boss.
sfatsfatlardan sonra infinitivegelir

55

MODALS

1. PERMISSION (zin istemek)

1. a.

Present zamanda yaplan izinler

Can (Informal)
Could (Formal)

V1

? Kibarlk artar

May
Might
-Can I have a drop more whiskey? (Informal)
-Could I ask you something if you are not too busy? (Formal Resmi)
-May I stop work a little earlier tonight? (Formal Resmi izin)
-Might I trouble you for a light? (Extremely formal ok resmi)
Sorulara Verilen Cevaplar
Yes, you can

Evet yapabilirsin

Yes, you may, indead

Elbette

Certainly

Kesinlikle

Of course!

Kesinlikle

Sure

Kesinlikle

I am sorry, you cant

Please, do not
No, you cant
1. b

Is it all right if I . ?

-Is it all right if I smoke here. (Burada sigara iebilir miyim?)

Do you mind if I ?
-Do you mind if I use your phone? (Telefonunuzu kullanmamn bir sakncas var m?)

56

Would you mind if I V2 .. ?

-Would you mind if I opened the window? (Pencereyi aabilir miyim?)
-I wonder if I could borrow 100 $ just offer 3 days? (Sadece 3 gn iin 100 $ bor alabilir
miyim?)

2. REQUEST (Rica bildirme)

2. a. Present ile yaplan ricalar
Can
Could

Kibarlk artar

Will
Would
-Would you give me some information? (Biraz bilgi verir misiniz?) Formal
-Can you lend me your dictionary? (Szlnz bana dn verebilir misiniz?) Informal
-Could you help me please? (Ltfen bana yardm eder misiniz?) Formal
-Will you lend me your book? (Kitabnz bana dn verir misiniz?) Formal
2.b

Would you mind + Ving

-Would you mind speaking a bit more quielty? (Biraz daha sessiz konumanzn sakncas
var m?)
-Would you mind if I spoke a bit more quielty? (Ben biraz daha sessiz konuabilir
miyim?)

3. ABILITY (Yetenek)
3. a. Present ile yaplan

CAN

-Can you speak English? (ngilizce konuabilir misiniz?)

BE ABLE TO
57

-I am able to speak English. (ngilizce konuabiliyorum.)

-I have been able to speak English for a long time.

BE CAPABLE TO + noun veya V ing

-She is capable of swimming very well. (O ok iyi yzebiliyor)

-She is capable of speaking 4 languages. (O 4 dil konuabiliyor)
3. b. Past ile yaplan

COULD

-Mozart could play the violin when he was only a four year child. (sadece 4 yandayken
piyano alabiliyordu)
-He could read a newspaper before she went to school. (O okula gitmeden nce gazete
okuyabiliyordu)

WAS/WERE ABLE TO + V 1

-When she was a kid, she was able to sing like a pop singer (O ocukken bir pop arkcs
gibi ark syleyebiliyordu)
Gemiteki bir kereye zg yeteneklerden bahsediliyorsa sadece was/were be
able to kullanlabilir. was/were be able to dnda managed to + V1 veya
succeeded in + V ing kullanlarak ayn anlam verilir. (Bir ey yapmak
manasnda)
-The fire spread through the building quickly, but fortunately everbody was able to
escape. (Yangn hzl bir ekilde binaya yayld, fakat ans eseri herkes kaabildi)
VEYA

.. managed to escape (Herkes kamay baarabildi)

.. succeeded in excaping

-I was able to walk a mile yesterday. (Dn 1 mil yryebildim)

-I managed to walk a mile yesterday.

58

-I succeeded in walking a mile yesterday.

Edattan sonra bir fiil gelince fiil sonuna ing alr.

S + WAS/WERE + CAPABLE OF + noun veya V ing

-When he was a little boy, he was capable of jumping from a high point. (O kk bir
ocukken, yksek bir noktadan atlayabiliyordu)

COULD HAVE + V 3

Gemite yeteneim, frsatm vard ama yapmadm, kullanamadm anlamna gelir.

-I could have married anybody I wanted to. (stediim biri ile evlenebilirdim
evlenmedim)
-We could have gone to Spain for our holiday last year, but we didnt want to go. We
went to Bodrum in stead. (Geen yl tatilde spanya ya gidebilirdik ama gitmedik, yerine
Bodrum a gittik)

4. OBLIGATION (Zorunluluk)
4.1. Present
4.1.1. Mild Obligation (Tavsiye)
a-Should / Ought to (Gereklilik)
Bu iki modals birbirine benzer anlam tar, grev ve zorunluluk ifade etmek, t
vermek ve genel anlamda karmzdaki kii iin neyin iyi ya da doru olduunu
sylemek iin kullanlr.
-You look tried you should/ought to go to bed. (Yorgun grnyorsun, yatmalsn)
-You should not/ought not to believe everything your hear. (Duyduunuz her eye
inanmamalsnz)

59

b-Had beter + V 1
Yapsan iyi olur anlamna gelir. Sadece 1 kereye zg t vermek iin kullanlr.
-It is cold today. You had beter wear a coat when you go out. (Bugn hava souk. Dar
ktnzda paltonuzu giyseniz daha iyi olur)
1- S + Had better + V 1 rather than V1
nstead of V ing
-You had beter stay in bed rather than go to work. (e gitmektense yatakta kalsan daha
iyi olur)
-You had beter stay in bed instead of going to work. (e gitmek yerine yatakta kalsan
daha iyi olur)
2- S + Had better + have + V 3
Gelecekte .. olmadan nce yada .. olduunda . Yapm olsan iyi
edersin anlamnda kullanlr.
-You had beter have done your homework before you begin to watch tv.
4.1.2. Strong Obligation (Gl zorunluluk)
a- Must
Kiinin kendisinden kaynaklanan zorunluluu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
-I really must stop smoking. (Gerekten sigaray brakmak zorundaym)
-I must phone my father now. (imdi annemi aramak zorundaym)
b - Have to + V 1
Dardan kaynaklanan bir zorunluluu ifade etmekte kullanlr. Zorunluluk bir
yasadan, kuraldan, durumdan veya buna benzer dtan gelen bir etkenden
kaynaklanr.

60

-I have to be at work by 8 oclock every morning. (Her sabah saat 8 de ite olmak
zorundaym)
c- Have got to + V 1
-She has got to work tomorrow.
-I usually have got to speak English in my job.
d- Need to + V 1 (Yapmam gerek)
-She needs to have a visa to g oto the USA.
-I need to have a haircut.
4.1.3. Lock of Obligation / Necessary (Zorunluluun yada gerekliliin eksiklii)
a-Dont have to + V 1
-You dont have to go to there if you dont want to.
-She doesnt have to work because she has got a lot of Money.
b-Havent got to + V 1
-You havent got to come early.
c-Dont need to + V 1
-You dont need to try to explain.
She doesnt need to wait for me.
d- Neednt + V 1
-You neednt carry a passport in your own country.
4.2. Past
4.2.1. Had to + V 1
-Last night, we had to be at home at 10 oclock, because of the baby sitter, so we left the
party early. (Bebek bakcs yznden geen gece 10 da evde olmak zorundaydk. Bu
yzden partiden erken ayrldk)

61

4.2.2 Was/Were + to + V 1 (Dardan kaynakl bir zorunluluk)

-The bank would advance funds and the firm was the spend Money on new equipment.
(Banka fon salayacakt ve firma yeni donanm iin ok para harcayacakt, harcamak
zorundayd)

5. SUGGESTION (neri)
5.1. Present
a- Shall we .? (Yapalm m edelim mi?)
-Shall we go to the cinema after the course?
b- Why dont we . ?
- Why dont we go to out for diner after the course?
c- How / What about + V ing .. ?
-How / What about having a walk by the sea?
d- Let s + V 1 ..
-Lets study to gether.
-Lets go out and have a walk.
5.2. Past
5.2.1. Could + have + V 3

(. Yapabilirdim ama yapmadm anlamna gelir.)

-He could have consulted a lawyer.

-He could have come a bit earlier.

6. OFFERING (Teklif)

62

6.1. Shall I . ? (Yapaym m?)

-Shall I help you?
6.2. Would you like me + to + V 1 ? (Yapmam ister misiniz?)
-Would you like me to help you?
6.3. Let someone + do /V 1 + something (Yapmama izin ver)
-Let me help you?
-Let me bring you some coffee.

7. CERTAINLY (Kesinlik, eminlik)

7.1. Present
a- Must (karm)
-He knows a lot about towns. He must be live in a town.
(O kasaba hakknda pek ok ey bilir. O bir kasabada yayor olmal)
-There is a lorry in front of Johns house. He must be moving house at the moment.
(Johnun evinin nnde bir kamyon var. O u anda evini tayor olmal.)
b-Should / Ought to (Gl Olaslk)
-That should be Janet coming popstars.
-There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldnt be difficult to find somewhere to stay.
(Kasabada ok otel var. Yer bulmak zor olmasa gerek)
c- May/Might/Could (ok emin olunmayan durumlarda kullanlr)
-I am not sure, but Peter may/might/could know Marry. (Emin deilim, fakat Peter Marry
i tanyor olabilir)
May resmi ngilizce de dilek ve temenni ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

63

May + S + V + Complement
-May God save the Queen.
-May all your dreams come true.
-May they be happy.
-May God be with you.
-May she rest in Peace.
d-Cant (mkanszlk)
Genel anlamda bir tahmin yrtlyorsa ve sz konusu olayn olmayacandan
emin isek cant kullanlr.
-They havent lived her efor a very long time. They cant know many people in this
country. (Onlar uzun sredir burada yaamadlar. Bu ehirde birok insan biliyor
olamazlar.)
7.2. Past
a- Must + have + V 3
-I have runy the doorbell three times, but nobody has answered. They must have gone
out. (Kapy 3 kez aldm fakat kimse cevap vermedi. Onlar dar km olmallar.)
-When I arrived home last night my parents werent in the living room. My parents must
have been sleeping, when I arrived home last night. (Dn gece eve geldiimde ailem
oturma odasnda deildi. Dn gece eve vardmda ailem uyuyor olmal)
b- May/Might/Could + have + V 3
-I wonder why Sarah didnt answer the phone last night. She may/might/could have left
the receiver open.
Might
Could

have

V3

(Yapabilirdim ama yapmadm)

-You were stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself.
-Last year, I could have gone abroad, but didnt.

64

c- Cant/Couldnt + have + V 3
Gemite bir eyin olmu olmasnn imkanszln yada gemite bir eyin
olaslk d olduunu belirtmek iin kullanlr.
-This morning the ground wasnt wet. It cant/couldnt have rained last night.
-My parents wanted to be a doctor, but I couldnt have put up with all those years of
study.

8. CRITIZING (Eletiri)
8.1. Present
a-

S + am/is/are + always + Ving

-I am fed up! You are always losing your keys. (Bktm, siz daima anahtarlarnz
kaybediyorsunuz)
b-

S + should/ought to + be + V ing

(u anda . yapyor olmalydn anlamna

gelir.)
-You should/ought to be studying for the exam at present. (u anda snava alyor
olmalydn)
c-

S + could + at least + V1

-You could at least help me. (En azndan bana yardm edebilirdin)
8. 2. Past
a-

Should / Ought to + have + V 3

-You should have worn heavier clothes because it is quite cold outsuite.
-She shouldnt have married such a man.
b-

Was/were + supposed to + V 1 (Gereklilik)(Yapmalydn neden yapmadn

anlamna gelir.)
-You were suppposed to clean the Windows why didnt you do it?
-Lucy was supposed to come to lunch. What has happened?

65

c- S + could + have + at least + V 3

-You should have at least called me last night.

9. HABITS (Alkanlklar)
9.1. Present
a- am/is/are + used to / accustomed to + V ing / Noun
-I have been getting up early since I was six, so I am accustomed to / used to getting up
early.
b-

Get used to + V ing (Bireye almak)

-You will get used to working in this factory soon.

9.2. Past
a-

S + was/were + used to / accustomed to + V ing / Noun

Gemite bir eye alkn olmak anlamna gelir. .. yapmaya alkndm.

-When I was a little girl, I was used to/accustomed to playing with my friend in our front
garden in the afternoon.
b-

S + used to + V 1
Yapardm ederdim anlamna gelir. Gemiteki durum, alkanlk yada tekrarlanan
eylemi ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

-I used to go to the cinema each weak when I was at high school.

-There used to be a village here three years ago.
c-

S+V2

-I always called him at nights.

66

Women wore very long dresses in the Middle Ages. (Kadnlar ortaalarda ok uzun
kyafet giyerdi)

d-

S + would + V 1
Gemi alkanl ifade etmek iin kullanlr. Ancak would ile birlikte be, have,
know, understand gibi durum bildiren fiiller kullanlmaz. Sadece eylem bildiren
fiiller kullanlr.

-There used to be a block of flats on this corner.

-When we were children, we would tell storries to us.

10-PREFERENCE (Tercih)
10.1. Present
a- S + Would rather/ would sooner/ would just as soon + V 1 than (V1)
-I would rather stay at home than spend two days on a train
She would rather go to the cinema than (go) to the theatre.
Bir fiil iki kere tekrarlanyorsa 1 kez daha yazlmayabilir. Onun yerine than
kullanlabilir.

b-

S + Would rather/ would sooner/ would just as soon . + Someone +

V2
(Birinden bir ey yapmasn tercih etmek anlamnda kullanlr.)
-Id rather Peter came here more often.
-Wed sooner you didnt quarrel with each other.
c- S + Would prefer + V 1 + something + than / rather than (V1) + something else.
(Bir eyi bir baka eye tercih etmek, a kk ile ortam olarak ayn, kalp olarak
farkldr.)

67

I would prefer to earn less Money than spend extra time at work.
Would rather/Would sooner yaplarndan sonra isim kullanlmamasna karn
would prefer yapsndan sonra isim kullanlr.
-Would you prefer tea or coffee?
d-

S + Would prefer + someone + to + V 1 + something

Birisinden bir ey yapmasn tercih etmek, b kk ile ayn anlamda, farkl kalp
olarak kullanlr.
-They would prefer me not to like seperately. (Onlar benim ayr yaamam tercih
etmezler)
e-

S + prefer + Ving + something + to + (Ving) + something else

Bireyi bireye yapmay tercih etmek anlamnda kullanlr.

-She prefers eating vegetables to (eating) meet. (O et yemektense sebze yemei tercih
eder)
f-

S + prefer + something + to + something else.

Bir eyi baka bir eye tercih etmek.

-I prefer coffee to tea. (Kahveyi aya tercih ederim)
g-

S + prefer + to + V 1 + something rather than + (V1) + something else.

Baka bir ey yapmay baka bir ey yapmaya tercih etmek.

-I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea. (ay imektense kahve imeyi tercih
ederim.)
10.2. Past
a-

S + would rather/sooner + have + V 3 + than (have) + V 3

yapmay . yapm olmaya tercih ederdim.

-Shed rather have walked home than have waited in the bus queue. (Otobs kuyruunda
beklemektense yrmeyi tercih ederdi)

68

b-

S + would rather/sooner + someone + had + V 3

Gemite bir eyi bir eye tercih etmek, birinden bir ey yapmasn tercih etmek.
-Wed all rather he had stayed at home instead of spreading the flu around. (Etrafa grip
yaymak yerine biz onun evde kalmasn tercih ederdik)
c-

S + would prefer + to have V3 . Rather than have V 3

Gemite bir ey yapmaktansa baka bir ey yapmay tercih etmek.

-I would prefer to have left the film rather than have waited to become redundant.(siz
kalmay tercih etmektense firmadan ayrlmay tercih ederdim)

11-LACK OF NECESSITY (Gerekli olmamak)

11.1. Present
4. Blmdeki maddelerin hepsiyle ayndr.
11.2. Past
a-

Didnt need to / Didnt have to

Yapmama gerek yoktu, yapmak zorunda deildim bu nedenle yapmadm anlamna

gelir.
-She didnt need to / didnt have to hurry because her train was to leave at 11 oclock, at
that time. (Onun acele etmesine gerek yoktu nk onun treni 11 de ayrlacakt ve o
srada saat sadece 10 du.)
b-

Neednt have + V3

Yapmama gerek yoktu, yapmak zorunda deildim ama yaptm.

-I know you were worried because he was late, but you neednt have telephoned all the
hospitals. (O ge kald iin endielendiinizi biliyorum fakat btn hastaneleri
aramanza gerek yoktu)

69

2. PROHIBITION (Yasaklamak)
a-

Mustnt (Yapmamalsn)

-You mustnt enter this room. Its forbidden. (Siz bu odaya girmemelisiniz. O yasak.)
-You mustnt smoke here. (Burada sigara imemelisiniz)
b-

Cant

-You cant park in a no parking area.

(Park yaplmayan bir alana park yapamazsnz)
c-

May not

-Condidates may not bring textbooks into the exmination room.

(Adaylar snav salonuna ders kitab getiremezler.)

OTHER MODAL EXPRESSIONS (Dier Modal fadeler)

1-

To be allowed to + V1

-I am allowed to go out at nights. (Akamlar dar kmama izin verilir)

2-

To be bound to + V1
Bir olayn gelecekte olmasnn kanlmaz olduunu vurgulamak iin kullanlr.

-It is bound to rain soon. (Yaknda yamur yaacak)

3-

To be due to + V1 (ecek, acak)

-I am due to leave soon. (Yaknda ayrlacam)

4-

Dare to + V1 (Cesaret etmek)

70

-He dares to insult me in my own house. (O kendi evimde bana hakaret etmeye cesaret
eder.)

5-

To be expected to + V1 (Bir eyin olmasnn beklenmesi, mit edilmesi)

-They are expected to make an annoucement later. (Onlardan daha sonra bir duyuru
yapmalar bekleniyor.)
6-

Happen to + V1 (ans eseri, tesadfen)

-If you happen to find it, please let me know. (Eer onu tesadfen bulursanz, ltfen bana
bildirin.)
7-

To be likely to + V1 / To be unlikely to V1 (Olmas olas/Olmas olas deil)

-He is likely to arrive a bit late. (Bir para ge olmas olas.)

They are unlikely to lose the election. (Onlarn seimi kaybetmeleri olas deil)
8-

Be to + V1 (Gelecekte yaplmas planlanm eylemler iin kullanlr)

-The Queen is to visit Japan next year. (Kralie gelecek yl Japonya y ziyaret edecek)
Ayn zamanda bir otoriteden, bir ahstan yani dtan gelen bir zorunluluu ifade
etmek iin kullanlr.
-You are to your homework before you watch TV. (TV seyretmeden nce devini
yapacaksn)
9-

Be supposed to + V1

-You are supposed to be on time for class. If you are late, the teacher gets angry. (Derste
vaktinde olmalsn. Eer ge kalrsan retmen kzar)
10a-

It is time + (for somebody) to + V1 + something

yapmann vaktidir, zamandr.

It is time for us to go home. (Bizim eve gitme zamanmzdr )
71

It is time to go home. (Eve gitme zaman)

b-

It is time + someone + V2 + something

-The Windows are very dirty. I think it is time Ali cleaned them. (Pencereler ok kirli.
Bence Ali nin onlar temizleme zaman)
c-

It is high time / about time + someone + V2 + something

( .. Yapmann vakti geldi de geiyor.)

-You are a wonderful man, but it is high time you did something instead of just talking.
(Siz harika bir adamsnz, sadece konumak yerine bir eyler yapmamzn vakti geldi de
geiyor).

72

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Nesnesine gre fiiller ikiye ayrlr.
1- Transitive Verbs
2- Intransitive Verbs

1- Transitive Verbs
Yklemin bildirdii i, olu ve hareketten etkilenen, nesnesi olan fiillere geili fiil denir.
Geili fiil ne ve kim, neyi, kimi sorularna cevap verir.
-Tom drove the car yesterday. (Tom dn arabay srd).
Transitive Verb
-Catherine made a cake for her guests.
Baz transitive (geili) fiiller hem direct hem de indirect nesne alrlar. Direct nesne kitap,
kalem, mektup gibi insane olmayan nesneler ise insane olan nesneleri ierir. Nesneler
cmle ierisinde yer deitirebilirler.
-He

gave

me
Indirect object

a present.
direct object

-He gave present to me.

-Mrs. Clark read a story to her son. / Mrs. Clark read her son a story.

73

2- Intransitive Verbs
Nesnesi olmayan, dolaysyla znenin yapt ii baka bir yere aktarmayan fiilere
geisiz fiil ad verilir. Walk, go, leave, occur, sleep, gibi fiiller geisiz fiillerdir.
-Aye swam in the river.

ACTIVE VOICE (ETKEN ATI)

Eer bir cmlenin znesi o eylemi yapan kii ise bu tr cmlelere etken atl cmle ad
verilir. Yani yklemin bildirdii ii veya eylemi dorudan zne gerekletiriyor demektir.
-Jimmy is driving the car.
-I washed the dishes.

PASSIVE VOICE (EDLGEN ATI)

Gerekletirilen eylem gerekletiren kiiden daha nemli ise bu tr cmlelere edilgen
atl cmle denir. Bu tr cmleler znenin yapmad eylemi bildirirler.
Aktif ve Pasif Yaplarn Karlatrlmas
Aktif: Simple Present (S + V1 + )
Aye cleans the windows everyday.
Pasif: Simple Present (S + am-is-are + V3)
The windows are cleaned everyday be Aye.
Aktif: Present Progressive (S + am-is-are + Ving)
Aye is cleaning the windows now.
Pasif: Present Progressive (S + am-is-are +being+ V3)
The windows are being cleaned now by Aye.

74

Aktif: Simple Past (S + V2)

Aye cleaned the windows yesterday.
Pasif: Simple Past (S +was-were+ V2)
The windows wee cleaned yesterday by Aye.
Aktif: Past Progressive (S + was-were + Ving)
Aye was cleaning the windows when I arrived the home.
Pasif: Past Progressive (S + was-were + being + V3)
The windows were being cleaned by Aye when I arrived home.
Aktif: Past Perfect Tense (S + had + V3)
Aye had cleaned the windows when I arrived the home.
Pasif: Past Perfect Tense (S + had +been+ V3)
The windows had been cleaned by Aye when I arrived home.
Past Perfect Progressive (S + had + been + Ving)
Aye had been cleaning the windows for two hours when I arrived home).
Pasif hali yok.

Aktif: Present Perfect (S + has have + V3)

Aye has cleaned the windows.
Pasif: Present Perfect (S + has have + been + V3)
The windows have been cleaned by Aye.
Present Perfect Progressive ( S + has-have +been + Ving)
Aye has been cleaning the windows for two hours.
Pasif hali yok.
Aktif: Simple Future (S + will + be + Ving)
Aye will clean the windows.

75

Pasif: Simple Future (S + will + be + V3)

The windows will be cleaned by Aye.
Future progressive (S + will + be+ Ving)
Aye will be cleaning the windows at this time tomorrow.
Pasif hali yok.
Aktif: Future Perfect (S+ will + have + V3)
Aye will have cleaned the windows by the time I arrive home.
Pasif: Future Perfect (S+ will + have + been + V3)
The windows will have been cleaned by Aye by the time I arrived home.
Aktif: Future Perfect Progressive (S+ will + have + been + Ving)
Aye will have been cleaning the windows for two hours by the time I arrive home.
Pasif hali yok.

MODALLARIN PASF HALLER

Can
Could
Might
Shall
Should
S+

Ought to

be

V3

Will
Would
Must
Have to
Had better
-They should have bought the computer last week.
-The computer should have been bought by the last week.

76

-He can correct to mistakes.

-His mistakes can be corrected by him.
-Ben tabaklar krdmda Tom oday boyuyordu.
-When I broke the plates, Tom was paiting the room.
-When the plates were broken by me, the room was being painted by Tom.
-Garson Jille mny verdi.
-The waiter has hended the menu to Jill.
-The menu has been handed to Jill by the waiter. (Direct)
-Jill has been handed the menu by the waiter. (Indirect)
-Garson bize bir masa bulacak.
-The waiter will find a table to us.
-The table will be found to us by the waiter.
-We will be found a tbale by the waiter.

Thatli ve That Clause Cmleciklerinin Pasif Yaplmas

-They claim that Jack is very rich. (Onlar Jackin ok zengin olduunu iddia ederler.)
1- It is claimed that Jack is very rich. (Jackin ok zengin olduu iddia ediliyor).
2- Jack is claimed to be very rich. (Jackin ok zengin olduu iddia edilir)
NOT- Thatli cmleler yukarda grld gibi iki ekilde pasif yaplr. 1. madde zne
kalkar .. cinsine gre pasif hale getirilir, thatli cmle aynen kalr. 2. madde that
kalkar pasif zaman aynen kalr, thatli cmlenin zamanna gre to be ya da to have
been alr.

77

-People say that Jane has two children.

1-It is said that Jane has two children. (Janein iki ocuu olduu syleniyor)
2-Jane is said to have two children. (Janein iki ocuu olduu syleniyor)
-People believed that John was guilty.
1- It is believed that John was guilty. (Johnn sulu olduuna inanlyor)
2-John is believed to have been guilty. (Johnn sulu olduuna inanlyor)
-I consider that he is an expert on birds.
1-It is considered that he is on expert on birds.
2- He is considered to be on expert on birds. (Onun kular zerine uzman olduu
dnlyor)
-I know that John Lennon was interested in oriental religions.
1-It is known that John Lennon was interested in oriental religions.
2-John Lennon is known to have been interested in oriental religions.

