Copyright & A K-C

(cu )' = cu

(x 0 )(x

= -sin x

cos x
1

(ctg x ) = - 2
sin x

(tg x )

(cos x )

(sin x ) = cos x

y - f (x 0 ) = f '

- x0)

u ' u v - uv
=
v
v2

(u + v )' = u' + v' ;

(uv )' = u' v + uv'

c = 0; x = 1

Dx

x + Dx

dy

( )

1
;
x

(lo g a x ) '

1
x ln a

y = f (u ), u = j (x ), dy = f ' (u ) du

1 - x2
1
arccos x ' = 1 - x2
1
arctg x ' =
1 + x2
1
arcctg x ' = 1 + x2

(arcsin x)' =

Dy = f ' (x 0 ) Dx + a (Dx ) Dx

(ln x ) '

(e x )

1 '
1
; = - 2 ;
x
x
2 x
'= ex;
x '
x
a
= a ln a

( x )' =

- f (x )

D y = f (x + D x ) -

d y = f (x ) D x ; d x = D x

y = f (x )

Dy
; y = tg a
Dx

(x n )' = n x n - 1

y = f (x )

= f (x + D x )

y + Dy =

Dx 0

y = lim

y = f (u ), u = j(x ), y = f ' (u ) u

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

..



,

-

,

2012

Copyright & A K-C

51(075.8)
22.173
93
-
. ..
- . ..

:
. .. (, , . 27, 9, 13, 14, 16),
. .. (. 8, 15), . .. (. 1012),
. .. (. 1)
:

(. - .-. , . .. )
- .-. , . ..
.. ,
, , ,

93

:
, / [.. .]; . .
.. . 3- . .: -, 2012.
479 . ( )
I. , .
ISBN 978-5-238-00991-9
CIP
,
.
,
. , ,
,
( , , , , ..).
, , .

22.173

ISBN 978-5-238-00991-9
, 1997, 1998, 2006
-, 1997, 1998, 2006
( 94- 21 2005 .).

- , -,
.

Copyright & A K-C

, . ,
,
.
.

.
,
, :
, , , , , .
. : , ,

, .. , ,
(, , ..), ( ,
,
), ( , , , ,
..). 1 () .
,
( ) , .
.

Copyright & A K-C

, ,
, . .
() .
( )
.
, , ( ) . (

). .
, , ,
.
.
.
5, 7, 12, 15,
, ,
.

.
.. .. ,
..
.
l ,

Copyright & A K-C

. , , ,
.
..
1: , , , .

VIV .
. .

,

. .
. .
.
XVII . , , , .

.
,

, .
: ,
, , .



1

. . // .
.: , 1988.

Copyright & A K-C

. . , .
XIX . .
,
, .
,
.

. .
XIXXX .
.
, ,
, , , , .
,
, , .
,

, .
.
, .-. .. 1,
( , , ) ,
. , .
, , , , , .
, (
1

. . . .: , 1985.

Copyright & A K-C

), , .
, , ,
, .
, (
), , (
), , , .
.
,
() .

. ,
. , .
:
, . , (n), n, , A(1)
n , A(n),
, A(n + 1).
.
- () () . , . . , , , . . ,
. ,
2 6 (
6 2), , , 12 6 ( 12
6). , ..
, .
, 6 ,
2 3, 2 3 6.
, , , ,

Copyright & A K-C

. , ,
, .
.
-, - .
,
.

.
,
. .
:
(287212 . );
. (15961650);
. (16431727); , . (16461716); ,
. (17071783);
. (17361813); . (1777
1855); . (17891857) .
.. (17921856), .. (18011861), .. (18211894), ..
(18561922), .. (18571918) .
: .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. .

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

1

1.1.

. , , .
m n
, m n . ,
, .
()
, , , , , ...,

: aij , i , j .
,
a11 a12 ... a1 j ... a1n

a 21 a22 ... a 2 j ... a 2n

...................................

A =
(1.1)
mn ai1 ai 2 ... aij ... ain
...................................

m1 a m2 ... a mj ... a mn
, , = ( aij ) ; i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
,
0 3
1
A=
.
5
8
2
23
.
: [ ],
A B ,
, .. aij = bij i = 1, 2, ..., m;
j = 1, 2, ..., n.

10

Copyright & A K-C

. ,
(. .)

5,3
4,1
2,8
2,1
4,8
5,1

5,3 4,1
A = 2,8 2,1 .
32 4,8 5,1

, , a11 = 5,3 , ,
a 22 = 2,1
.
. , , ()-, ()-: = ( a11 , a12 ,..., a1n ) ;

b11
B = b21 -.

b
m1
n- ,
n.

1 4
5 7
1 2 3

, A = 0

.
aij , -

(i = j), . a11 , a22 , , ann .

, . ,

11

Copyright & A K-C

0
5

A = 0 1

0
0

0 .

n- ,
n- , .

1 0 0
0 0 0 1

, E = 0 1

.
, , :

0 0  0
0 = 0 0  0 .
mn    
0 0  0

1.2.
, ,
,
, .
1. . A
= , bij = aij
i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
, A = 2 4 , 5 A = 10 20 .
3 2
15 10
.
.
, 20 12 6 = 2 10 6 3 .
52 2 0
26 1 0
, A 0 , .. 0 A = 0.
2. . A B m n C = A + B , cij = aij + bij i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n (..
).

12

Copyright & A K-C

,
A = 2 3 0 , B = 0 1 4 , C = A + B = 2 4 4 .
1 5 6
2 5 1
3 10 7
A + 0 = A.
3. . : A B = A + (1) B.
4. . A B
,
1. A B
mk k n

C , cij

mn

i- A j- B:
k

cij = ai1b1 j + ai 2b2 j + ... + aik bkj = ais bsj , i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
s =1

1.1. A B ,

1 0 1
A = 1 0 2 ; B = 5 1 4 .
3 1 0

2 0 1
. 1. - (
): A B = C .
23 33

23

2. - ,
A B :

C = 1(1) + 0 5 + 2( 2)
3(1) + 1 5 + 0( 2)
5 0
=
2 1

1 0 + 0 1 + 2 0 1 1 + 0 4 + 2 1 .
3 0 + 1 1 + 0 0 3 1 + 1 4 + 0 1
3 .
7

, , ( ):
1) A + B = B + A.
5) (A + B)C = A + C.
2) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
6) (AB) = (A)B = A (B).
3) (A + B) = A + B.
7) A(BC) = (AB)C.
4) A(B + C) = AB + C.
1

13

Copyright & A K-C

. ,
:
) B , BA . , 1.1
A23 B33 , B33 A23
, .
) AB BA , .
1.2. AB BA:

0 3
2 1 1
1 5 .
A=
,
B
=

0 3 2
1 1
0 12
. A23 B32 = C22 =
;
1 17
0 9 6
B32 A23 = D33 = 2 16 11 , .. AB BA.
2 2 1

) , AB BA
(
A ), () , ,
, .. A B B A .
1.3. AB BA,

( )
AB = ( 12 21)
24 47

( )

A= 1 2 , B= 0 5 .
3 4
6 8

15 20
; .. AB BA .
30 44

; BA =

A n- E ,
A:

AE = EA = A.

14

Copyright & A K-C

Ann Enn

a11 a12

a
a22
= 21
...
...

an1 an 2

Enn Ann

0
=
...

...

a1n 1

... a2 n 0
... ... ...

... anm 9

0
1
...
0

0 ... 0 a11 a12

1 ... 0 a21 a22

...
... ... ... ...

0 ... 1 an1 an 2

...

...
...
...
...

0 a11

0 a21
=
... ...

1 an1

a1n a11

... a2 n a21
=
... ... ...

... anm an1

...

a1n

... a2 n
= A.
...
...

... anm
...

a1n

... a2 n
= A.
...
...

... anm

,
, 1 .
) , .. , A B = 0, , = 0
= 0. ,

1 1
1 1
0 0
A=
0; B =
0, AB =

= 0.
1 1
1 1
0 0

5.

Am (m>1) A m

, , ..

Am = 
A
A

A.
m

,
.
A0 = E , A1 = A. ,
Am Ak = Am + k ,

( Am )k = Amk .

1
3
1 2 1 2 7
. A2 =

=
3 4 3 4 15

1.4. A2 , A =

2
.
4
10
.
22

, Am = 0
, = 0.
6. A A ,

15

Copyright & A K-C

. A A:
a11 a12 ... a1n
a11 a 21 ... a m1

...
a
a
a
2n
21 22
a12 a 22 ... a m2

, A =
.
A =
(1.2)
.........................
..............................

a1n a 2n ... a mn
a m1 a m2 ... a mn
, A

m n , A n m .
,

1 2 3
;
A23 =
4 5 6

1 4

A3 2 = 2 5 .

3 6

, , A .
:
3) ( A + B) = A + B.
1) ( A) = A.
2) (A) = A.
4) ( AB ) = BA.
.

.
1.5. : P1 , P2 , P3 : S1 S 2 .

2 3
A = 5 2 ,
1 4

aij (i = 1, 2, 3; j = 1, 2) ,
j-
i- . -
C = (100 80 130), (. .)

30
.
50

- B =

, , .
. 1- S1 = 2 100 +
+ 5 80 +1 130 = 730 . 2- S 2 = 3 100 + 2 80 + 4 130 = 980 .,
- S

16

Copyright & A K-C

2 3
S = C A = ( 100 80 130) 5 2 = (730 980).
1 4

Q = 730 30 + 980 50 = 70900 . .

Q = S B = (CA) B = (70900).
:

2 3
210
30
2 = 250 ,
1 4 50 230

, .. R = A B = 5

210
Q = CR = C ( AB ) = (100 80 130) 250 = (70900).
230

7
(. c. 13) :

(CA) B = C ( AB ).

1.3.
, A,
(. . 2). A
A .
A = ( a11 ) , -

, a11 :

1 = A = a11 . , A= (3), 1 = A =3.

( )

A = aij , , , :

2 = A =

a11 a12
= a11a22 a12 a21.
a21 a22

(1.3)

a11a22 a12 a21 -

2 3
,
1 5

. , A =

2 = A =

2 3
= 2 5 3 1 = 7.
1 5
17

Copyright & A K-C

a11 a12
A = a21 a22

a31 a32

a13
a23 .

a33

A = (aij), , , :
3 = A = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32 a13 a31a22 a13
a12 a21a33 a32 a23 a11.
(1.4)
,
6 , 6 .
. ,
(1.4), , (. 1.1),
.

a11 a12
a21 a22
a31 a32

a13
a23
a33

. 1.1
1.6.

1 1 1
A = 2 1 1.
1 1 2
. = +1 1 2 + 2 1 1 + ( 1) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (1) 2

1 1 1 = 5 .

, .
n- :

a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21
...
...

a
a
n2
n1
18

... a1n
... a2 n
.
... ...
... anm

Copyright & A K-C

n 2 ,
n , ,
. , (a11a22 ann ) (an1an 1,2 a1n ) .
, 1- , 2- .., ..

(a1 j1 , a2 j2 , , anjn ).

(1.5)

( j1 , j2 ,, jn ) -

J n : 1, 2, , n. n!1
n .
, , J.
,  . , J = (2;
1; 3) (2; 1), J = (3; 2; 1)
: (3; 2), (3; 1), (2; 1). r (J) J.
(1.5) A,
:
a1 j1 a2 j2 anjn
(1.6)
r (J), J =
= ( j1; j2 ; ; jn ) .
. n- , n- , 2,
n! , n ,
, (1)r ( J ) , r(J) J
,
:

. . 158.

2 , , -

,
.

19

Copyright & A K-C

a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21
...
...
an1 an 2

... a1n
... a2 n
r(J )
= (1) a1 j1 a2 j2 ... anjn , (1.7)
... ...
(J )
... anm

J. , , n = 3
(1.4):

3 = (1)0 a11a22 a33 + (1)2 a12 a23 a31 + (1) 2 a13 a21a32 + (1)3 a13 a22 a31 +
+ (1)1 a12 a21a33 + (1)1 a11a23a32 ,

.. , (1.4).
, n
(n!), n = 4 (1.7) ( 24 !).
. .
A n- .
M ij aij n-
(n 1)- , A i- j- .
, a12 A :

M12

a11
= a21
a31

a12
a22
a32

a13
a
a
a23 = 21 23 = a21a33 a31a23 .
a31 a33
a33

n- n 2 (n 1)-
.
Aij aij n -
, (1)i + j :

Aij = (1)i + j M ij ,

(1.8)

.. , (i + j) , , (i + j) .

20

Copyright & A K-C

, A23 = (1) 2+3 M 23 = M 23 ; A31 = (1)3+1 M 31 = M 31.

1.7. ( 1.6):

1 1 1
A = 2 1 1 .
1 1 2

A11 = ( 1)1+1

1 1
2 1
2 1
= 1; A12 = (1)1+ 2
= 3; A13 = (1)1+3
= 1;
1 2
1 2
1 1

A21 = (1)2+1

1 1
1 1
1 1
= 3; A22 = (1)2+2
= 1; A23 = (1)2+3
= 2;
1 2
1 2
1 1

A31 = (1)3+1

1 1
1 1
1 1
= 2; A32 = (1)3+2
= 1; A33 = (1)3+3
= 3.
1 1
2 1
2 1

.
1.
() :
n

= ai1 Ai1 + ai 2 Ai 2 + + ain Ain = ais Ais

(1.9)

s =1

( i- ; i = 1, 2, ..., n );
n

= a1 j A1 j + a2 j A2 j + + anj Anj = asj Asj

(1.10)

s =1

( j- ; j = 1, 2, ... , n).

.
:

a11 a12
a21 a22
a31 a32

a13
a
a23 = a11 (1)1+1 22
a32
a33
+ a13 (1)1+3

a23
a
a
+ a12 (1)1+ 2 21 23 +
a33
a31 a33
a21 a22
.
a31 a32

21

Copyright & A K-C

( )
,
(1.4). .
1.8. 1:

5 3
0 1
0 0
0 0

0
2
3
0

7
3
.
1
1

. , :

5 3
0 1
0 0
0 0

0
2
3
0

7
1 2 3
3
= 5 ( 1)1+1 0 3 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 =
1
0 0 1
1

= 5 ( 1)

3 1
+ 0 + 0 = 5 ( 1) 3 1 + 0 = 15.
0 1

,
(, , ) .
, n- (n 1)- .

1.4.
1. - () , 0.
2. - ()
, .
 . ,
, :

1 , , ( ) , .

22

Copyright & A K-C

a11 a12
a
a22
= 21
...
...
an1 an 2

... a1n
... a2 n
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + ... + a1n A1n =
... ...
... anm

= (a11 A11 + a12 A12 + + a1n A1n ) = .

.
, .
,

2 4 6
1 2 3
1 2 3
8 0 4 = 2 8 0 4 = 22 4 0 2 =
2 2 8
2 2 8
2 2 8

1 2 3
1 2 3
= 2 2 2 4 0 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 ,
1 1 4
1 1 4

2 4 6
1 2 3
8 0 4 =2 4 0 2.
2 2 8
1 1 4
3. : A = A .
4. () .
 ,
: i i + 1 .
i- ,
( )
(i+1)- . ,
(1.9)
( (1)i + j (1)i +1+ j , = .
, , , i- (i + k)-,

i- k (
), (i + k)- (k 1) ,
(k 1) , .. (2k 1) : = .
.

23

Copyright & A K-C

5.
(), 0.
 , ().
, , , ,
4 , .. = , = 0.
6. () , 0.
 . , ,
2: = ,
5 0.
7. - ()

() 0, ..
n

ais A js = 0 ,

i j.

(1.11)

S =1

 A A , A j- i-:

a11 a12
... ...
a
i1 ai 2
A = ... ...
ai1 ai 2
... ...

an1 an 2

... a1n
... ...

... ain
... ... ,
... ain
... ...

... ann

.. A ,
5 0.
j- , :
n

A = ais A js = 0 (i j).
S =1

.
7, :
n

A i = j ,
0 i j.

ais A js =

S =1

(1.12)

8. , - ()

24

Copyright & A K-C

(),
.
 i-
j- , ( i j ).
: [( ai1 + a j1 ) (ai 2 + a j 2 ) (ain +

+ a jn ) ]. i- :

= (ai1 + a j1 ) Ai1 + (ai 2 + a j 2 ) Ai 2 + + (ain + a jn ) Ain,

Ais i- ( s = 1, 2, , n; i j ) . :
n

s =1

s =1

= ais Ais + a js Ais . (i j ) .

(1.12), ,
, 0, .. = .
9. b1, b2, ..., bn ()
,
() b1 , b2 , , bn .
.
10.
: C = A B , C = A B; A B
n- .
. 10 ,
AB BA, AB = BA .
, .
19,
( ), , ().

1.9. :

4 6 2 4
1 2 3 1
A=
.
4 2
1 0
6 4 4 6
25

Copyright & A K-C

. , 3-
, , 0. , , 3- (4) 2 1- 2- . ,

4 6 2 4
12 2 2 4
12 2 4
1 2 3 1
13 4 3 1
A=
=
= 1(1)3+3 13 4 1 .
4 2
1 0
0 0
1 0
10 12 6
6 4 4 6 10 12 4 6
, .
2- ( ). 3- ,
(13) 4, 1- 2-
:

12 2 4 40 18 4
A = 13 4 1 = 0 0 1 .
10 12 6 88 36 6

, :

A = 1 (1) 2+3

40 18
5 1
= (1)(8) 18
= 144.
88 36
11 2

1.5.
a 0 a 1 , a a 1 = 1.
.
. A1 A,
, :

A1 A = A A1 = E.

(1.13)

, ; .

26

Copyright & A K-C

a 0 a 1 , A1
A 0.
( A 0), , ; ( A = 0) ,
.
(
). A1 ( ) , .
 . A A1 , . A A1 = A1 A = E. 10
A A1 = A A1 = E = 1, .. A 0 A1 0 .
. A 0. n- A , 1, A , A: aij = Aij = A ji

(i = 1, 2, , n;
j = 1, 2, , n).

A A = B :
n
n
A i = j
(. 1.12).
bij = ais asj = Asi asj =
0 i j
s =1
s =1

B ,
:

A
0
B=
...
0

0
A
...
0

...
...
...
...

0
0
.
...
A

, A A

,
B: A A = A A = B.

1

, .

27

Copyright & A K-C

A1 =

1 
A
A

( A 0) ,

(1.14)

A1 A A A1 E n-
: A1 A = A A1 =

1
B = E.
A

. , X Y , X A1
Y A1 , A1 (1.14), : AX = E YA = E . , A1
, : A1 AX = A1E , EX = A1E , ..
X = A1. , A1 , Y = A1 . .

10.

:
. A = 0 , A A1 . A 0 ,
A .
20 . A , A .
30 . Aij = A ji (i = 1, 2, , n; j = 1, 2, , n) A : aij = Aij = A ji (i =
= 1, 2, , n;

j = 1, 2, , n) .

40 . (1.14).
50.

1
A , A1 A = A A1 = E (. 50 -

).

1.10. , :

1 1 1
A = 2 1 1 .
1 1 2

. 10. A = 5 0 (. 1.6), .. A A1 .
20. A , A :

28

Copyright & A K-C

1 2 1
A = 1 1 1 .
1 1 2

30 . A A , 1 3 2

, Aij = A ji : A = 3
1 1 (. 1.6).
1 2
3

1 
40 . A1 =
A:
A

1 3 2 1/ 5
3/ 5 2 / 5
1
A1 = 3
1 1 = 3/ 5
1/ 5
1/ 5 .

5 1 2
3 1/ 5 2 / 5
3/ 5

50 .

A1 A = A A1 = E

).
:
1. A1 =
2.

1
;
A

( A1 )1 = A;

3.

( A m ) 1 = ( A 1 ) m ;

4.

( AB )1 = B 1 A1 .

5.

( A1 ) = ( A)1 .

1.6.
.
-
A m n

k- , k min ( m; n).
k- A.
, A34
, .
. A .
A rang A, r (A).

29

Copyright & A K-C

: ) Amn , .. r ( A) min (m; n) ;

) r ( A) = 0 , , .. A = 0;
) n- r (A) = n , A .
1.11.

4
2
A=
3
1

0
0
0
0

8
4
6
2

0
0
.
0
0

. A ,
r (A) 4. A = 0 , A
, r (A) 3.
, r (A) 2. ( ),
( ),
; r (A) 1. A , .. , r (A) = 1.

1.12.

1 3 0 4
A = 3 2 0 3.
2 1 0 3

. A34 r (A) min (3; 4) = 3.

, 3-, , ..
( 4,
):

3 0 4
1 0 4
1 3 4
1 3 0
2 0 1 = 0; 3 0 1 = 0; 3 2
1 = 0; 3 2 0 = 0.
1 0 3
2 0 3
2 1 3
2 1 0
, r (A) 2.
, ,

1 3
= 7 0 , r (A) = 2.
3 2

30

Copyright & A K-C

. , .
:
1) ().
2) ()
, .
3) () .
4) ()
(), .
5) .
. .
 ,

, , .

, .. .

, .
A , :

a11 a12 ... a1r ... a1k

0 a

22 ... a2 r ... a2 k ,
(1.15)
A=

... ...
... ...
...
...
0 ... arr ... ark
0
aii 0, i = 1, 2, , r ; r k .
. r k

.
, r ,
r- , :

a11 a12
0 a22
... ...
0
0

... a1r
... a2 r
= a11 a22 ... arr 0.
... ...
... arr

31

Copyright & A K-C

1.13.

0
0 1 3
2 4 1
5
A=
4 5 7 10
1 8 5
2

2
3
.
0
3

. 10 . a11 = 0 ,

, a11 0.
, , 1- 2- (.
).
20 . a11 0 , 2-, 3- 4-
( a21 a11 = 0,

a31 a11 = 2,

a41 a11 = 1 )

2-1, 3- 4- , , 1- ( a11 ) 2:

5
2 4 1
0 1 3
0
4 5 7 10

1 8 5
2

3 2 4 1 5 3
2 0 1 3 0 2
.

0 0 3 9 0 6
3 0 3 9 0 6
30 . a22 0 ( a22 = 1 0 ),

3- 4- (
, a32 a22 = 3, a42 a22 = 3 ), ,

2- ( a12 , a22 ) .
( ), ( ),
( ):

2 4 1 5
0 1 3 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

3
2 2 4 1 5 3

.
0 0 1 3 0 2
0

, , ,
1
2

a21 = 0 , .
.

32

Copyright & A K-C

2 4
= 2 0. , 0 1
, 2.

:
2) r ( A + B ) r ( A) r ( B ) ,
1) r ( A + B ) r ( A) + r ( B ) ,

3) r ( AB ) min r ( A); r ( B )} ,

4) r ( AA) = r ( A) ,

5) r ( AB ) = r ( A), B B 0 ,
6) r ( AB ) r ( A) + r ( B ) n, n
.

() 1.
A :

e1 = (a11 a12 ...a1n ), e2 = (a21a22 ...a2 n ),

em = ( am1am 2 ...amn ).

, : ek = es , akj = asj , j = 1, 2, , n.
( , ) ,
:
ek = (ak1 ak2 ...akn ) ;

ek + es = [(ak1 + as1 )(ak 2 + as 2 )...(akn + asn )].

e e1 , e2 , , es
,
:

e = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + s es ,

(1.16)

1 , 2 , , s .
e1 , e2 , , em

, 1 , 2 , , m ,
,
:

1 ,
.

33

Copyright & A K-C

1e1 + 2 e2 + + m em = 0,

(1.17)

0 = (0 0...0).
,
.
 , (1.17)
m 0 ,

em = ( 1 m ) e1 + ( 2 m ) e2 + + ( m 1 m ) em 1 ,
em =  1e1 +  2 e2 + +  m 1em 1 ,
(1.18)
 = ( / ); i = 1, 2, , m1.
i

, em
.

(1.17)
, i , ..

1 = 2 = = m = 0 , e1 , e2 , , em

.
.
,
().
 A m n r ( r min(m; n) ) .
, r- . r-
.

a11 a12
a21 a22
=
... ...
ar1 ar 2

... a1r
... a2 r
0.
... ...
... arr

e1 , e2 ,, er . , , .. ,
er , :

er = 1e1 + 2 e2 + + r 1er 1 .

r- 1- , 1 , 2- , 2 , ..,

, (r1)- , r1 . 8 (. 1.4) -

34

Copyright & A K-C

, r-
, = 0 ,
, e1 , e2 , , er
, .
e1 , e2 , , er .
,

( r + 1)

, .. .
( r + 1) - ,
i j:

...
...
...
...
...

a11 a12
a21 a22
= ... ...
ar1 ar 2
ai1 ai 2

a1r a1 j
a2 r a2 j
... ... 0.
arr ar j
air aij

, r, .
()
, a1 j A1 j + a2 j A2 j + + arj Arj + aij Aij = 0 , Aij
, .. Aij 0 .
Aij , aij :
r

aij = s asj ,

(1.19)

s =1

s = asj / Aij.
i (i > r) , j
( j = 1, 2, , n ) i- ei e1 , e2 , , er , .. i-
r

: ei = s esj .
s =1

, .

35

Copyright & A K-C

1.14. .

2 1 3
. 1 3 4

A =

B = (10 15 ) . -

100 , 200 150 ?

1.15. D = ( AB ) C 2 ,

2 0
3 4 2
1 3 ; C = 1 3 .
A=
;
B
=

0 5
1 0 5
0 4

1.16. ABC ,
93
4 3
28
7 3
A=
; B = 38 126 ; C = 2 1 .
7
5

1.17. D = ABC 3E ,
1 2 3
1

A = 1 0 2 ; B = 2 ; = (2 0 5); E 4 5 3
1

1.18.

A3 ,

1 1 1
A = 3 1 2 .
2 1 0

1
1 1 1
2
1.19. 2 3
1 . 1.20.
3
4 1 5
4

2
3
4
1

3
4
1
2

0
4
3
1
. 1.21. 5
2
3
3
1

6
2
1
8
0

3
4
4
7
3

5
1
3
6
4

1
0
2.
1
0

1.22. , A , , :

4 8 5
A = 4 7 1 .
3 5
1

36

Copyright & A K-C

1.23. B = 11 ( A1 ) + A ,

1 2 3
A = 0 1 2 .
1 0 4

1.24.

4 1
A = 2 5 1 .
0
1

5 6
1 5 .
2 6 1

1 3

1.25. 4

7 2 5
4 8 3.
3 6 10 4 7

0 5 1 1 5
2 3 0 1 6
1.28.
.
1 3 1 3 0
3 1 0 4 6
1.26. 1 0

1 2 1 4
5 1 4 .
1 3 4 6

1.27. 0

1.29.

2
4
0

0
3 5
3
1 7
3 5 3
3 2 2

37

1
5
.
3
4

Copyright & A K-C

, .

2.1.
m n 1:

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1 j x j + + a1n xn = b1;

a x + a x + + a x + + a x = b ;
22 2
2j j
2n n
2
21 1
.......................................................................
a x + a x + + a x + + a x = b ;
i2 2
ij j
in n
i
i1 1
.........................................................................
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amj x j + + amn xn = bm ,

aij , bi ( i = 1, 2, , m; j = 1, 2, , n )

(2.1)

.

:
n

aij x j = bi ( i = 1, 2, , m ) .

j =1

(2.2)

(2.1) n ( x1 = k1 , x2 = k2 , , xn = kn ) , .
,
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
1 , .. x1, x2, x3, ...,
x, y, z, ..., .

38

Copyright & A K-C

2 x1 + x2 = 20,
x x = 10 ,
1 2
2 x + x2 = 10,
(10; 0); 1
2 x1 + x2 = 15
2 x + x2 = 10,
; 1

4 x1 + 2 x2 = 20

, , ( x1 = c, x2 = 10 2c), c
.
, , .
,
. 1 (,
, ;
), (2.1), .
(2.1) . :

a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21

a
a
m1 m 2

a1n
x1
b1

b
a2 n
x
; X = 2 ; B = 2 ,



x
amn
n
bm

A ,
, X - ; B .
Amn

X n1 ,

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn

a x + a x + + a x
2n n
AX = 21 1 22 2

...........................................

am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn
-. (2.1). (2.1) :
AX = B.

39

(2.3)

Copyright & A K-C

2.2. n
n .

(2.1) , .. m = n. ,
= A .
:

a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1 ;
a x + a x = b ,
2
21 1 22 2

(2.4)

.
x2 , -

a22 , ( a12 )
. x1 ,
( a21 ), a11 . :

( a11a22 a21a12 ) x1 = b1a22 b2 a12 ;

( a11a22 a21a12 ) x2 = a11b2 a21b2 .

(2.5)

= a11a22 a21a12 =

1 = b1a22 b2 a12 =

b1
b2

a11 a12
.
a21 a22

a12
a
b
, 2 = a11b2 a21b1 = 11 1 ,
a22
a21 b2

(2.5) :

x1 = 1;
x = .
2
2

(2.6)

, 0 , (2.4) , -

, x2 = 2 .

= 0, 1 0 ( 2 0) , (2.4) -

: x1 =

0 x = ;

1
1
, :
0 x2 = 2 .

40

Copyright & A K-C

= 1 = 2 = 0 , (2.4) , -

0 x = 0;

1
:

0
x
2 = 0.

(2.1) m = n , Ann , .. A 0. A1 .
(2.3)

A1 ,

A1 ( AX ) = A1B.

A1 ( AX ) = ( A1 A ) X = EX = X ,
-

X = A1B.
(2.7)
. A,
j , A
j- . , 0 , , :

xj =

( j = 1, 2, , n) .

(2.8)

(2.8) .
 (1.14) A1 =

1 
A,
A

A , A .
A
A , , (2.7)
:

A11
x1
x 1 A
2 = 12
A ...
xn
A1n

A21 ...
A22 ...
... ...
A2 n ...

41

An1 b1
An 2 b2
.
...
Ann bn

Copyright & A K-C

, A = ,

b1 A11 + b2 A21 + ... + bn An1

x1
x 1 b A + b A + ... + b A
n n 2 , ,

2 = 1 12 2 22

.........................................

xn
b1 A1n + b2 A2 n + ... + bn Ann
j ( j = 1, 2, , n)

xj =

1
b1 A1 j + b2 A2 j + +bn Anj .

9 (. 1.4) b1 A1 j +

+b2 A2 j + + bn Anj = j , j , A j - ( j = 1, 2, , n) . , x j =

,
(2.4) n = 2 .

2.1.

x1

2 x1 +
x1 +

x2 + x3 = 3,
x2 + x3 = 11,
x2 + 2 x3 = 8

) ; ) .
. )

x1
1 1 1
3
A = 2 1 1 ; X = x2 ; B = 11 .

1 1 2
8

x3

: AX = B.
A = 5 (. 1.10). A 0 ,
A , A1 . A1 ,
1.5. (. 1.10):

42

Copyright & A K-C

1 3 2
1
A 1 = 3
1 1 . (2.7)
5 1 2
3

1 3 2 3
20
4
1
1
X = A1B = 3
1 1 11 = 10 = 2 ,
5 5 1
5 1 2
3

.. (4; 2; 1).
) = A = 5 (. . ).
0 ,
.
1 , 2 , 3 ,
A ,
:

3 1 1
1 3 1
1 1 3
1 = 11 1 1 = 20; 2 = 2 11 1 = 10; 3 = 2 1 11 = 5
8 1 2
1 8 2
1 1 8
( ).
(2.8)

x1 =

1 20

10
5
=
= 4; x2 = 2 = = 2; x3 = 3 = = 1,

5
5

.. (4; 2; 1).
( )
,
, , .
n
n
,
.

,
.

43

Copyright & A K-C

2.3.
(2.1) m
n .
, ( ) , , ( ) , .
, (2.1) x1 a11 0 ( , -

, a11 0 ).
1. (
a21 / a11 , a31 / a11 , , am1 / a11 ) , , ..., m (2.1), x1
, .