EDATLI FLERN PASF YAPILMASI

To be bored with- bireyden sklmak.
-I am bored with the book. (Kendiliinden pasif)
-I was bored with the book yesterday.
To be interested in- bireyle ilgilenmek, ilgili olmak
I am interested in collecting stamps.
edat
(Edattan sonra bir fiil gelir ise daima fiilin sonuna ing getirilir)

78

STATIVE PASSIVES (DURAAN PASF)

Eer pasif bir ifade bir eylemden ziyade bir durumdan bahsediyor ise bu tr pasif
durumlara duraan pasif ad verilir.
-The window is broken. (Pencere krk)
-The room is locked. (Oda kilitli)

GET LE YAPILAN PASFLER

S + got + V3
-The dog got caught. (Kpek yakaland)
-I got bored. (Skldm)
-He got disappointed. (O hayal krklna uratld)

CAUSATIVES (ETTRGEN ATI)

Ettirgen atda cmlenin gerek znesi eylemi gerekletirmez. Fakat bakasna yaptrr
veya bakasn yapmasna izin verir.
S + make + Someone + V1 + something Birine zorla birey yaptrtmak.
S + have + Someone + V1 + something Para vererek birine birey yaptrtmak.
S + let + Someone + V1 + something zin vermek.
S + get + Someone + to V1 + something Birisini ikna ederek birey yaptrmak.
-Genel olarak birisine birey yaptrmak anlamna gelir. Sadece let farkl ifade edilir.
-Ben kardeime odasn toplattryorum. I am making my brother tidy his room up.

79

-I have having my brother tidy his room up. Parayla

-I have been getting my brother to tidy his room up for two days.
-I have let my brother tidy his room up for two days.
-Geen hafta berbere sam kestirttim. I had having my barber cut my hair.
-Tm devlerimi kardeime yaptryorum. I am having my brother do call my homework.
Kim olduu belli deil sadece bir ey yaptrtmak.
S + HAVE + SOMETHING + V3 -Para ile
S + GET + SOMETHING + V3 -kna ile
-Ben eve gittiimde babam oday boyattryordu.
-When I went home, my father was having the room painted.
-Sinemaya gitmeden once bilet aldrtmtm.
-Before I went to the cinema, I had had/got bought.
Subject + to be made + to + V1- (Birisine zorla birey yaptrmak.)
Subject + to be allowed + to + V1- (Birisine birey yapmasna izin vermek.)
-They were made to write letters. (Onlara mektup yazdrld.)
-They were allowed to participate into the conferences. (Onlarn konferansa katlmalarna
izin verildi.)

80

ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES

ngilizcede temel ve yan cmle olmak zere iki cmle tipi vardr. Sfat cmlecikleri (adj.
Clauses) bir ismi niteleyen yan cmlelerdir. Adjective Clauselar kullanabilmek iin
nnde aklanmas gereken bir isim olmaldr. Yan cmle olduklar iin kendi balarna
bir anlamlar yoktur. Ancak temel cmleye bal olarak niteledikleri isimlerden sonra
gelirler. Bu isimleri niteleyebilmek iin de that, which, who, whom, whose gibi ilgi
zamirleri kullanlr.

1- Defining Adjective Clauses (Tanmlayan Sfat Cmlecikleri)

Adjective clause eer kurulan cmlede ismi tanmlyor, ismi ayrt etmemizi salyor ve
de cmlenin anlamn aa karyorsa, yani cmleden kartldnda anlam
bozukluuna yol ayor ise bu tr cmleciklere tanmlayan sfat cmlecii (defining
adjective clause) denir.

81

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Defining
People

Non-Defining

who/that

, who

which/that

, which

Subject
Things/Animals

whom, who,

People

, whom, who

that, (bo)

Object
Things/Animals

which, that,

People

, which

(bo)

whose

, whose

Possesive
Things/Animals

whose, of
which

, whose , of which

- The man doesnt live there. He owns the farm.

The man who/that owns the farm doesnt live there.
Subject

Verb

-We know the girls. They work in the bakers.

We know the girls who work in the bakers.
Object
-The girls was Jill Brown. She married Tobby Johnson.
The girls who married Tobby Johnson was Jill Brown.
-He was the boy. He robbed you.
He was the boy who robbed you.

82

-This is the boy. He kicked me.

This is the boy who/that kicked me.
-I know the woman. She always wears a hat.
I know the woman who/that always wears a hat.
KURALLAR
1) lgi zamirinden sonra hemen bir fiil geliyor ise bu durumda aklanacak olan isim
zne grevindedir.
2) lgili zamirinden sonra fiil geliyorsa ilgi zamiri atlamaz.
3) Eer aklanacak olan isim tekil bir isim ise ilgi zamirinden sonra gelecek olan fiil
tekil olmak zorundadr. Eer aklanacak olan isim oul ise ilgi zamirinden sonra
gelecek olan fiil oul olmak zorundadr.
-This is the boy. I kicked him.
This is the boy whom I kicked.
-A lady has written to Susan. My mother knew her very well.
A lady who/whom/that my mother knew very well has sritten to Susan.
-This is the horse. It kicked me.
This is the horse which/that kicked me.
-This is the horse. I kicked it.
This is the horse I kicked.
! Nesneye ynelik sfat cmleciklerinde ilgi zamirinden hemen sonra ikinci bir zne
vardr. lgi zamiri istenilirse cmleden atlabilir.
- The girls were delighted. George praised them.
The girls whom/who/that/ George praised were delighted.

83

-Letters cost more Money. They are sent by email.

Letters which/that are sent by air mail cost more money.
Subject

Verb

-This is the horse. Its owner kicked me.

This is the horse whose owner kicked me.
sim
This is the horse the owner of which kicked me.
sim+of which
-This is the boy. His brother kicked me.
This is the boy whose brother kicked me.
-This is the boy. I kicked his brother.
This is the boy whose brother I kicked.
This is the boy the brother of which I kicked.
-They built a church. The roof of the church was cooper.
They built a church the roof of which was cooper.
They built a church whose roof was cooper.
- That was the man. I wanted to see him yesterday.
That was the man whom/who/that/ I wanted to see yesterday.
-My son found the ring. I had lost it in the snow.
My son found the ring which/that/ I had lost in the snow.
-Peter is the boy. You have broken his glasses.
Peter is the boy whose glasses you have broken.
-Horses were quite common once. Their tails reached almost to the ground.

84

Horses whose tails reached almost the ground were common once.
Horses the tails of which reached almost the ground were common once.
WHERE
Eer aklanacak olan isim bir yer bildiriyor ise ilgi zamiri olarak where kullanlabilir. Bu
durumda whereden sonraki yan cmlede yere ait olan bir edat kullanlamaz. Wherei
kullanabilmek iin kendisinden sonra mutlaka bir znenin olmas gerekir.
-That is the house. I was born in that house.
That is the house where I was born.
That is the house in which I was born.
That is the house which I was born in.
That is the house that I was born in.
That is the house I was born in.
Kural- Kesinlikle thatin nne edat getirilemez. Cmle that ile birletirildiinde edat
sonda olmak zorundadr.
-The hotel was very expensive. They stayed that hotel.
The hotel where they stayed was very expensive.
The hotel at which they stayed was very expensive.
The hotel which/that/ they stayed at was very expensive.
The hotel they stayed at was very expensive.
WHEN
Where ile ayn kurallar geerlidir. Sadece zaman ifade eder.
I remember the day. He left on that day.
I remember the day

when he left.

I remember the day

on which he left.

I remember the day

which he left on.

85

I remember the day

that he left on.

I remember the day

----- he left on.

WHY
Ayn kurallar geerlidir.
Can you tell me the reason? He has gone there for that reason.
Can you tell me the reason why he has gone there?
Can you tell me the reason for which he has gone there?
Can you tell me the reason which he has gone there for?
Can you tell me the reason that he has gone there for.
Can you tell me the reason ---- he has gone there for.
The reason is that I want to teach you English. I am here for this reason.
The reason why I am here is that I want to teach/ you English.
S

(Burada olmamn nedeni size ngilizce retmeyi istememdir.)

Whom
PREPOSITION

People

Which

Things/animals

Whose

Possessive iyelik

Aklanacak olan isimden sonar edat hemen gelirse insanlarda Whom, eya ve
hayvanlarda which, iyelikte whose kullanlr.
I know the girl. He danced with her at the party.
I know the girl with whom he danced at the party.
I know the girl whom/who/that/* he danced with at the party. (At the party with eklinde
de olur)
Here is the car. I told you about it.
Here is the car about which I told you.

86

Here is the car which/that/* I told you about.

The man saved me a lot of money. I am grateful for his advice.
The man for whose advice I am grateful saved me a lot of money.
S

(Tavsiyesi iin minnettar olduum adam bana ok para kazandrd)

The man whose advice I am grateful for saved me a lot of money.

2- NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (Tanmlayan Sfat Cmlecikleri)

Tanmlayan sfat cmlecikleri zaten yeterince tanmlanm olan isimlerden sonar
kullanlrlar. Bu tr cmlecikler niteledikleri isim hakknda fazladan bilgi verirler.
Cmlenin olmazsa olmaz paralar deildir ve temel cmleden virgl ile ayrlrlar.
Tanmlamayan

sfat

cmleciklerinin

tanmlayan

sfat

cmleciklerinden

farkl

karldklar takdirde cmlenin kalan ksmnn tam bir anlam vermesidir.

That tanmlamayan sfat cmleciklerinde kullanlmaz. That den once virgl
kullanlamaz.
My uncle who is doctor work in Antalya. (def.)
(Birden fazla amcam var doctor olan amcam Antalya da alr.)
My uncle, who is doctor, work in Antalya. (non-def.)
(Amcam ki o doktordur Antalya da alr.)
The students who didnt study failed. (def)
almayan renciler kald.
The students, who didnt study, failed. (non-def)
renciler almad kaldlar.

87

NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: KULLANILDIKLARI YERLER

1-Eer isim dnyada tek olan birey ise non-def.adj.c. kullanlr.

The moon, which is the Earths only satellite, was first explored scientifically in 1968.
S + lgi zamiri + V + O +

V + ..

2-Eer isim zel bir isim ise non.def.adj. kullanlr.

Istanbul, which is the biggest city in Turkey, is faced with serious problems.
(stanbul, ki o Trkiyenin en byk ehridir, ciddi problemlerle kar karyadr)
3-Eer fazladan bilgi verilecek olan isim genel anlamda kullanlan bir isim ise nondef.adj.c. kullanlr.
Roses, which are very expensive flowers, smell wonderful.
-I called Peter. He didnt sonund very pleased to hear me.
zel isim non-def.
I called Peter, who didnt sound very pleased to hear me.
(Ben Peter I aradm, ki O benim aradma pek memnun olmad)
NOT-- Tanmlamayan sfat cmleciindeki insan-zneye ynelik yapda ilgi zamiri
olarak who kullanlr. (nnde virgule vardr.). lgi zamiri atlamaz ve kesinlikle that
kullanlamaz.
- She will never believe anything against Tom. She has known him all her life.
-She will never believe anything against Tom, whom / who she has known all her life.
(Nesne grevinde)
-My wifes sister talks to much. I havent seen her for a year.
My wifes sister, whom/who I havent seen for a year, talks to much.
(Nesne grevinde)

88

NOT-- Tanmlayan sfat cmleciindeki insan-nesneye ynelik yapda ilgi zamiri olarak
resmi dilde whom, resmi olmayan dilde ise who kullanlr. lgi zamirleri atlamaz ve that
kullanlamaz.
-Pure gold is seldom used in jewellery. It is a very soft metal.
Pure gold, which is a very soft metal, is seldom used in jewellery.
(zne grevinde)
-You havent seen my new car. It is a Clio.
You havent seen my new car, which is as Clio.
NOT-- Tanmlayan sfat cmleceindeki insan-olmayan zneye ynelik yaplarda ilgi
zamiri olarak sadece which kullanlr ve bu tr cmlelerde ilgi zamiri atlmaz.
-Marys blue dress was very expensive. She bought it two weeks ago.
Marys blue dress, which she bought two weeks ago, was very expensive.
NOT-- Tanmlamayan sfat cmleciindeki insane-olmayan-nesneye ynelik yaplarda
ilgi zamiri olarak which kullanlr. lgi zamiri atlamaz ve that kullanlmaz.
HATIRLATMA- Adjective Clauselarda 2 Temel Kural
1) Who ve thatten ncelikle, kesinlikle edat kullanlmaz.
2) Virglden sonra that kullanlmaz.
-Amy eas in a bedmood. Her car had broken down.
Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a bedmood.
(Possesive-yelik grevinde)
Mr. Black told me to look for a new job. I value his options.
Mr. Black, whose opinions I value, told me look for a new job.
(Possesive- yelik grevinde)
-His house was depressing sight. Its window were all broken.

89

His house, the windows of which were all broken, was a depressing sight.
His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.
KURAL- Whose + Noun veya The Noun + of which
NOT--

Tanmlamayan sfat cmleciindeki iyelik halindeki zne ya da nesne

grevindeki tm yaplar iin ilgi zamiri olarak whose kullanlr. lgi zamiri kesinlikle
atlmaz.
-Mrs. Jones is going to spend a few month in Germany. Her son lives in Germany.
Mrs. Jones is going to spend a few month in Germany, where her son lives.
-1919 was an important year. Atatrk arrived in Samsun in that year.
1919, when Atatrk arrived in Samsun, was a very important year.
KURAL - Preposition + whom / which + whose.
-Peter is wrong this time. I usually agree with him.
Peter, with whom I usually agree, is wrong this time.
-Mr. Thomas was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him.
Mr. Thomas, for whom I was very working, was very generous about overtime payments.

90

NUMBERS AND QUANTIFIERS WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS

(Say ve Miktar fadelerinin lgi Zamirleri ile Kullanlmas)
None
Some
(a) few
(a) little
Several
Much
Many

whom (insan)

of

Either

which (hayvan-eya)
whose (iyelikler)

Neither
Both
All
One
A dozen
Hundreds
-The men are rich. He borrowed money for some of them.
The men, some of whom he borrowed money from, are rich.
(lgi zamirinden sonra zne varsa nesne grevinde)
-Her daughters ring her up every week. Both f them work abroad.
Her daughters, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.
(zne grevinde)
-The teacher was awarded by the director. Most of his students were successful in the
University Entrance Exam.
The teacher, most of whose students were successful in the University Entrance Exam,
was awarded by the director.

91

THE SUPERLATIVE FORMS

the most beautiful
the smallest

+ of + whom / which / whose

the biggest
-They asked many questions. The most difficult of them was about the financial growth
in Turkey.
They asked many questions, the most difficult of which was about the financial growth
in Turkey.

-He has three sons. The most handsome of them is the eldest.
He has three sons, the most handsome of whom is the eldest.

Tm Cmleyi Niteleyen Non-Defining Adjective Clauses

Tm cmleyi niteleyen sfat cmlecii kendidinden nceki cmlenin tmn niteler. lgi
zamiri olarak sadece which kullanlabilir. Whichten once bir virgle vardr ve whichten
sonra eer zaman present ise tekil fiil gelmek zorundadr.
-We grow al our fruit and vegetables. This saves money.
We grow all our own fruit and vegetables which saves money.
-She has plenty of books. That makes her friends envious.
She has plenty of books, which makes her friend envious.
Tom decided to study nuclear physics. This surprised us.
Tom decided to study nuclear physics, which surprised us.

92

REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1) Aktif yaplarn ksaltlmasnda V-ing kullanlr.
-The system which had serious drawbacks, had to be changed.
Temel cmlenin znesi

T. Cm. Fiilli

The system having serious drawbacks had to be changed.

(Ciddi eksiklikleri olan system deitirilmek zorunda kald.)

Passengers who travelled on this bus bought their tickets in advance.

Passengers travelling on this bus bought their tickets in advance.
(Bu otobsle seyahat eden yolcular biletlerini nceden satn aldlar.)

-The visitors who will be arriving tomorrow intend to stay over the weekend.
The visitors arriving tomorrow, intend to stay over the weekend.
sim

Gelecek olan

NOT-- Adjective clause yan cmleleri bir ismin arkasndan gelir.

2) Eer adjective clause pasif ise ksaltma yapmak iin V3 kullanlr.

-Men who had been called up for military service crowded the railway stations.
Men called up for military service crowded the railway stations.
- I will apply for the vacancy which is advertised in the national press.
I will apply for the vacancy advertised in the national press.

93

NOT-- Sfat cmleciindeki zaman present progressive ya da past progressive ise

ksaltma yaplrken V3 yerine being V3 yaps da kullanlabilir. (Pasiflerde)
-The vacancy which is being advertised in the national press has not yet been filled.
The vacancy being advertised in the national press has not yet been filled.

3) Modal ieren adjective clauselarn ksaltma yaplar aktif yaplarda to + V1, pasif
yaplarda to be + V3 eklinde yaplr.
-A person who can kill his own child is a maniac.
A person to kill his own child is a maniac.
-He is not a man who can be trusted.
He is not a man to be trusted.
-He has a lot of responsibilities which he must fulfill.
He has a lot of responsibilities to fulfill.

4) Sra saylarnn bulunduu adjective clause ksaltmalar to + V1 yaps ile yaplr.

To + V1 = Aktif
To be + V3= Pasif
-The second speaker to addressed at meeting had a strong American accent.
The second speaker to address at the meeting had strong American accent.
-He is the second man who was killed in this way.
He is the second man to be killed in this way.

5) The first, the second, the next, the last ve superlative yaplarndan sonra aktif cmleler
iin to + V1, pasif cmleler iin to bo + V3 yaps kullanlr.
94

-That is the best play that was performed.

That is the best play to be performed.
-The only man that reached the top of the mountain had to stay there all night.
The only man to reach the top of the mountain had to stay there all night.

6) TO BE fiilinin kullanld sfat cmleciklerinin kullanlmas:

-The man who was in the car looked suspicious to me.
The man in the car looked suspicious to me.
-The hospital which is near our house has got modern devices.
The hospital near our house has got modern devices.

7) Yer deitiren adjective clauselar:

-Little Mary, who was given a doll, really wanted a bot of sweets.
Little Mary, given a doll, really wanted a bot of sweets.
Given a doll, Little Mary wanted a bot of sweets.
-Kuadas, which is a popular summer resort, is very crowded in summer.
Kuadas, a popular summer resort, is very crowded in summer.
A popular summer resort, Kuadas is very crowded in summer.
The Empire State Building, which is located in Manhattan, is very crowded.
Located in Manhattan, The Empire State Building is very famous.

95

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TEKRARI

2 temel yap vardr. Bunlar yle formllendirilebilir.
V (zne)
1) sim + S + V (nesne) + V
Temel Fiil
Ahmet who is a dentist is my friend. (zne grevinde)
Ahmet whom I like very much is my friend. (Nesne grevinde)
TF
2) S + V + sim + S + V (nesne)
V (zne)
I like Ahmet who is a dentist. (zne grevinde)
I like Ahmet whom has friend fallen in love. (nesne grevinde)

96

NOUN CLAUSES (SM CMLECKLER)

Cmlede zne ya da nesne durumunda olabilne yan cmleciklerdir. ekilde noun
clause cmlesi kurulabilir.
1) Soru kelimeleriyle: what, where, which, who, whom gibi.
2) Whether / If
3) That
ki biimde formle edilebilir.
1)
Soru kelimesi
Whether
That

+ Subject + V + Object

zne grevindeki Noun Clause

2)
S + V + Soru Kelimesi/Whether/If + S + V
Nesne grevindeki Noun Clause
That he is not interested in is known to everybody.
Temel Cmlenin znesi
What she said was a great secret.
T. Cmlenin z.
-Where they area buying their house is a mystery to us.
-She didnt ask me who I was.
-I havent got the faintest idea where he could be from.

97

1) SORU KELMELERYLE NOUN CLAUSES

-When did he graduate from university?
When he graduated from university is not known.
-Whom does she hate? (Doesnt concern you)
Whom she hates doesnt concern you.
-I wonder who the manager is.
-I wonder what you studied diligently last night.
-I am not sure whose car it is.
-She asked why I wanted to speak to her.

2) WHETHER / IF
Whether veya if isim cmlelerinde bireyin olup olmadn veya olup-olmayacan
sorgulayan szcklerdir.
She asked me whether / if Buraks mother was ill or not.
NOT-- Or not hemen whetherdan sonra ya da cmlenin en sonunda yer alabilir. Ama
iften hemen sonra kullanlmaz. If kullanld zaman da cmlenin en sonunda
kullanlmas gerekir. Ancak whether veya if ile kullanlan noun clause szckleri or not
ile kullanlmasa da olur. Herhangi bir anlam deiikliine sebep olmaz.
She asked me whether or not Buraks mother was ill.
She asked me if Buraks mother was ill or not.

98

She asked me whether/if Buraks mother was ill.

Alinin futbol aynamaktan holanp holanmadndan emin deilim.
I am not sure whether Ali enjoy playing football or not.
I am not sure if Ali enjoy playing football or not.
I am not sure whether or not Ali enjoy playing football.
NOT-- If cmle banda (yani zne grevinde) veya bir edattan sonra nesne grevinde
cmle banda kullanlmaz.
Whether (if kullanlamaz) he will be elected once again (or not) is not certain.
I am concerned about (if kullanlamaz) whether she is ill or not.
(Ayrca iften once edat kullanlamaz. Varsa whether kullanlr.)
NOT-- Olup olmad anlamnda kullanlan if veya whethern isim cmlesindeki fiil
kesinlikle olumsuz olamaz. nk zaten kendi iinde or not ifadesi vardr.
She wonders whether you can (cant olmaz) manage.
Tell me if you will (not gelemez) help me with the housework.

3- THAT
That szcn Trkeye d, -dii olarak evirmek mnasiptir.
That he murdered his wife is obvious.
I know that her visits his grandparents every other day.
NOT-- Noun clause cmle iinde nesne konumunda ise that szcn kullanmak istee
baldr. stendiinde cmleden atlabilir. Fakat zne grevinde cmle banda kullanlan
that kesinlikle atlamaz.
It is obvious (that) he murdered his wife.

99

NOT-- Duygu ve tavr ifade eden baz sfatlardan sonra, duygularmz kiisel dnce,
gr, tutum ve tavrlarmz ifade eden isimlerden sonra that isim cmlecikleri
kullanlabilir.
I am very surprised (that) she danced with me.
I am glad that the soldiers rescued the hostages from the terrorists.
It is a great shame that you treated your wife so badly.

The Fact That Yaps

The fact that she is a capable teacher is what makes her so popular.
I am concerned about the fact that pollution has devastating effects on the environment.
NOT-- That clause bir edattan sonra nesne grevinde bir cmlenin banda kullanlmaz.
Onun yerine ayn anlam vermek iin edattan sonra the fact that yaps kullanlr.

REPORTED SPEECH
Direct Speech: Bir kiinin syledii veya yazd bir ifadenin harfi harfine aktarlmas
olarak tanmlanrken reported speech ise bir kiinin syledii veya yazd bir ifadenin
kendi original ifadesinin ekilsel olarak deitirilerek aktarlmasdr.
-He said My name is Ali Dolaysz anlatm.
Dolaysz anlatm iki kiinin birbirleriyle karlkl yaptklar konumalarn zaman ve kii
zamiri deiikliine urayarak nc bir kiiye aktarlmasdr. Bunun iin karmzdaki
kiinin ifadesi hibir deiikliie uramadan olduu gibi trnak iinde verilir.
Indirect Speech: ki kiinin birbirleriyle karlkl yaptklar konumalarn zaman ve kii
zamiri deiikliine urayarak nc bir kiiye anlatlmasdr. Bu tr dolayl
anlatmlarda konumacnn ifadesi trnak iine alnmadan nc bir kiiye aktarlr.

100

Dolayl anlatm yaplrken mutlaka say, tell, ask vb. giri fiilleri kullanlr, ve cmle
dolaysz anlatmn bir derece past yaplr.
-Mr. Brown said I am fired. Mr. Brown kovudum dedi.
-Mr. Brown said (that) he was fired.
Sall said I am very tired, so I am going bed early tonight.
Sall said (that) she was very tired, so she was going to bed early that night.
Pamela said the children played in the garden yesterday.
Pamela said that the children had played in the garden the day before.
Say ya da tell dolayl anlatmda en sk kullanlan giri fiilleridir. Eer dolayl anlatmn
giri fiili simple present tense, present progressive tense, present perfect tense, present
perfect progressive tense veya simple future ise dolayl anlatmda zaman deiiklii
yaplmaz sadece kii deiiklii yaplr.
Rose says, David needs money
Bill says, I will be late for school.
Rose says, David needs money.
Bill says (that) he will be late for scholl.

TIME CHANGES- ZAMAN DEKL TABLOSU

1- Simple present
He said, I eat lunch. He said (that) I ate lunch. (Simple Past).
2- Present Progressive
-He said, I am eating lunch. He said (that) he was eating lunch. (Past Progressive)
3- Simple Past Tense
He said, I ate lunch yesterday. He said (that) he had eaten lunch the day before. (Past
Perfect)

101

4- Present Perfect Tense

He said, I have eaten lunch He said (that) he had eaten lunch. (Past Perfect)
5- Present Perfect Progressive
He said, I have been eating lunch for half an hour. He said (that) he had been eating
lunch for half an hour. (Past Perfect Progressive)
6- Past Progressive Tense
He said I was eating lunch at 3 oclock. He said (that) he had been eating lunch at 3
oclock. (Past Perfect Progressive)
7- Future Simple
He said, I will eat lunch. He said (that) he would eat lunch. (Would)
8- Future Progressive
He said, I will be eating lunch at 3 oclock. He said (that) he would be eating lunch at
3 oclock. (Would be V ing)
9- Future Perfect
He said, I will have eaten my lunch by two oclock He said (that) he would have eaten
his lunch by two oclock. (Would have V3)

MODAL CHANGE
1-Can 1- Could
2- Could 2- Could
3- May 3- Might
4-Should/Ought to/ had better 4- Should/Ought to/ had better
5- Have to 5-Had to
6- Must (Zorunluluk) 6- Had to
7- Must (karsama) 7- Must

102

He said, You can help me.