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1 ,

(1)

a22
x2 + ... + a2(1)n xn = b2(1) ,

..................................................

(1)
(1)
ai(1)
2 x2 + ... + ain xn = bi ,

..................................................
(1)

xn = bm(1) ,
am(1)2 x2 + ... + amn

(2.9)

(1) , .
(1)

2. , a22 0 ( , -

(1)

, a22 0 ).

(1)

(1)

a32 a22 ,
(1)
(1)
(1)
a42
/ a22
, ..., am(1)2 / a22

, , ..., m- ,
x2 , .

44

Copyright & A K-C

x3, x4, ..., xr1, ( r 1) -

a11x1 + a12 x2 + + a1r xr + a1,r +1xr +1 + + a1n xn = b1 ,

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22
x2 + + a2(1)r xr + a2,
r +1 xr +1 + + a2n xn = b2 ,

( r 1)
( r 1)
( r 1)

arr xr + ar ,r +1 xr +1 + + arn xn = br( r 1) ,

(2.10)

0 = br(+r 11) ,

0 = bm( r 1) .

mr , 0 x1 + 0 x2 + + 0 xn .
( r 1)

( r 1)

br +1 , , bm

, -

, (2.1) .
,

br( +r 11) , ,

bm( r 1)

(2.10) . -

m r (2.10)

(2.1). ,
: ) (2.10)
, .. r = n ( (2.10)
); ) r < n ( (2.10)
).
(2.1) (2.10) , (2.10) .
, , .

a11 a12
a
a22
A1 = 21
...
...
a
a
m1 m 2

... a1n b1
... a2 n b2
,
...
... ...
... amn bm

45

(2.11)

Copyright & A K-C

(2.1), ,
A ,
.

2.2. :

x1 +
2 x1 +
3x +
1
2 x1

2 x2 + 3x3 2 x4 = 6,
4 x2 2 x3 3 x4 = 18,
2 x2
x3 + 2 x4 = 4,
3 x2 + 2 x3 +
x4 = 8.

. :

3 2 6
1 2
2 4 2 3 18
3 2 1 2 4 .

1 8
2 3 2
1. a11 = 1 0 , -

(2), (3), (2)

, , , x1 , . ,
(1)

a22 = 0 , :

3 2
6 1 2
3 2
6
1 2
0 0 8
1
6 0 4 10 8 14
0 4 10 8 14 0 0 8
1
6

0 7 4 5 20 0 7 4 5 20
(1)
2. a22 = 4 0 , ( 7 4 ) , x2 , :
2
3
6
1 2
3 2
6
1 2

0
4
10
8
14
0 4 10 8 14
.

0
0
8
1
6

0 0

8
1
6

117 117
0
0
13,5
9
4,5
0

0 0
16
8

(2)

3. , a33 = 8 0 ,
13,5/8 = 27/16, ,

46

Copyright & A K-C

x3 . (.
)

3x3
2 x4 =
6,
x1 + 2 x2 +

8 x4 =
4 x2 10 x3 +
14,

x4 =
6,
8 x3 +

117
117
x4 =
,

16
8

, , -

6 x4 6 + 2
=
= 1 ;
8
8
14 8 x4 + 10 x3 14 8(2) + 10(1)
=
= 2 x2 =
4
4
x1 = 6 + 2 x4 3 x3 2 x2 = 6 + 2( 2) 3(1) 2 2 = 1,
x4 = 2 ;

x3 =

.. (1; 2; 1; 2).
2.3. :

x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 7,

2 x1 3 x2 + x3 = 3,
4 x1 + x2 x3 = 16.

7 1 2 1
7
1 2 1 7
1 2 1
2 3 1 3 0 7 3 11 0 7 3 11 .
4
0 7 3 12 0 0 0 1
1 1 16

, ,
, 0 = 1 , , .

2.4. m
n
, (. 1.6). , A1 , ..

(2.1), , A1
, .. r = m , ,
r < m.

47

Copyright & A K-C

(2.1) .
. , .
 , .
(2.1)
(2.10), .. A
A1 , .
(. 2.3) , (2.10)
,

br( +r 11) , , bm( r 1) . , , (2.10),

(2.1), ( r).
.
1. , .. r = n , (2.1) .
2. , .. r < n, (2.1) .
(2.1) (. 2.1):

. 2.1

r < n. r x1 , x2 , , xr
( ),
(.. ) .
n r ( ).
(2.1), n r , .

48

Copyright & A K-C

, 1 Cnr , Cnr . ,
m n (m < n)
,
, Cnr , r m.
. 2.1 ,
(2.1) ,
A
A1 . .
( , 2.2):
;
,
, (
);
.
2.4.

x3
x4 = 5,
2 x1 x2 +

x1 + 2 x2 2 x3 + 3 x4 = 6,
3x1 +
x2
x3 + 2 x4 = 1.

.
( ,
x1 1):

3 6
1 2 2 3 6 1 2 2
2 1 1 1 5 0 5 5 7 17
3 1 1 2 1 0 5 5 7 17

n r ()

n r, . Cnr : Cnr =

n( n 1)...(n r + 1)
.
1 2 ... r

49

Copyright & A K-C

2 2
3 6
3 6
1 2 2
, .. 5 5 7 17
0

5
5

7
17
0 0 0 0 0

r = 2 .
x1 , x2 ,
0

( ( ) , ..

1 2
0 ). 0 5

x3 , x4 .

x1 + 2 x2 = 6 + 2 x3 3x4 ,

5 x2 = 17 5 x3 + 7 x4 ,

x2 =

17
7
+ x3 x4
5
5

7 4 1
17
x1 = 6 + 2 x3 3x4 2 + x3 x4 = x4 .
5 5 5
5

x3 = c1 , x4 = c2 ,

x1 =

4 1
17
7
c2 ; x2 = + c1 c2 ; x3 = c1; x4 = c2
5 5
5
5

2.5. , 2.4.
. r = 2 (
2.4), , , , , .

43
= 6 ,
1 2
: x1 , x2 ; x1 , x3 ; x1 , x4 ; x2 , x3 ; x2 , x4 ; x3 , x4 .
, x1 , x2 .

1 Cnr = C42 =

. . 49.

50

Copyright & A K-C

, ..

2 1
= 5 0 , x1 , x2
1 2

. , ,
x2 , x3 ,

1 1
= 0.
2 2

,
x1 , x2 ,

x3 , x4 . , .. x3 = x4 = 0 ,
2 x x2 = 5
,
: 1
x1 + 2 x2 = 6
4
17
x1 = ; x2 = , .. (4/5; 17/5; 0; 0).
5
5
x1 , x3
x2 , x4 , .. x2 = x4 = 0 ,
(4/5; 0; 17/5; 0). (9/7; 0; 0; 17/7),
(0; 9; 0; 4) (0; 0; 9; 4).

2.5. .

m n
, . :

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = 0,

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2 n xn = 0,
.................................................

am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + ... + amn xn = 0,

(2.12)

,
, , ( ) (0, 0, ..., 0).
(2.12) m = n , ,
,
. , ,
,
, .

51

Copyright & A K-C

:
, , .. r ( A) < n.
(2.12) x1 = k1 , x2 = k2 , , xn = kn
e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) .

:
1. e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) (2.12),

e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) .

2. e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) e2 = ( l1 , l2 , , ln ) (2.12), c1 c2

c1e1 + c2 e2 = ( c1k1 + c2l1 , c1k2 + c2l2 , , c1kn + c2 ln )

.
.
,

. (2.12), .
.

e1 , e2 , , ek ,
(2.12)
e1 , e2 , , ek .
. r
(2.12) n , (2.12) n r .
(2.12)
:

c1e1 + c2 e2 + + ck ek ,

(2.13)

e1 , e2 , , ek ,

c1 , c2 , , ck k = n r.
52

Copyright & A K-C

, m
n (2.1) (2.12)
(2.1).

2.6.
2.6.

4
0
3 2
1 2 7
A=
; B=
; C =

1 1
0 4 8
2
3
: ) AX = B; ) XA = C .

7
1
.
3
4

. ) A
(2.7) X = A1B ,
, X -
( 2.1), ( 2 3) ,

A212 B23 = X 23 .
A1 , 1.5:
A = 3 1 1 2 = 1 ; A 0 , A1 . -

3 1
, 2 1
A A
1 2
A =
.
1 3
1  1 2
A=
A1 =

A
1 3

A , A , A =

1 2 1 2 7 1 6 9
X = A1B =

=
.
1 3 0 4 8 1 10 17
) A ,
XA = C A1 : (XA)A1= CA1.
( XA ) A1 = X ( AA1 ) = XE = X , X = CA1

,

( 4 2) ,

C42 A212 = X 42 . -

53

Copyright & A K-C

4
0
X =
2
3

7
3 13
1 1 2 1 3
.
=
3 1 3 1 5
4
1 6

2.7.

4 3
6 8 5 4
1 1 X 2 1 = 2 0 .

4 3
6 8
5 4
. A =
, B = 2 1 , C = 2 0 ,
1
1

AXB = C.
A1 B 1 , , A B
: A = 1 0, B = 10 0 .
A1 ( AXB ) B 1 = A1CB 1. ,

( A1 A) ( XB ) B 1 = E ( XB ) B 1 = ( XB ) B 1 =

A1 ( AXB ) B 1 =

= X ( BB 1 ) = XE = X , X = A1CB 1.

1 1 8
1 3
, B 1 = 2 6 .
1
4

10

A1 =

1 11 4 1 8
1 3 5 4 1 1 8
X =

=

10 13 4 2 6
1 4 2 0 10 2 6
1 3 64 0,3 6, 4
=
=
.
10 5 80 0,5 8,0
2.8. : , ;
: S1 , S2 , S3 .
1 :

S1
S2
S3

,
. .

5
3
4

1 , . .
2700

800

1600

54

Copyright & A K-C

.
. x1

, x2 x3 .
:

5 x1 + 3 x2 + 4 x3 = 2700,

x3 = 900,
2 x1 + x2 +
3x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 = 1600.

, (200; 300; 200), ..

200 , 300 200
.
2.9.
, 200
300 . 350 , 150 .
(. ).

1
2

, . .
1
2
15
20
8
25

7950 . . .
. xij ,
i- j- ( i, j = 1, 2 ) .

x12
x11 +

x11

x12
15 x
+
x12
20
11

x21 +
x22
+ x21
+
x22
+ 8 x21 + 25 x22

= 350,
= 150,
= 200,
= 300,
= 7950.

, , . (
.) x11 = 50, x12 =

= 300, x21 = 150, x22 = 0 ( ,

r = 4 , .. r = n , ).

55

Copyright & A K-C

2.7.
( )
,
: n , ? , , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, 1936 . . .
, n , .

,
( )
.
(, ).
: xi () i- ( i = 1, 2, , n ) ;

xij i- , j-

( i, j = 1, 2, , n ) ;

yi i- -

.
i-
, n ,
,
n

xi = xij + yi
j =1

( i = 1, 2, , n ) .

(2.14)

(2.14) .
,
, (2.14), .

56

Copyright & A K-C

aij =

xij

( i,

xj

j = 1, 2, , n ) ,

(2.15)

i-
j- .
, aij . , ..

xij = aij x j

( i, j = 1, 2, , n )

(2.16)

.
(2.14) :
n

xi = aij x j + yi ( i = 1, 2, , n ) .
j =1

a11 a12
x1
a
x
a22
X = 2 , A = 21


x
n
an1 an 2
1
X , Y
, A

(2.17)

a1n
y1
y
a2 n
, Y = 2 ,

ann
yn

).
(2.14) :

X = AX + Y .

(2.18)

X,
A Y.
(2.18) :

( E A) X = Y .
1

. 3.

57

(2.19)

Copyright & A K-C

( E A)

, .. E A 0 ,

(2.7)

X = ( E A ) Y = SY .
S = ( E A )

(2.20)

( )

S = sij ,
1 Y1 = (1, 0, , 0 ) , Y2 = ( 0, 1, , 0 ) , Yn = ( 0, 0, , 1) . (2.20)

X1 = ( s11 , s21 , , sn1 ) , X 2 = ( s12 , s22 , , sn 2 ) , ,

X = ( s , s , ..., s ) .
n

1n

2n

nn

, sij S i- ,
j- y j = 1 ( j = 1, 2, , n ) .
xi

yi 0 aij 0, i, j = 1, 2, , n .
A 0 ,
Y 0 X 0 (2.19).
.

A . , A ,
,

, .. A , aij 0

i, j = 1, 2, , n

j ,

max aij 1, -

j =1,2,, n i =1

aij < 1.

i =1

1 .

58

Copyright & A K-C

2.10.
, . . .:

-
-

7
21
12
15

72
123

100
150

,
, .
.

x1 = 100, x2 = 150, x11 = 7, x12 = 21, x21 = 12, x22 = 15; y1 = 72, y2 = 123.

(2.15) :
a11 = 0,07, a12 = 0,14, a21 = 0,12, a22 = 0,10 , .

0,07 0,14
A=

0,12 0,10

max {0,07 + 0,12; 0,14 + 0,10} = max {0,19; 0, 24} = 0, 24 < 1.

Y
X -

(2.20):

X = ( E A) Y .
S = ( E A )

0,93 0,14
E A=
. E A = 0,8202 0 , 0,12 0,90

(1.14)

1 0,90 0,14

.
0,8202 0,12 0,93
144
Y =
.
123
S = ( E A)

(2.17) :

X=

1 0,90 0,14 144 179,0

=
,
0,8202 0,12 0,93 123 160,5
59

Copyright & A K-C

..
179,0 . ., 160,5 . .

x1

2.11. 2 x1

3 x1

+ 2 x2
+ 3x2
4 x2

+
x3
3x3
+ 5 x3

2 x1

2.12. 3x2
x1

+
x2
+ 4 x3
+
x3

2 x1

3x2
+ 4 x2
+
x2

x3
+ 3 x3
+ x3

2.13. 3x1

x1
2 x1 + x2

2.14. x1 2 x2
3x1 + 4 x2

= 8,
= 5,
= 10.
= 0,
= 0,
= 1.

x3
6

+ 6 = 0,
+ 5 = 0,
+ 2 = 0.

+ 6
x3
2 x3

= 0,
= 5,
= 13.

+ 2 x2
+ 3x2
+
x2

+ 3 x3
x3
4 x3

= 6,
= 4,
= 0.

+ 3 x2
x2
+ x2
+ 2 x2

x3

+ 2 x3
+ 3x3
+ 3x3

x4
+
+ 4 x4
2 x4
+ 5 x4

x1 + 2 x2
2 x 3x2
2.17. 1
3x 2 x2
1
x1 x2

+ 3 x3
+ x3
+ 4 x3
+ 3 x3

=
=
=
=

x1

2.15. 2 x1
3x1
2 x1
3 x
2.16. 1
x
1
x1

60

6,
0,
5,
3.

= 3,
= 8,
= 6,
= 3.

Copyright & A K-C

2 x1
3x
2.18. 1
x
1
6
x1
3x1

2.19. 3x1
x1

+ 3x2
x2
+ 2 x2
+ 4 x2

x3

+ 2 x3
+ 3x3
+ 4 x3

x4
+
+
x4
+ 4 x4
+ 6 x4

=
=
=
=

2 x2
2 x2

x2

+ 3 x3
x3
+ 2 x3

3x4
+
x4
+ 5 x4

= 0,
= 0,
= 0.

2 x1 +

2.20.

2 x1

x2
x2
+ 2 x2

+
x4
+ 2 x4
+ 3 x4

x3
x3

5,
1,
6,
1.

= 1,
= 2,
= 3.

2 1

1 0 7
.
2

4 3

2.22. X
= 1 1 .
1 1 0 1

2.21.
X = 8 1
1 1

5 4 1
2 3
1 1 7 ; C = 1 1 0 .
;
B
=

6 5 9
5 8
0 1 1

2.23. AXB = C , A =

+ 2 x2
x2

3 x

+
+

2.24. 1
2 x1
2.25. 1
x1

x2
x2

x2
x1 +

+ 2 x2
x1
x2

2.26. 2 x1

3x1

2.27. x1

x1

x2
x2
x2

x3
3 x3

= 5,
= 4.

x3
x3

2 x4
+ 2 x4

=
=

4,
1.

+
x4
+ 2 x4
x4

=
=
=

2,
2,
2.

x3
x3

+ 2 x3
+

x3

+ 2 x4
+ 2 x4
2 x4

= 18,
= 0,
=
1.

2.28. ,
(
). 1/3 6000 ..
1, 1/2 2 3
7250 . . 1/6 1, 2/3
2 1/6 3,
7200 . .; 1/2 1,

61

Copyright & A K-C

1/6 2 1/3 3, 7250 . . ?

2.29.
, . . .:

1
2

1
2
100
160
275
40

240
85

500
400

, 2 , 20%.

62

Copyright & A K-C

3

3.1.

, .

AB c A
B (

(. 3.1)).
. 3.1

,
, , :

a = AB, a = AB a = AB .

( )

AB AB ,

AB , .
,
, .

, AA ,

0 = AA .

: 0 = 0 . , , .

b = a , b = a ,

a , > 0 , , < 0 (. 3.2).

63

Copyright & A K-C

a -

a (<0)

a (>0)

. 3.2

(1), .. a = (1) a .

a b c = a + b ,

a ,

b ,

b a
(. 3.3) ( ).

, c
,

. 3.3

a b (. 3.3) ( ).
. ,

, a , b , c , d (. 3.4a)

e = a+ b+ c+ d ,

a ,

d ( ) (. 3.4 ).

. 3.4

, d = a + b + c , ,
,

a , b c , ( ) (. 3.5).

64

Copyright & A K-C

. 3.5

a b

a b ,

. 3.6

b (. 3.6).
,
,

a = AB b = AD ,

a b ,

. 3.7

d = DB (. 3.7).

a ,

. a
.
,

a = OM Oxy

x y ( a = ( x, y )
. 3.8.), Oxyz x, y

. 3.8

z ( a = ( x, y, z ) . 3.9).

65

. 3.9

Copyright & A K-C

, ,

, a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

b = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

c = a + b = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ) ,

d = a b = ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 , z1 z2 ) ,

a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

b = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) .

. 3.8 3.9 , :

a = OM = x 2 + y 2

a = OM = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .

(3.1)

. ( a , b )

a b , -

a , b = a b = a b cos .

a b.

ABD (. 3.7),

a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , b = ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) d = a b =

= ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 , z1 z2 ) , ,
2

d 2 = a + b 2 a b cos ,
1 2 2 2
a b cos = a + b d .

66

(3.2)

Copyright & A K-C

(3.1)
2

a = x12 + y12 + z12 , b = x22 + y22 + z22 ,

d = ( x1 x2 )2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2 + ( z1 z2 )2

(3.2)

a , b = a b cos = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z1 ,

(3.3)

.. .

, a = b = 0, cos =1

( a , a ) = a = a = x12 + y12 + z12 ,

(3.4)

.. .
, d
A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )

AB = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 ) .
2

d=

AB = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2 .

(3.5)

a b

cos =

(a, b)

a b

x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2
x12 + y12 + z12 x22 + y22 + z22

(3.6)

3.1. a = (2; 1; 2) b = (8; 4; 0) .

: ) c = 2 a d = b a ; ) c

d ; ) d ; )

( c , d ); ) c d .

. ) c = 2 a = (4; 2; 4);

d = b a = (6; 3; 2).

) (3.1) c d :

67

Copyright & A K-C

c = 42 + (2) 2 + (4)2 = 6, d = 62 + (3) 2 + 22 = 7.

) (3.4)

, .. ( d , d ) = d = d

= 7 2 = 49.

) (3.3)

( c , d ) = 4 6 + (2)(3) + ( 4) 2 = 22.

) (3.6) c d :

cos =

(c,d)

c d

22
0,52 ,
67

= arccos 0,52 58 .

3.2. n-
,
, , .
.
. n-
n ,
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ), xi i- x1.
n- ,
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ),
y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ).
n- , , .. x = y, xi = yi , i =

= 1, 2, , n.

n
z = x + y, 1 n- ,
( ,
),
( ), .

68

Copyright & A K-C

i = 1, 2, , n.

..

zi = xi + yi ,

x u = x , ui x , ..

ui = xi , i = 1, 2, , n.

:
1. x + y = y + x () :
2. (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) ()
;
3. ( x ) = () x
;
4. (x + y) = x + y () ;
5. ( + ) x = x + x
;
6. 0 = (0, 0, ..., 0) ,
x + 0 = x x ( );
7. x
(x) , x + (x) = 0;
8. 1 x = x x ( 1).
. ,
,
( ),
.
, x, y, z
, () .

.
, ,
, n. , x y
n, 18. , , ,
, n, ,

69

Copyright & A K-C

, n.
n,
,

:
.
() , 18,
, x
0 x (x),
(1).

3.3.
,
, 1.6 .
. am
a1, a2, ..., am1 R, :
(3.7)
am = 1a1 + 2 a2 + + m 1am 1 ,
1 , 2 , , m1 .
. a1, a2, ..., am
R , 1 , 2 , , m , ,

1a1 + 2 a2 + + m am = 0 .

(3.8)

a1, a2, ..., am

.
, a1,
a2, ..., am , (3.8)
1 = 2 = = m = 0 , ,
,
i (i = 1, 2, , m) .

70

Copyright & A K-C

( 1.6), a1, a2, ..., am

, . ,
,
.
, .. , a1
a2 . , (3.8) 1 a1+ 2 a2 = 0

, 1 = 2 = 0 , ,
, 2 0 , a2 =

1
a1 a1 a2 2

. .
.
1. a1, a2, ..., am ,
. , ,

(3.8)

,
a1= 0,
1 = 1, 2 = = m = 0 .
2. a1, a2, ..., am , . , , , a2, ..., am ,
2 a2++ m am = 0,

. 2 , , m

1 = 0 (3.8).

3.2. , a1 = (1, 3, 1, 3),

a2 = (2, 1, 1, 2) a3 = (3,1,1,1) .
. 1a1 + 2 a2 +
+ 3 a3 = 0. 1, 2, 3 -,

1
2
3 0
3
1
1 0
1 + 2 + 3 = .
1
1


1 0
3
2
1 0

71

Copyright & A K-C

1
31

1
31

+ 2 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2 2

+ 33
3
+ 3
+ 3

=
=
=
=

0,
0,
0,
0.

(. 2.3), :

1 + 2 2
2

3 3
+ 23
0
0

=
=
=
=

0,
0,
0,
0,

(1 = c,

2 = 2c, 3 = c) , c .

, (3.8)
1 = 2 = 3 = 0
(,
,

1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 ( c = 1 ); 1 = 2, 2 = 4, 3 = 2 (c = 2)
..), , .
. R n-,
n ,
(n + 1) . ,
. n
R dim ( R).
. n n R .
.
. x R

.
 e1 , e2 , , en n- R. ( n + 1) n- R , ,
, e1 , e2 , , en x.

1 , 2 , , n , ,

72

Copyright & A K-C

1e1 + 2 e2 + + n en + x = 0.
0 , , = 0
1 , 2 , , n ,
e1 , e2 , , en . ,

x=

e1 2 e2 n en

x = x1e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en ,
xi =

(3.9)

i
(i = 1, 2, , n).

x e1 , e2 , , en ,
- , ,
x = y1e1 + y2 e2 + + yn en ,
, (3.9),

( y1 x1 )e1 + ( y2 x2 )e2 + + ( yn xn )en = 0,

e1 , e2 , , en ,
y1 x1 = y2 x2 = = yn xn = 0

y1 = x1 , y2 = x2 , yn = xn . 

(3.9) x

e1 , e2 , , en , x1 , x2 , , xn x

.
(3.9) .
, , , ,
.
.
. e1 , e2 , , en
R a
e1 , e2 , , en , R n-, e1 , e2 , , en .
 m R,
m > n .
e1 , e2 , , en :

73

Copyright & A K-C

a1 = 11e1 + 12 e2 + +
a2 = 21e1 + 22 e2 + +

a
e
e
=

+ +
m
m1 1
m2 2
A = (ij ) (i = 1, 2, , m;

1n en ,
2 n en ,

mn en .
j = 1, 2, , n) .

n : r ( A) < min {m, n} = n , , n .

m > n , m , , m
a1 , a2 , , am . ,
R n- e1 , e2 , , en . 
3.3. e1 , e2 , e3 a1 = ( 1; 1; 0),

a2 = ( 1; 1; 1) a3 = ( 3; 5; 6). ,
a1 , a2 , a3 .
. a1 , a2 , a3 ,

1a1 + 2 a2 + 3a3 = 0. 3.2, -

1 = 2 = 3 = 0 , .. a1 , a2 , a3 -

, , .

3.4.

e1 , e2 , , en e1* , e2* , , en* .

e1* = a11e1 + a12 e2 + + a1n en ,

e* = a e + a e
+ + a2 n en,
2
21 1
22 2

e
=
a
e
+
a
e
+
+
a
n1 1
n2 2
nn en .
n

(3.10)

e1 , e2 , , en e1* , e2* , , en* a11 ..

a11
a
A = 12
...
a1n

a21
a22
...
a2n
74

... an1
... an 2
,
... ...
... ann

Copyright & A K-C

.
,
( , )
.
e1* , e2* , , en* e1 , e2 , , en -

A1 .

. x
( x1 , x2 , , xn )
( x1* , x2* , , xn* ) , ..

x = x1*e1* + x2*e2* + + xn* en* = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en .

(3.11)

e1* , e2* , , en* (3.10)

(3.11), :

x1 = a11 x1* + a21 x2* + + an1 xn* ,

x
= a x1* + a22 x2* + + an 2 xn* ,
2 12

*
*
*
=
+
+
+

x
a
x
a
x
a
n
nn xn ,
1n 1
2n n

..

x1*
x1*
x1
x1
x*
x*
x2
x2
2
2


= A = A1 .








x
x
x*
x*
n
n
n
n

(3.12)

3.4. 3.3 b = (4; 4; 5),

e1 , e2 , e3 , a1 , a2 , a3 .
. :

a1

a2
a3

= e1
+ e2 ,
= e1
e2
= 3e1 + 5e2

75

+ e3 ,
6e3 .

Copyright & A K-C

e1 , e2 , e3 a1 , a2 , a3

1 1 3
A = 1 1 5 .
0 1 6

x1*
1
1

*
(3.12) x2 =
6
* 4
x
1
3

1 3 2
1
A1 = 6 6 8 (. 1.5).
4 1 1 2

3 2 4
2
0,5
1

8 =
2,
6 8 4 =

4
1 2 5
2 0,5
.. b a1 , a2 , a3 0,5; 2

0,5 b :
b = 0,5a1 + 2a2 0,5a3 .

3.5.
() ,
,
, , .. .
, , ,
.
.
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn )
n

(x, y) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + + xn yn = xi yi .
i =1

(3.13)

.
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) ,

y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) , (x, y)
.
:
1. (x, y) = (y, x) ;
2. (x, y + z) = (x, y) + (x, z) ;
3. (x, y) = (x, y) ;
4. (x, x) > 0, x ; (x, x) = 0, x
.
. () ,
, ( ), .

76

Copyright & A K-C

() x :

x12 + x22 + + xn2 .

x = ( x, x ) =

(3.14)

:
1. x = 0 , x = 0;
2. x = x , ;
3. ( x, y ) x y

(3.15)

( );
4. x + y x + y ( ).
x y

cos =

( x, y )
,
x y

(3.16)

0 < .
, (3.15) ( x , y ) x y , .. cos 1 .
,
. , . ,
,
2 ( cos 2 = 0 ).
e1 , e2 , , en n- , , ,
, ..
(ei , e j ) = 0 i j ei = 1 i = 1, 2, , n.

,
e1 , e2 , , en n R (.. Rn). ,
e1 , e2 , , en , ..

1e1 + 2 e2 + + n en = 0

77

(3.17)

Copyright & A K-C

1 = 2 = = n = 0 .
, (3.17)
ei (i = 1, 2, , n) ,

1 (e1 , ei ) + 2 (e2 , ei ) + + n (en , ei ) = 0,

, , (ei , e j ) = 0 i j (ei , ei ) 0

i = 1, 2, , n , , i = 0 i = 1, 2, , n .

( ) .
. n- .

n ei , i- , : e1 = (1, 0, ..., 0),

e2 = (0, 1, ..., 0), ..., en = (0, 0, ..., 1).

3.6.

.
: R n n
R m m.
. (), x R n y R m , , (, ) A ( x ), R n
R m , y = A ( x ).
() , x y R n :
1. A ( x + y ) = A ( x ) + A ( y ) ;
2. A (x ) = A ( x ) .
y = A ( x ) x,
x y.
R n R m , A R n .
.

78

Copyright & A K-C

R n e1 , e2 , , en ,
(3.9), x
:

x = x1e1 + x2 e2 + xn en .
A
A ( x ) = x1 A (e1 ) + x2 A (e2 ) + + xn A (en ) .
A (ei ) ( i = 1, 2, , n ) R n ,
e1 , e2 , , en .

A (ei ) = a1i e1 + a2i e2 + + ani en ( i = 1, 2, , n ).

(3.18)

A ( x ) = x1 ( a11e1 + a21e2 + + an1en ) + x2 (a12 e1 + a22 e2 + + an 2 en ) + +

+ xn ( a1n e1 + a2 n e2 + + ann en ) = ( a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn )e1 +
+ ( a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2 n xn )e2 + ( an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + + ann xn )en . (3.19)
, y = A ( x ) , e1 , e2 , , en y1 , y2 , , yn , :

A ( x ) = y1e1 + y2 e2 + + yn en .

(3.20)

(3.19) (3.20),

y1 = a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn ,

y2 = a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2 n xn ,

yn = an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + + ann xn .

A = ( aij ) ( i, j = 1, 2, , n) A e1 , e2 , , en , r A

A .
,
. : n- n-
.

79

Copyright & A K-C

x y = A ( x )

Y = AX ,

(3.21)

X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ),

Y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) -c x y.

3.5. R3 -

3 2 4

A e1 , e2 , e3 A = 1 5 6 .
1 8 2


y = A( x ) x = 4e1 3e2 + e3 .
. (3.21)

y1 3 2 4 4 10
y = 1 5 6 3 = 13 .
2 1 8 2 1 18

y3

, y = 10e1 13e2 18e3 .

.

A B

( A + B ) , : ( A + B )( x ) = A ( x ) + B ( x ).
A
A , (A )( x ) = ( A ( x )).
A B -

  )( x ) = A ( B ( x )).
  , : ( AB
AB

  , , ( A + B ) , A , AB
, , .. .
O ,

R n O ( x ) = 0,

E , : E ( x ) = x.

.

80

Copyright & A K-C

. A A* A
e1 , e2 , , en e1* , e2* , , en*

A* = C 1 AC ,

(3.22)

C 1.

 A R n y , ..
(3.21) ( )

y* = A* x

(3.23)

( ). C , (3.12)

x = Cx * ,
y = Cy * .

(3.24)
(3.25)

(3.24) A,

Ax = ACx* (3.21) y = ACx* .

(3.25), :
Cy* = ACx* y* = C 1 ACx* .
(3.23), (3.22). 
3.6. e1 , e2 () A

17 6

. A 6 8
e1* = e1 2e2 , e2* = 2e1 + e2 .

A =

. C =
2

2
, 1

1 1 2

. , (3.22)
52 1
1 1 2 17 6 1 2 5 0
A* =

=
.
5 2 1 6 8 2 1 0 20

C 1 =

1 * ,

C ,
(3.22). ,
C 0 .

81

Copyright & A K-C

3.7.

. x 0

A , ,

A ( x ) = x .

(3.26)

A
( A), x.
, -

A , , .. .
. .
(3.26) :

Ax = x ,

(3.27)

x -,

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = x1 ,

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2 n xn = x2 ,

an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + + ann xn = xn .