He said (that) I could help him.
John said, We must study very hard in order to learn English
John said (that) they had to study very hard in order to learn English.
Baka Deiiklikler
This That
These Those
Here There
Ago Before
Today That today
This morning That morning
Last week The previous week
Last month The previous month
Next week The following week
Yesterday The day before / The previous day
The day before yesterday two days before
The day after tomorrow two days later

Questions
Yardmc fiile sorulan sorular dolayl anlatma evrilirken if veya whether kullanlr.
Soru soruluktan kurtarlarak dz cmle haline getirilir.
1- My mother asked, Did you enjoy reading this book last week?
My mother asked, whether / if I had enjoyed reading that book the previous week.
My mother asked, Are you angry today?
My mother asked, whether / if were angry that day.

103

2- Soru kelimeleri ile sorulan sorular dolayl anlatma dntrlrken giri fiilinden
sonra soru kelimesi kullanlr ve soru soruluktan kurtarlarak dz cmleye dntrlr.
His mother asked, Where is your brother now.
His mother asked where my brother was then.
My daughter asked, What time is it?
My daughter asked what time it was.

Emir Cmleleri
Emir cmleleri dolayl anlatma dntrlrken eer emir olumlu ise to V1 yaps; eer
olumsuz ise not to V1 yaps kullanlr.
The teacher ordered John, Sit down.
The teacher ordered John to sit down.
The security ordered us. Have your identity cards, please!
The security ordered us not to make noise!

Sunjunctive- stek Kipi

sim cmlelerinde belirli fiil ve sfatlardan sonra subjunctive yaplar kullanlabilir. Bu
yaplar fikrin neminin ya da gerekliliinin altn izer. Bu yaplarda fiilin sadece yaln
hali kullanlr.
Adjective
Advisable
Crucial
Essential
Imperative
Important
Mandatory
Obligatory
Necessary
Recommendable
Significant
Urgent
Vital

Verbs
Advise
Ask
Insist
Propose
Order
Require
Recommend
Request
Suggest
Urge

104

It is important that he should pass the test.

It is important that he pass the test.
It is obligatory that every applicant fill in the form.
It essential that she consult a doctor.
It is important that she not the

treatment.

Reduction of Noun Clauses

sim cmlelerinde ksaltma yapabilmek iin temel cmle ile yan cmlenin znelerinin
ayn olmas gerekir. Eer zneler farklysa ksaltma yaplmaz. Ksaltma yapmak iin
infinitive yaplar kullanlr.
He was surprised that he won the race.
He was surprised to win to race.
She doesnt know she will spend the money.
She doesnt know how to spend the money.
I am glad that I have been selected.
I am glad to have been selected.
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?
Could you tell me how to get to the station?
Ana cmlenin nesnesi ile yan cmlenin zneleri ayn ise ksaltma yaplabilir.

zel Yaplar
1- However + Adjective / Adverb + S + V1, S + V
Yan Cmle

Temel Cmle

However clever you are, you will not solve the puzzle.
However fast the runs, he can catch the robbers.

105

2- No matter + how + adjective / adverb + S + V, S + V

No matter how difficult the questions are, I will solve all the them.
3- No matter + Soru kelimesi + S + V, S + V (Ne olursa olsun)
No matter what he does to please his wife, she always finds something do complaint
about.
4- Adjective / Adverb + though + S + V, S + V
Loudly though he knocked at the door, nobody heard.
Much though I want it, I can not afford to buy a new car.
5- Adjective / Adverb + as (ramen) + S + V, S + V
-Exhausted as she was, she went to the party.
Much as I admire her, I cant accept her point view on this matter.

Exclamations nlemler
1- What + a(n) + adjective + singular countable noun
What a nice day!
What a sweet boy!
2- What + adjective + uncountable / plural noun
What awful weather!
What nice manners!
What beautiful paintings
3-How + adjective / adverb + S + V
How tall he is!
How quickly she walks!
4- How + adjective + a(n) noun!
How clever a boy!

106

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Zaman, yer, tarz, sebep, ama, beklenti, sonu, art, ztlk, uyumazlk,
karlatrma ve oran bildiren cmleciklere zarf cmlecikleri ad verilir. Yan cmlede
olduklar iin tek balarna anlamlar yoktur. Mutlaka bir formel cmleye balanmalar
gerekir. Yan cmle tek cmleden nce ya da sonra gelebilir. Anlamda herhangi bir
deiiklik meydana gelmez.
Bala + S + V, S + V
S + V bala S + V

A) TIME

1- When S + V, S + V

(S + V when S + V)

-When you make up tomorrow, I will be in Rome. (I will be in Rome when you make up
tomorrow).
2- Whenever/Anytime S + V, S + V (S + V whenever/anytime S + V)
-I try to see my old friend whenever / anytime I go to my hometown.
3- While ken
As- ken

+ S + V, S + V

When- -d zaman
Just As- tam bir ey yapar iken
-While I was watching TV, I saw a Mouse under the roof.
-Just as I was going out, the telephone rang.
4) After S + V, S + V (S + V, after S + V)
-She will started the job after she leaves the university.

107

5) Once (-d zaman) S + V, S + V (S + V once S + V)

-Once she arrived, we started the performance.
6) Before S + V, S + V (S + V before S + V)
- Before he comes back, he will have to buy his ticket.
7) Till /Until S + V, S + V (S + V till/until S + V)
-Until her husband comes, she will not have her dinner.
8) By the time S + V, S + V (S + V by the time S + V)
-By the time he tired, his son had graduated from the university.
9) Now that S + V, S + V (S + V now that S + V)
-Now that she tells the first letter, I guess what the rest of it is.
10) Hardly / Scarcely / Barely /When (Henz Olmutu ki, henz oldu)
- I had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
- Hardly had I gone to bed when the telephone rang.
Past Perfect

Simple Past

11) No sooner --- than--- .. olmasyla birlikte .. oldu (olmas bir oldu).
- He had no sooner bought a car than he went one holiday.
- No sooner had he bought a car than he went on a holiday.
12) Directly S + V, S + V (S + V directly S + V)
- Directly she went to bed, she slept.
13) Immediately S + V, S + V (S + V immediately S + V)
Immediately she comes home prepares dinner.

108

14) Since S + V, S + V (S + V since S + V)

Since I left the collage, I have been teaching English.
15) As long as (Olduu srece)
So long as

S + V, S + V (S + V as long as/so long as S + V)

-As long as I live, I will never forget him.

-As long as he stayed, he helps us.
16) The moment (Anda)
The minute (Dakikada)
The instant (Anda)
The secons (Saniyede) S + V, S + V (S + V The S + V)
-The moment she hears the bad news, she will save money.
- The moment she heard the bad news, she burst into tears.
17) All the time (-d srece) S + V, S + V (S + V all the time S + V)
-All the time she works, she will save money.
-All the time she worked, she saved money.
-It was when she went abroad that she first met him.
-It was only after she had become famous that she became rich and got married.
Hemen sonrayd
-It was before I inhabited Ankara that I had known him.
-It was not until they had learned the news about their father that they left the hospital.

109

B) PLACE
1) Where S + V, S + V (S + V where S + V)
-Where I go, I will have to call my family.
2) Wherever S + V, S + V (S + V wherever S + V)
-Wherever he goes, he will find friends.
3) S + V as far as / as near as S + V
You can come as near as you can. (stediin kadar yakna gelebilirsin)
You can go as far as you can. (stediin kadar uzaa gidebilirsin.)

C- MANNER (TARZ)
1) As (gibi)
S + V as S + V
-You have to do as I say.
2) In the way (gibi, biimde)
-She doesnt enjoy the job (in) the way she used to.
3) As if /As though (Sanki, -m gibi)
Eer as if / as thoughdan sonra bahsedilecek olan olay gerek bir olay ise present
tense, hayali bir olay ise past tense, gemite olmu bitmi bir ey ise past perfect tense
kullanlr.

110

-It looks as if it is going to snow.

-You look as if you are ill.
-You behave me as if you were my mother.
-They treat me as if I were their daughter.
-You seem as if you had not slept last night.
-He behaves as if nothing had happened yesterday.

D- CAUSE-REASON
1) Because S + V, S + V (S + V because S + V)
-I had to delay my plans because I was ill.
-Because there was heavy fog, there were lots of accidents.
2) Because of + noun, S + V (S + V because of + noun)
-Because of the heavy fog, there were lots of accidents.
3) As / Since S + V, S + V (S + V as/since S + V)
-As/Since we were late for the meeting, we could not attend it.
4) For-- S + V, for S + V
Anlam olarak den dolay, olduu iin, zira anlamna gelir. Sadece ana cmlecikten
sonra kullanlr. Cmle banda kesinlikle kullanlamaz ve forun nnde daima
virgl kullanlr.
-The physicans were worried, for there were no progress in the treatment.

111

5) Now that S + V, S + V (S + V now that S + V)

Anlam olarak den dolay, olduu iin, madem ki.
-Now that he is one of the best singers, he can take part in an opera show.
6) In that (Olduu iin, -de dolay, -mesi bakmndan)
S + V in that S +V
We couldnt watch the film an TV in that there was an electricity cut off in the town.
7) As long as / So long as S + V, S + V (S + V so long as/as long as S + V)
Olduuna gore, madem ki
-As long as you have plenty of sugar in the bowl, what about sharing it?
8) Inasmuch as S + V, S + V (S + V inasmuch as S + V)
Olduu iin, olduundan dolay.
-Inasmuch as her parents do not let her, she never invites her friends to her house.
9) Seeing that S + V, S + V (S + V seeing that S + V)
Madem ki, iin, -e gre
Seeing that he speaks several languages, I suppose he can be an interpreter.
10) On the grounds that / with the grounds that S + V, S + V (S + V on the S + V)
-d gerekesiyle, -e dayanarak- olmas nedeniyle
-On the grounds that the inflation rate is high, the government has to take some strict
measures.

112

11)
Owing to
Due to
On account of

+ NOUN + S + V (

In view of
In/By virtue of
-Den dolay
-Owing to the traffic accidents, the road is closed.
-Due to the light pollution, stars cannot be seen easily.
12) Its because.. that .
Its because you make so much noise that the baby cannot sleep.
13)
Because of the fact that
Due to the fact that
Owing to the fact that

S + V, S + V (

On account of the fact that

In view of the the fact that
-Because of the fact that the weather was bed, our flight was cancelled.

E- PURPOSE-(AMA BLDREN BALALAR)

1) So That (-mesi, -mas iin, -sn diye, -mek, -mak iin)
S + V so that S + V
-I am going to make an early start so that I dont get stuck in traffic.

113

-We wrote to him so that he wouldnt feel we were hiding things from him.
-I took my swimming costume with me so that I should want to swim.
-I will cal my sister so that she should need my help.
2) In order that (that) (-sn diye, mesi mas iin, -mek mak iin)
S + V in order that (that) S + V
-She will go to a summer school in England in order that she can practise her English.
-They are learning English in order that they could/should find a good job easily.

Ama Bildiren Zarf Cmlesi Yaplarnn Zaman izelgesi

Present
Main Clause

Subordinate Clause

S + Simple Present Tense

so that

S + can

Future Tense

in order that

may

Present Perfect Tense

that

must

Present Progressive Tense

+ V1

should
Will

114

Past
Main Clause

Subordinate Clause

S + Simple Present Tense

so that

Past Perfect Tense

in order that
that

S+

might
would

+ V1

should
could
3) For the purpose that (-sn diye, -mesi mas iin)
S + V for the purpose that S + V
- We want to her husbands surgery for the purpose that she could see him.
4) To + V1
In order to + V1
So as to + V1
-He had to hurry to

reach the next place on his schedule.

In order to
So as to
-Plants have to be watered regularly in order not to / so as not to get dried.
5) In order for
S + V in order for Sb / something to V1 + something
Sunlight is needed in order for photosynthesis to take place.
Take place: Gereklemek

115

6) For the purpose of (-mek mak iin, amacyla, -sn diye)

S + V for the purpose of + V ing (veya noun)
-I locked the door for the purpose of continuing our discussion undistorbed.
Undistorbed: Rahatsz edilmeden.
7) With the aim of ( iin, amacyla)
S + V with the aim of + V ing (veya noun)
-He opened an account with the aim of saving money to buy a car.
8) With a view to (amacyla, iin)
S + V with a view to + V ing
We have gathered here with a view to making a decision.

F- CONTINGENCY (BEKLENT BALALARI)

1) In case (Olursa diye, -sn diye)
nceden tedbir alnmasn gerektiren zarf cmlelerinde bala olarak kullanlr.
Present
Main Clause

Subordinate Clause

S + Simple Present Tense

S + should

Future Tense

in case

+ V1

Simpe Present Tense + V1

Present Perfect Tense

Present Progressive Tense
-Before leaving for London, you had better take your camera with you in case you visit
old castles there. (Londra iin ayrlmadan once- Leave for- bir yer iin ayrlmak)

116

-The many has slept on the sofa next to the babys cot in case the baby should have a
slight temperature again.
Past
Main Clause

Subordinate Clause

S + would
Simple Past

in case

S+

Past Perfect

should + V1
Simple Past

-I gave him my email address in case he should want to communicate with me.
-I telephoned my sister in case she needed my help for the wedding preparations.
2) In case of + Noun ( olmas durumunda)
In case of emergency, use the rear stairs.
3) Lest (-mesin diye, masn diye)
S + V lest S + V
-I had to grasp the door handle lest I slipped off. (grasp: tutmak; slipped off: kaymak)
-I am telling you the truth lest you should misunderstand.
4) For fear that (korkusuyla)
S + V for the fear that S + V
-My father did not met me drive his car for fear that I should have an accident.
-He locked all the windows for fear that he might be burgled.

117

5) For fear of + V ing

-We all spoke silently for fear of waking the baby.

G- RESULT- (SONU BLDREN BALALARI)

1) S + V so adjective / adverb that S + V
( yle ki)
-The recipe was so simple that even I was able to cook it.
Adj.
-He was walking so slowly that before too long we caught up with him.
Adv

ok gemeden

2) S + V such (a/an) + adjective + noun + that + S + V

(O kadar ki anlamna gelir)
-He wants such a high fee that only the rich can afford his services.
-They made such exaggerated promises that none of us really expected them to be kept.
3) S + V so adjective /adverb + as to + Ving
S + V such adjective + noun as to + V1
(O kadar ki anlamna gelir)
-She was in such bad health as to stop working. (Sal o kadar ktyd ki ii brakt)
-His paintings were so good as to make him internationally famous.
4) S + V + such that S + V (yle ki) (lk Subject Abstract Noun olmaldr)
-His success is such that everybody admires him.

118

5) S + V + so + adj + a/an + singular Noun that + S + V

(O kadar ki)
-It was so simple a question that even you could answer it easily.
6) S + V + Such a lot of + noun that + S + V
(O kadar ok ki)
-Cats are making such a lot of noise that nobody could sleep.
-They are such a lot of rooms in this house that you can stay wherever you want.
7) S + V + so many plural countable noun that + S + V
S + V + so few plural countable noun that + S + V
az ama yetersiz anlamnda (anlam olumsuz)
S + V + such a few plural countable noun that + S + V
az ama yeterli anlamnda (anlam olumlu)
- I got so many novels that I could give you some.
- He had so few bottles of wine that they werent enough for all the guests.
-He had such a few bottles of wine that they were enough for the guests.
8) S + V + so much + saylamayan isim + that + S + V
(O kadar ok ki)
S + V + so little + saylamayan isim + that + S + V
(o kadar az ki)
S + V + such a little + saylamayan isim + that + S + V
(o kadar az ki- ama yetti anlamnda)

119

-She had so much work to do that she couldnt have a shower before going out.
-He had so little money on him that he couldnt even buy a chewing-gum for his little
daughter.
-He had such a little money on him that he could buy a chewing-gum for his little
daughter.

120

CONDITINAL CLAUSES
1) If Clauses
a) Type 0
Bu tip art cmlecii bilimsel gerekleri anlatmada, emir cmlesi yaplarnda ve
tariflerde kullanlr. Bu tip cmlelerde kontekst presenttr. Hem temel hem de yan
cmle present yapda olmak zorundadr.
If S + Simple Present, S + Simple Present Tense ( )
-If you heat water at 100c, it boils.
-If you see John, pass my best regards.
-If you hear the bip sound, switch off the device.
b) Type 1
Bu tip art cmleceii gerekleme olasl olan ve present durumdaki ifadeler iin
kullanlr. Bu tip art cmlelerinde temel cmlecik future tense, art cmlecii ise
present tensedir.
If + S + Present Tense,

S+

will

Pre. Prog. Tense

Future Progressive

Pre. Perf. Tense

Future Perfect

Pre. Perf. Prog.

Future Perf. Progr.

Can, could, should

can, must, should

May, must, might

ought to, had better

V1 (Temel Kalp)

Am,is,are to + V1
Could + V1

121

-If he passes his class, he will have a long holiday.

-If she has cooked the meal, we can prepare the table.
-If he is flying a jumbo, the passengers will be sleeping during the flight.
-If we should stay at home, we will watch the match on TV.
-If she can afford it, she will buy a new car.

c) Type 2
Bu tip art cmlelerinde cmlenin konteksti present olup, gereklemesi mmkn
olmayan hayali durumlar ifade etmekte kullanlr.
If +

S+

V2,

Was/were

S+

could/might/would +

V1

would be doing

Was/were to + V1 would be able to + V1

Could + V1

would have to + V1

Had to + V1
Should + V1
-If we lived in the north, we would grow nuts in our garden.
-If Mehmet studied hard, he could learn English easily.
-If he were to telephone me, we could go out together for a few minutes.

122

d) Type 3
Bu tip art cmlelerinde ccmlenin konteksti past olup gemiteki olaylar ifade
etmekte kullanlr.
If + S +

had

+ V3, S + would/could/might + have + V3

Had been Ving

would have been

Had had to + V1

would have had to + V1

Had been able to + V1

would have been able to + V1

Could have + V3
-If the committee had discussed the subject, we would have heard it yesterday.
-If the doctor had let me go jogging, I could have come with you.
-If she had been waiting in front of the cinema, I would have seen her.

INVERTED STRUCTURES
Type 1- Should ile yaplr.
-If he needs a loan, I will help him.
-Should he need a loan, I will help him.
Type 2- Were
Were to + V1
-If he waited for a long time, he would be angry with me.
-Were he to wait for a long time, he would be angry with me.
-If she were richer, he couldnt be happier than today.
-Were she richer, he couldnt be happier than today.
123

Type 3- Had
-If we had been luckier, it would have been easier.
-Had we been luckier, it would have been easier.

MIXED TYPES
1) Type 2 Type 1
-If S + Real Past (V2), S + will + V1
-If he sent us the parcel, we will have it today.
2) Type 3 Type 2
-If S + Past Perfect, S could/would/might + V1
-If he had sent the parcel yesterday, we would receive it today.
NOT: If clause gemite meydana gelirken (S + had + V3) temel cmle iinde
bulunduumuz zaman ifade eder. Bu yzden temel cmlede mutlaka now, today, still vb.
gibi iinde bulunulan zamana gnderme yapan zaman zarflar kullanlr.
Sabah kahvalt etmi olsaydm, imdi a olmazdm.
-If I had had my breakfast in the morning, I would not be hungry now.
3) Type 2 Type 3
If S + V2, S+ would/could/might + have + V3
If S + Unreal Present, S + would/might/could + have + V3
-If he werent a careless person, he wouldnt have broken your antique vase.

124

-If your friend were sincere, he could have offered to help you.
29 Haziran 2011
2-UNLESS (If not)
Unless S+ V, S + V (

Bu bala olumsuz bir anlama sahiptir. Bu nedenle unlesin bulundupu cmle olumlu
yapda olmak zorundadr. Unless genellikle Type 1 yapsnda kullanlr.
-Unless some extra money is found, the theatre will close.
-Milk quickly turns sour unless it is refrigerated.
3) Provided (That) / Providing (that) : If
S + V provided/providing (that) S + V (artyla, kouluyla, ayet, eer, -se sa
anlamna gelir.)
-Sure you can borrow the car providing / provided (that) you get it back to me before 10
oclock.
-Children were permitted into the hall provided / providing (that) they sat at the back.
4) Supposed / Supposing (that), Assumed / Assuming (that) S + V, S + V ( )
(Diyelim ki, Farz edelim ki, Eer anlamlarna gelir.)
-Supposing that something should go wrong, what would you do then?
-Assumed that you have come to my hometown, do you visit me?
5) On condition (that) (Kouluyla, artyla anlamna gelir.)

125

S + V on condition that S + V
-I will come on condition that John is invited as well.
(as well cmle sonunda da de anlamna gelir)
-Richard lent me money on condition that I pay it back next month.
6) In the event (that) S + V, S + V (-d takdirde)
-In the event (that) it rains, the wedding ceremony will be held indoors.
-In the event (that) he loses all his money in the gamble, he will have to commit suicide.
-In the event of + NOUN, S + V ( ) (durumunda, d takdirde)
-Britain agreed to support the US in the event of war.
7) As / so long as S + V, S + V (-se -sa, -d srece, d takdirde)
-You may stay here as / so long as you are quiet.
-They can come with us as / so long as they share the expenses(masraf).
8) Only if (Sadece / Yalnzca / Ancak .. se, -sa)
Cmle yaps olarak if clausea ait kurallar geerlidir. Ancak only if cmle banda
kullanld takdirde temel cmle devrik yapda olmak zorundadr.
-I will come only if nothing is said to the press.
Ancak basna bir ey sylenmezse geleceim.
-Only if it snows, we will cancel the annual meeting.

126

Ancak kar yaarsa, yllk toplanty iptal edeceiz.

9) If only (I wish) (Keke anlamna geliyor.)
If only S + V
-If only she could have lived a little longer.
-If only I could do something to deaden your pain. (deaden: dindirmek)
10) If I werent for + NOUN, S + would/ could / might + V1 (

( olmasa .olur)
-If it werent for John, I couldnt reach the station in time.
(John olmasa, istasyona zamannda yetimem.)
11) If it hadnt been for + NOUN, S + would/ could / might + have + V3
( olmasa olurdu)
-If it hadnt been for your help, we would never have finished it.
12) But for + NOUN, S + V
(=without, sz, -siz )
But for your help, I would be in a difficult situation.

I) WISH CLAUSES
Wish szck anlam olarak istemek, dilemek anlamn tar. Cmlede fiil grevinde
kullanldnda aadaki ekillerde kullanlabilir.
a) Wish + to do + something
-We wish to go on a holiday soon. (Yaknda bir tatile kmay diliyoruz.)
127

b) Wish + someone + to do + something

-They wished me to help them with the report.
c) Wish + someone + something
-She wishes me all the best.
-I wish you good luck.
NOT- Wish fiili want ve would like ile anlam ynnden benzemesine ramen, wish
yapsndan sonra something kullanlmaz. (wish + something kullanlmaz)
I want a book. (I wish a book DENLEMEZ.)
NOT- I wish szck anlam olarak keke demektir. If only ile ayn anlam tar. I wish
ingilizcede gerek d durumlar ifade etmekte kullanlr.
1- Present Unreal I wish S + V2
-I wish Ali were as tall as his brother.
2- Past Unreal I wish S + had V3
-I wish I had seen him last week.
3- Future Unreal I wish + S would / could + V1
Temel cmle ile yan cmlenin zneleri ayn ise could kullanlr. Farkl ise would
kullanlr.

128

-I wish you would join us for the picnic.

-I wish I could meet him next week.
If only you had a new flat.
I wish it werent true.
I wish you hadnt lost the parcel.
She will call, but I wish she wouldnt.
I wish you were my partner.
They started a new business, but I wish they hadnt.
I cannot swim; I wish could.

- CONTRAST
1- Although / Event tough / Though S + V, S + V ()
-Although it was hot, they insisted on wearing thick clothes. (insist: srar etmek, thick:
kaln).
-Even though Jane is a talented musician, her parents want her to be a medical doctor.
-Though the dog was barking, nobody paid attention.
2- V+though+S + can/could/may/might/must/should/ought to/will/do/does/did, S +V.
-Try though they will, they cant succeed.
-Work hard though they do, they never earn much.

129

3- Adjective /Adverb + though + S + V, S + V

-Rich though he is, he doesnt spend much.
-Quietly though she spoke, we heard her clearly.
4- Though (However ya da but anlamnda: Yine de, fakat, bununla birlikte)
-They were too slow. They managed to reach the rest of the group, though. (managed:
baarmak)
5-Despite / Inspite of / + NOUN, S + V
-Despite the heavy fog, they drove a way.
-In spite of being slim, she is on a diet.
6-Despite the / In spite of the fact that + S + V, S + V.
- Despite the fact that there was heavy fog, they drove away.
-In spite of the fact that she is slim, she is on a diet.
7- For all that
Given that

+ S + V, S + V.

Granted that
(Ramen)
-For all that they promised, they did nothing.

130

-Granted that you have the advantage of freedom, you should remember your
responsibilities.
For all
Given

+ noun + S + V.

Granted
-For all their promises, they did nothing.
-Granted the advantage of freedom, they were not successful.
8- Even if S + V, S + V (

-Even if the season is summer, we wont go on holiday.

-He would not have invited me even if he had known my telephone number.
9- S + V whether S + V or not.
(.. olsa da olmasa da anlamna gelir).
-I will go to the party whether they invited me or not.
-She doesnt feel happy whether her husband gives her a diamond ring or not.
10) Whenever
Whoever
Wherever

S + V, S + V. ( )

Whichever
Whatever

131

-She will not get married whoever the candidate is.