, :

a12 x2
+ +
a1n xn
= 0,
( a11 ) x1 +
a21 x1
a2 n xn
+ (a22 ) x2 + +
= 0,

a
x
a
x

(
a
)
x
0.
+
+
+

n1 1
n2 2
nn
n

(A E) x = 0.
x = 0 = (0, 0, , 0).
(. 2.5) ,

82

Copyright & A K-C

a11
a12
a21
a22
A E =

an1
an 2

a1n

a2 n

=0.

ann

(3.28)

A E n- .

A A, (3.28)

A A.

. ,
A* E ,

e1* , e2* , , en* , C e1 , e2 , , en . (3.22)

A* E = C 1 AC E = C 1 AC C 1EC = C 1 ( A E )C .
,
(. 1.4),

A* E = C 1 A E C = C 1C A E = A E , ..

A* E = A E .

3.7.

1 4
A=
.
9 1

A ,

A E =

1
4
= 0 2 2 35 = 0 ,
9 1

A 1 = 5 ,
2 = 7 .
x (1) = ( x1 , x2 ) , 1 = 5 .

83

Copyright & A K-C

6 4 x1 0
x
( A 1E ) 1 = 0
=
,
x
9
6 x2 0

2
x2 = 1,5 x2 . x1 = c , , x (1) = (c; 1,5c) c 0
A

1 = 5.

2
3

, x (2) = c1; c1
c1 0

A 2 = 7 .
A A , n e1 , e2 , , en ,
1 , 2 , , n . e1 , e2 , , en . A (ei ) = i ei ( i = 1, 2, , n ) (3.18)

A (ei ) = a1i e1 + a2i e2 + + aii ei + + ani en = i ei ,

aij = 0, i j , aii = i , i = j . ,
A ,
, :

1 0
0
2
A* =

0 0

0
0
.

n

: A A
,
A .
, n
,
, .

1 4
9 1

3.8. A =

A .
. 3.7 1 = 5, 2 = 7 -

84

Copyright & A K-C

2
3

x (1) = (c; 1,5c) x (2) = c1; c1 . x (1) x (2) ,

x (1) x (2) . ,
x (1) = (c; 1,5c)

c = 2 , c1 = 6 x (1) = (2; 3) x (2) = (4; 6) ..), -

x (2) = c; c (.. c 0 , c1 0 ,
A :

5 0
A* = 1
A* = 0 7 .

, , , x (1) = (2; 3)

x (2) = (4; 6) . , C

2 4
C = x (1) , x (2) =
. (3.22) A
3 6
x (1) , x (2) :
1

2 4 1 4 2 4
A* = C 1 AC =

3 6 9 1 3 6
5 0
,
7

( ) A* =
0

.. ,
A.

3.8.

.
. L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) n ,
,
, :
n

L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) = aij xi x j .
i =1 j =1

85

(3.29)

Copyright & A K-C

, aij

aij = a ji .

A = (aij )

( i, j = 1, 2, , n ), , 1 .
:

L = X AX ,

(3.30)

X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) - .
:

a1n x1
a2 n x2
=

ann xn

a11 a12
a
a22
L = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) 21

an1 an 2

a1 j x j
a x n
n
n
= ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) 2 j j = a1 j x1 x j + a2 j x2 x j + + anj xn x j =
j =1
j =1
j =1
anj x j

= aij xi x j (3.29) (3.30) i =1 j =1

2.
3.9.

L( x1 , x2 , x3 ) =

= 4 x12 12 x1 x2 10 x1 x3 + x22 3x32 . .

. . , .. 4, 1, 3, .

4 6 5 x1
1 0 x .
L = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 6
5 0 3 x2

, .
1 ,
2

aij = a ji , .
n

i=1

86

Copyright & A K-C

- X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn )
Y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) X = CY ,
C = (cij ) ( i, j = 1, 2, , n )
n- . 1

L = X AX = (CY ) A(CY ) = (Y C ) A(CY ) = Y (C AC )Y .

, X = CY
:

A* = C AC .

(3.31)

3.10. L( x1 , x2 ) = 2x12 +

+ 4 x1 x2 3x22 . L( y1 , y2 ) ,
x1 = 2 y1 3 y2 , x2 = y1 + y2 .
.

2 2
2 3
A=
, C = 1 1 .
2

, (3.31)

2 1 2 2 2 3 13 17
A* =
,

=
3
3 1 2 3 1 1 17

L( y1 , y2 ) = 13 y12 34 y1 y2 + 3 y22 .

, .
n

L = aij xi x j
i =1 j =1

( ),
aij = 0 i j :
n

L = a11 x12 + a22 x22 + + ann xn2 = aii xi2 ,

i =1

.
.

1 (CY)=Y C
(c. . 16).

87

Copyright & A K-C

.
.
3.11.

L( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x12 3 x1 x2 + 4 x1 x3 + 2 x2 x3 + x32 .
. x1 , :
2
2

1
1
1

L = x12 2 x1 ( 3x2 4 x3 ) + ( 3 x2 4 x3 ) ( 3x2 4 x3 ) +

2
2
2

+ 2x2 x3 + x32 = x1

3
9
x2 + 2 x3 x22 + 6 x2 x3 4 x32 + 2 x2 x3 + x32 =
2
4

9
= x1 x2 + 2 x3 x22 + 8 x2 x3 3 x32 .
2
4

x2 , :
2

3
32
256 2

9
L = x1 x2 + 2 x3 x2 x2 x3 +
x +
2
4
9
81 3

9 256 2
3
16 37 2

x3 3x32 = x1 x2 + 2 x3 x2 x3 +
x .
4 81
2
4
9
9 3

y1 = x1

3
16
x2 + 2 x3 , y2 = x2 x3 , y3 = x3
2
9

L1 ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) = y12

9 2 37 2
y +
y .
4 2 9 3

,
.
.
.

88

Copyright & A K-C

( ).
() .
, L 3.10

L2 ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) =

37 2
y + y12 y32 ,
4 1

y1 = x1 , y2 = 2 x1 + x2 + x3 , y3 =

7
x1 + x2 .
2

, ( ) .
, , ,
.
L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) () , , ,

L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) > 0 ( L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) < 0).

, , L1 = 3 x12 + 4 x22 + 9 x32 , L2 = x12 + 2 x1 x2 x22
.
. L = X AX
() , , i A ().
.
. , ,
, .
1 > 0, 2 > 0, , n > 0,

89

Copyright & A K-C

a11 a12
a
a22
n = 21

an1 an 2

a1n
a2 n
.

ann

, ,
.
3.12. , L = 13 x12
6 x1 x2 + 5 x22 .
. . A -

13 3
. A
3 5

A =

A E =

13
3
2 18 + 56 = 0.
3 5

, 1 = 14 , 2 = 4 . A ,
L .
. A

a11 = 13,

a11 a12
13 3
=
= 56
a21 a22 3 5

, L .

3.9.

,
,
( ).
n S1 , S 2 , , S n , x1 , x2 , , xn .

aij

S j Si . -

90

Copyright & A K-C

,
, , ..
n

aij = 1 ( j = 1, 2, , n ).

i =1

a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21

an1 an 2

(3.32)

a1n
a2 n
,

ann

.
(3.32) A
1.
Si (i = 1, 2, , n)
:
pi = ai1 x1 + ai 2 x2 + + ain xn .
Si , .. :
pi xi (i = 1, 2, , n) .
, pi > xi (i = 1, 2, , n) ,

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn > x1 ,

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2 n xn > x2 ,

an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + + ann xn > xn .

(3.33)

(3.33), x1 ( a11 + a21 + + an1 ) + x2 ( a12 + a22 + + an 2 ) + +

+ xn ( a1n + a2 n + + ann ) > x1 + x2 + + xn .

(3.32), ,

x1 + x2 + + xn > x1 + x2 + + xn .
, pi > xi (i = 1, 2, , n) -

, pi xi pi = xi (i = 1, 2, , n) . (
,
.)

91

Copyright & A K-C

x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) ,

A = ,

(3.34)

x -, .. A, = 1.
3.13.

S1 , S2 , S3 :
1 3 1 4 1 2
A = 1 3 1 2 1 2 .
1 3 1 4 0

.
. x,
= 1 , ( A E ) x = 0

2 3 1 4 1 2 x1 0
1 3 1 2 1 2 x2 = 0
1 3 1 4 1 x 0

3
x2 = 2c,
. x1 = (3 2)c,

3
2

3
2

x3 = c,

..

x = c; 2c; c .
,
x = c; 2c; c , ..
3/2 : 2 : 1 3 : 4 : 2.

3.14. ( a b )2 , a = 2 2; b = 4, a ^ b = 135.

3.15. OA = (1; 1; 0)

OB = (0; 3; 1) OC

AB .

92

Copyright & A K-C

3.16. a = (4; 2; 4) b = (4; 2; 4) .

c d , c =

1
a , d = 2 a+ b .
2

3.17. ,

a = (2; 1; 0) b = (0; 2; 1) .
, a1 , a2 , a3 :
3.18. a1 = (2; 1; 3) , a2 = (1; 4; 1), a3 = (0; 9; 5) .

3.19. a1 = (1; 2; 0) , a2 = (3; 1; 1) , a3 = (0; 1; 1) .

3.20. , a = (1; 2; 0) , b = (3; 1; 1) ,

c = (0;1;1) , e1 , e2 , e3 , .
3.21. a = e1 + e2 + e3 , b = 2e2 + 3e3 , c = e2 + 5e3 ,
e1 , e2 , e3 . ,
a, b , c . d =
= 2e1 e2 + e3 a, b, c.
3.22. e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , e5
.

x = e1 2e2 + e5 , y = 3e2 + e3 e4 + 2e5 .

3.23. e1 , e2 , e3

e2 , e3 , e1 .

3.24. A e1 , e2

3 2

A=
. y = A( x ) , x = 4e1 3e2 .
1 5
3.25. A e1 , e2 , e3 -

1 0 2
1 1 . y = A ( x ) , x = 2e1 + 4e2 e3 .
3 0 1

A = 2

2
3.26. e1 , e2 A A =

A

e2* = 2e1 4e2 .

4
.

3
3

e1* = e2 2e1 ,

, :

93

Copyright & A K-C

2 4
.
1 3

3.28. A = 1

3.27. A =

2 2
0
3 .
3 0

2 1
.
3 4

3.29. A =

2 1
.
2 3

3.30. A =

3.31.

L = 2 x12 + 3 x22 x32 + 4 x1 x2 6 x1 x3 + 10 x2 x3

.
3.32.

1
L( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 2
3

3.33.

0 2 x1
4 1 x2 .
0 1 x3
L( x1 , x2 ) = 3x12 x22 + 4 x1 x2 .

,
x1 = 2 y1 y2 , x2 = y1 + y2 .
:
3.34. x12 + 4 x22 + 3 x32 + 2 x1 x2 .
3.35. 2 x22 x12 x1 x3 + 2 x2 x3 2 x32 .
3.36. ,
1 = (6; 2; 4), 2 = (1; 8; 9), 3 = (3; 5; 9) .

94

Copyright & A K-C

4

4.1.

.
M (x,y)

()
(. 4.1). x y , ,
,
x
0
. 4.1
. .
. () Oxy , x y
, .

F (x, y) = 0 ( ) y = f (x), F (x, y) y = f (x)
( . 5).
M (x, y) , , , .
M (x, y) (
, ).
y

4.1. , A (4; 2) B (2; 6).

. M1 ( x1 , y1 )

M 2 ( x2 , y2 ) (3.5):
d=

( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 .

M (x, y) , AM = BM (. 4.2) , (3.5),

( x + 4) 2 + ( y 2) 2 =

95

( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 6)2 .

Copyright & A K-C

, x 4y 5 = 0
y =

1
5
x .
4
4

MD ,
AB (. . 4.2).


( ).
.
, x 2 + y 2 = 0
. 4.2

(0; 0), x 2 + y 2 + 7 = 0
,
.
, M (a, b)
F (x, y) = 0, ,
F (x, y) = 0.

4.2.
y
B (0; b) Ox
(0 < <

. 4.3

) (. . 4.3).
2

M (x, y).
MBN:
tg =

MN y b
.
=
NB
x

(4.1)

k = tg ;
k=

y b
x

y = kx + b.

96

(4.2)

Copyright & A K-C

, (4.2)

< < .
2

, ,
(4.2). , , ,
(4.2).
(4.2) .
(4.2).
y

y
y = kx
k>0

y = kx
k<0
0

. 4.4

y= b

B(0;b)
b

y= 0

x= 0 x= a
a
x

. 4.5

A(a ;0)

. 4.6

1. b = 0, y = kx , k = tg > 0
Ox, k = tg < 0 (.
. 4.4). , I III -

= 1),
4
3
II IV y = x (k = tg
= 1).
4
y = x ( k = tg

2. = 0, k = tg 0 = 0, , Ox, y = b, Ox y = 0
(. . 4.5).

, Ox (.
2

. 4.6) k = tg
, ..
2
3. =

. ,
Ox , a. ,
x = a ( a), Oy x = 0.

97

Copyright & A K-C

,
. M1 ( x1 , y1 )
Ox

(. 4.7).
2

. 4.7

. 4.8

M1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
(4.2), ..

y1 = k x1 + b.

(4.3)
(4.3) (4.2),
y y1 = k (x x1 ).

(4.4)

. (4.4) k , , M1 ( x1 , y1 ), ,
Oy (. 4.8).
4.2. 1.
, A (3;2):
) 135 Ox; ) Oy. 2.
.
. 1. ) k = tg 135 = 1.
,
A (3; 2) (. . 4.9), . 4.9
(4.4) y + 2 = 1 (x 3)
y = x + 1.
) , Oy, x = 3.
2. , A (3; 2),
y + 2 = k (x 3).

98

Copyright & A K-C

, .
M1 ( x1 , y1 ), M 2 ( x2 , y2 ) x1 x2 , y1 y2 .
M1 M 2 (. 4.10) , M1 :
y y1 = k (x x1 ).

M 2 ( x2 , y2 )
,
, M 2 y2 y1 =

. 4.10

= k( x2 x1 )
k=

y2 y1
.
x2 x1

(4.5)

y y1 =

y2 y1
(x x1 )
x2 x1

y y1
x x1
=
.
y2 y1
x2 x1

(4.6)

4.3. , A (5; 4) B (3; 2).

. (4.6):
y =

3
1
x+ .
4
4

y4
x+5
=
, 2 4
3+5

.

a 0 b 0, . (4.6), ,
A (a; 0) B (0; b)
(. 4.11),

y0
xa
=
b0
0a

B (0;b)
b
A (a;0)
0

. 4.11

x
y
+
= 1.
a
b

99

(4.7)

Copyright & A K-C

(4.7) .
4.4. , A (2; 1),
Oy , , Ox (. 4.12).
. b = 2a (a > 0,
b > 0).
(4.7),

x
y
+
= 1.
a
2a

A (2; 1) ,
, ..
a = 1,5.

2
1

= 1, a
2a

. 4.12

y
x
+
= 1
1,5
3

y = 2x + 3.
.

Ax + By + C = 0,

(4.8)

A B ,
.. A2 + B 2 0.
1. B 0. (4.8)
y=

A
C
.
x
B
B

k = A/B, b = C/B. A 0, C 0, y = kx + b ( );
A 0, C = 0, y = kx ( ,
); A = 0, C 0, y = b ( , Oy); A = 0, C = 0, y = 0 ( Ox).
2. B = 0, A 0. (4.8)
x =

C
. a = C/A. C 0, x = a
A

( , Oy); C = 0, x = 0
( Oy).

100

Copyright & A K-C

, A, B (
) C (4.8) Oxy.
(4.8) . , (4.4) (4.8) ,
Oy.

4.3.
.