-Whichever substance they use, the product wont be cheap.
11- No matter + Soru Kelimesi + S + V, S + V. ( )
(. olursa olsun anlamna gelir)
-No matter when he comes, she will not be waiting for him.
-No matter where you park, the police will not allow.
-No matter how patiently you behave, there will be someone to annoy you. (annoy:
kzdrmak, cann skmak)
12- However + adjective / adverb + S + V, S + V.
-However quickly you walk, you cant get there on time.
(Ne kadar hzl yrrseniz yryn, oraya zamannda varamazsn).
-However intelligent you are, you have to study hard if you really would like to pass the
exam.
13- Regardless of + Soru Kelimesi + S + V, S + V.
( olursa olsun, Baklmakszn.)
-Regardless of where it is found, ancient items belong to the nation.
(Nerede bulunursa bulunsun, antik eyalar ulusa aittir.)
Regardless of the fact that + S + V, S+V.
(gereine baklmakszn, gereine ramen)

132

-Regardless of the fact that it was her off day, she was still working on the project.
14- Where -While S + V, S +V. (Taban taban ztlklar ifade iin kullanlr. OysaAksine, Halbuki, ken)
-Whereas Ali is trying to learn French, I am trying to learn German.
-While men are hard working, women are clever.

J- RESERVATION (UYMAZLIK)
1- Except that
Except for the fact that

+ S + V, S +V. (

).

(Dnda, bir yana, hari anlamlarna gelir.)

-I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.
2- Except (for)
Except (for) + NOUN, S + V.
-Except (for) one old lady, everyone was full of energy.

K) COMPARISON (KARILATIRMA YAPILARI)

1- as as
As as arasna sfatn ya da zarfn yaln hali getirilir.
-John drives as carefully as Sam.

133

-John is as careful as Sam.

-John has got as many children as Sam.
2- Just as S + V so + V + S.
(Tpk, gibi da.) anlamna gelir.
-Just as Philip is ambitious so is his brother Tom.
3- more than
er ..than
-Ali is taller than me.
-Aye is more hardworking than Mehtap.
4- the most
the ..est
-This is the most expensive chair in the store.
-It is the easiest question in the test.

L) PROPORTION (ORAN)
1- The er, the er
The more .., the more.
Ekmek Kfte Kalb. Ne kadar o kadar kalb.

134

-The older I grow, the better I realize the realities.

-The more you travel, the more you learn.
-The slower you drive, the earlier you arrive.
-The less you watch TV, the better.
-The earlier, the better.

2- S + V to the extend that / to the degree that S + V.

(Derecede, Oranda anlamna gelir. )
-Students will be graded to the extent that they deserve.
(rencilere hak ettikleri derecede not verilecek).
3- As . (so)
( olduka . olur.) dka- dike anlam.
-As the day went on, so our thirst and hunger increased.
(Gn ilerledike susuzluumuz ve almz artt.)
-The pupils understanding developed as he grew older.
30 Haziran 2011

135

SENTENCE CONNECTORS (CMLE BALAYICILARI)

Sadece birbirleriyle anlam ilikisi olan iki cmleyi birbirine balarlar. Birbiriyle anlam
ilikisi olan iki cmle arasndaki anlam geiini salarlar. Eer iki cmlenin ortasnda
kullanlyorlarsa connectordan once noktal virgule connectordan sonra ise virgule
konulur. Eer connector ikinci cmlenin banda kullanlyor ise, connectorn ba harfi
byk yazlr ve kendisinden sonra virgul konulur.
S + V;

, S +V.

S + V.

, S +V.

A- CONTRAST (ZITLIK BLDREN CONNECTORLAR)

1- On the other hand (Dier taraftan)
-I know this job of mine isnt well paid. On the other hand, I dont have to work long
hours.
2- However (Bununla beraber, Mamaafih, Fakat)
-This method has been widely adapted. However, it is not clear that it is the best-method.
3- Conversely (Dier taraftan, Buna karlk olarak, Tersine)
-This newspaper story could damage their reputation; conversely, it will give them a lot
of free publicity. (publicity: poplerlik, reklam, tannma)

136

4- In contrast (Aksine, Tersine)

-The coastal areas have mild winters; in contrast, the central plains become extremely
cold.
In contrast with/to + noun, S + V (Aksine, Tersine)
S + V in contrast with / to noun
-In contrast with / to your faith that we will fail, I am confident that we will succeed.
5- On the contrary (Bilakis, Tersine)
-I have heard you are enjoying your new job. On the contrary, I find it rather dull. (dull:
skc, kr) (rather: olduka)
Contrary to + noun, S + V.
S + V contrary to + noun.
-Contrary to popular belief, the desert can be a beautiful place.
6- But, Yet, Still (Ancak, Lakin, Fakat)
-The situation looked desperate. But, they didnt give up hope. (give up: brakmak,
vazgemek).
-She is a strange girl; yet, you cant help liking her. (cant help Ving: elimde deil)
-The hotel was terrible. Still, we were lucky with the weather.
7-Nonetheless (Bununla beraber, Ancak)

137

-The region was extremely beautiful. Nonetheless, I couldnt imagine spending the rest of
my life there.
8-Nevertheless- (Bununla beraber, Mamaafih, Ancak)
-This years fall in profits was not unexpected. Nevertheless, it is very disappointing.

9- Even so (Hatta, yle olsa bile)

-I myself dont believe in ghosts. Even so, I wouldnt like to be alone in that room at
night.
10- In spite of this (Buna ramen)
-Kellys husband drank too much. In spite of this, she loved him.
11- Notwithstanding (Buna ramen, Her ne kadar, Bununla beraber)
-They are determined to go ahead with the plan; notwithstanding, there is widespread
opposition. (determine: kararllk)
12- For all + noun, S + V ( ) (Ramen, Karn)
-For all his efforts, he still came last yesterday.
13- Admittedly (phesiz, Kabul edilmelidir ki)
-Admittedly ,the technique is painful, but it has benefits to the patients.

138

B-RESULT (Sonu Bildiren Balayclar)

1-As a consequence (Neticede, Sonu olarak)
-He was very lazy and rude. As a consequence, I was forced to dismiss him.
(dismiss:kovmak)
2- In consequence (Sonu olarak, neticede)
-He left too late, in consequence, he missed the last train.
3- Accordingly (Bundan dolay, bu sebeple)
-The budget for health care has been cut by 10 %. Accordingly, some hospitals may be
forced to close.
4- For this reason (Bu sebeple)
-I wanted to meet your friends. For this reason, I went there.
5- Therefore (Bu sebeple, Bu yzden)
-The dollar has gone down against the yen; therefore, Japanese goods are more expensive
for Americans.
6- As a result (Sonu olarak)
-She wasnt at school last week; as a result, she missed an important test.
As a result of + noun, S + V. (

139

As a result of the pilotss, strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

7- Consequently (Sonu olarak)
-We talked until the early hours; consequently, I overslept.
8- Hence (for this reason- bu sebepten)
-The item you requested is no longer available. Hence, we are returning your cheque.
9- Thus (Bylece, Bu sebepten)
-Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus, it would be almost impossible to
prove him guilty.
10- Thats why (Bu sebeple)
-He hates flying. Thats why, he prefers travelling by coach.
11- Last but not least (Ve son olarak)
-Last but not least, let me introduce Jane, our new secretary.
12- So (Bylece, Bu nedenle)
-There was no food in the house, so we rang out for a pizza.
13- Eventually (Sonunda)
-He worked so hard. Eventually, he made himself ill.

140

14- Thereby (Bylece)

-He became a citizen in 1978; thereby, he gained the right to vote.

C-SEQUNCE (DZ, SIRA, DZN)

1-Initially (Balangta, lk once)
-Initially, she opposed the plan, but later, she changed her mind.
2- First(ly) / First of all / To begin with / In the first / To start with (Birincisi, lk
once, Balangta, lk olarak, ncelikle)
Second(ly) / In the second place
Third(ly), In the third place
-There are three reasons why I dont like him. First(ly) he is rude; secondly, he is a liar
and thirdly, he owes me money.
3- For one thing . (and for another) (Birincisi.ikincisi de)
-I am not going to buy it; for one thing, I dont like the colour; and for another, it is far
too expensive.
4-Subsequently- Daha sonra
-He said he was a wealthy aristocrat, but subsequently, it emerged that he was an
impostor. (impostor: dzenbaz, sahtekar)
Subsequent to + NOUN, S + V.
Subsequent to the fire, the house was evacuated. (Evacuate: tahliye etmek)

141

5- Then / Later on / Afterwards / After that (Sonra, daha sonra)

-Silently, she closed the door. Just then, she heard a noise.
6- In the meantime / Meanwhile (Bu esnada, Bu srada)
-The doctor will be here soon. In the mean time, try to relax.
7- Finally / Last(ly) / Lost of all / At last / In the end (Sonunda, Nihayetinde, Son
olarak)
-First I got dressed, next I read the paper, then I fed the cat, and lastly, I had my breakfast.

D- REINFORCEMENT- GLENDRC
1-In addition- Ek olarak
-The hotel can accommodate 80 guests; in addition, there are several catering apartments.
In addition to + NOUN, S + V. (

-He is running his research company in addition to his job at the university.

2- Besides (Yan sra, Bundan baka, Ayrca, Bir de, Hem de, Ayrca)
Besides + NOUN
Besides + Ving
S + V besides S + V

-Will there be anyone else we know at the party besides Janet and John?
142

-Besides going to French evening classes twice a week, she does yoga on Wednesdays.
-June isnt a good month to go there. Besides, I want to finish my exams first.
3- Furthermore (Bundan baka, bir de, stelik)
-The house I too small for a family of four, and furthermore, it is in a bad location.
4- Moreover (Bundan baka, Dahas, stelik)
-Local people would like a new road. Moreover, there are good economic reasons for
building one.
5- Also (-de da, dahi)
-You can stay at our house. Also, I can check the plane times for you.
6- Further (de, de, bir de, ayn zamanda, bundan baka)
-He promised not to identify his informant, and further, not to quote him directly.
Further to + NOUN, S + V. (

-Further to the information we have had from him, we have made a detailed research.
(Ondan aldmz bilgiye ek olarak, biz detayl bir aratrma yaptk.)
7- As well as + NOUN (Ek olarak, yan sra)
-They own a house in England as well as a villa in Spain.
As well (-de, -da anlamna gelir ve cmle sonunda kullanlr.)

143

-We are going to the cinema tonight, why dont you come along as well? (come along=
beraberinde gelmek)
8- On top of (that) + NOUN (stne stlk, stelik)
-He lost his job and on top of that, his wife left him.
9- Whats more (Hem de, stelik)
-The new system is cheaper, and whats more, it is better.
10- Apart from + NOUN (-den baka)
-The government has plenty of problems to deal with apart from inflation. (deal with-ba
etmek, stesinden gelmek).
11-Not to mention (Bundan baka, stelik)
-They already take pension and social security payments, not to mention the
contributions. (pension: emekli maa, contribution: yardm).

E- EXAMPIFICATION-RNEKLEME
1- For example
-Many countries, for example, Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.

2- For instance
144

-You cant rely on her. For instance, she arrived an hour late for an important meeting
yesterday. (Rely on: gvenmek, dayanmak)
3- To illustrate- rnein, rneklemek gerekirse, rnek vermek gerekirse.
-He managed several difficulties. To illustrate, he lived through a serious economic
recession last year. (live through: atlatmak, geirmek)
4- Such as (Gibi, rnein)
-The local community is still reliant on traditional industries such as farming and mining.
(reliant on: - e gvenen, -e dayanan)
5- Including (. Kapsayan, ieren)
-I am ordering some extra office equipment, including some new desks and a new
computer.
6- Counting ( sayarsak)
-There are six people in my family, counting my parents.
7- Like + NOUN (Gibi)
-You had better eat nutritious foods like eggs and fish.
-You should eat as I eat. (as + S + V)
8- And so on / And so forth (Ve daha bilmem ne, Vesaire)
-She said she was sad, disappointed and so on.

145

9-Particularly / In particular / Especially (zellikle)

-We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe.

F- EXPLANATION- AIKLAMA
1- Thats (to say) (Yani anlamna gelir)
-Lets go back to the original plan. Thats (to say) you go ahead by plane and we will
follow by car.
2- Namely- (Yani, yle ki)
-Only one person can do the job, namely you.
3- In other words (Bir baka deyile)
-The company says it has to reduce its labour costs; in other words, some of us are going
to loose our job.
4- I mean (Demek istiyorum)
-He is really very rude; I mean, he never even says Good Morning.
5- To put in a different way (Farkl bir deyile, Alternatif olarak)
To put differently
Alternatively
-You are welcome to come with us now in our car. Alternatively, you could later with
John.
6- Specifically (zellikle)
146

-Tom is hoping to move Spain or more specifically, Bercelona.

G-SIMILARITY-BENZERLK
1-Likewise- Similarly- (Benzer ekilde- Ayn ekilde)
-Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly/likewise, women must wear a skirt or dress,
not trousers.
2- Correspondingly- Uygun olarak Karlk Olarak
-There has been a decline in the value of the pound, and correspondingly, there has been
an increase in the strength of the dollar.
3- By the same token / in the same way (Benzer ekilde bundan baka ayn ekilde)
-I agree that he has not given us many ideas; but by the same way same token, neither
have we given him any.
1 Temmuz 2011 Cuma
4- As (Gibi)
S + V as S + V
-She is a fine singer as her mother used to be.

5- Equally (Ayn ekilde, ayn derecede)

147

-I want to encourage her to do well, but equally I didnt want to make her feel
pressurized. (Onu iyi yapmas iin cesaretlendirmeyi istiyorum, ayn zamanda onun
kedini bask altnda hissetmesini de istemem).

G- EMPHASIS- Vurgulamak
1-In fact- Aslnda, gerekte
-I dont like him, in fact, I hate him.
2- Indeed- Gerekten
-Thank you very much, indeed.
3- As a matter of fact / Actually- Aslnda, zaten, gerekte
-Perhaps I will stay up and watch the film. Actually, I think I will just go to the bed.
4- To tell the truth- Dorusu, Doruyu Sylemek gerekirse
-*How much were the cigarettes?
*To tell the truth, I forgot to buy them.
5- Let alone- yle dursun, brakalm
-The baby cant even crawl yet, let alone walk. (crawl: emeklemek)

H- CONCLUSION- SONU

148

1-To sum up / In brief / Briefly / In summary- zetlersek, zetle, zetleyecek

olursak
-To sum up, I think we should accept their offer.
2- In short- Ksaca
This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defent ever; in short, a fiasco.
(Bu u ana kadar bamza gelen en feci, en utan verici yenilgidir, ksaca bir fiyasko.)
3- All in all / In conclusion (herey dahil, btnyle, herey bir tarafa, sonu olarak)
-All in all, we had a good time.
4- On the whole- Btnyle, Genellikle
-On the whole, life was much quiter after John left.
5- Altogether- Tamamyla
-The hotel was nice, the beaches were beautiful. Altogether, I would say it was a great
vacation.

I- TRANSITION
1-As for / As to- (.ya gelince)
-You can have the bed; as for him, he will have to sleep on the floor.
2- With regard to / With respect to- (Hakknda, Dair, ..e gelince)

149

- With regard to / With respect to your other proposals, I am not yet able to you our
decision.
3- As regards- (e gelince, hususunda)
-As regards the new employee, the boss was very pleased.
4- As far as. concerned (ya gelince)
-As far as we are concerned, you can go whenever you want.
-As far as I am concerned, the idea is crazy.
5- Considering / Regarding / With reference to / In regard / In reference / In respect
(Dnlrse, Gz nnde bulundurulursa)
-Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.

J- EXCEPTION- STSNA
1-Apart from- (den baka)
-It is a good piece of apart from a few slight faults.
2- Excepting- (Hari)
-He answered all the questions except(ing) the last one.
3- With the exception of (Hari)
- With the exception of Tom, everyone passed the exam.

150

4- Except for + noun (Hari)

-The road was empty except for a few cars.

K- GENERALIZATION- GENELLEME
1- On the whole / In general (Genellikle, Genelde)
-On the whole / In general I am satisfied with her progress.
2- As a rule (ounlukla, Genellikle, Kural Olarak)
-As a rule, I get home by seven oclock.
3- In most cases / In many cases (ounlukla, Genellikle, ou durumda)
-In most cases / In many cases, he used to be successful.
4- To some extend / To a certain extent (Bir dereceye kadar)
-To some extend / To a certain extent I agree with what you say.
4- Mostly- ounlukla
-He has the occasional cigarette, but mostly, he smokes a pipe. (occasional: ara sra)

L- AND OTHERS
1- After all- (Ne de olsa)

151

-I know he hasnt finished the work, but after all, he is very busy.
2- Incidentally /By the way (Yeri gelmiken, Sras gelmiken, Aklma gelmiken)
-Incidentally /By the way, I think I still owe you some money.
3- Via (By means of) (Vastasyla, Yoluyla, Araclyla)
-I send a message to Mary via her sister.
4- Through- (Sayesinde, Araclyla)
-I found this job through an employment agency.
5- By means of (Vastasyla- Araclyla)
-We express our thoughts by means of words.
6- All the same (Yine de, Buna ramen, Olsa bile)
-He is not doing a very good job. All the same, you have to admit that he is doing his
best.
(Do once best- elinden gelenin en iyisini yapmak)

7- Anyway / Anyhow (Her neyse)

-Anyway / Anyhow, shall we go to the next point?

152

8- Or (else) (Yoksa)
-You must pay $100, or else you will be arrested.
9- Otherwise (Aksi takdirde, Yoksa)
-You had better go now; otherwise, you will miss the train.
10- Rather (Daha ziyade)
-She doesnt work in the office, but rather does gossip.
11- To be more precise- (Tam olarak sylemek gerekirse)
- To be more precise, I will visit you at 10:00 p.m.
12-Above all (Her eyden evvel, Bilhassa)
-Above all Jack is generous, hardworking, and above all honest.

CONJUNCTIONS (BALALAR)
Balalar ayn grevde olan szckleri, sz gruplarn ve cmleleri birbirine balayan
kelimelerdir.

153

1-Coordinating Conjunctions (Birletirme Balalar)

And, Or, So, Yet, But, For
a) Noun + Noun
-Alec and Ammy are in the classroom.
b) Adjective + Adjective
-He is very naughty but clever. (Naughty: yaramaz)
c) Adverb + Adverb
-The soldiers were walking quickly but cautiously.
d) Infinitive + Infinitive
-I would like to watch a movie or (to) go to the dance.
e) Gerund + Gerund
-She is good at painting but not singing.
f) Verb + Verb
Cmlede kullanlan zne ayn ise ve bu zne birden fazla eylemde bulunuyorsa, bu
eylemleri zneyi her defasnda tekrarlamadan balalar yardmyla sralayabiliriz. Ayrca
balatan nceki eylemin ve sonraki eylemin yardmc fiilleri ayn ise ikinci yardmc fiili
tekrarlamaya gerek yoktur. Eer yardmc fiiller birbirlerinden farklysa, bu durumda
farkl olan ikinci yardmc fiil mutlaka belirtilmelidir.

154

-I am watching TV and drinking coffee.

-She has gone to Germany and is studying modern theatre there.
g) Sentence + Sentence
Birletirme balalar iki ya da daha fazla cmleyi birletirmek iin kullanlyorlar ise
balacn her iki tarafndaki ifadenin zne ve yklemi olmaldr. Birletirme balacndan
nce bir virgl kullanlmaldr.
-I called him last night, but he didnt answer.
-She broke her leg, so she couldnt go to the work.
2- Correlative Conjunctions Denklik Balalar
a) both . and (Hem hem de)
Daha ok olumlu ve ayn yapda olan szckleri veya szck beklerini birbirine balar.
-Carol reads everyday. Carol studies everyday. Carol both reads and studies everyday.
-Bob is very hardworking. Alec is very hardworking. Both Bob and Alec are very
hardworking.

NOT- Both . and balac iki zneyi balyorsa kullanlan fiil oul fiil olmak
zorundadr.
-Both James and his girlfriend were hurt in the accident.
b- Not only but also
Not only but .as well

155

Not only as well

Not only. but
-Diana works with us. David works with us. Not only Diana but also David works with
us.
NOT- Not only but also iki zneyi balyor ise, fiilin tekil mi ya da oul mu olacan
fiile yakn olan zne belirler. Fiile yakn olan zne tekil zne ise fiil tekil olur. Fiile yakn
olan zne oul ise oul fiil kullanlr.
-Not only Aye but also her friends are coming to us.
NOT- Not only iki cmleyi birletirdiinde baa gelen cmle devrik olmak zorundadr.
Not only but also kalb her zaman olumlu cmlelerde kullanlr.
-Not only did I like the book, but also I liked the film.
-Not only does Catherine want to learn English, but also she wants to learn French.
3- Either Or (Ya .ya da)
Alternatif veya seenek ifade eder. Olumlu cmle yapsnda kullanlr. Fiilin tekil mi ya
da oul mu olacan fiile yakn olan zne belirler.
-Either my parents or my sister is coming.
-Either my sister or my parents are coming.
-I will either study English or go to Alanya during my summer holiday.
4- Neither. Nor (Ne . ne de)
Olumsuz alternatif veya seenek ifade eder. Cmle yap olarak olumlu, fakat anlam
olarak olumsuzdur. ki zneyi baladnda fiilin tekil mi ya da oul mu olacan fiile
yakn olan zne belirler.

156

-David neither ate nor slept.

-Neither Carol nor her friends call me.
-Neither Carols friends nor Carol calls me.

REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Ksaltma yapabilmek iin temel cmle ile yan cmlenin znelerinin ayn olmas gerekir.
1- Ayn zamanda meydana gelen aktif eylemler iin Ving yaps kullanlr.
-While I was walking down the street, I saw Tom.
-While walking down the street, I saw Tom.
-Walking down the street, I saw Tom.
-When I saw the road closed, I stopped my car.
-When seeing the road closed, I stopped my car.
-Seeing the road closed, I stopped my car.
2- Ayn zamanda meydana gelen pasif eylemleri ksaltmak iin V3 kullanlr.
-When he saw asked whether he was going to resign or not, he said he might.
-When asked whether he was going to resign or not, he said he might.
-Asked whether he was going to resign or not, he said he might.
-When it is painted, the house looks bigger.
-When painted, the house looks bigger.
-Painted, the house looks bigger.

157

3-Farkl zamanlarda meydana gelen aktif eylemler iin Having V3 yaps kullanlr.
-After Birsen had collected sufficient data, she started to write her thesis.
-Having collected sufficient data, she started to write her thesis.
-As Aye had already seen the film, she didnt come with us.
-Having seen the film, she didnt come with us.
4- Farkl zamanlarda pasif eylemler iin Having been V3 yaps kullanlr.
-Since he had been dismissed from school, he went to his military service.
-Having been dismissed from school, he went to his military service.

NOT- zneler farklysa, ksaltma i tarafa alnr.

-As John had married Helen, Bill had to find another girl for himself.
-John having married Helen, Bill had to find another girl for himself.
-Since it was a nice day, we went swimming.
-It being a nice day, we went swimming.

NOUNS
6 Temmuz 2011
ngilizcede isimler countable ve uncountable olmak zere ikiye ayrlrlar.

158

Regular Nouns
Singular Nouns

Plural Nouns

One book

two books

One chair

two chairs

Irregular Nouns (Dzensiz)

Singular

Plural

Child

children

Man

men

Person

people

Foot

feet

Tooth

teeth

Mouse

mice

Goose

geese

Ox

oxen

Louse(Bit)

lice

Deer

deer

Sheep

sheep

Fish

fish

f-fe ile bitten simler

f-fe

Ves

leaf (yaprak)

leaves

wife

wives

life

lives

knife

knives

wolf

wolves

self

selves

calf (buza)

calves

shelf (raf)

shelves

159

loaf (somun ekmek)

loaves

thief (hrsz)

thieves

sheaf (demet)

sheaves

half (yarm)

halves

Laticeden geen Kelimelerin oullar

Criterion Criteria
Basis bases
Crisis crises
Hypothesis hypotheses
thesistheses
mediummedia
phenomenonphenomena
stimulusstimuli (uyarc-lar)
bacteriumbacteria
datumdata
syllabussyllabi
Daima oul Olan simler
Surroundings (Muhit, etraf, evre)
Thanks (Teekkrler)
Goods (Mal, Eya)
Police
Earnings
Pyjamas
Trousers (Pantolon)
Jeans
Belongings (Eyalar)
Shoes
160

Scissors (Makas)
Scales (Tart, Terazi)
People
Public
Cattle (Sr, Davar, Sr)
Binoculars (Drbn)
Glasses
Pliers (Pense)
NOT- oul isimleri tekil yapmak iin a pair of kullanlr.
-A pair of shoes costs 50 liras.
-There are two pairs of jeans.
NOT- Baz milliyet isimleri hem dil hem de insanlar anlamna gelebilir. Dil olarak
kullanldnda, tekil fiil kullanlr; insanlar kastedildiinde oul fiil kullanlr.
-English is an intellectual language.
-The English like drinking tea.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (saylamayan isimler)

Saylamayan ve oul yaplamayan isimlerdir.
Equipment
Food
Baggage

Change
Cash
Make up
161

Luggage
Clothing
Fruit
Furniture
Jewellery
Garbage
Traffic
Money

Machinery
Ice
Bread
Butter-Tereya
Hair
Dust
Flour-Un
Sugar

ABSTRACT NOUNS
Bu soyut isimler de saylamazlar ve ayn zamanda oul yaplamazlar, tekil olmak
zorundadrlar.
Beauty
Confidence- Gven
Patience- Sabr
Advice
Knowlegde
Homework
Laughter
Honesty
Hospitality-Misafirperverlik
Truth
Information

Work
Progress
Significance- Ehemmiyet
Happiness
Intelligence- Zeka
Wealth- Zenginlik
Fun- Elence
Help- Yardm
Courage
Luck- Talih, ans
Peace

NOT- Saylamayan isimleri saylabilir hale getirmek iin of lu yap kullanlr.

-

a cup of coffee

a loaf of bread

a bag of sugar

a jar of jam

a glass of tea

7 Temmuz 2011

162

POSSESIVES- YELKLER- SAHPLKLER

1- Tekil isimlerin sonuna s getirilir.
-The girls bag
-The boys book
2- Sonu s ile biten zel isimlerin sonuna ya sadece (stten bir virgl) getirilir ya da s
getirilir.
-James book.
-Jamess book.
3- Sonu s ile biten oul isimleri iyelik yapmak iin sadece stten virgl kullanlr.
-The boys pencils.
-The girls hats.
4- Sonu s ile bitmeyen oul isimleri iyelik yapmak iin s kullanlr.
-Childrens books.
-Womens facts.
5- Eyalarn veya hayvanlarn iyelik halleri of yaps kullanlarak yaplr. (Ait olan ey
bata, ona sahip olan ey sonda olur.)
-the name of the story (hikayenin ad)
-the handle of the door (Kapnn kolu)
-the leg of the table (masann baca)

PRONOUNS- ZAMRLER
Subject
I
You
He

Possessive

Object
me
you
him

Adjectives
my
your
his

Possessive Pronouns
mine
yours
his

Reflexive Pronouns
Myself
Yourself
Himself

163

She
It
We
You
They

her
it
us
you
them

her
its
our
your
their
Bu gruptakiler
sahiplik sfatlardr.

Sadece cmle

Cmlede ancak

banda ve zne

nesne grevinde

olarak

ve fiilden sonra

kullanlabilirler.

kullanlrlar.

Hibir zaman tek

balarna
kullanlamazlar.
Kendilerinden
sonra mutlaka bir
isim olmak

hers
ours
yours
theirs

Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

Sadece tek
balarna

Bunlar dnl

kullanrlar zamir

zamirlerdir. Kendi

olarak. Yanlarnda

yaptklar isten

isme gerek

etkilenen yaplardr.

duymazlar.

zorundadr.

-A friend of mine has brought his book and gave it to me yesterday.

-When I took it with me to my house, I tried to read it myself/bymyself.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES- ARET SIFATLARI

This (Bu) These (Bunlar)
That (u) Those (unlar)
-This book is mine, and those books are yours.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS- ARET ZAMRLER
Tek bana kullanlrlar ve yannda isme gerek duymaz.
This These
That Those
-This is my book.
-These are her dogs.

164

QUANTIFIERS-BELRLEYCLER
1- How much
Saylamayan isimlerin miktarn sorarken kullanlr. Kendisinden sonra gelecek olan isim
mutlaka tekil isim olmak zorundadr.
-How much + singular noun.
-How much money do you need?
-How much water do we have?
2- How many
Saylabilen isimlerin miktarn sorarken kullanlr. Kendisinden sonra gelen isim daima
oul olmak zorundadr. Anlam olarak ka tane anlamna gelir.
-How many + plural noun.
-How many books are there on the table?
-How many friends do you have?
3- Some
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle olumlu cmlelerde kullanlr. Saylabilen
isimlerle kullanldnda birka anlamna gelir. Saylamayan isimlerle kullanldnda
biraz anlamna gelir.
-There are some apples in my basket. (oul)
-There is some water in my glass. (Tekil)
NOT- Some bir eyi rica ederken veya bir eyi ikram ederken soru cmlelerinde
kullanlabilir.

165

-Would you like some tea?

-Can you lend me some money?
4- Any
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde
kullanlabilir. Saylabilen isimlerle kullanldnda mutlaka oul isim ve oul fiil alr.
Saylamayan isimlerle kullanldnda ise mutlaka tekil fiil ve tekil isim alr.
-Are there any eggs in the refrigerator?
No, there arent any.
-Is there any money in your bank account?
No, there isnt any money in my bank account.
NOT-Any bazen olumlu cmlelerde kullanlabilir. Bu durumda herhangi bir anlamna
gelir.
-When shall I visit you?
You can come any time you want.
-Which dress shall I buy?
You can buy any dress you like.

5- Much
Olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde saylamayan isimlerle ok anlamnda kullanlr. Much
olumlu cmlede kullanlmaz.
- Is there much water in the kettle?
Yes, there is much water in the kettle. Bu kullanm yanltr.
No there isnt much water in the kettle.

166

6- Many
Olumlu, olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde saylabilen isimlerle ok anlamnda kullanlr.
-Are there many apples on the tree?
Yes, there are many apples on the tree.
No, there are not many apples on the tree.
NOT- Much ve many szcklerinin bana too getirilerek bir eyin ar derecede fazla
olduunu ifade edebiliriz. Saylamayan isimler iin too much saylabilen isimler iin too
many kullanlr.
-There were too many applicants last week.
-There is too much noise in the classroom.
7- A lot of / lots of / plenty of
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle olumlu cmlelerde ok anlamnda
kullanlr.
-There are a lot of /lots of/plenty of students in the classroom.
-I have a lot of /lots of/plenty of free time.
8- A great deal of
Saylamayan isimlerle bir hayli, olduka ok anlamnda kullanlr.
-She has got a great deal of homework today.
-I have a great deal of time. We can go to the movie.
9- A large amount of / A small amount of

167

Saylamayan isimlerle ok miktarda anlamn verebilmek iin a large amount of;

saylamayan isimlerle az miktarda anlamn vermek iin a small amount of kullanlr.
-He spends a large amount of money on science fiction books.
-My mother spends a small amount of money on clothing.
10 A number of
Saylabilen isimlerle bir grup anlamna gelir.
-A number of workers ask for a rise (zam).
-A number of students want to hold a meeting.
11- A great number of / A small number of
A great number of - Saylabilen isimlerle ok sayda anlamna gelir.
A small number of - Saylabilen isimlerle az sayda anlamna gelir.
- A great number of families have more than one child.
- A small number of people have their own house in Turkey. A great number of them live
as tenants.
12- A few / Few
Saylabilen isimlerle kullanlrlar. A few cmleye olumlu anlam verir. Bir nesnenin sayca
az fakat yeterli olduunu ifade eder. Few ise cmleye olumsuz anlam verir. Bir nesnenin
az olduunu ve de yeterli olmadn ifade eder.
- I have a few books in English.
- I have few books in English.
13- A little / Little

168

Saylamayan isimlerle kullanlrlar. A little cmleye olumlu bir anlam verir. Bir nesnenin
miktarnn az fakat yeterli olduunu ifade eder. Little ise cmleye olumsuz anlam verir.
Bir nesnenin miktarnn az ve de yeterli olmadn ifade eder.
-I have a little money. I can take a taxi.
-I have little money. I cannot take a taxi.
-I have a little time. Lets drink something.
-I have little time. I cant drink something.
14- Several
Saylabilen isimlerle kullanlr. Cmleye birka anlamn verir. A few e gre sayca daha
fazladr.
-There are several people waiting in the queue.
-There are several books on the subject.
15- Most / Most of
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle kullanlrlar. Most kullanld cmleye
ou anlamn verir. Most of ise nin nn ou anlamna gelir.
-Most of my students went to their hometowns. (ou renci memleketlerine gittiler).
-Most of my friends know English. (Arkadalarmn ou ngilizce bilir).
-He spends most of his time on computer games. (Zamannn ounu bilgisayar
oyunlarna harcar).
16- Both
ki eyin her ikisinden sz ederken kullanlr. Her zaman oul isim ve oul fiil alr.

169

-Both girls are watching TV.

-Both boys are studying.
-Both of his books were lost.
-Both of my sisters are very hardworking.
17- Either
ki eyin biri ya da iki eyden birinden bahsederken kullanlr. Bu nedenle her zaman tekil
isim ve tekil fiil alr.
-Which of the cars would you like to have? I can have either car.
Arabalardan hangisine sahip olmak isterseniz? kisinden birini alabilirim.
-I cant decide which computer to buy for my son. Either computer is beneficial for him.
Oluma hangi bilgisayar alacama karar veremiyorum. kisinden biri onun iin
yararldr.
18- Either of
Kendisinden sonra oul isim fakat tekil fiil kullanlr.
-Either of the schools is suitable for him. (ki okuldan biri onun iin uygundur)
-Either of the boys prepared the breakfast. (ki ocuktan biri kahvalty hazrlad).
19- Neither
ki eyden hibiri anlamna gelir. Kendisinden sonra tekil isim ve tekil fiil kullanlr.
-Neither student is lazy. (Hibir renci tembel deildir.)

170

-Neither house is large.

20- Neither of
Kendisinden sonra oul isim fakat tekil fiil alr.
-Neither of the houses is large. (ki evden hibiri geni deildir.)
-Neither of the speakers knows English.
21- All
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr. Btn hepsi anlamna gelir.
-All books-Btn kitaplar
-All of the book-Kitabn hepsi
-All the food-Tm yiyecek
All the milk-Tm st
-All students are anxious about the exam.
-All (of) the students taking this course have to attend the other course.
-All (of) the money is lost.
22- None
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr. Hi, hibiri anlamna gelir.
Saylabilen oul isimlerle kullanldnda tekil fiil alr. Saylamayan isimlerle
kullanldnda ise fiil daima tekildir.
-How many people are there on the table?
-None
-How much did you lose?

171

-None.
-None of the students is here.
-None of the homework was done by me.
23- Half
Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle kullanlrlar. Bireyin yars anlamna
gelir. oul isimlerle oul fiil, tekil isimlerle tekil fiil alr.
-Half of the teachers in the school are female.
-Half of the money was stolen.
24- Whole
Saylabilen tekil isimlerle kullanlr. Btn anlamna gelir.
-Where have you been the whole day?
-I have finished the whole book.
-They spent the whole weekend on the mountains.
NOT- Saylamayan isimlere btn anlamn verebilmek iin ALL kullanlr. WHOLEun
nne THE gelir fakat ALLun THE getirilmez.
-They spent all the money.
-They spent the whole day at home.
25- One / Each / Every

172

Her zaman saylabilen tekil isimlerle kullanlrlar. Hibir zaman oul isimlerle ve
saylamayan isimlerle kullanlmazlar.
ONE:
One szc say olarak bir ismi vurgulamakta kullanlr.
-One child is ill in the kindergarden.
-One book isnt in its usual place in the library.
-One should be polite to old people. (nsan-Birisi yallara kar kibar olmaldr)
-One shouldnt tell lies. (nsan yalan sylememelidir.)
EACH:
Her biri, her bir anlamna gelir.
-Each student in the classroom has a dictionary.
-Each teacher owns a computer.

12 Temmuz 2011
26- Every Her
Her anlamna gelir. Each gibi her bir kii ya da nesneyi ayr ayr deil de bir btn olarak
alglamay ifade eder.
-Every student in the classroom has a dictionary.
-Every teacher in the school owns a computer.
27- On of / Each one of / Every one of
Kendilerinden sonra saylabilen oul isim fakat tekil isim kullanlr. Hibir zaman tekil
ve saylamayan isimlerle kullanlmazlar.

173

-One of the students was late for the exam.

-Each one of the teacher was esked questions about the students.
-Every one of the exam questions was examined by the teachers.
27- Belgisiz Zamirler: Indefinite Pronouns
Everybody

Somebody

Anybody

Nobody-K

Everyone

Someone

Anyone

Noone -K

Everything

Something

Anything

Nothing-NESNE

-Everybody is happy.
-I need someone to translate this letter into English.
-I am sure he is hiding something in his drawer.
-Would you like to drink something?
-Can you give me something to eat?
-I dont want to talk to anybody (somebody olamaz).
- Does anyone / anybody hear me? (somebody olamaz).
-She didnt say anything about the accident.
-You can wear anything you like for the party.
-Nobody wants to talk him.

174

-No one has sent a message for her birthday.

-I didnt see somebody in the corridors.
-I didnt hear anything. I heard anything.
-Nothing happened to anyone. (not no one)
-Nobody did anything about the subject.
-Nobody did anything.
28- Not Only: No
Olumsuz cmlelerde not only yerine no szcn kullanabiliriz. No szcn hem
saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr.
-There arent any children in the garden.
-There are no children in the garden.
-There is not only jam in the jar.
-There is no jam in the jar.
29- Forms of Other
Other baka, dier anlamna gelir. Kendisinden sonra saylabilen oul isim
kullanlmaldr. Another ise herhangi bir baka anlamna gelir. Kendisinden sonra
saylabilen tekil isim kullanlr.
-The Hilton, The Hyatt Regency are five stars hotels in Istanbul.
-Other five-star hotels in Istanbul are the Brand and Sheraton.
-I have two apples. The red apples is mine, the other is yours.

175

-Jack and Tim decided to stay at home. The others went to the cinema.
-Other + isim
Sfat
The other
The others
Zamir
-I have finished reading that book. Could you recommend me another book?
-This film is boring. Lets watch another one.
-There are other jobs you could try.
-Have another cup of coffee.
-Where are the other photos?
-Some metals are magnetic, and others arent.
-Can you tell the others that I will be late.
NOT- Anotherdan sonra bir zaman ifadesi ya da say ifadesi varsa takip eden isim oul
bir isim olabilir.
-Another three plates, please!
-I will stay here for another five days.

176

Each Other One Another

ki kiinin karlkl olarak birbirlerine birey yapmas anlamna gelir. Birbirlerine
anlamna gelirler.
-Carol and Jane laughed at each ather / one another.
-We have known each other / one another for twelve years.
31- Every Other
Bir atlayarak yaplan bir eylemi ifade eder.
-I meet my advisor every other week.
-She writes to me every other month.
Another tekil isimlerle kullanlmasna ramen para, zaman ve mesafe bildirdii
durumlarda oul isim kullanlabilir.
-Give me another twenty dollars! (Bir 20 dolar daha ver).
-Let me have another five days.

ARTICLES
Ingilizcede artikeller a / an / thedr.
Indefinite Articles
a / an saylabilen tekil isimlerle kullanlan belirsiz artikellerdir. Eer kelime sessiz ile
balyorsa bana a, sessiz ile balyorsa bana an alr.
-There is a cat under the table.

177

-I need to eat an apple.

1- Kiilerin meslek isimlerinden nce kullanlrlar.
-Mrs. Clark is a famous actress.
-He is a teacher.
2- Bir cmle ierisinde bir isimden ilk defa bahsediliyor ise:
-I prepared a sandwich for my son.
-I met a change man in the shop.
3- Bir nesnenin ne olduunu ifade ederken kullanlrlar.
-A tiger is a dangerous animal.
4- Baz saylamayan isimleri saylabilir hale getirirken kullanlabilirler.
-A drank a glass of water.
5-Daha nceden tannmayan veya bilinmeyen birisinden bahsederken kullanlrlar.
-There is a Mrs. Park waiting for you.
6-Baz hastalk isimlerinden nce kullanlrlar.
-I have a headache / a backache / a cold.

178

Definite Articles THE

Hem saylabilen hem de saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr. Bir cmle ierisinde daha
nceden bahsedilmi olan bir ey ya da bir kiiden tekrar bahsedildiinde ismin nne
the getirilir.
1-I prepared a sandwich for my son. When he came home, ha ate the sandwich.
lk kez getiinde a, ikinci kez getiinde bilindii iin the kullanlr.
2- Yeryznde sadece bir tane olan isimlerden nce the kullanlr.
-The earth is round.
-The earth goes around the sun.
The moon
The universe
The world
The solary system
The sky
3- Sfatlarn en stnlk (superlative) derecesinden nce the kullanlr.
-Who is the richest person?
-Where is the cheapest restaurant?
-Which is the longest river?
4- Sinema ve tiyatro ve radyodan nce the kullanlr.
-I want to the cinema at weekend.
-We go to the theather every two weeks.
-Would you mind turing down the radio?

179

Eer

televizyondaki

programlardan

bahsediliyorsa

the

kullanlamaz.

Fakat

televizyondan bir cihaz olarak bahsediliyorsa the kullanlr.

-What is on television today?
-Would you mind turning off the TV? I am traying to study.
5- Saylabilen tekil isimlerden nce the kullanldnda bir tr ifade eder. Ayn anlam
verebilmek iin the olmadan sadece oul fiil kullanlmak zorundadr.
-The tiger is a dangerous animal.
-Tigers are dangerous animal.
6- Baz sfatlarn nne the getirilerek bir gruptan veya bir topluluktan bahsedilebilir.
Bu durumda oul fiil kullanlmak zorundadr.
-The young are impatient.
-The young should respect the old.
The rich, the poor, the deaf, the blind, the unemployment.
7- Millet isimleri the ile birlikte kullanldnda btn bir ulusu ifade eder. Eer bir
lkenin kullanld dil ifade edilmek isteniyorsa the kullanlamaz.
-The English like drinking beer.
-English is an easy language to learn.

180

8- Republic, Union, Kingdom, States gibi szcklerden once THE kullanlr.

-The United States of America
-The United Kingdom
-The Soviet Union
9- lke isimleri, kta isimleri, ehir isimleri tek gl isimleri veya tek da isimlerinden
nce the kullanlmaz.
-We live in Turkey.
-Lake Van is salty.
-Mount Ararat is quite high.
10- oul lke isimlerinde nce, takmadalarndan nce, takm gllerden nce ve
sradalardan nce the kullanlr.
-The Great Lakes
-The Himalayas
-The Philipines
-The Netherlands
-The Bahamas
-The Canary Islands
11- Okyanus, deniz, nehir, kanal ve l isimlerinden nce the kullanlr.
-The Nile
-The Mediterranean Sea
-The Black Sea
-The Sahara Desert
-The Bosphorous
12- Blge isimlerinde once the kullanlr.
-The North Pole

181

-The Middle East

-The South of Turkey
13- Aile isimlerinde nce the kullanlr.
-The Browns, The Johnsons.
14- Baz hastalk isimlerinden nce the kullanlr.
-The flu
-The plague
-The mumps-Kabakulak
-The Measles-Kzamk
-The gout-Gut
15- Gazete isimlerinden once the kullanlr.
-The Hrriyet
-The Daily News
16- Otel, restoran, tiyatro, sinema, mze ve galeri isimlerinden nce the kullanlr.
-The Ivy Restaurant- Sarmak lokantas
-The Odeon
-The Hilton
-The British Museum
17- Gnlk nlerden nce the kullanlmaz. Ancak n isimlerinden once bir sfat var
ise sfatn nnde a / an kullanlr. Ayrca birisinin onuruna verilen zel bir yemekten
bahsediliyor ise nnde the kullanlr.
-We usually have dinner at 9 oclock.
-We had a nice breakfast.

182

-We were invited to the dinner for the president.

18- Prison, School, Church, Hospital gibi binalar ilk amalar iin kullanldklarnda
nlerine the almazlar. Fakat ikincil amalar iin kullanldklarnda nlerine the alrlar.
-John committed a crime, so he is in prison. His wife will visit him in the prison.
-My son is at the moment at school. I will go to the school to talk to his teacher.
-I will go to the church in order to take a picture of the carvings.

183

TAG QUESTIONS
Olumlu ve olumsuz cmle sonuna eklenen ve genelde karmzdakinin ayn fikri
paylatn grmek veya sahip olduumuz bilginin doruluunu onaylatmak iin sorulan
sorulardr. Eer cmle olumlu ise sorusu olumsuz, cmle olumsuz ise sorusu olumlu
olmaldr.
-She is craying isnt she ?
-They will not come with us, will they?
-They were sleeping when we went, werent they?
-She somes everday, doesnt she ?
-We turned on the TV, didnt we?
1-There ile kurulan cmlelerin eklenti sorular yine there ile yaplr.
-There are ten boys in the classroom, arent there?
-There used to be a playground here, didnt there?
-There wont be any children, will there?
2- Esas cmlenin znesi everything, something, nothing olduunda eklenti
sorusunun znesi it olur.
-Everything is allright, isnt it?
-Nothing has happened to her, has it?
184

3- Everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody

Esas cmlenin znesi ise eklenti sorusunun znesi they olur.
-Everyone joined the party, didnt they?
-Everbody is ready, arent they?
4- Esas cmlede Nothing, No body, No one, Never, Hardly Ever gibi kendiliinden
cmlenin anlamn olumsuz yapan yaplar var ise eklenti sorusu daima olumlu
olmaldr.
-She has never smoked, has she?
-Nobody has been told, have they?
5- Lets ile balayan cmlelerin eklenti sorular daima shall we ile yaplr. Emir
cmlelerinin eklenti sorular ise will you ile yaplr.
-Lets play chess, shall we?
-Stop talking, will you?
-Dont open your books, will you?
6- Esas cmlenin znesi this ya da that ise eklenti sorusunun znesi it olur.
These/Those ise they olur.
-This car isnt expensive, is it?
-That house is yours, isnt it?

185

7- Bir yan cmle ve temel cmleden oluan kompleks cmlelerde eklenti sorular
temel cmlenin fiiline baklarak yaplr.
-John said that he would go to Japan where he is going to have an education, didnt he?

8- Im afraid
I think
I believe
I suspect
I suppose gibi ifadeler olumsuzluklarnn aktarlmas dnda eklenti sorular zerinde
herhangi bir etkiye sahip deildirler.
-I suppose you are not serious, are you?
-I dont suppose you are serious, are you?
-I dont believe you have paid, have you?

TOO, SO / NEITHER / NOR / EITHER

TOO (-de, -da)
Eer iki olumlu cmle sonda birletirilecekse cmle sonun TOO getirilir.
-Catherine is young, and I am young, too.
-Catherine is young, and I am, too.

186

-Aye likes fishing, and Mehmet does, too.

SO (-de, -da)
Eer iki olumlu cmle ortada birletirilecek ise so kullanlr ve sodan sonra gelen
cmle devrik olmaldr.
-Mehmet ate a hamburger, and so did I.
-Ali can speak English, and so can Mehtap.
EITHER
Eer iki olumsuz cmle, cmle sonunda birletirilecekse bu durumda either kullanlr.
-Sevgi doesnt study maths, and I dont, either.
-Jack isnt on outgoing person, and his friend isnt, either. Outgoing-dadnk
NEITHER / NOR
Eer iki olumsuz cmle ortada birletirilecek ise bu durumda neither ya da nor kullanlr.
Ve bu ifadelerden sonra devrik yap kullanlmak zorundadr.
-I dont like getting up early, neither/nor does my wife.
-I havent listened to my father, neither/nor has my sister.

187

Neither-Too-Either-So zet
- I am a doctor, and he is a doctor, too
ki olumlu cmle sonda birletirilirse too alr.

- I am a doctor so is he.
ki olumlu cmle ortada birletirilirse so alr ve devrik olur.

-I am not a doctor, and he isnt a doctor, either.

ki olumsuz cmle sonda birletirilirse either alr.

-I am not a doctor, neither is he.

ki olumsuz cmle ortada birletirilirse neither ve devrik.

188

13 Temmuz 2011

ADJECTIVES
simlerden nce gelen ve arkasndan gelen ismi niteleyen szcklere sfat denir.
-Mr. Brown is a careful driver.
-Carol is a beautiful girl.
1-After to be
-We are tired today.
-They are happy.
2- After certain words
-Become, feel, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, appear, stay, keep, remain, be .
-The soup smells delicious.
-I fell sick today.
-You should stay calm.
-He appears confident.
-The milk went sour.
3-Sfatlar isimden nce ya da isimden sonra kullanldklarnda farkl anlamlara
gelebilirler.
-She had a long and involved explanation of her late arrival. (karmak anlamnda)
-The people involved were taken to the police station. (mdahil olan anlamnda)

189

-The concerned doctor rang for an ambulance. (endieli anlamnda)

-The doctor concerned is on holiday. (ilgili)
4- Compound Adjectives (Bileik Sfatlar)
-a famous actor a well-known actor (iyi bilenen aktr)
-a haoliday for 5 years a five-year holiday (5 yalar iin tatil)
-a two-year old child (iki yanda bir ocuk)
-a three-year building ( yllk bir bina)
5- To infinitivelerle birlikte kullanlan sfatlar
-He was kind to help us.
-It was kind of him to help us.
-Ali was foolish not to accept the offer. (Teklifi Kabul etmemesi Alinin aptallyd)
-It was foolish of Ali not to accept the offer.
-He was very selfish not to contribute to anything.
-It was very selfish of him not to contribute to anything.
6- Adjectives ending in ing or ed. Fiil kknn sonuna ing ya da ed taks getirilerek
fiilde sfat tretilebilir. Etkileyen taraf iin ing, etkilenen taraf iin ed kullanlr.
- The lesson bored him.
- The lesson was boring.
- He was bored of with the lesson.
- Turkish carpets fascinate him very much.
-Turkish carpets are fascinating.

190

-I am fascinated by Turkish carpets.

COMPERATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

Sfatlarn ngilizcede hali vardr. Positive, comparative, superlative.

1- Tek heceli sfatlar comparative yaparken sfatn sonuna er, superlative yaparken ise
sfatn bana the sonuna ise est taks getirilir.
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Old

Older

The Oldest

Cheap

Cheaper

The cheapest

2- ki ve daha fazla heceli sfatlar comparative yapaken sfatn bana more, superlative
yaparken ise sfatn bana the most getirilir.
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Beautifeul

more beautiful

the most beautifeul

Expensive

more expensive

the most expensive

NOT- Dzensiz yaplarn positive, comparative ve superlative halleri birbirinden

farkldr. Ezberlemek gerekir.
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Good

Better

The best

Bad

Worst

The worst

Far

Further/Further

Little

Less

The Least

Much

More

The Most

Many

More

The Most

The Farthest/The furthest

191

KARILATIRMA YAPILARI
1- ki kii ya da eya karlatrldnda aralarnda eitlik var ise sfatn pozitif hali as
as (as pozitif as) arasna getirilir. Olumsuz yaplarda ise not so as (not so
pozitif as) ve not as as (not as pozitif as) yaplar kullanlr.
-This book is as interesting as that book.
-Ahmet is as handsome as Mehmet.
-My car is not so expensive as your car.
2Half
Twice

+ as

Three Times

much

+ noun

+ as

many

-Catherine has twice as much time as Sue. (Catherine Suenn iki kat kadar zamana
sahiptir)
-She puts four times as much sugar in her tea as me. (O ayna benimkinden drt kat
kadar daha eker koyar).
-If he were half as lucky as you are, he would be extremely rich.