.

y = k1 x + b1 (1),
y = k2 x + b2 (2)

.
. 4.13 , = 2 1 ,
k1 = tg 1 , k2 = tg 2 ,

. 4.13

1 /2, 2 /2.

tg = tg ( 2 1 ) =

tg =

tg 2 tg 1
1 + tg 1 tg 2

k2 k1
,
1 + k1k2

(4.9)

, (1) (2) .
.
y = k1 x + b1 (1) y = k2 x + b2 (2) ,

= 0 tg = 0, (4.9) k1 = k2 . -

, k1 = k2 , (4.9) tg = 0 = 0. , .
, = /2, ctg =
= ctg(/2) = 0 ctg =

1 + k1k2
1
1
=
= 0, k1 =
k2 k1
k2
tg

101

Copyright & A K-C

k1k2 = 1. . , , .
1x + 1y + C1 = 0 (1)
A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 (2), , k1 = A1 / B1 k2 = A2 / B2 ,
k1 = k2

A1 B1
. ,
=
A2 B2

, ,
.
k1k2 = 1

A1

B1

A2
= 1 A1 A2 + B1B2 = 0, ..
B2

, ,

x y.
4.5. ,
A (2; 1), 3x
2y +2 = 0, .
.
,
A (2; 1), y 1 = k (x2).

. 4.14
(2) (3)
(. 4.14).
(1) k1 = 3/2 ( (1)

3
x + 1). 2
(2) k2 = k1 = 3/2 y 1 =
3
(x 2) 3x 2y 4 = 0.
2
1
2
(3) k3 = =

3
k1
2
y 1 = (x 2) 2x + 3y 7 = 0.
3
y =

102

Copyright & A K-C

. Ax + By + C = 0
3x 2y + 2 = 0, x y , ..

B
A
=
. A = 3, B = 2
3
2

( , 1),
3x 2y + C = 0. C
, A (2; 1), , , .. 3 2 2 1 + C = 0,
C = 4 (2) 3x 2y 4 = 0.
, 3x 2y + 2 = 0,
: 2x + 3y + C = 0 ( x y ,
.. 3 2 + (2) 3 = 0).
A (2; 1) , 2 2 + 3 1 + = 0, C = 7 (3) 2x 3y 7 = 0.

. A1 x + B1 y +

+ C1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0. , , ..

A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0,
A x + B y + C = 0.
2
2
2

, ..

A1
B1

,
B2
A2

y
M( x 0,y )0

L
.
N(x 1,y 1)
.
M ( x0 , y0 )
0
x
K
Ax + By + C = 0.
M KL
. 4.15
d = MN, M KL (. 4.15).
d : ) MN,

M 0 ( x0 , y0 ); ) N ( x1 , y1 ) , ; ) (3.5) , .. d = MN.

103

Copyright & A K-C

d=

Ax0 + By0 + C

(4.10)

A2 + B 2

( (4.10) ).
4.6.

3x + 4y 24 = 0 3x + 4y + 6 = 0.
.
, 3x + 4y 24=
. 4.16
= 0, A (0; 6)
(. 4.16). A 3x + 4y + 6 = 0:
d=

30 + 46 + 6
32 + 42

= 6.

4.4.
,

,
.
R c
O ( x0 , y0 ) (. 4.17). .
M (x, y) OM = R. (3.5)

( x x0

)2

+ ( y y0

)2

. 4.17

= R (

)
( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2 = R 2 .
(4.11)
, M (x, y) (4.11). ,
, ,
.
(4.11) . ,
(x0 = y0 = 0)

104

Copyright & A K-C

x2 + y 2 = R2 .

(4.12)

A x 2 +Bxy +C y 2 +Dx +Ey + F = 0,

(4.13)

A, B C , .. A2 + B 2 +
+ C 2 0. ,
.
(4.11)

x 2 + y 2 2 x0 x 2 y0 y + x02 + y02 R 2 = 0.

(4.14)

(4.13) (4.14)
, B , .. B = 0,
,

A
C
=
, A = C 0 ( A2 + B 2 + C 2 0, B = 0).
1
1

A x 2 +A y 2 +Dx +Ey + F = 0,

(4.15)

.
A 0 , x y, ,
2

D 2 + E 2 4 AF
D
E

.
x+
+ y+
=
4 A2
2A
2A

(4.16)

(4.16) (4.11),
, (4.13) , 1) A = C; 2) B = 0; 3) D 2 + E 2
4AF > 0.

E
D
;
, R =
2A 2A

(4.13)
=

D 2 + E 2 4 AF
.
2A

105

Copyright & A K-C

4.7.

x 2 + y 2 + 16y 9 = 0.
. , y,
,
x 2 +( y 2 + 16y + 64) 64 9 = 0,

x 2 + ( y + 8) 2 = 73, .. (0; 8),

73 .

R =

(4.13), - B = 0.

A x+

D2 E 2
D
E

+
F
+ C y+
=
4 A 4C
2A
2C

A (x x0 ) 2 + C (y y0 ) 2 =,

x0 =

D
E
D2 E 2
; y0 =
;=
+
F.
2A
2C
4 A 4C

,
, .. x0 = y0 = 0.

(4.17)
A x 2 + C y 2 = .
(4.17) (
), A C
.
, A > 0, C > 0 ( (1).
:
) > 0; ) = 0; ) < 0.
, ( < 0) (4.17)
, ( = 0)
(4.17) O (0; 0).
( > 0).

x2
y2
+
=1
a2
b2

106

(4.18)

Copyright & A K-C

a =

(. 4.18). a = b (4.18)
C
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
F1 (c; 0) F2 (c; 0), 1

b =

c = a 2 b2 ,

(4.19)

. 4.18

c
a

(4.20)

c.
. , 0 1, = 0.
A1 (a; 0), A2 (a; 0), B1 (0; b), B2 (0; b)
.
M (x, y)
, (3.5):
d = F2 M + MF1 =

( x + c)2 + y 2 +

( x c)2 + y 2 .

(4.18) (4.20)

F2 M =
=

x 2 + 2cx + c 2 + y 2 = x 2 + 2cx + (a 2 b 2 ) + (b 2
(1

b2 2
) x + 2cx + a 2 =
a2

b2 2
x )=
a2

c
( x + a )2 = a + x.
a

1 b (
Ox Oy).

107

Copyright & A K-C

, MF1 = a x.

d = F2 M + MF1 = (a + x) + (a x) = 2a, ..

, 2a.
.
4.8.

x 2 + 2 y 2 4 x + 16 y = 0 . (4.21)
. = 1
= 2 , .
,
, , ( x 2) 2 + 2( y + 4) 2 = 36

( x 2)2 ( y + 4) 2
+
= 1.
62
(3 2) 2

. 4.19

, (4.21) a = 6 b = 3 2 , O (2;
4) (. 4.19).

4.5.
(4.17) (
), A C , .. AC < 0.
A > 0, C < 0. : 1) > 0; 2) = 0; 3) < 0.
( > 0) ,

x2 y 2

= 1,
a 2 b2
a =

(4.22)

; b =
A
C

(. 4.20).

108

Copyright & A K-C

F1 (c; 0) F2 (c; 0), c =

= a 2 + b 2 ,

,  1. A1 (a; 0), A2 (a; 0).

(
, ),
, 2a : d = F2 M MF1 = 2a.

c
a

.
(4.21)
y=

b
a

. 4.20

x2 a2 .

(4.23)

x 2 a 2 x 2 = x

b
x, .. x
a
b
y = x, a
(4.23) y

.
(a = b) x 2 y 2 = a 2 y = x .
( = 0) (4.17)

x2 y 2

= 0, ..
a 2 b2
x y
x y

=0 +
= 0.
a b
a b

( < 0)

109

x2 y 2

= 1
a 2 b2

Copyright & A K-C

a =

, c
C

b =
A

(4.22) ( . 4.20 ).

4.9. y =

3
x, (6; 3/2).
4

.
.
(6; 3/2)
,

36
9
= 1.
2
a
4b 2
b
3
= ,
,
a
4

(4.22)

3
y = x. 4

. 4.21

, a = 4 2 , b = 3 2 , ..

x2 y 2

= 1 (. 4.21). 32 18

2a = 8 2 .

,
y =

. 4.22

m
x

xy = m.
(4.24)

Ox Oy
(. 4.22),
(4.24)
x
y . OM = r,

110

Copyright & A K-C

x = r cos (45+ ) =
y = r sin (45+ ) =

1
2
1
2

(r cos r sin ) =
(r cos + r sin )=

1
1

(x y ),
(x + y ),

OMB r cos = x, r sin = y.

(4.24) Oxy
x2 y 2 = 2m, ..

.
m > 0 I III ,
m < 0 II IV . , ( ), .. x = y =

m , -

, .
-
y=
c 0, bc ad 0.
(4.25),

ax + b
,
cx + d

(4.25)

d b d

a x + +
a x +
c a c
a (bc ad ) / c 2
a

=
= +
.
y=
d
d
d
c

x+
c x +
c x +
c
c
c

x+

d
a
= x , y = y .
c
c

m = (bc ad)/c2.
O xy ,
, O (

d a
; )
c c

(. . 4.23)
. 4.23

y =

111

m
xy = m.
x

Copyright & A K-C

, - (4.25) x =

d
a
; y = ,
c
c

.
4.10. , y =

3 2x
.
x +1

. ,
- :
y=
y + 2=

2( x + 1) + 5
5
=2+
x +1
x +1

5
,
x +1

(x+1) (y + 2) = 5.
x + 1 = x, y + 2 = y ,
xy = 5, ..

O (1;2)

x + 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0 (. 4.24).
m = 5 > 0,
I III -

. 4.24

, ( 5 ; 5 ).
x = x 1, y = y 2,
A ( 5 1; 5 2),
B ( 5 1;

5 2).

(4.13) B = 0,
A C ; A = 0, C 0, ..
C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.

(4.26)

D 0 (
y = y1 y = y2 , y1

y2 C y 2 + Ey + F = 0 -

112

Copyright & A K-C

- ). ,
y,
2

E2
E

.
C y+
= Dx F +
4C
2C

F
E2
E
D
x0 =
+
, y0 =
, 2p = ,
D
4 DC
2C
C
( y y0 ) 2 = 2p (x x0 ).

(4.27)

(4.27) , O ( x0 , y0 ) , p . p > 0
, p < 0 (. 4.25).
y = y0 .
,
(4.27)

y 2 = 2px.

(4.28)

y
N(p/2; y)

M(x,y)

p/2

. 4.25

F( p/2;0)

. 4.26

. 4.27

p
2

F ( ; 0) ,
x=

p
.
2

M (x, y)
(3.5)

113

Copyright & A K-C

p2
p
p
p

2
2
+ 2 px = x + = x +
+ y = x px +
4
2
2
2

p
0). , ( x +
2
p
(. 4.26).
MN = x +
2

r = x

,
, () (). .
(4.28) x y, x 2 = 2py , .
y = A x 2 , A =

1
. A > 0
2p

, A < 0 (. 4.27).
y = A x 2 + Bx + C (A 0).
y = A( x 2 +

B
C
x+
). ,
A
A

, ,

y = A x +

2
2
4 AC B 2
B C B2
B

=
A
+
.
+

x
+

4A
2A
A 4 A2
2A

(4.29)

B
4 AC B 2
= x , y
= y ,
4A
2A
B
4 AC B 2
,
) Oxy O (
4A
2A
(4.29) y = A x2 .
, y = A x 2 + Bx + C
B
4 AC B 2
O (
,
)
4A
2A
B
, Oy.
x =
2A
x +

4.11. y = 3 x 2 + 10x 3.
. x 2 ,

114

Copyright & A K-C

y = 3( x 2

2
2

10
5
25
5 16

x + 1) = 3 x + 1
= 3 x +
3
3
9
3
3

16
5

y
= 3 x .
3
3

5
16
x = x, y = y,
3
3

y = 3 x2 .
,

5 16
)
3 3

O ( ;

O y ,

. 4.28

Oy (. 4.28).

4.6.

4.12. 3x 4y +

+ 24 = 0 (AB), 4x + 3y + 32 = 0 (BC), 2x y 4 = 0(AC). , ,

B,
.
. 1. ,
. ,
B
AB BC:

3 x 4 y + 24 = 0,
4 x + 3 y + 32 = 0,

x = 8, y = 0, .. B (8; 0).
. 4.29
A C,
AB AC, AC BC: A (8; 12), C (2;
8) (. 4.29).

115

Copyright & A K-C

2. , B (8; 0), (4.4) :

y = k (x + 8).

(4.30)

AC , k AC = 2.
k BD =
y=

1
1
= . BD
2
k AC

1
(x + 8) x + 2y + 8 = 0.
2

3. ,
, ..

x A + xC
y + yC
, yF = A
.
2
2
8 + (2)
12 + (8)
xF =
= 3, y F =
= 2, .. F (3; 2).
2
2
xF =

(4.5)

k BF =
k =
BF:

y=

yF yB
20
2
=
=
.
xF xB
3 (8) 11

2
(4.30), 11

2
(x + 8) 2x 11y + 16 = 0
11

( BF (4.6)
, : B (8; 0)
F (3; 2)).
4. 3x 4y + 24 = 0 (AB) 4x + 3y + 32 = 0
(BC) , , k AB =

3
4
k BC =
4
3

. BE 45. (4.9)

116

Copyright & A K-C

k BE

3
k BE
k AB k BE
tg 45 =
= 4
= 1,
3
1 + k AB k BE
1 + k BE
4
1
= . (4.30)
7

BE

y=

1
(x + 8) x + 7y + 8 = 0.
7

( , ABBC, k BE tgCBE = tgEBA, ..

4
3
k BE +
k BE
k BE k BC
k AB k BE
3 .
=
4
=
3
4
1 + k AB k BE
1 + k BE k BC
1 + k BE
1 k BE
4
3
1
, ( k BE )1 = (k BE ) 2 = 7,
7

.)
5. BF (3.5)
A (8; 0) F (3; 2):

d BF = (3 + 8)2 + (2 0) 2 =

125 = 5 5 11,2.

6. BE
E AC,

4
4
4
4
2 x y 4 = 0,
, x = ; y = , .. E ( ; ).
x + 7 y + 8 = 0.
3
3
3
3

(3.5)
2

d BE =

20 2
4
4

9,4.
+ 8 + 0 =
3
3
3

7. BD ,
.
(4.10) B (8; 0) 2x y 4 = 0 (AC):

d BD =

2(8) + (1) 0 4
22 + (1) 2

= 4 5 8,9.

117

Copyright & A K-C

4.13. -

, y =

y = x2 + 2x

4x 4

2x + 1

1
. ,
3

.
. 1.

1
4( x + ) 6
4( x 1)
2
=
= 2
y =
1
1
2( x + )
2( x + )
2
2
3
3
, y 2 =

1
1
x+
x+
2
2
1
( x + ) (y 2) = 3.
. 4.30
2
1
x +
= x , y 2 = y ,
2
1
Oxy O ( ; 2) xy = 3, 2

II IV (. 4.30).
2. ,

y = x 2 +2x

1
1
2
= ( x 1) 2 +1 = ( x 1) 2 + ,
3
3
3

, A (1;
.
3. OA (4.5)

1
x+
y2
2 8x + 9y 14 = 0.
=
1
2
2
1+
3
2

118

2
),
3

Copyright & A K-C

4. O (0; 0) 8x + 9y
14 = 0 (4.10)
d=

8 0 + 9 0 14
82 + 92

14

145

1,2.

5. ,
O (

1
; 2) R, 2

O . xy = m (
) x = y =

m ,

(0; 0) (3.5)

2 m . -

, R = 2 m = 2 3 = 6 . , -

1
2

(4.11) ( x + )2 + ( y 2) 2 = 6.

4.7.

. Q

M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) n = (A, B, C)
(. 4.31).
Oxyz.

n Q. Q
M (x, y, z ).

M 0 M = (x x0 , y y0 , z z0 )

. 4.31

n = (A, B, C). ,

, .. ( n , M 0 M ) = 0.
:
A(x x0 ) + B(y y0 ) + C(z z0 ) = 0.

119

(4.31)

Copyright & A K-C

(4.31) ,

n1 = (A, B, C)
M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ).
,
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

(4.32)

( D = A x0 B y0 C z0 ), .
,
.
D = 0, Ax + By + Cz = 0 , .

n1 = (A, B, C). , , A = 0, By +Cz +

+ D = 0 , Ox; A = D=
= 0, By +Cz = 0 , Ox; A = B = 0, Cz + D = 0 , Oxy; A = B =
= D = 0, Cz = 0 ( z = 0) Oxy.

n1 = ( A1 , B1 , C1 ) n1 = ( A2 , B2 , C2 ).

A1 B1 C1
,
=
=
A2 B2 C2

A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0 .
, .. ,

A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
A x + B y + C z + D = 0.
2
2
2
2

120

Copyright & A K-C

s = (m, n, p) ( )
. 4.32
M1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) (. 4.32),

M 1M = (x x1 , y y2 , z z1 ) (

) s = (m, n, p):

M (x, y, z) -

x x1
y y1 z z1
=
=
.
p
m
n

4.14. ,
Oy F (4; 0).
4.15. , A (2; 3): ) Ox; ) Oy; )
Ox 45.
4.16. , :
) A (3; 1) B (5; 4); ) A (3; 1) C (3; 5); ) A (3; 1) D (4; 1).
4.17. AB, BC AC ABC

4x + 3y 5 = 0,
x 3y + 10 = 0,
x 2 = 0. .
4.18. ,
2x 3y + 1 = 0 3x y 2 = 0 y = x + 1.
4.19. BD
A (3; 0), B (2; 5); C (3; 2).
4.20. , A (4; 3)
3 . .
4.21. A (2; 0), B (2; 4) C (4; 0).
, AE, AD
AE.
4.22. ABC : AB 3x + 2y
12 = 0, BM x + 2y 4 = 0, AM 4x + y 6 = 0,
M . AC, BC
CM.

121

Copyright & A K-C

4.23.
y = x 2 x 5y + 6 = 0.
. .
4.24. ,
x 2 + y 2 = 5 x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y 31 = 0. .
4.25. x 2 + y 2 = 36 . .
4.26. , ,
M1 (4; 4 5 /3) M 2 (0; 4). ,
.
4.27. 3 x 2 4 y 2 = 12
; ; ; .
4.28. ,
,

x2
y2
= 1.
+
25
9

4.29. , y =

4 5x
.
x 1

4.30. , :
) (0; 0) (1; 3) Ox; ) (0; 0)
(2; 4) Oy.
4.31. , , Ox y = x
x + y 2 = 0 .
4.32. , y =
y = 2x 2 + 5x 2.

122

x +1
,
x 1

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

5.1.
, .
(, ) . , , , , .
: , ,
..
, . a A, a A. b A, b A.
, ,
. , x 2 +1 = 0 .
B
, A B A.
, , A , B
- , A, .. B A.
, .
A B C,
,
, .. C = A B.
A B D,
,
A B, .. D = A B.
A B E, A,
B, .. E = A \ B.

124

Copyright & A K-C

5.1. A = {1; 3; 6; 8} , B = {2; 4; 6; 8} .

, A B.
. , A B = {1; 2; 3; 4; 6; 8} , A B = {6; 8} ,
A\B = {1; 3} .
A B Ac , B, A.
,
, . : R , Q , I , Z , N .
, N Z Q R, I R R = Q I.
R ( ) (. 5.1), .. , , .
. 5.1
, .. , ,
.
x x.
X, :
a x b, ( ) [a; b];
a < x < b (a; b); a x < b a < x b,
[a; b) (a; b].

(; a), (b; +), (, +), (; a] [b; +).
X.

5.2. .

. ( ) x x, x ,
x, x :

x=

x, x 0,
x, x < 0,

, , x 0 .

125

Copyright & A K-C

5.2. x x .
. x 0, x = x x x = x x = 0 = 0.
x < 0, x = x

x x = x ( x ) = 2 x = 2 x.

:
x + y x + y ,
xy = x y ,

x
x
=
.
y
y

x y x y ,

x a x a x < a,
x > a (. . 5.2).
, ,
. 5.2
x a < ( >0)
x (a , a + ) (. 5.3), a < x < a + .
, a, a.
. 5.3
(a , a + ), .. x , x a < ( > 0),
- a.

5.3. .
,
. , , .
, .
,
. ,
S = vt, S t ,
v .
.
. x X (x X) y
Y (y Y), , X y = f (x).
x ( ),
y , f .

126

Copyright & A K-C

X ( ) , Y .
X , x, ..
x, y = f (x) .
, y = x 2 + 10 x
(; 10], 10 x 0; x , , ,
x 0 [0; 10].
.
.
) , y = f (x). . , y = x 2 + 10 x , , .
. , ,

x < 0,
x 0,
: x 2 ( x < 0) x + 3
x 2 ,
y =
x + 3,

( x 0).
) , , x
f (x), .
) (x, y) ,
x, y = f (x).
) ,
, : f (x) = 1, x ; f (x) = 0, x .
.
1. . y = f (x) , x f (x) =
= f (x) , f (x) = f (x).
y = f (x) .
, y = x 2 ( f (x) =
= ( x ) 2 = x 2 f (x) = f (x), y = x3 (
f (x) = ( x )3 = x 3 f (x) = f (x).
, , y = x 2 + x3
, f (x) = ( x ) 2 + ( x )3 = x 2 x3
f (x) f (x) f (x) f (x).

127

Copyright & A K-C

(., , y = x 2 . 5.6),

(., , y = x3 . 5.5)
2. . y = f (x)
() X, ()
.
x1 , x2 X x2 > x1 .
X, f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ), , f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 )
(. . 5.4).
1 .

. 5.4

, , y = x 2 (. . 5.6) x (; 0]
x [0; ) .
3. . y = f (x)
X,
M > 0, f (x) M x X.
.
, y = sin x
, sin x 1 x R.

1 , ; ,
,
, .. ,
x1 , x2 X,

x2 > x1 , f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ).

128

nN

y = x n

nN

y = xn

(, 0)

(0, +),
n
;
[0; +),
n

(0, +)

(, +),
n
;
[0; +),
n

,
n
;
,

,
n
;
,
n

129

(, 0)
(0, +),
n ;

(; 0) (0, +),
n

6
7
1.

(, +), -
n ;

(, 0], (0, +),
n

(, 0)

(, +)

X
1
2
3

. 5.7

. 5.5

. 5.8

. 5.6

5.4.

Copyright & A K-C

y = sin x

(, +)

y = log a x (0; +)
(a > 0, a 1)

(, +)

3
(, +),
n
;
[0; +),
n

y = ax
(a > 0,
a 1)

nN
n>1

y=nx

1
3

[1; 1]

(, +)

(0; +)

4
(, +),
n
;
[0; +),

6
7

(; +),
n ;

[0; +), n

130

4.

[/2+2n,
= 2
/2+2n]; [/2+2n,
3/2+2n], n Z

3.

(0; +),

a > 1;

(0; +),
0<a<1

2.

(; +),

a > 1;
(; +),
0 < a < 1

5
,
n
;
,
n

. 5.9

. 5.13

. 5.12

. 5.11

. 5.10

Copyright & A K-C

2
y = cos x

y = tg x

y = ctg x

1
7

(, +)

4
[1; 1]

(n, +n); (, +)
NZ

(/2 + n,
/2+n);
nZ

3
(, +)

(n, +n);
nZ

(/2+n,
/2+n);
nZ

6

[+2n, 2n],

[2n, +2n]
nZ

=2

131

5.
y = arcsin x, y = arccos x, y = arctg x, y = arcctg x

. 5.16

. 5.15

. 5.14

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

4. . y = f (x) T 0, x f (x + T) = f (x).
, y = sin x 1 T = 2,
x sin (x +2) = sin x.

5.5. . .

, , ; , y = x 2 + 5x +1.
y x ,
F (x, y) = 0, . , y (y 0), x3 + y 2 x = 0. (,
, y = x x3 y 0 y = x x3 y < 0.)
. y = f (x) x, X
Y. y Y x X, f (x) = y.
x = (y), Y c X, .
x, y, , y = f (x),
y = (x). y = (x)
y = f 1 (x) ( ).
, y = a x x = log a y
( )
y = log a x .
x
,
y=a
y = log a x y = (x)
.


(
. 5.17
. 5.17 y = a x
y = log a x a > 1).
1 ,
2; y = sin x, , 2n, n Z.

132

Copyright & A K-C

. y = f (u)
u, U Y, u
u = (x) x, X U. X
y = f [(x)] (
, , ).
, y = lg sin x , y = lg u, u = sin x.
.
:
) ; )
.
. ,

, .
,
y=

x sin 2 x
3

x + 52 x 3

+ lg3 x 1

, ,
, , (sin 2 x, 52 x3 , lg 3 x ,

lg3 x 1 ) .

y = [x] x (. . 6.9), (. 127).
.
().
, .
:
( ):
y = a0 x n + a1 x n 1 + + an 1 x + an ;
- ;
( ).
. : , , ,
.

133

Copyright & A K-C

. III
, .

.
y = f (x).

. 5.18

. 5.19

.
1. y = f (x + a) y = f (x), ( a > 0 , a < 0 ) a Ox (. 5.18).
2. y = f (x) + b y = f (x), ( b > 0 , b < 0 ) b
Oy (. . 5.18).
3. y = mf (x) (m 0) y = f (x),
( m > 1) m ( 0 < m < 1)
0y (. . 5.19). < m < 0
y = mf (x) y = mf(x)
Ox.
4. y = f (kx) (k 0) y = f (x),
( k>1) k ( 0 < k < 1)
Ox (. . 5.20). < k < 0

134

Copyright & A K-C

y = f (kx)
y = f (kx)
Oy.
5.3. y = 3cos 2x.
.
C y = 3cos 2x (.
5.21).
1.
y = cos x.
2. y = cos x
2
Ox y
= = cos 2x.
3. y = cos 2x

Ox
y = cos 2x.
4.
y = cos 2x

. 5.20

. 5.21

3 Oy y = 3cos 2x.

5.6. .

.
: ,
, .
, ,
, -, (, ..), (), . ,
.

135

Copyright & A K-C

:
1. ( )
, .. , () .
2. .
3. ( ) .
4. ( )
.
5. ,
,
(, , ..).
, ,
.
, , .
,
, ,
,
,
, .
. 15.

,

, . .
1.

y=

b x( x a3 )
b1 ( x a1 )
b ( x a2 )
( x > a3 )
( x > a1 ) , y = 2
( x > a2 ) , y = 3
x c1
x c2
x c3

( . ),
a1 , a2 , a3 ,

() b1 , b2
(. . 5.22).

136

Copyright & A K-C

b2
b1

q(p)

s( p)

a1 a2 a3

. 5.22

p0

. 5.23

2.
, ()
( ) (. . 5.23).
3. (, x y
), , xy = U,
pxx + pyy = I px py I, x0
y0, U0 (. . 5.24).

. 5.24

. 5.25

4. ( ) c(q) r(q), (q)=

= c(q) r(q) q (. . 5.25)
, (0 < q < q2) (q2 < q < q4),
(q = q1)
(q = q3), .
,
( , , ).

137

Copyright & A K-C

,
,
.

, ,
. ()
.
,
,
. x

x0 x1 = x0 + h,

. 5.26
y0 = f ( x0 ) y1 = f (x1) = f ( x0 ) + f,
, (. 5.26)
f(x) f ( x0 ) +

x x0
f .
h

(5.1)

x x0
f h

. .

,
.
5.4. y = f(x) :
x
y

2
2,42

2,04
2,88

2,08
3,38

) , f (2,008).
) x, f (x) = 3,1?
: ) x0 = 2; f( x0 ) = 2,42; x1 = 2,04;

f( x1 ) = 2,88;

h = x1 x0 = 2,04 2,0 = 0,04;

f = f( x1 )

f( x0 ) = 2,88 2,42 = 0,46.

(5.1)

138

Copyright & A K-C

y = f (2,008) 2,42 +

2,008 2,0
0,46 = 2,512.
0,04

)
, x y:
(y) = ( y0 ) +

y y0
,
h

(5.2)

x = (y) .
y0 = 2,88; ( y0 ) = 2,04; y1 = 3,38; ( y1 ) = 2,08; h = y1 y0 =
= 3,38 2,88 = 0,50; = ( y1 ) ( y0 ) = 2,08 2,04 = 0,04.
(5.2)

x = (3,1) 2,04 +

3,1 2,88
0,04 = 2,0576 2,058.
0,5

, .

5.7.
5.5.
) y = x lg(2x3); ) y = log3 sin x + 4 x 2 ;
) y = arccos

2x
.
1 + x2

. ) X

x
0,
x > 3/2 X = (3/2; +).
2 x 3 > 0,

sin x > 0
. , 4 x2 0

2n < x < +2n; , x 2 4,

x 2 2 x 2. (. 5.27) : 0 < x 2, .. X = (0; 2].

. 5.27

139

Copyright & A K-C

2x
1, 1 + x2

2x
1. x 1+ x 2 > 0,
1 + x2
1 x 2 2x 1+ x 2 ,
2 x 1 x 2 ,
(1 + x) 2 0,
2 x 1 + x 2 , (1 x)2 0.

x, .. X = (; +).
5.6. :
) y = sin x + cos x; ) y =

6x
.
1 + x2

. )

sin x +
cos x = 2 sin sin x + cos cos x =
4
4
2

= 2 sin x + .
4

y = 2

2 sin x + 2 , y 2 ,
4

2 y 2 . , Y = [ 2, 2 ].

1, .. sin x +

1 ,
4

) , III. : x = (y), Y,
Y .
x y. x = (y), x 2 y 6x + y = 0. , ,
D = b 2 4ac
, .. 62 4 y 2 0 y 2 9, y 3 3 y 3.
, Y = [3; 3].

5.7. () :
) y = x ctg 3 x ; ) y = x

2x + 1
; ) y = ( x 1) 2 sin 2 x .
2x 1

140

Copyright & A K-C

: ) f (x) = x ctg 3 (x) = x + ctg 3 x .

f (x) = f (x), ;
) f (x) = (x)

2 x + 1
2x + 1
=x
( ).
2 x 1
2x 1

f (x) = f (x), .
) f (x) = ( x 1) 2 sin 2 ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 sin 2 x .
f (x) f (x) f (x) f(x),
, .. , .

:
5.8. y =

x + lg(2x5).

5.9. y =

1
+3 x+2 .
lg(1 x)

5.10. y = arcsin (2 x 2 + x) .
:
5.11. y = 3 sin x + cos x.

5.12. y =

x
.
1 + x2

() :
5.13. y = x3 sin x.
5.14. y = x x3 + 5x5 .
5.15. y = lg

1+ x
.
1 x

5.16. y = x 2 + sin x.

:
5.18. y = cos 2

5.17. y = tg x + ctg x.

x
.
2

:
5.19. ) y = 2x 2 ; ) y = 2 ( x + 3)2 ; ) y = 2 ( x + 3)2 + 1;
) y = 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 .

3
3
3
3
; ) y = ; ) y =
; ) y =
2;
x 1
x
x
x 1
4x 3
.
) y =
x 1
5.21. ) y = log 1 (2x); ) y = log 1 (2x); ) y = log 1 (3 2 x) 2 .
5.20. ) y =

5.22. ) y = sin 2x; ) y = 3sin 2x; ) y = sin x

) y = sin x + cos x.

141

;
3

Copyright & A K-C

6

6.1.

. n an , , {an } :

a1 , a2 , , an , .
, : an = f(n).

a1 , a2 , , an -

, an n- .
1:
2, 4, 6, 8, , 2n, (, ),
1, 0, 1, 0,
(, ),
0,

3 2 5
(1)n
, , , , 1 +
,
2 3 4
n

(6.1)

(, ).
(6.1).
(. 6.1).

. 6.1

, an n
1. an 1 . :

a1 1 =1, a2 1 =
1

1
1
1
1
, a3 1 = , a4 1 = , , an 1 = , ,
n
2
3
4

. 5.

142

Copyright & A K-C

.. n

an 1 -

.
. A {an } , -

> 0 N (
, N = N()),
n > N
(6.2)
an A< .
lim an = A
n

an A n. , , , .
: (
) (
), ,

(A = lim an ) (>0)(N = N())(n>N) an A< .
n

, n {an } A (
, , ).
6.1. , (6.1)

lim an =1.

. , , = 0,1.

1 < , .. n <

n > 10. = 0,01 an 1 < 0,01 n > 100.