3- . the same noun as ..

-Alis watch is the same colour as Toms. (Alinin saati Tomunkiyle ayn renktedir).
-He has the same views as his father. (O, onun babasyla ayn grlere sahiptir.)
192

-Ali is the same weight as Aye.

4- ki kii ya da eya karlatrldnda birinin dierine bir derece stnl sz konusu
ise bu durumda sfatn comperative hali kullanlr. Eer birisi ile karlatrma yaplyor
ise sfatn comperative hali daima than ile birlikte kullanlmak zorundadr.
-I am thinner.
-I am thinner than Mehmet.
-Her car is cheaper.
-Her car is cheaper than mine.
-She is more pessimistic.
-She is more pessimistic than you.
5- veya daha fazla ki veya eya karlatrldnda birinin dierlerine en
stnl sz konusu ise the superlative noun . in / of yaps kullanlr.
-This is the oldest theatre in London.
-Mehtap is the clever girls of all the students.
-Mount Ararat is the highest mountain in Turkey.
-Jim is the most interesting person I have ever met.
6- Tedrici, yavai yava art veya azallar iki comparative arasna and getirilerek
elde edilir.
-The weather is getting colder and colder.

193

-He became less and less interested.

-His health is getting better and better.
-Living conditions have been getting more and more difficult.
7- Birbirine bal neden-sonu ilikisi gsteren kyaslamalar ve parallel ifadeler iin
the comparative..the comparative yaps kullanlr.
-The more you study, the more questions you answer.
-The smaller the house is, the less it will cost to heat. (Ev ne kadar kkse onu stmak o
kadar az olur).
8- Older / The Oldest
Elder / The Eldest
NOT- Older / The Oldest iki kii ya da nesnenin yalar karlatrldnda veya iki
eyden hangisinin daha ya da en eski olduunu belirttiimizde kullanlr. Bununla birlikte
Elder / The Eldest aile bireylerinden kimin daha byk ya da en byk olduunu
belirtmek iin kullanlr.
-My elder sister is an architect.
-My husband is the eldest in the family.
-This car older than that car.
-I am older than you.

194

MODIFICATION OF COMPARATIVES (SIFATLARIN GLENDRLMES)

Bunu yapmak iin comparativelerin nnde unlar kullanlr.

Considerably
Much
Far
A lot
A Little
Even
No
Any
Rather
All the
A great deal
-The flat is considerably larger than our flat.
-He is a much better dentist than he is.
-You look a lot better now.
-It would be a great deal easier if you come.
-She is only a little taller than her sister.
-You know I am lazzy, bu she is even lazier than me.
-Some species of dinosours are no bigger than a chicken.
-If it will make you any happier, I will shave off my beard.

195

-The weather was rather worse than we expected.

-When I told him the truth, he became all the more depressed.

MODIFICATION OF SUPERLATIVES

Quite
Much
Very
By far
-This is quite the most expensive.
-This is much the worst road in the country.
-I want to give my children the very best education I can afford.
-This is by far the greatest threat this country has ever faced.

196

ADVERBS- ZARFLAR
Fiilleri, sfatlar, edatlar niteleyen kelimelere zarf denir. Zarflar isimleri nitelemezler.
Nasl, nerede, ne zaman sorularna cevap verirler.
1- LY adverbs
-Mr. Brown is careful driver.
-Mr. Brown drives carefully.
-Tom showted at me angrily.
2- Sonu ly ile biten fakat anlamlar farkl olan kelimeler.
Highly
Shortly
Lately
Harly
-She is highly intelligent. (very anlamnda)
-Mr. Brown will return office shortly. (soon - yaknda anlamnda)
-I havent seen them lately. (recently)
-The baby was ill. He hardly ate anything. (almost not)
3- Sonu ly ile biten fakat zarf olmayan kelimeler.
-Catherine is friendly girl.

197

-He is a lonely man.

-The dog you have bought is lovely.
4- Fairly, Quite, Rather
Fairly ve rather olduka, bir hayli anlamna gelir. Fairly olumlu sfat ve zarflarla
kullanlrken, rather olumsuz ve zarflarla kullanlr. Quite ise farkl iki anlam olan bir
szcktr. lk anlamyla fairly gibi olumlu sfat ve zarflarla olduka anlamnda kullanlr.
kinci anlam ise completely-tamamen anlamna gelir.
-The exam fairly easy.
-The exam was rather difficult.
-It is rather cold today.
-It is fairly warm today.
-His English is quite good.
-She is quite subjective in this matter.

198

STATIVE PASSIVES
Stative Passives baz fiilerin Passive formda kullanlp belirli bir preposition almalar
anlamna gelir. Bu tr yaplar biimsel olarak Passive olmalarna ramen her zaman
Passive anlamda evrilmezler. Aadaki listede bu tr yaplarn en nemlileri
sralanmtr. Bu listede yer alan prepositionlar ezberlemeniz veya kullanm mantn
anlamanz nemlidir.

Stative Passive Listesi

FL

TRKE

be absorbed in
sth

bir eye kendini

kaptrmak

be accompanied by

ile birlikte olmak

3
4
5

be accustomed to
sth/so
be acquainted with
sth/so
be addicted to
smt/so

alkn olmak
aina olmak
mptela, baml
olmak

be amazed at sth

ok armak

be annoyed at /
about sth

kzmak

be annoyed with so

kzmak

be associated with
sth

ilikili olmak

10

be astionished at
sth

armak

11

be attracted to

e cezbolmak,
ekilmek, e
yapmak

12

be based on sth

e dayal olmak

13

be blessed with sth

ile kutsanmak,
Allah vergisi

14

be bored with sth

can sklmak

be committed to
sth / so
be composed of sth

kendini adamak,
sz vermek
den olumak

15
16

RNEK
Simon was so absorbed in his book,
he didn't even notice me come in
Depression is almost accompanied by
insomnia.
I'm not accustomed to being treated
like this.
I am not personally acquainted with
the gentlemen in question.
By the age of 14 he was addcited to
heroin.
She was amazed at how calm she felt
after the accident.
He was annoyed at the way she tried
to take over the whole meeting.
I was very annoyed with him for
turning up late.
For many years, she was associated
with The National Council of Negro
Women.
The doctors were astonished at the
speed of her recovery.
The electron is attracted to the
nucleus. - He is attracted to young
and beautiful woman.
The film is based on a short story by
Thomas Mann.
She is blessed with both beauty and
brains.
He was getting bored eith / of doing
the same thing every day.
We aree committed to withdrawing
our troops by the end of the years.
The committee is composed of MPs,
doctors, academics and member of

199

the public.
17

be comprised of

den olumak

18

be concerned about
/ over sth

kayglanmak

19

be concerned with
sth

ilgilenmek, ilgili
olmak

20

be confused with
sth

kafas karmak

21

be congested with

ile dolu olmak

22

be connected to so /
sth

akraba, balantl
olmak

23

be connected with
sth

balantl, ilgili
olmak

24

be contented with

den honut
olmak

25

be convinced of sth

ikna olmak

26

be coordinated with
sth

ile uyumlu olmak

27

be coupled with

ile birlemek

28

be covered in sth

ile kapl olmak,

kapatmak

29

be covered with / by
sth

ile kapl

30

be crowded with so

ile dolu olmak

31
32
33
34
35
36

be dedicated to
so / sth
be delighted at /
with / by
be derived from sth
be devoted to so /
sth
be disapponited at /
about sth
be disapponited
in / with so

kendini adamak
den memnun
olmak
den tremek

The class is comprised mainly of

Italina and French students.
There's a lot of public concern about /
over dangerous toxins recently found
in food.
Today's lesson is concerned with
punctuation.
We were confused of by the language
which was mixture of French, Spanish
and Arabic.
Our mainland is congested with
people and high rise buildings.
He is connected to a company that
owns a significant portion of our
business.
She was connected with the college in
a variety of ways throught her adult
life.
She was contented with a quieter life
in the country near Melbourne.
Her mother was convinced of her
musical talents, and she provided her
daughter with lessons in dance, voice
and elocution.
This plan should be coordinated with
all appropriate governmental
agencies.
High inflation, coupled with low
output, spells disaster for the
Government in the election.
The bandages were covered in blood.
How much of the Earth's surface is
covered by / with water.
When we arrived, we found the
museum was crowded with people
taking pictures.
The Green Party is dedicated to
protecting the environment.
I was delighted at / with / by your
news.
The English word 'olive' is derived
from the Latin word 'oliva'.

kendini adamak

Lucy is devoted to her cats.

hayal krklna
uramak
hayal krklna
uramak

We were deeply disappointed at /

about the result.
His parents were bitterly diasppointed
in / with him.

200

37
38

be discriminated
against so
be disgusted at /
with so

ayrmclk
yapmak
tiksinmek

She felt she had been discriminated

against because of her age.
I'm totally disgusted at / with your
behaviour.
All the other teachers are thoroughly
disillusioned with their collague.
James hes been very sensitive since
he was divorced from his wife.
After he was done with the
interviewee, we got together to talk
about him.

39

be dissillusioned by

hayal krklna
uramak

40

be divorced from so

boanmak

41

be done with sth

ii bitmek,
tamamlamak

42

be dressed in sth

giyinmek

43

be engaged in

ile megul olmak

44

be engaged to so

nianl olmak

45

be engrossed in

bireye kendini
kaptrmak

46

be equipped with
sth

donanm olmak

47

be excited about
sth

heyacanlanmak

48

be exposed to sth

maruz kalmak

49

be fascinated by

den bylenmek

50

be filled with

ile dolu olmak

These cakes are filled with cream.

51

be finished with sth

ile ii bitmek

Are you finished with that drill?

52

be furnished with
sth

The home was furnished with three

water heaters.

53

be impressed in

denmi, ile
donanm olmak
ile ilgilenmek, e
kendini
kaptrmak

54

be impressed with
sth

55

be indebted to

56

be indulged in

57

be interested in sth

etkilenmek
e minnettar
olmak
ile uramak, e
dkn olmak
ilgilenmek

He was dressed in a dark grey suit.

They've been engaged in a legal
battle with the council for several
months.
She was engaged to some guy in the
army.
They were engrossed in / with what
they were doing that they didn't hear
me come in.
All the police officers were equipped
with shields to defend themselves
against the rioters.
Are you getting excited about your
holiday?
It is feared that people living near the
power station may have been
exposed to radiation.
Elementary scholl students are
fascinated by science.

From his youth, he was immersed in

traditional Ponca life.
I remember when I eas a child being
very impressed with how many toys
she had.
We're deeply indebted to you for your
help.
She was indulged in one of her
favorite pastimes.
I'd be very interested in knowing
more about the services your firm
offer.

201

karmak,
bulamak
ile ilgilenmek,
duygusal iliki
kurmak

62 % of Republican say Saddam was

involved in 9 / 11.

be known for sth

ile tannmak

He was known for his sense of humor.

be limited to sth

ile snrl olmak

Places on the bus are limited to fiftyso book early.

den olumak

He was wearing a suit made from

pure silk.

den olumak

The house was made of wood, with an

iron roof.

den olumak

The bottom of the car was made out

of nylon cloth.

58

be involved in sth

59

be involved with sth

60
61

62

63

64

be made from
(kimyasal-fiziksel
deiiklikler iin)
be made of (fiziksel
deiim)
be made out of
(objenin kullanm
amacnda deiim)

She's been involved with animal

rights for many years.

The legion was made up of mercenary

soldiers from different countries.
So how long have you been married
to Nicky?

65

be made up of

den olumak

66

be married to so

ile evli olmak

67

be married with

evli ve
ocuk/torun
sahibi olmak

68

be noted for

69

be obliged to + V
1

e mecbur olmak

70

be obliged to so

minnettar olmak

71

be obsessed with

e taknts olmak

72

be obsessed to sth /
so

e kar olmak

73

be packed with

ile dolu olmak

74

be perplexed by

armak,
afallamak

75

be persuaded by

ikna olmak

76

be pleased about
/with sth

77

be preoccupied with

den memnun
olmak
ile fazla megul
olmak

Our language course is noted for its

progressive policies.
She feels obliged to be nice to Jack
because he's her boss.
"Here's the information you
requested." "Oh I'm much obliged to
you."
Why are people so obsessed with
money?
She's opposed to religious education
in schools.
This book is packed with useful
information.
As I drove near his school, I was
perplexed by the number of
photographers and cameramen
standing around.
She has been persuaded by Akex to
help him create the show garden.
Are you pleased about John's
promotion?
Why I the media so preoccupied with
love lives of politicians?

78

be prepared for sth

e hazr olmak

They were prepared for the worst.

79

be provided for so

salanmak,
temin edilmek

Medical surveillance will be provided

for employees who are exposed to

She is married with one daughter and

two grandsons.

202

lead.

88

be scared of so / sth

den korkmak

89

be seperated from
sth / so

den ayr olmak,

ayrlmak

90

be shocked at sth

ok armak

91

be stunned at / by
sth

armak

92

be surprised at sth

armak

be synchronized
with sth
be terrified of sth
/ so
be thrilled at / with
sth

ile uyum iinde

olmak

The Iraqi population will be provided

with food under the UN World Food
Programme during the next 4 months.
The doctor said he was puzzled by
the mas's sudden death.
Experts believe that the large number
of cancer cases in the area are
directly related to the new nuclear
power station.
The victim's mother said she was
relieved at the jury's decision.
She will be remembered for her
courage.
The region is reputed for its
techniques in foundary and in
welding.
Membership is rexstricted to chief
executive officers.
Are your satisfied with the new
arrangement?
I'm scared of telling her what really
happened.
Somehow, in the rush to get out of
the building, I got seperated form my
mother.
I was shocked at how many loopholes
there are in the law these days.
I was stunned at what I saw before
me.
People are surprised at how down-toearth I am.
External serial numbers should be
synchronized with equipment records.

ok korkmak

I'm terrified of the dark.

ok
heyecanlanmak

96

be thronged with

ile dolu olmak

97

be tired from sth

den yorulmak

98

be tired of sth

den bkmak

99

be troubled with sth

/ so

ile ba beleda
olmak

10
0

be upset with /
about so / sth

hayal krklna
uramak

She was thrilled to bits with his

present.
The narrow streets were thronged
with summer visitors.
Because I was tired from working all
day, I did not go out.
I'm so tired of doing the same job,
day afer day.
About 2 years ago he was troubled
with a complication of lung and
kidney trouble.
Don't get upset with / about the dress
- there's only a little stain on it.

80

be provided with so

salanmak,
temin edilmek

81

be puzzled by

kafas karmak

82

be related to sth /
so

balantl, akraba
olmak

83

be relieved at sth

rahatlamak

84

be remembered for
sth

ile hatrlanmak

85

be reputed for sth

ile nl olmak

86
87

93
94
95

be restricted to sth /
so
be satisfied with
sth

ile snrl olmak

den memnun
olmak

203

10
1

be used to sth / so

e alkn olmak

10
2

be worried about
sth

kayglanmak,
endielenmek

Eventually you'll get/become used to

the smells of the laboratory.
They don't seem particularly worried
about the situaiton.

204

COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS
Complex Prepositions Trke Anlam
1

according to

e gre

ahead of

inde, ileride

along with

beraber

apart from

den baka

as for

e gelince

because of

den dolay

by means of

yoluyla

contrary to

aykr olarak

due to

den dolay

10

except for

den baka

11

for the sake of

nin iyilii iin, uruna

12

in accordance with

uygun olarak, e gre

13

in addition with

karlama

14

in back of

bir eyin arkasnda

15

in common with

ortak, benzer

16

in comparison with

karlatrmak

17

in conjunction with

ile birlikte, ile balantl olarak, ile

alakal

18

in connection with

mnasebetiyle

19

in favour of

lehinde

20

in front of

in nnde

21

in regard to

hakknda

22

in relation to

balantl olarak, mnasebetiyle

23

n return for

nin yerine

24

in spite of

e ramen

205

25

instead of

nn yerine

26

next to

yannda, bitiiinde

27

on account of

sebebiyle

28

on behalf of

birisinin adna

29

on top of

ilaveten, stnde

30

out of

darya

31

out of order

bozulmak, almamak

32

owing to

den dolay

33

preperatory to

n hazrlk

34

prior to

den once

35

regardless of

gznne almakszn

36

thanks to

Sayesinde

37

together with

beraberinde

38

up against

kar karya kalmak

39

up to

birisine, bir eye bal

40

with respect to

Hususunda

206

DSDE IKAN BAZI ZARFLAR

Zarf

Trke Anlam

abruptly

Birdenbire

accordingly

buna gore

accurately

doru bir ekilde

admittedly

kabul edilebilir ekilde

adversely

kt bir ekilde

alternately

Srasyla

ambiguously

Belirsizce

annoyingly

vcan skc ekilde

appealingly

ekici bir ekilde

10

appropriately

uygun ekilde

11

assidiously

gayretli bir ekilde

12

astoundingly

artc bir ekilde

13

avidly

agzl bir ekilde

14

chiefly

Genellikle

15

compulsively

zorlayc bir ekilde

16

confidently

emin olarak, kendine gvenerek

17

considerably

olduka, epey, dikkate deer

18

considerately

saygl bir ekilde

19

consistently

tutarl bir ekilde

20

convincingly

ikna edici ekilde

21

cunningly

Kurnazca

22

customarily

alld gibi

23

decisively

kararl bir ekilde

24

deliberately

kasten, taammden

25

diligently

alkan bir ekilde

26

discreetly

tedbirli bir ekilde, farkl bir ekilde

27

disturbingly

rahatsz edecek ekilde

207

28

diversely

farkl bir ekilde

29

enormously

fazlasyla, oka

30

erratically

dzensizce, kararszca

31

eventually

Nihayet

32

evidently

aka, besbelli

33

excessively

ar bir ekilde

34

excessively

ar bir ekilde, ar ekilde

35

explicitly

Aka

36

favourably

olumlu bir ekilde

37

finely

ince ince

38

firmly

keskin bir ekilde

39

flagarantly

gre gore

40

furiously

fkeli ekilde

41

furtively

Gizlice

42

grimly

Vahice

43

inadequately

yetersiz bir ekilde

44

incitentally

aklma gelmiken

45

inevitably

aresiz, ster istemez, kanlmaz ekilde

46

inevitably

aresiz, ster istemez, kanlmaz ekilde

47

instantly

annda hemencecik

48

invariably

deimez bir ekilde

49

merely

Sadece, Yalnz, Srf

50

mostly

ounlukla

51

nearly

hemen hemen, almost, not far from,

neredyse

52

nominally

ismen, szde

53

notably

epeyce, dikkat ekecek ekild significantly,

clearly

54

occasionaly

ara sra

55

overwhelmingly

ezici bir ekilde, ok kuvvetli biimde

56

partly

Ksmen

57

perpetually

devaml olarak

58

plausibly

makul ekil

208

59

pointlessly

Gereksizce

60

precisely

tam olarak, kesin olarak

61

preferably

Tercihen

62

presumably

Tahminen

63

prevalent

Yaygn

64

prevalently

Yaygn olarak

65

preventably

nleyecek ekilde

66

preventably

nleyecek ekilde

67

properly

uygun bir ekilde

68

proportionally

orantsal olarak

69

proportionally

orantsal olarak

70

punctually

dakik bir ekilde

71

relatively

Nispeten

72

reluctantly

Gnlszce

73

remarkably

kaydadeer ekilde

74

remotely

Uzaktan

75

reputably

hretli

76

reverently

ok saygl bir ekilde

77

roughly

kabaca, yaklak olarak, aa yukar

78

seemingly

Grnte

79

severely

sert bir ekilde, ciddi biimde

80

slightly

Hafife

81

sparingly

Tutumlu

82

sporadically

ara sra, belli aralklarla

83

steadily

Durmadan

84

steeply

inanlmaz ekilde

85

stunningly

artacak ekilde

86

subsequantly

daha sonar

87

substantially

nemli bir ekilde

88

substantially

nemli bir ekilde

89

suitably

uygun bir ekilde, properly

90

surreptitiously

gizlice, sahtekarca

209

91

swiftly

sratle, abucak

92

tally

etele, hesap, uyma, birbirini tutma

93

temporarily

geici olarak

94

tenderly

kibarca

95

thoroughly

tamamen, en ince ayrntsna kadar,

derinlemesine

96

tightly

sk ekilde

97

timidly

rkeke

98

tramendously

haybetli, grkemli bir ekilde

99

transiently

geici olarak

10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3

typically

Genellikle

ultimately

Eninde sonunda, sonuta

vaguely

belirsiz bir ekilde

virtually

hemen hemen

210

DSDE IKAN BAZI PHRASAL VERBLER

Phrasal Verb

Trke Anlam

accordance with

ile uyumlu/uygun olarak

associated with

ile ilikilendirilmi

back up with

Desteklemek

bangs out

bangr bangr almak

bind to

bireye balamak, tutunmak, yapmak

blow away

kapmak, srklemek

bounced of

frlatma, yanstma

break down

bozulmak, paralanmak

breaking into

hrszlk amacyla girmek

10

bring about

ortaya karma

11

bring forth

sebep olmak, meydana getirmek

12

bring of

baarl olmak

13

bring through

hastalktan kurtulmak

14

bring up with

Yetitirmek

15

brought down

aa indirmek, ykmak

16

by its very nature

doas gerei

17

by no means

Vastasyla

18

caary on

devam ettirme, srdrme

19

carve in

Oymak

20

close up

Kapatmak

21

coincied with

Rastgelme

22

come across

Karlama

23

come out of

kaynaklanmak, kmak, zuhur etmek

211

24

come up with

ortaya kmak

25

concern about

birey iin endie etmek

26

cost-overrun

maliyet am

27

crept into

svmak, gizlice girmek

28

curious about

bireyi merak etmek

29

cut back on

azaltmak, kesmek, ksmak

30

cut down

Azaltma

31

cut free from

serbest brakmak

32

cut of

kesmek, balantsn koparmak

33

deal with

Ilgilenmek

34

derive from

bir eyden kaynaklanma

35

derived from

Tretmek

36

deter from

bireyden caydrma

37

died of

soyu tkenme

38

do weel by

iyilik etmek

39

doing away

Kurtulmak

40

drop of

Uyanma

41

drove of

uzaklatrma, pskrtme

42

dwells upon

zerinde durmak

43

embark on

Balamak

44

end up

kendini belli bir yerde bulmak, sonulanma

45

expel form

bir yerden kovulmak

46

fall in with

Kaplmak

47

fall into disrepute

gzden dmek

48

fall short

olduu gibi kmamak, eksik gelmek

212

49

fallout

Serpinti

50

Fed up with

Bkmak, bezmek, -den usanmak.

51

feel up to

kendini yeterince enerjik hissetmek

52

Find out

renmek, bulup karmak, anlamak,

kefetmek.

53

find out about

Bulmak

54

fit in

smak, yerlemek

55

fit into

uydurma, somak

56

flow into

e akmak

57

focus on

bireye odaklanmak

58

follow up

sndrmek, izlemek, peini brakmamak

59

force out

mecbur etmek

60

force out

mecbur etmek

61

get away with

baarl olmak, paay kurtarmak, atlatmak

62

get on with

Anlama

63

get through

telefonla birine ulamak, meclisten birey

geirmek

64

give of

Yaylma

65

give out

yayma, karmak

66

give prominence

nem kazandrma, nlendirme

67

give rise to

yol amak

68

give up

pes etmek, vaz gemek, brakmak

69

hand down

teslim etmek

70

holds up

geciktirmek, engellemek

71

in many respect

pekok adan

72

in turn

Srayla

73

incorporate into

dahil etme, ierme

213

74

interfere with

araya girme, karma

75

keen to

hevesli olmak

76

keep on

srdrmek, diretmek

77

keep out

ieri almamak, ieri sokmamak

78

keep up

yksekte tutmak

79

keep up with

e yetime, ayak uydurma

80

lead to

yol amak, gtrmek, getirmek

81

lie ahead

ileride olacak olan

82

lights up

aramak, bulunmak

83

look down on

Kmsemek

84

look for

Aramak

85

look into

incelemek, aratrmak

86

look over

gzden geirmek, stnden bakmak

87

lured to

ekme, cezbetme

88

made out to

Yetitirmek

89

made over

deitirmek, dntrmek

90

make do

idare etmek

91

make of

Svmak

92

make over

dntrmek, deitirmek

93

make sure of

emin olmak

94

make up

barmak, dostolmak, makyaj yapmak

95

make up for

telafi etme

96

make up for

telafi etme

97

make up for

telafi etmek

98

make up of

meydana gelmek, olumak, desteklemek

214

99

make up to

yaranmaya alma

10
0

making for

bir ynde ilerlemek

10
1

making way for

yol aarak

10
2

mind boggling

kafa kartrc, artc

10
3

move of with

ayrlmak, uzaklamak

10
4

on one occasion

bir seferinde

10
5

out break

patlak verme

10
6

payof

cretini demek

10
7

place of

bir eyin yerinde (olmak)

10
8

play down

nemsiz gstermek

10
9

plunging price

aa doru giden fiyatlar

11
0

preoccupation with

bir eyle megul olmak

11
1

prey to

av olmak

11
2

prone to

eilimli olmak

11
3

pull down

aa ekmek, ykmak

11
4

pull out of

kmak terketmek

11
5

pull through

toparlanmak, iyilemek

11
6

pull up

yukar ekme

11
7

put down

yazmak, aldatmak

11
8

put forward to

ileri srmek

11
9

put of

ertelemek, vazgemek

12
0

put on

koymak, uygulamak, giyinmek

12
1

put out

Sndrmek

12
2

put out of

dnda durmak

12
3

put pressure on

basn uygulama

215

12
4

put pressure on

basn uygulama

12
5

put through

baarmak, telefon balamak, tamamlamak

12
6

put up with

katlanmak, dayanmak

12
7

put up with

katlanmak, dayanmak

12
8

ranks high

st sralarda gelmek

12
9

rely on

gvenme, dayanma

13
0

resistant to

e direnli

13
1

restrict from

Alkoymak

13
2

run out of

Tketmek

13
3

run over

ezmek, inemek

13
4

run up

biriktirmek, artrmak

13
5

set down to

yazmak, indirmek yere koymak

13
6

set of

yola kma

13
7

sift out

Ayrma

13
8

spring from

den kaynaklanmak

13
9

stand for

Simgelemek

14
0

start of

Balamak

14
1

stay away

uzak kalmak

14
2

take away

alp gtrmek

14
3

take into account

hasaba katmak

14
4

take into
consideration

gznne alma

14
5

take over

sorumluluunu alma, stlenme

14
6

take place

meydana gelmek, gerekleme

14
7

take to

balamak, kan kaynamak, sevmek, holanmak

14
8

take turn

srayla yapma

216

14
9

take up with

arkadalk etmek

15
0

teem witth

kaynamak, dolu olamk

15
1

thought out

Dnmek

15
2

to be attune to

uyumlu olma, ayn tonda olma

15
3

to be self-reliant

Kendi kendine gvenmek

15
4

to be subject to

maruz kalma

15
5

to deal with

baetme, baa kma

15
6

to elaborate

dikkatle hazrlamak, zenerek tertip etmek

15
7

to keep in mind

hatrnda tutmak

15
8

to lose ground

yer kaybetmek

15
9

turn down

reddetme, geri evirme

16
0

turn in

iine kvrmak

16
1

turn out

kovmak, ieri almak

16
2

turn over

zinhinde ekip evirmek, dnmek

16
3

turned over

zihninde evirip evirmek, drmek

16
4

vary from

den deimek

16
5

walk out

Terketmek

16
6

wears out

askimek, ypranmak, anmak

16
7

weeds out

ayrlmak, karmak, skartaya karmak

16
8

weight up

arl olmak

16
9

well-of

Zengin

17
0

while by no means

hibir surette

17
1

witchcraft

Byclk

17
2

with regard to

E gelince, Nazaran, hususunda

17
3

with regard to

ilikin olmak

217

17
4

within reach

eriilebilir, ullabilir

17
5

work out

halletmek, zmek

17
6

wrapped up

kendini kaptrma

17
7

wreaking havoc

bireyi altst etmek

17
8

write of

Reddetme

218

DSDE SIKA IKAN SZCKLER

Szck-Sz
Grubu

Trke Anlam

a course to steer

gidilecek yol

abolish

Lavetme, yrlkten kaldrma, iptal etme

abolition

Kaldrma

abrasion

Anma

abreast of the time

zamana ayak uydurmak

abrupt

Ani

abruptly

aniden, anszn, birdenbire

abundant

bol, bereketli

abuse

ktye kullanma, istismar

10

accelerate

Hzlanma, hzlandrma, Canlanma

11

accentuate

Belirtmek

12

accompaniment

Bileen

13

accompany

elik etmek

14

accord with

uyum iinde olmak

15

accordance with

ile uyumlu/uygun olarak

16

accordingly

buna gore

17

account for

hesabn verme, aklamak, sebebini bulmak

18

account of

hikaye etme, anlatma, aklamak, hesabn verme

19

accurate

doru

20

accurately

doru bir ekilde

21

accuse of

bireyle sulama

22

acquaintance

tandk, tanma, e-dost, aina

23

acquire a taste

lezzet gelitirmek

24

acqusition

elde etme

25

across

karsnda, kar tarafnda, boydan boya

26

adequate

uygun, elverili, yeterli

27

adequately

laykyle, yeterli derecede

28

adhesive

Yaptrc

29

admiration for

bireye hayranlk duymak

219

30

admission

Kabul

31

Admit

Kabul etmek, ieri almak.

32

admittedly

hi kukusuz, itiraf edildii gibi, kabul edilebilir ekilde

33

adversely

kt bir ekilde

34

affiliation

yelik, yakn iliki, balant

35

affliction

strap, sknt, ac, dert, keder

36

affluent

bol, zengin

37

afterall

buna karn

38

aggravate

ktleme, can skma

39

aggregate

mecmu, toplam, yekun, kme

40

aggregation

toplanma, bir araya gelme btnleme

41

alacrity

Atiklik, eviklik, can atma

42

all the while

bu sre zarfnda

43

allege

iddia etmek

44

allegiance

vatan ve hkmdara sadakat, ballk, merbutiyet

45

alleviate

Hafifletme

46

allocate

tahsis etmek

47

alloy

Alam

48

allude

ima etme

49

almshouses

Fakirhane

50

altering

Deitirmek

51

alternated

Srasyla

52

alternately

Srasyla

53

ambiguously

belirsizce, bulank ekilde

54

amplify

geniletmek, bytmek, sesini kuvvetlendirme

55

amuse

memnuniyet iinde

56

angage

megul olmak

57

annihilation

imha etme, mahvetme, ortadan kaldrma

58

annoy

sinir bozma, fkelenmek

59

annoyance

Kazdrma

60

annoyingly

vcan skc ekilde

61

anticipation

beklemek, umma, tahmin

220

62

appeal

yalvarma, bavurma

63

appealingly

ekici bir ekilde

64

apprehension

korku, kuruntu, endie

65

appropriate

Mnasip, Uygun

66

appropriately

uygun ekilde

67

approve

Onaylama

68

aqueduct

eme

69

arid

kurak, orak

70

arise

ortaya kmak, kalkmak, zuhur etmek

71

armistice

Atekes

72

arouse

uyandrma, canlandrma

73

as a matter of

sorun olarak

74

as regards

e gelince, ilikin olarak

75

as to

ilikin olmak, ile ilgili olarak, e gelince

76

ascent

77

ash

Kl

78

aspiration

arzu, istek, itiyak, yksek gaye edinme

79

assemblage

80

assert

81

asset

Deer

82

assidiously

gayretli bir ekilde

83

assist in

desteklemek, yardmc olamk

84

associated with

ile ilikilendirilmi

85

assume

Varsaymak

86

astonishing

Elverisiz

87

astoundingly

artc bir ekilde

88

astray

yolundan km, yanl yol tutmu, saptm, sapm

89

at a fraction

drtte biri orannda

90

at a steady rate

duraan bir oranda

91

at ease

rahatlk, kolaylk

92

at once time

nce, eskiden

toplant, meclis, bir araya toplanma, montaj, takm,

kalabalk
ispat ve iddia edilen beyan etmek, zerinde durmak,
beyan etmek, teyit

221

93

at regular intervals

dzenli aralklarla

94

atrophy

alktan zayf dme, dumura urama, krelme

95

attempt

Giriimde bulunma, Kalkma, Teebbs

96

attenuate

ince, hafif

97

attract

cezbetme, ekme, etkileme

98

attribute to

atfetmek, yansmak

99

augment

Bytme, Artma, Uzatma, oaltma

100

Avalanche

vurmal alg, tuzak, catc an animal

101

avian

kulara ait

102

aviation

Havaclk

103

avidly

agzl bir ekilde

104

avoid

Kanmak

105

back up with

Desteklemek

106

backers

Destekleyiciler

107

backward

Geri, geriye, geri kalm blgeler

108

bald

kel

109

bangs out

bangr bangr almak

110

bargaining

Pazarlk, Mzakere haklar, Pazarlk ilemleri

111

barter

dei toku

112

bastion

kale, salamlatrlm yer, bur, tabya

113

bat

yarasa

114

beam

n, k samak

115

bear

tamak

116

before long

ok gemeden

117

benign

iyi olmak, gzel, ho

118

bewildering

artacak

119

bind to

bireye balamak, tutunmak, yapmak, balamak

120

Bitterest

En keskin, ac, iddetli

121

bizarre

garip

122

blackens

karalama, lekeleme

123

blame

ayplama, kabahat, azarlama

124

blanket

battaniye

222

125

blast

patlama

126

bleak

kasvetli

127

bleeding

kanama

128

blow away

kapmak, srklemek

129

blow on

ateli

130

blunt

keser

131

blur(ring)

bulanklatrmak, bulatrmak, yaymak, lekelemek,

bulanklk

132

boast

vnme, bbrlenme, iinme

133

bone marrow

kemik ilii

134

boost

artrma, ortaya karma

135

booster

patlayc

136

boredom

sknt, can sknts

137

bounced of

frlatma, yanstma

138

bountiful

bol

139

break down

bozulmak, paralanmak

140

breaking into

hrszlk amacyla girmek

141

breastfeeding

emzirme

142

breeze

meltem

143

bribe

Rvet.

144

briefly

ksa zamanda

145

bring about

ortaya karma

146

bring forth

sebep olmak, meydana getirmek

147

bring of

baarl olmak

148

bring through

hastalktan kurtulmak

149

bring up with

yetitirmek

150

brink

snr, eik

151

brittle

krmak

152

brought down

aa indirmek, ykmak

153

bug

bcek

154

bumpy

inili kl

155

bursting

patlama

156

busting out

tymek

223

157

butchering

kasaplk

158

by comparing

karlatrarak

159

by flying in formation

belli bir dzende uarak

160

by its very nature

doas gerei

161

by no means

vastasyla

162

by
something

Bir eyi gzlemleyerek

163

calcify

to become solid, frozen

164

capital punishment

lm cezas

165

capitve

tutsak, esir, mahkum

166

carry away

tamak

167

carry on

devam ettirme, srdrme

168

carve in

oymak

169

casing

klf

170

cast-in-place

yerinde dklm (beton)

171

cave

maara

172

cease

durmak, kesmek, bitmek, sona ermek, brakmak, devam

etmemek

173

ceiling

tavan, tavan fiyat

174

celestial

gksel, gkyzyle ilgili

175

centenarians

yz yana gelen kiiler

176

charm

cazibe

177

cheating

hilekarlk

178

chiefly

belli bal, genellikle, tamamen

179

child abuse

ocuk istismar

180

childbearing

ocuk dourma

181

chilling

dondurucu, tc

182

clarification

aydnlatma, aklama, vuzuha kavuturma

183

clay

kl

184

clear out

defolup gitmek, boaltmak

185

cleavage

blnme, ayrlk, hcre blnmesi

186

clerk

katip

187

cloak

rtme

observing

224

188

clog

tkama

189

clogged

tkanm

190

close up

kapatmak

191

coherent

uygun, ahenkli, yapk, tutarl

192

coincied with

rastgelme

193

collide

arpma

194

collision

arpma

195

combustion

yanma

196

come across

karlama

197

come out of

kaynaklanmak, kmak, zuhur etmek

198

come up with

bireyle ortaya kma

199

commission

grevlendirme

200

commit

201

commitment

202

commonest

en yaygn

203

compatible with

ile uygun, birbirini tutan, mnasip, geimli

204

compelling

zorlayan, ilgi uyandran, zorlayc

205

competent

rekabeti

206

compile

derlemek

207

complacent

memnun, rahat

208

complain

ikayet etmek

209

complement

tamamlama

210

component

Tamamlayc para, Bileen, Unsur, Eleman

211

composition

bileim, terkip

212

comprehend

kapsamak, anlamak

213

comprehensible

anlalr, anlalabilir, makul

214

compulsively

zorlayc bir ekilde

215

compute

hesaplamak

216

conceivable

makul, akla uygun

217

conceive

gebe kalmak, anlamak, kavramak, idrak etmek, tasavvur

etmek, izah etmek

218

concern about

birey iin endie etmek

ilemek, yapmak, emanet etmek, teslim etmek, sz

vererek balamak
sz, vaat taahht, sorumluluk, stlenme, ballk, teslim
olma

225

219

conclusive

sonu getirerecek ekilde

220

concrete

maddi, somut, mahhas, muayyen, beton, beton dkmek,

talama

221

condemn

knamak, ayplamak, sulu karma

222

conditional

artl

223

conduct

yapma

224

conducted

klavuzluk etmek, gtrmek

225

confer on

bahetme, bata bulunma, ihsan etme

226

confide

itiraf etmek, sr vermek

227

confidence

gven

228

confident

srda, mutemet, dert orta

229

confidental

gizli, mahsus

230

confidently

emin olarak, kendine gvenerek

231

confine

snrlama

232

confiscation

kamulatrma

233

conform to

uyum gsterme

234

confound

ykmak, artmak

235

congestion

trafik skkl

236

conjecture

varsaym, faraziye

237

conman

sahtekar

238

consent

rza

239

considerably

olduka, epey, dikkate deer

240

considerate

dnceli

241

considerately

saygl bir ekilde

242

consist of

olumak

243

consistently

tutarl bir ekilde

244

conspicuous

dikkat eken, gze arpan

245

constriction

daralma

246

consultation

danma

247

contaminate

kirletme

248

contamination

kirlilik

249

contend

memnun olma

250

content

ierik, iindekiler, kapsam

226

251

contentious

htilafl, ekimeli, kavgal, davaya ait

252

contest

yarma, msabaka

253

contestent

yar

254

contraceptive

hamilelii nleyen hap

255

contribute

Balamak, katkda bulunmak

256

convenient

elverili

257

convicting

tutuklama

258

convince

ikna

259

convincingly

ikna edici ekilde

260

cooling

souma, soutma

261

copper

bakr

262

coral reefs

mercan resifleri

263

correspond to

cevap verme, karlk verme, takebl etmek

264

cost-overrun

maliyet am

265

counteracting

kar etki

266

counterpart

eit, eiti, e

267

counterproductive

tam tersi etki yaratmak

268

counterwight

eik, denk

269

cover

kapsam

270

craw

srnme

271

credential

itimat sebebi, delil, kimlik kart, ehliyet

272

crept into

svmak, gizlice girmek

273

crop

mahsl

274

crossbreading

aprazlama ile elde edilen yavru

275

crown

tac

276

crucial

kati, kesin, etin

277

crucial

nemli, zor, etrefilli

278

crust

kabuk

279

culminate in

sonulanmak

280

culprit

sulu

281

cunningly

kurnazca

282

curb

fren

227

283

curious about

bireyi merak etmek

284

curtain

perde, perdelemek, tiyatro perdesi

285

customarily

alld gibi

286

cut back on

azaltmak, kesmek, ksmak

287

cut down

azaltma

288

cut free from

serbest brakmak

289

cut of

kesmek, balantsn koparmak

290

damp

nem

291

dating

tarihleme

292

deal with

ilgilenmek

293

dealer

satc, bayi

294

debilatating

zayf dmek, zayf drmek

295

debris

enkaz, moloz

296

decay

297

deceptice

aldatma, hile, aldatc

298

deception

hile, desise, aldatma

299

decisive

Kesin, kati, nihai, azimli

300

decisively

kararl bir ekilde

301

decomposition

ayrtrma, bozukluk

302

deem

dnmek

303

defeat

yenilgi, yenmek, malup etmek

304

defect

eksiklik, kusur

305

deficiency

eksiklik, noksanlk

306

deficit

bozukluk

307

deliberately

kasten, taammden

308

delicate

hassas, narib

309

depict

310

deplete

311

depletion

tketme, boaltma

312

derive from

bir eyden kaynaklanma, tremek

313

deserve its place

yerini hak etmek

tasvir etmek, resmetmek, gstermek, betimlemek,

tanmlamak
tkenmek, azalmak, eksik, yoksun olmak, silme, ortadan
kaldrma

228

314

desolate

yalnz

315

detain

alkoyma, engelleme

316

detention

alkoyma, engelleme, tutma, mani olma

317

deter from

bireyden caydrma

318

deteriorate

ktleme, bozulma, fenalama

319

deterioration

bozukluk, bozulma

320

determination

kararllk

321

deterrant

engelleyci, caydrc

322

deterred

caydrma, vaz geme

323

detrimental

tahlikeli

324

devastate

bozulma

325

devastating

Mahvedici, Harap Edici, Mthi, ahane,Etkileyici

326

devise

tasarlamak

327

devote

adamak

328

dexterity

elbecerisi, el mahareti

329

died of

soyu tkenme

330

digest

hazm, sindirme

331

digestion

sindirim

332

diligent

alkan

333

diligently

alkan bir ekilde

334

diminish

Azalmak, eksilmek, gevemek

335

diminution

Azalma, ndirme, Azaltma, Kltme

336

disaggregate

ufalanma

337

disavow

tekzip, inkar, reddetme

338

disclose

ifa etmek, aa karmak

339

discreetly

tadbirli bir ekilde

340

discrepancy

uyumsuzluk

341

discretely

farkl olarak, farkl ekilde,

342

disenfranchisement

haklarndan mahrum etme, haklarn kullanrmama

343

disgregation

Vcut molekllerinin ayrlmas

344

disguise

klk deitirme, maske, kimliini gizleme

345

disjunction

Ayrma, ayrlma, paralanma

229

346

dismantle

skme

347

dismantling

skme, sklme

348

dismisse

kovulmak

349

disorder

bozukluk

350

disparity

fark, eitsizlik

351

disperse

datma

352

dispersion

datm

353

displacement

yer deitirme

354

display

grnt, sergileme

355

disposal

Devir, dzen, dzenleme, kullanm, elden karma

356

dispose

yerletirme, yerine koymak

357

dispose to

eilimli olmak

358

disregard

gzard etmek

359

disruption

rahatszlk

360

dissect

ayrma

361

dissipate

datma

362

dissuade

caydrma

363

distinguished

Ayrt edilebilir, Fark edilebilir, gzide, Mkemmel

364

distortion

to inaccurately portray

365

distract

dikkatini datmak

366

disturbance

rahatszlk

367

disturbing

rahatsz edici

368

disturbingly

rahatsz edecek ekilde

369

diverge

uzaklama

370

diversely

farkl bir ekilde

371

do weel by

iyilik etmek

372

dock

liman

373

doing away

kurtulmak

374

dome

kubbe

375

dormancy

uyuukluk

376

double glazing

ift cam

377

drag

eki, diren

230

378

drastic

acil, keskin, gl

379

drawback

saknca, engel, eksiklik

380

drop

dmek

381

drop of

uyanma

382

drove of

uzaklatrma, pskrtme

383

duty

grev

384

dwells upon

zerinde durmak

385

Either way

Her halkarda

386

elaborate

dikkatle ilenmi, ince ince ilemek, ihtimam gstermek,

etkili

387

eloquence

belagat

388

eludicate

aklamak, izah etmek, tarif etmek, aydnlatmak, amak

389

eluding

artma

390

elusive

kolay bulunmaz, ele gemez, tutulmaz

391

embark on

balamak

392

embarkment

toprak, dolgu, set

393

embellish

sslemek

394

embezzlement

zimmete para geirme

395

embrace

kucaklama, barndrma

396

emerald

zmrt

397

emit

yaylma

398

encounter

karlama

399

encountering

karlatrarak

400

end up

kendini belli bir yerde bulmak, sonulanma

401

endeavour

aba, abalamak, gayret (etmek)

402

endemic

yerli, yaygn, sk grlen, yresel salgn

403

endow

balamak

404

endow with

bahetmek, ihsan etmek, vakfetmek

405

engage

megul olmak

406

engrave

kazmz

407

enhance

gelitirme, artrma

408

enormity

byklk, irenlik

409

enormous

muazzam, pekok

231

410

enormously

fazlasyla, oka

411

enriche

zenginletirme

412

entrappe

hapsetme

413

enviable

iyi, gpta edilen, imrenilecek

414

ephemeral

geici

415

equilibrium

denge, tarafszlk

416

equivalent

edeer

417

eradicate

kknden skp atmak, to eliminate

418

erratically

dzensizce, kararszca

419

eruption

patlama

420

eventually

nihayetinde, sonuta

421

evidently

aka, besbelli

422

evisceration

Organn i ksmlarn karma, i temizleme

423

evoke

artrma, yol ama, anmsatmak

424

excavate

arkeolojik kaz, karma, kazma

425

exceed

amak, gemek

426

excessively

ar bir ekilde, ar ekilde

427

exclude

karma, hari tutma

428

exclusive

halka ak olmayan, sekin

429

excursion

gezi

430

execute

Halletmek, idam etmek, srmek

431

executive branch

yrtme organ

432

exemption

muafiyet, serbestlik

433

exert on

g uygulamak

434

exhaust

tketmek, bitirmek, egzos, boaltmak

435

exile

srgn

436

expansion

genileme

437

expedition

aratrma gezisi

438

expel

kovmak, srmek, afaroz etmek

439

expel from

bir yerden kovulmak

440

explicit

ak

441

explicitly

aka

232

442

exploit

Smr, Yararlanma, stismar, Kullanma

443

expose

ortaya karmak

444

expressive

anlaml, tesir edici, etkileyici, canl

445

extent

boy, uzunluk, mesafe, saha, kapsam

446

exterior

d, harici, zahiri, d taraf,

447

exteriority

harcilik, dsallk

448

extert on

g uygulamak

449

extinguish

ortadan kaldrma, bastrma, sndrme

450

extort

gasp, koparmak, zorla almak

451

extract

kartmak

452

extractable

kartlabilir

453

extraction

kartma

454

extraneous

konuyla ilgili olmayan, ikincil, dardan gelen, dorudan

ilikili olmayan

455

extravagance

savurganlk

456

faade

n cephe

457

facility

tesis, imkan

458

fall in with

kaplmak

459

fall into disrepute

gzden dmek

460

fall short

olduu gibi kmamak, eksik gelmek

461

fallout

serpinti

462

famine

ktlk

463

fatique

yorgunluk

464

fault

fay

465

favourably

olumlu bir ekilde

466

fed up with

Bkmak, bezmek, -den usanmak.

467

feel up to

kendini yeterince enerjik hissetmek

468

fierce

iddetli

469

find out

renmek, bulup karmak, anlamak, kefetmek.

470

find out about

bulmak

471

finely

ince ince

472

firmly

keskin bir ekilde

473

fissure

atlak

233

474

fit in

smak, yerlemek

475

fit into

uydurma, somak

476

fitting

uydurma

477

flagarantly

gre gre

478

flair

kabiliyet

479

fleeing

kamak, firar etme, tyme, gelip geme

480

flood

sel

481

florescence

gelime, ieklenme

482

flow

ak

483

flow into

e akmak

484

fluid

sv

485

focus on

bireye odaklanmak

486

follow up

sndrmek, izlemek, peini brakmamak

487

fondness

sevgi, dknlk

488

for the most part

ounlukla

489

for the purpose

amacyla

490

for the sake of

uruna

491

force out

mecbur etmek

492

Forensic Science

Adli Tp, adli bilimler

493

formidablle

korkun

494

fraud

hile

495

freight

kargo

496

friction

srtnme

497

frustrating

sinir bozucu

498

fuel the flame

atee benzin dkmek

499

full mark

tam not

500

furiously

fkeli ekilde

501

furthermore

Bundan baka, laveten, Ayrca

502

furtively

gizlice

503

generate

retme

504

gestation

hamilelik

505

gesture

mimik

234

506

get away with

baarl olmak, paay kurtarmak, atlatmak

507

get on with

anlama

508

get through

telefonla birine ulamak, meclisten birey geirmek

509

give of

yaylma

510

give out

yayma, karmak

511

give prominence

nem kazandrma, nlendirme

512

give rise to

yol amak

513

give up

pes etmek, vaz gemek, brakmak

514

glacier

buzul

515

glance

gz atma, gz gezdirme, ksabak, ima etme

516

gloomy

kasvetli, i karartc

517

go one sale

sata kmak

518

grain

buday, hububat

519

graspe

tutmak, yakalamak, kavramak, anlamak, idrak etmek

520

gratifying

memnun edici

521

grievance

sknt, dert, ikayet

522

grimly

vahice

523

grounwater

yeralt suyu

524

grove

bahe

525

hail

dile getirme, seslendirme

526

ham

abartl

527

hamper

engellemek

528

hand down

teslim etmek

529

hang out

taklmak

530

harvestable

hasat edilebilir

531

hastily

aceleyle

532

Having realized

533

head for

birey iin gitmek, ynn, ban evirmek

534

healing

iyileme

535

hearth

ocak, mine

536

heathens

putperest

537

hectic

youn, ateli

Anladktan sonra

235

538

heightened

ykseltilmek, ykselmek, keyifli

539

heinious

igren

540

hence

buradan, bundan, bu zamandan itibaren, bu sayede

541

herd

sr

542

heredity

kaltm, soyaekim

543

hexagonal

altgen

544

highlight

Vurgulamak, altn izmek

545

hiker

kr yryleri

546

hinder

engellemek, alkoymak

547

hire

ie alma

548

holds up

geciktirmek, engellemek

549

hole

delik

550

humble

alakgnll, hakir, aciz, saygl

551

hurdle

engel

552

husbandry

iftlik

553

ice sheets

buz katmanlar

554

identical

zde

555

ignition

atelemek, tututurma

556

mcompatibility

badamazlk, uyumazlk, tezat, geimsizlik, birbirine

uymay

557

immediate

acil, nihai

558

impair

bozmak

559

impermeable

geirmez, szdrmaz, su geirmez

560

implement

yrtmek, ifa etmek, uygulama

561

impoverish

fakirleme, kuvvetten dme

562

improvement

geliim

563

impulse

tici kuvvet, Tesir, Sevk, Saik

564

impulsive

gzpek

565

in advance of

nceden, imdiden, peinen

566

in advence

nceden

567

in aspiration

nefes alma

568

in attemp to

amacyla, giriimiyle

569

in charge of

sorumlu olmak

236

570

in conjunction with

ie balantl olarak

571

in conjunction with

ile birlikte, ile balantl olarak, ile alakal

572

in consideration
with/of

dnlerek, gz nne alnarak

573

in defiance of

tersine

574

in expiration

nefes verme

575

in many respect

pekok adan

576

in many respect

pekok adan

577

In question

Sz konusu, mevzubahis

578

in respect to

bakmndan

579

in return for

karlnda

580

in the course of

gidiatnda, yolunda

581

in the way of

asndan

582

in turn

srayla

583

in view of

bakldnda

584

inaccurate

kusurlu, yanl

585

inadequately

yetersiz bir ekilde

586

incandescent

parlak

587

incarceration

hapsetme, mahpusluk, the stuation of being in jail

588

incarnation

ieri atma, put in jail

589

incentive

drt

590

incidence

yasaklama

591

incision

kesme, deme, yarma

592

incitentally

aklma gelmiken

593

incompetence

ehliyetsizlik, liyakatsizlik

594

incomplete

tamamlanmam

595

incorporate into

dahil etme, ierme

596

incredulos

inanlmaz

597

indicate

iaret etme, gsterme

598

indications

gsterge

599

indigenous

native, original, yerli

600

indigestion

hazmszlk

601

induce

ikna etmek, kandrmak

237

602

indulgence

hogr

603

inevitable

kanlmaz, saknlmaz, aresiz

604

inevitably

aresiz, ster istemez, kanlmaz ekilde

605

inevitably

kanlmaz bir ekilde

606

inexhaustible

tketilemez

607

infant

yeni doan bebek

608

infanticide

bebek katili

609

inflict

ac veren

610

inguiry

soruturma

611

inhaler

nefesi ieri almaya yarayan alet

612

inherent

isel, z, zati

613

initiation

balang

614

innate

isel

615

inoculation

alama

616

inroads

akn, baskn, engelleme, saldr

617

inseperable

ayrlamaz

618

insist in

srar etmek

619

inspect

tefti, kontrol etmek

620

installe

monte etmek

621

instantly

annda hemencecik

622

instate

yerletirme

623

insulate

izole etmek, tecrit etmek

624

insurmountable

alamaz

625

intact

btncl, total

626

interbreed

melezlenme, aprazlanma

627

interfere

karmak, mdahil olmak

628

interfere with

araya girme, karma

629

interiority

isellik, ieride olma durumu

630

interject

araya sokulma

631

internal combustion
engine

iten yanmal motor

632

interrogating

sorguya ekme, sual sorma

633

interruptive

blen, kesintiye uratan

238

634

intersperse

serpitirme

635

intervene

karmak, mdahil olmak, araya girmek

636

intestinal

ince barsak

637

intimate

samimi

638

intimidation

gzn korkutma, yldrma, sindirme

639

intricate

hassas

640

intrigued

merak uyandrma, ilgi ekme

641

intrinsic

aslnda olan, isel

642

introspection

ie bak, i gzlem

643

Invade

stila etmek, zaptetmek

644

invaluable

olduka deerli

645

invariably

deimez bir ekilde

646

invertebrate

omurgaszlar

647

invoke

ortaya atmak

648

involve

ilgili

649

involve

yol ama, gerektirme, kapsama

650

irrefutable

rtlemez

651

irreparable

onarlamaz

652

irrespective of

baklmakszn

653

irritation

tahri

654

it is no wonder

hi de mucizevi birey deil

655

itching

kant

656

itinerarty

takip edilecek yol

657

it's no use

faydas yok

658

jeopardy

tehlike

659

keen to

hevesli olmak

660

keep on

srdrmek, diretmek

661

keep out

ieri almamak, ieri sokmamak

662

keep up

yksekte tutmak

663

keep up with

e yetime, ayak uydurma

664

kidney

bbrek

665

lapses

bir ie girimek, kalkmak

239

666

lasting

kalc

667

later on

devamnda

668

latitude

enlem

669

launche

balatmak

670

lavish

savurgan

671

lay

koymak

672

layer

katman, tabaka

673

lead

yol amak, sebep olmak, kurun

674

lead to

yol amak, gtrmek, getirmek

675

leap

sramak

676

led to

yol amak

677

legumes

baklagiller

678

lent

dn verme

679

lest

mesin masn diye

680

liability

sorumluluk

681

lie ahead

ileride olacak olan

682

lights up

aramak, bulunmak

683

likelihood

olaslk

684

lineage

soy

685

liver

cier

686

lizard

kertenkele

687

loave

somun

688

lock

kilit

689

longstanding

uzun sreden beri

690

look down on

kmsemek

691

look for

aramak

692

look into

incelemek, aratrmak

693

look over

gzden geirmek, stnden bakmak

694

loose

gevek

695

loyal

vefal, sadk

696

lubricant

kayganlatrma

697

lubrication

kayganlatrc

240

698

lucid

kolay anlalr

699

lured to

ekme, cezbetme

700

made out to

yetitirmek

701

made over

deitirmek, dntrmek

702

magnet

mknats

703

magnify

bytme

704

maintain

bakm

705

make do

idare etmek

706

make of

svmak

707

make over

dntrmek, deitirmek

708

make sure of

emin olmak

709

make up

barmak, dostolmak, makyaj yapmak

710

make up for

telafi etme

711

make up of

meydana gelmek, olumak, desteklemek

712

make up to

yaranmaya alma

713

making for

bir ynde ilerlemek

714

making way for

yol aarak

715

manifold

trl trl, pekok, eit eit, makinayla kopyalarn

karma, teksir

716

manned outpost

insanl grev

717

manner

tavr

718

mark

iaret

719

maroon

dnya ile ilikisini kesmek, ssz adaya brakma

720

marticulate

kaydolma

721

mediocre

sradan

722

membrance

zar

723

menace

tehdit

724

mend

onarmak

725

mercurial

civa vastasyla, civaya ait, deiken

726

mercury

civa

727

merely

Sadece, Yalnz, Srf

728

middling

orta lekli

729

might

iktidar, power

241

730

milestone

mihenkta

731

mimic

kopyalamak

732

mind boggling

kafa kartrc, artc

733

mine

mayn

734

mischievous

yaramaz

735

mishaps

yanl olgunlama, hata

736

misshape

yanl olgunlamak, ekli bozuk olmak

737

missile

fze

738

misty

gizli

739

mitigate

birletirme, yattrma

740

mixture

karm, bileim

741

mock

aka

742

moist

nemli, sulu, rutubetli

743

moisture

nem

744

mold

kalp

745

more and more

gitgide

746

moreoften

ounlukla

747

mores

ayrlklar, otlaklar

748

mosquitoe

sivrisinek

749

mostly

ounlukla

750

move of with

ayrlmak, uzaklamak

751

mundane

dnyevi

752

napping

ekerleme

753

navigating

yn bulma

754

nearly

hemen hemen, almost, not far from, neredyse

755

neck

boyun

756

negligence

ihmal

757

nomad

gebe

758

nominally

ismen, szde

759

notably

epeyce, dikkat ekecek ekild significantly, clearly

760

note for

bilinmek, tannmak

761

notorious

kt nlenmi

242

762

nursery

fidanlk

763

obsolete

modas gemi

764

obstacle

engel

765

obstinate

inat

766

obtain

elde etme

767

occasionaly

ara sra

768

occupy

igal etmek

769

ofend

Gcendirmek

770

ofensive

iren, irkin, saldr

771

on account of

yznden, sebebiyle, den dolay, bakmndan

772

on condition that

arta bal olarak

773

on one occasion

bir seferinde

774

on par with

ortaklaa, e

775

on the verge of

kenarnda, eiinde

776

orbit

yrnge, yrngede olmak

777

ordinary

sradan

778

oscilate

salnma

779

outbreaks

hastalklarn patlak vermesi

780

outcome

sonu

781

outgraves

irkin

782

outlay

harcama, masraf

783

outlook

grnm

784

outpatient

ayakta tedavi gren hasta

785

outpost

grev

786

outregeous

allmadk, ok edici olan

787

outright

tam

788

overbearing

kstah

789

overlap

rtme

790

overturn

alt st etmek, altta kalma

791

overwhelm

ezme, akna evirme, altetme

792

overwhelming

youn, kahredici

793

overwhelmingly

ezici bir ekilde, ok kuvvetli biimde

243

794

owing to

den dolay, yznden, nedeniyle

795

pale

solgun

796

pandemic

salgn

797

partly

ksmen

798

patrol

dolamak

799

payof

cretini demek

800

peer

akran

801

permit

izin vermek

802

perpetually

devaml olarak

803

perpetuate

continued, strengtened

804

perplex

armak, artmak

805

persecution

kltan geirme, mezalim

806

perspiration

terleme

807

persuasion

ikna etme

808

persuasive

inandrc, ikna edici

809

pervade

istila etmek, yaylmak, kaplamak

810

pesticide

bcek zehri

811

petitione

dileke verme

812

pharaoh

firavun

813

pick

toplamak

814

pigeon

gvercin

815

pity

yazk

816

place of

bir eyin yerinde (olmak)

817

plant

santral

818

plausible

makul

819

plausibly

makul ekil

820

play down

nemsiz gstermek

821

plentiful

bereketli

822

plot

olay rgs

823

plunging price

aa doru giden fiyatlar

824

point out

iaret etmek

825

pointlessly

gereksizce

244

826

portend

e iaret etmek, delalet etmek

827

poshest

atafatl

828

posterity

gelecek nesiller

829

postulate

ileri srmek, doru saymak

830

posture

duru, poz, vaziyet, zihni vaziyet

831

pouring

aktmak

832

praise

vmek, methetmek, vg

833

precarious

gvenilmez, istikrarsz, aslsz, esassz, kararsz, pheli,

tehlikeli

834

precast

inceden dklm (beton)

835

precautionary

nleyici

836

preced

nce gelmek

837

precious

deerli, kymetli

838

precipitation

ya

839

precisely

tam olarak, kesin olarak

840

precision

kesinlik

841

preclude

mani olam, engel olma, bir nceki hareketten dolay

imkansz hale gelmek

842

predator

yrtc

843

predominate

stn gelmek

844

preferably

tercihen

845

preoccupation with

bir eyle megul olmak

846

press ahead

balamak

847

presumably

tahminen

848

pretend

yapar gibi grnmek, taklit etme, yalandan yapmak

849

prevailing

Hakim, stn, galip

850

prevalence

yaygnlk

851

prevalent

yaygn

852

prevalently

Yaygn olarak

853

prevent

engellemek

854

preventably

nleyecek ekilde

855

prey to

av olmak

856

priest

din adam

245

857

pristine

bozulma, bozulmu

858

privilege

imtiyaz, ayrcalk, ruhsat, izin

859

probe

inceleme

860

proceed

ilerlemek

861

proceeding

sre

862

proclaim

bildirme, ilan, duyuru

863

proclamation

beyanname, ilan, bildiri

864

profound

derin

865

projectile

roket

866

prominent

mehur, mhim, gze arpan ey

867

promote

terfi etmek, tevik etmek

868

prone to

e eilimli olmak

869

proper

uygun

870

properly

uygun bir ekilde

871

property acquisition

kamulatrma

872

prophesy

kahenatte bulunma, gaipten haber verme

873

proportionally

orantsal olarak

874

propulsion

itme

875

prove

ispatlamak

876

provision

tedarik

877

proximity

yaknlk

878

pull down

aa ekmek, ykmak

879

pull out of

kmak terketmek

880

pull through

paay kurtarma, iyileme, toparlanmak, amak

881

pull up

yukar ekme

882

punctually

dakik bir ekilde

883

purchase

satn almak

884

purposive

maksatl, niyetli

885

pursuing

kovalama, takip etmek

886

put down

yazmak, aldatmak

887

put forward to

ileri srmek

888

put of

ertelemek, vazgemek

246

889

put on

koymak, uygulamak

890

put out

sndrmek

891

put out of

dnda durmak

892

put pressure on

basn uygulama

893

put through

baarmak, telefon balamak, tamamlamak

894

put up with

katlanmak, dayanmak

895

quintenence

en mkemmel rnek

896

range from to

bireyden bireye sralanmak

897

rank

dizi

898

ranks high

st sralarda gelmek

899

recipe

tarife

900

reck on

dnmek, varsaymak, farz etmek

901

reconnaissance

gzetleme, yeniliki, yeni

902

rectangular

kare

903

recurrence

nksetme, tekrar, yineleme

904

redundant

gereksiz, fazla

905

refining

inceltme

906

regard

kabul etmek

907

regardless of

e aldrmayarak, ne olursa olsun

908

regidities

katllklar

909

regulators

kanun yapc

910

reify

cisimleme, maddeleme, somutlama

911

reinstate

eski grevine iade etme

912

relapse

nksetmek

913

relatively

nispeten

914

relevant

geerli

915

reliable

gvenilebilir

916

relieve

rahatlamak

917

reluctantly

gnlszce

918

rely on

gvenme, dayanma

919

remarkably

kaydadeer ekilde

920

remedy

tedavi

247

921

remnont

kalnt

922

remote

uzak, cra, far away from the center of

923

remotely

uzaktan

924

remunerated

karl denmi, dllendirilmi

925

repair

tamir

926

replacement

yer deitirme

927

replenish

yenileme

928

reptile

srngen

929

repulsive

iren

930

reputably

hretli

931

rescind

geri almak

932

resemble

andrma

933

resistant to

e direnli

934

respiratory

solunum

935

restrict from

alkoymak

936

resurrect

yeniden canlandrma

937

retail

perakende

938

retain

hatrlama, aklnda tutma, muhafaza etme

939

retardation

gerileme

940

reunion

yeniden birleme

941

revage

ykma tahrip etme, zarar verme, harap etme

942

reveal

aklamak

943

revelation

vahiy, ifa, aa karma

944

reverently

ok saygl bir ekilde

945

reward

dllendirme, mkafatlandrma

946

riot

isyan, ayaklanma

947

ripe

olgunlamak

948

rival

rakip

949

rough

zorlamak

950

roughly

kabaca, yaklak olarak, aa yukar

951

rudiment

ilke, ilk adm, gelimemi uzuv, gelimemi

952

ruine

harap etmek

248

953

run out of

tketmek

954

run over

ezmek, inemek

955

run up

biriktirmek, artrmak

956

saturate

doymu, doyma noktasna gelmi, dolgun

957

saturation

doyma

958

scared stif

ok korkmu, dehete dm

959

scariet fever

humma

960

scope

kapsam

961

scourge

musibet

962

scrape

srtme

963

scrapping

piyasaya srme, sata sunma

964

scrawny

clz

965

scrutiny

tahkik, inceleme

966

seal

mhr

967

seamless

dikisiz

968

see of

uurlama

969

seeing as

iin

970

seemingly

grnte

971

seize

haczetme, elkoyma

972

senile

ihtiyarla mahsus

973

sentence on

cezaya arptrma

974

sentinel

muhafz

975

sentitive

duygulu, duyarl

976

set a fire

atelendiinde

977

set down to

yazmak, indirmek yere koymak

978

set of

yola kma

979

severely

sert bir ekilde, ciddi biimde

980

sewage

kanalizasyon, lam

981

shade

glge

982

sharpened

bilenmi

983

shoplifting

dkkan hrszl

984

shortage

eksiklik

249

985

shortcoming

hmal, kusur, hata, noksan

986

shrinking

Bzlme, ekme, ekerek, daralmak, fire

987

shroude

kalmak

988

shun

kullanma

989

shy

utanga, ekingen, rkek

990

sift out

ayrma

991

sincere

samimi

992

sizeable

ele geirilebilir, tutulabilir

993

skid of

savrulmak

994

slapping

tokatlama

995

slashe

kesmek, ykmak, hallama

996

slightly

hafife

997

slip

kama

998

sluggish

tembel, mymnt, ar ileyen

999

soar

artmak, trmanmak, szlmek

100
0
100
1
100
2
100
3
100
4
100
5
100
6
100
7
100
8
100
9
101
0
101
1
101
2
101
3
101
4
101
5
101
6

soggy

uyuuk

soil

toprak

sole

tek

solid

kat

soon after take of

kalktan hemen sonra.

sooty

isli

sorting

snflandrma, ayklama

soul mate

ruh ikizi

spacious

ferah, havadar

sparingly

tutumlu

specimens

numune

splendid

harika

split

blme, ayrma

sponge

snger, slak

sporadically

ara sra, belli aralklarla

spring from

den kaynaklanmak

Sprinkle

Serpmek, serpitirmek

250

101
7
101
8
101
9
102
0
102
1
102
2
102
3
102
4
102
5
102
6
102
7
102
8
102
9
103
0
103
1
103
2
103
3
103
4
103
5
103
6
103
7
103
8
103
9
104
0
104
1
104
2
104
3
104
4
104
5
104
6
104
7
104
8

spur

desteklemek, tevik etmek

stake

tehlike

stance

konum

stand for

simgelemek

start of

balamak

stationery

dkkan, krtasiye

stature

boy, kamet, endam, insan-hayvan boyu

stay away

uzak kalmak

steadily

durmadan

steeply

inanlmaz ekilde

steer

dmen

steering

tnetmek

stem form

den kaynaklanmak

stern

kat, amansz

stewardship

sorumluluk

stick

tokmak

stifness

sertlik

stifling

boucu

stimulate

tetikleme, yol ama

stimulation

uyarlma, uyarma

stipulate

art koma

storme

istila

stow away

kaak

straightforward

kolay, dorudan

strain

zorlamak, germek

stranded

sarmal

stream

akarsu

strength

strife

conflict, work, violence

strippe

arndrma

struck

arplmak

stuck

skmak

251

104
9
105
0
105
1
105
2
105
3
105
4
105
5
105
6
105
7
105
8
105
9
106
0
106
1
106
2
106
3
106
4
106
5
106
6
106
7
106
8
106
9
107
0
107
1
107
2
107
3
107
4
107
5
107
6

stunningly

artacak ekilde

subduction

dalma batma

subject to

konu alma, tabi olma

submerge

batrma, daldrma, batma

subordination

boyun eme, itaat

subsequently

bunu takiben daha sonra

substantially

nemli bir ekilde

substitude

yerini tutma

subtle

kurnaz, hilekar, ince, mahir, gizli

sufficiency

yeterlilik

suitably

uygun bir ekilde, properly

supervision

danmanlk

supplant

yerini almak

suppress

bastrma, gizli tutma, nleme

supremacy

Byklk, Egemenlik, En stnlk

surface

yzey

surreptitiously

gizlice, sahtekarca

susceptible

maruz

suspend

askda olmak, asl kalmak

suspension

salnm, aslm

swamp

bataklk

swarm

grup, kme, oul

swear

yemin, to promise

swiftly

sratle, abucak

swollen

ikin

tactless

mantkszlk, densizlik nezaketsizlik, dncesizlik.

take away

alp gtrmek

take into account

hasaba katmak

107
7

take
consideration

107
8
107
9
108
0

take over

sorumluluunu alma, stlenme

take place

meydana gelmek, gerekleme

take to

balamak, kan kaynamak, sevmek, holanmak

into

gz nne alma, dikkate alma, nazar dikkate alma.

252

108
1
108
2
108
3
108
4
108
5
108
6
108
7
108
8
108
9
109
0
109
1
109
2
109
3
109
4
109
5
109
6
109
7
109
8
109
9
110
0
110
1

take turn

srayla yapma

take up with

arkadalk etmek

tally

etele, hesap, uyma, birbirini tutma

talon

pene

tangible

grnebilir

tanning

solaryum

tapering

inceltilmi

tarif

vergi

task

grev

teem witth

kaynamak, dolu olamk

temperate

lman

temporarily

geici olarak

temporary

geici

tempt

batan karma, zendirme, ayartma.

tenacious

azimli

tenant

kiralamak, kirac, kiralayan

tenderly

kibarca

tentative

Deneme, geici, geici olarak yaplan

termination

biti

terrestrial

karasal

tetany

kas kaslmas

110
2

the most telling

aspect

en aklayc unsur

110
3
110
4
110
5
110
6
110
7
110
8
110
9
111
0
111
1
111
2

thereby

dolaysyla

thickness

kalnlk

thoracic

gs

thoroughbred

safkan

thoroughly

tamamen, en ince ayrntsna kadar, derinlemesine

thought out

dnmek

threshold

eik, eik seviyesi

through

sayesinde, yoluyla

tide

gelgit, dalgalanma

tightly

sk ekilde

253

111
3
111
4
111
5
111
6
111
7
111
8
111
9
112
0
112
1
112
2
112
3
112
4
112
5
112
6
112
7
112
8
112
9
113
0
113
1
113
2
113
3
113
4
113
5
113
6
113
7
113
8
113
9
114
0
114
1
114
2
114
3
114
4

timber

kereste

timidly

rkeke

tireless

yorulmak bilmez

titanic

byk

to be attune to

uyumlu olma, ayn tonda olma

to be composed of

bireyden olumak

to be expose to

maruz kalma

to be self-reliant

Kendi kendine gvenmek

to be short of

bireyin skntsn duymak

to be subject to

maruz kalma

to bring meaning

anlamlandrma

to cope with

baa kmak

to deal with

baetme, baa kma

to elaborate

dikkatle hazrlamak, zenerek tertip etmek

to ensure

Emin olmak, garantiye almak, salama almak

to evoke

uyandrmak iin

to fit

uyma, takma

to heal

iyiletirme

to keep in mind

hatrnda tutmak

to lose ground

yer kaybetmek

to peer

dikkatli ekilde

to tackle

ilgilenmek, baetmek, stesinden gelmek

to toad

nderlik etmek

to trigger

tetiklemek, drtmek, balatmak

to triumph

zarafet kazandrmak

tomb

mezar

tormented

zulm grm

tortune

ikenceci, mezalim

tougher

zorlu

trace

iz

track

takip etmek

trail

iz

254

114
5
114
6
114
7
114
8
114
9
115
0
115
1
115
2
115
3
115
4
115
5
115
6
115
7
115
8
115
9
116
0
116
1
116
2
116
3
116
4
116
5
116
6
116
7
116
8
116
9
117
0

trailblazing

nc

trait

zellik

tramendous

byk

tramendously

haybetli, grkemli bir ekilde

transaction

kesiim

transiently

geici olarak

translucent

yar effaf

transmit

geirmek, iletmek, aktarma

transmitter

verici, nakledici cihaz

trap

vurmal alg, tuzak, catc an animal

treat

tedavi etmek, muamele etmek

treatment

tedavi

trigger

tetiklemek, neden olmak

triumphant

zafer

truncate

ucunu veya tepesini kesmek, tepesi kesik, gdk

turn down

reddetme, sesini ksma, geri evirme,

turn in

iine kvrmak

turn out

kovmak, ieri almak, ortaya kmak

turn over

zinhinde ekip evirmek, dnmek

twist

dndrme

typically

genellikle

ultimate

nihai

Ultimately

Eninde sonunda, sonuta

unbearable

katlanlmaz

uncover

ortaya karma

uncurtail

azalmakszn, kesilmeksizin

117
1

under no
circumstances

hibir art altnda

117
2
117
3
117
4
117
5
117
6

under the scrutiny

gzetim/tahkik altnda

undergo

maruz kalma, bana gelme, ilemden geme

undermine

altn oymak

unequivocal

without any hesitation, complitely

unintentional

kasti olarak yaplmayan

255

117
7
117
8
117
9
118
0
118
1
118
2
118
3
118
4
118
5
118
6
118
7
118
8
118
9
119
0
119
1
119
2
119
3
119
4
119
5
119
6
119
7
119
8
119
9
120
0
120
1
120
2
120
3
120
4
120
5
120
6
120
7
120
8

unrevelle

ortaya koymak

uphold

savunma, tarafn tutma, tasdik etme, idame etme

upward

yukar doru

urge

zorlamak

urgent

acil

utility

fayda

utilize

kullanma

vaccine

vague

belirsiz

vaguely

belirsiz bir ekilde, belli belirsiz

vanish

yokolmak, gzden kaybolma, tarihe karmak

vanquish

hakkndan gelme, yenme, altetme

vantage

bak

vary

farkl olmak, deimek

vary from

den deimek

velocity

hz

venture

riske girme, tehlikeyi gze alma, risk

verbetrates

omurgallar

verify

dorulama

versatility

ok ynllk

vessel

damar

viable

uygulanabilir

vicious

kt, bedhah, ktcl, iddetli

vignette

nkteli ksa hikaye, ufak ss, nak

vine-ripened

banda olgunlam meyve

vineyard

ba, zm ba

virtually

hemen hemen

viscosity

yapkanlk

visible to

grlebilir

vocate

tahliye etmek

wage

cret

walk out

terketmek

256

120
9
121
0
121
1
121
2
121
3
121
4
121
5
121
6
121
7
121
8
121
9
122
0
122
1
122
2
122
3
122
4
122
5
122
6
122
7
122
8
122
9
123
0
123
1
123
2
123
3
123
4
123
5
123
6
123
7
123
8
123
9

warp

kusur

warrant

temin etmek, tedarik etmek, garanti etmek

waste

boa geen zaman, atk, p

waxe

mum

wears out

askimek, ypranmak, anmak

weathering

anma

weeds out

ayrlmak, karmak, skartaya karmak

weigh on

binmek, zerine binmek

weight up

arl olmak

well-of

zengin

wheezing

hrlt

while by no means

hibir surette

white dwarf

kk ay

witchcraft

byclk

with regard to

E gelince, Nazaran, hususunda, ilikin olmak

with respect to

e nazaran

withdrawl

geri ekilme, ie dnme

withholding

kstlama

within reach

eriilebilir, ullabilir

withstood

dayanmak

witness

ahit

work out

halletmek, zmek

wound

yara, yaralanma

wrapped up

kendini kaptrma

wreaking havoc

bireyi altst etmek

wreck

enkaza urama, enkaz, batma

write of

reddetme

yield

ba emek, salamak, srn vermek

zealous

evkli, banaz

zenith

doruk

zinc

inko

257