1
< > 0 (6.2) an 1<
n
1
n > .

1
, >0 N =
(
1
), n > N ( = 0,1 n > 10,

(6.2) an 1< 0,1 1 +

(1)n
n

143

Copyright & A K-C

= 0,01 n > 100 ..)

an 1< , , lim an = 1.
n

.
a1 , a2 , , an , ,
. (6.2) an A< -

A < an < A + ,

an - A (. 6.2).

A
a1

a 3 a5

2
a7 a 9 A a8

A+
a6

a4

a2

an

. 6.2

, A {an } , -

> 0 N, (
n > N)
- A, .
-
.

6.2.
. an = f (n)
y = f (x) . n, , , x, , .
. A y = f (x)
x, ,
> 0 S > 0 ( ; S = S()), x,
, x> S, :
f(x) A< .
(6.3)
lim f ( x ) = A f (x)A
x

x .
:

( A = lim f ( x)) ( > 0)(S = S () > 0)(x : x > S )

x

144

f(x)A< .

Copyright & A K-C

, :
x f(x)
A ( ).

. 6.3

. 6.4

y = f (x) . (6.3) f (x)A<

A < f (x) < A + , 2
(. . 6.3).
, A y = f (x) x ,
> 0 S > 0, x, , x> S,
f (x) A < y < A + ,
.
6.2. ,

5x + 1
= 5.
x
x
lim

. > 0 (6.3)

5x + 1
5 <
x

1
1
< x > .

, > 0 S =

1
> 0,

x, , x > S, f (x) 5< ,

f (x) =

5x + 1
; , lim f ( x ) = 5.
x
x

.
x -

145

Copyright & A K-C

x . x , .. x + x .
(6.3)
x, , x > S, x, , x < S.
. y = f (x) x0 , , , x0 .
. A f (x) x,
x0 ( x0 ),
> 0 > 0 ( , = ()), x,
x0

x x0 < ,

(6.4)

f(x) A < .
(6.5)
lim f ( x) = A f(x)A
x x0

x x0 .
:

f ( x) ( > 0)( = () > 0)(x x0 : x x0 < )

A = xlim
x0

f (x) A< .
f (x) x0 -

, x, x0 ,
f (x) A
( ).

. , f (x) A<
A < f (x) < A + ,
2 (. . 6.4). x x0 < x0 < x < x0 +, -

x - x0 .

A f (x) x x0 ,

> 0 - x0 , x x0
f (x) A < y < A + ,
.

146

Copyright & A K-C

6.3. , lim(2 x + 3) = 5.
x 1

. = 0,1. (6.5) (2x + 3)

5< 0,1 x 1< 0,05.
= 0,01 (6.5) x 1< 0,005.
> 0 (6.5) (2x + 3) 5<
x 1<

.
2

, > 0 =

(
2

= 0,1 = 0,05; = 0,01 = 0,005 ..), x 1

x 1< f(x)
5< , f(x) = 2x + 3; , lim f ( x ) =5.
x 1

1. x0 , x x0 x0 . ,

lim f ( x) , , x

x x0

x0 , x0 . -

x x0

x0 ,

( ) x0 .

2. x x0 x

, x0 , , -

,  x0 , f (x) A, f (x)
lim f ( x) lim f ( x ) = A. x x0 0

x x0 + 0

, x x0 , x, (6.4), (6.5), x , x0 < x < x0 x x0 0

(), x , x0 < x < x0 + x x0 + 0

().
, lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x) = A, lim f ( x) = A.
x x0 0

x x0 + 0

147

x x0

Copyright & A K-C

6.3.
. (x) x x0 , x , :

lim ( x) =0.

x x0 ( )

x x0 x ,
:
(x)
x x0 , > 0 > 0 ( , = ()), x, x0

x x0 < ,

(6.6)

(x) < .
(6.7)

:

( x )
x x0 (>0)(=()>0)(x x0 : x x0 <)(x)<.
lim ( x ) = 0

xx0

x , (6.7) x. :

( x )

x (>0)(S = S () > 0)(x : x> S) (x)< .

lim ( x ) = 0
x

, y = cos x x
y=

2x 7
2

x ,
.
(x)
, > 0, x x0 ( x x0 )
x ( x ) (x)
(6.7) ( ).

148

Copyright & A K-C

. . f (x) x x0 (x ) ,
A, A (x) x x0 (x ), ..
f (x) = A + (x).

(6.8)

 x x0 1.

lim f ( x) = A. , > 0

x x0

> 0, x x0 x x0 < f(x) A< , ,

(x) = f(x) A, (x) < .

, (x) x x0 . 
:
. f (x) A (x) x x0 (x ), A
x x0 (x ), ..

lim

x x0 ( )

f ( x) = A.

 f (x) = A + (x). , , x x0 .
(x) = f (x) A
x x0 , > 0 > 0,
x x0 x x0 <
(x) = f (x) A< .
, lim f ( x) = A. 
x x0

:
1. .
2.
( ,
) .
1 , x 0, 0, ..

x x0 , x0 + , > 0.
, ( ) , .. | x | > S ( S > 0)

) (

x ; S S ; + .

149

Copyright & A K-C

3. ,
, .
 1 (x) (x) x x0 . ,
((x) + (x)) x x0 .
(x) (x) x x0 .

, =

> 0
2

1 > 0, 2 > 0, x x0

x x0 < 1

(6.9)

x x0 < 2

(6.10)

(x) <

(6.11)

(x) <

.
2

(6.12)

1 2 ,

.. = min {1 , 2 } , x x0 < (6.9) (6.10), ,

(6.11) (6.12). (6.11) (6.12), ,
(x)+ (x)<

+ = .
2 2

(. 5.2), ..
|(x) + (x) (x) + (x),
(x) + (x)< .

(6.13)

, > 0 > 0,
x x0 x x0 < (6.13). , (x) + (x) . 
, , (x) = 5x 10, (x) = lg(x 1) x 2 (
lim ( x) = 0,
x2

150

Copyright & A K-C

lim ( x) = 0), f(x) = sin x ,

x2

x 2 ( f (x) = sin x , x = 2, sin x 1).

(x) = x 2 5 x 2 (1), . (x) (x) = 5x 10 lg (x 1) (
1),
(x)f(x) = (5x 10)sin x,
6(x) = 30x 60,
(x)(x) = (5x 10)lg(x 1) ( 2),

( x) 5 x 10
=
(
( x) x 2 5

3) x 2.
. 3 (x) (x) - .

( x)
: ;
x x0 ( ) ( x )
lim

A 0; . (x)
:
, (x); ;

( x)
= 1,
x x0 ( ) ( x )
(x) (x) x x0 ( x ) -

, (x). ,

lim

: (x) (x). , (x)

, :
(x) = 0((x)) x x0 (x) ( (x)
(x) x x0 (x).

6.4.
. f (x) x x0 ,
M > 0 > 0 ( M, = (M)), x, x0
x x0 < ,
f(x)> M.
, f (x)
x x0 , : lim f ( x ) = f (x) x x0 .
x x0

151

Copyright & A K-C

f ( x )
x x0 (M>0)( = (M)>0)(x x0 : x x0 < )
lim f ( x ) = 0

xx0

f (x) > M.
f (x) > M ( f (x) < M),
lim f ( x ) = + ( lim f ( x ) = ).
x x0

x x0

x . :

f ( x )

x (M > 0)(S = S (M)>0)(x : x > S)

lim f ( x ) = 0
f(x)> M.
x

, , y = tg x x
, y = 5x 7
2

x .

f (x) , M > 0,
x x0 ( x x0 ) x ( x )
f (x) M ( ).
. 5.3 X. , x x0 (x ). . ,
y = x sin x (
), ,
x ,
( ) .
:
1. , , .
2.
.
3. , , .

152

Copyright & A K-C

, f (x) = tg x

(x) = 4x 3 x

(
2

lim f ( x) = ),
x

(2 3),
2

, (x) = sin x ,

f (x)(x) = (4x 3) tg x
(
1),

f ( x)
tg x
( =
( x) 4 x 3

3) x
.
2
f(x) + (x) = tg x + sin x ( 2),

. . (x) x x0 (x ), f (x) =

1
( x)

x x0 (x ). ,
f (x)

x x0 (x ),

1
x x0 (x ).
f ( x)
 x x0 , .. (x)
1
, f (x) =
x x0 .
( x)
(x) x x0 , -

(x) =

, > 0 > 0,
x x0 x x0 < (x)< . ( ,
x0 x x0 (x) 0)
M =

1
1
1
> f (x) > M, f (x) =

(
x)
( x)

1
. , x x0 f (x)

.
. 

153

Copyright & A K-C

y=

2x 7
2
1
x , y =
cos x
2x 7

x
,y=
x 3
2

. , y = tg x x
, y = 5x 7
2
, y = cos x x

x ,
y=

1
= ctg x x
y=
x
tg x
2
5x 7

6.5. .

f (x) (x) , ( x ):
x x0
lim f ( x) = A,
x x0 ( )

lim ( x) = B. .

x x0 ( )

1. .
 , .. f (x)
A D, A D.
(6.8) f (x) = A + (x), f (x) = D + (x), (x) (x)
x x0 (x ).
, 0 = A D + ((x) (x)), (x)
(x) = D A. ,
1 (x) (x) . , . 
2.
, ..
lim [ f ( x) + ( x) ] =A + B.
x x0 ( )

3. , ..
lim [ f ( x)( x) ] =AB.
x x0 ( )

154

Copyright & A K-C

,
, ..
lim (cf(x)) = cA.
x x0 ( )

4.
( , ), ..

f ( x) A
=
(B 0).
( x) B
5. lim f (u ) = A, lim ( x ) = u0 ,
lim

x x0 ( )

u u0

x x0

lim f [ ( x)] = A.
x x0

6. x0 ( x) f (x) < (x),

lim f ( x) lim (x).
x x0 ( )

x x0 ( )

 2.
f ( x) = A lim ( x) = B, ,

lim

x x0 ( )

x x0 ( )

(6.8) f(x) = A+ (x), (x) = B + (x),

(x) (x) x x0 (x ).
,

f ( x)( x ) = AB + B ( x ) + A( x ) + ( x )( x ) .

( x)

, (x)
x x0 (x ). , f (x) (x)
AB (x).
, lim f ( x) (x) = AB. 
x x0 ( )

. f (x) (x), , . ,
,
, , .

155

Copyright & A K-C

, lim (tg x ctg x) = lim 1 = 1,

x

lim tg x lim tg x. x

, .
.
,
, .
.
1. {an }
, .
: )
a1 a2 an M (. . 6.5);
)
a1 a2 an M (. . 6.5).
. 6.5 A .

. 6.5

2. x0 (
x) f (x)
(x) (x), A
x x0 ( x ), f (x) A.
 x x0 lim ( x) = A, lim ( x ) = A.
x x0

x x0

, > 0
> 0, x x0 x x0 <

(x) A< , (x) A<

A < (x) < A + , A < (x) < A + .

(6.14)
f (x)
, ..
(x) f (x) (x),

156

Copyright & A K-C

(6.14) , A < f (x) < A + , ..

f (x) A< .
, lim f ( x) = A. 
x x0

6.6. .

sin x
=1.
x 0 x
lim

(6.15)


(6.15) R
. OB , x
(0 < x <

) Ox (. . 6.6).
2

, AOB
. 6.6
AOB, AOC, ..
S AOB < S . AOB < S AOC .

1
1
1
R R sin x = R 2 sin x , S . AOB = R 2 x ,
2
2
2
1
1
1 2
S AOC = AO AC = AO ( AO tg x) = R tg x ,

2
2
2
1 2
1
1
R sin x < R 2 x < R 2 tg x , , 2
2
2
1 2
x
1

<
R sin x > 0 , 1 <
sin x cos x
2
sin x
cos x <
< 1.
x
sin x
cos x
, x

< x < 0.
2
S AOB =

157

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x 0, lim 1 = 1 , lim cos x = 1 (

x0

x 0

. 6.7). -

sin x
= 1. 
x 0 x

lim
6.4. :

sin 6 x
1 cos x
; ) lim
.
x 0 4 x
x 0
x2
sin 6 x
3
sin 6 x
3
3
: ) lim
= lim
= 1 = ;
x 0 4 x
2 x 0 6 x
2
2

) lim

1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x 0
x2

) lim

x
x

sin

1
1
1
2
2 = lim
x = 12 = .
2
x
2 x 0
2
2

2sin 2

. n

1
. n
a2 = 2, 25 , a3 = 2,37 ,
, a1 = 2,0,
a4 = 2, 441, a5 = 2, 488, , ,

an = 1 +

{an }

. , -

1 (. 14.2):
n

1 n(n 1) 1
n(n 1) ( n ( n 1)) 1
1
an = 1 + = 1 + n +
+ +
2
n
n
1

2
n
1 2 n
nn

an = 2 +

1 1
1 1 2 n 1
1 + +
1 1 1

1 2 n
1 2 n n n
n

(6.16)

n ( n+1), ,
.. a1 < a2 < < an <

{an }

(6.16), an :
1 n ( n!, ): n! = 123(n1)n.

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Copyright & A K-C

an < 2 +

1
1
1
1
+ +
+ < 2 + + +
,
n
1 2
1 2 n
2
2 1

( , 1,
:

1
1
1
1
< , ,
<
.
2
n
1 2 3 2
1 2...n 2 1
1
1
+ +
S n 1
n
2
2 1
1

a =
2
1
q = .
2
n 1

1 1
1

a (q n 1 1) 2 2
= 1 1 < 1.
Sn 1 =
=
1
2n 1
q 1
1
2

S n 1 < 1 , an = 1 +

1
< 2 + 1 = 3.
n

an = 1 +

1
.
n

. ( )

= lim 1 +
n

1
.
n

(6.17)

1
x +
x

1
.
x

(6.18)

, 2 < e < 3.
2,718281, .. .
, y = 1 +

x ( x n ) , :

= lim 1 +

159

Copyright & A K-C

y =

1
1
, x =
; x y 0.
x
y

:
1

= lim (1 + y ) y .

(6.19)

y 0

( , )
. y = e x (.
. 7.8) .
, . ln: log e x = ln x.
6.5. :
3x

5
) lim 1 + ;
x
x

2
lim (1 3 y ) y
y 0

x x

3x
5
5

5
) lim 1 + = lim 1 +
x
x
x
x

2
) lim (1 3 y ) y
y 0

= lim (1 3 y ) 3 y
y 0

3 y

3 x

2
y

15

5
5

= lim 1 + = e15 ;
x
x

= lim (1 3 y ) 3 y = e 6 .
y 0

, , , ., ,
, , ..
. Q0 .
p% .
Qt t .

.. Q1 = Q0 1 +

p
Q0 ,
100

p
2p
pt

, Q2 = Q0 1 +
, ..., Qt 1 +
. 100
100
100

.

(1+

p
) , ..
100

160

Copyright & A K-C

Q1 = Q0 (1+

p t
p
p 2
), Q2 = Q0 (1+
) , , Qt = Q0 (1+
) .
100
100
100

,
n , p%

1
p
-
%, t
n
n

nt

Qt = Q0 (1+

p nt
) .
100n

(6.20)

,
(n = 2), (n = 4), (n = 12),
(n = 365), (n = 8760) .., (n ). t
pt

100 n 100

nt

p
p
p

= Q0 lim 1 +
Qt = lim Q0 1 +

n
n
100n
100n

100n
(6.18) x =

p
pt

Qt = Q0 e100 .

(6.21)

(6.21) ()
( p > 0) ( p < 0).
.
, Qt , Q0 = 1 . .,
p = 5%, t = 20 .

,
. .

2,0000

n = 1 n = 2 n = 4 n = 12 n = 365
2,6355 2,6851 2,7015 2,7126

2,7181

2,7182

, (6.21)

161

Copyright & A K-C

(6.20) ,
(n = 1), (p = 5%) ( 2,5%).
. -

, ,
.

6.7.
, ,
.
1. f (x) x0 , : 1) x0 (.. f ( x0 )); 2)

x x0 ; 3) -

x0 , ..

lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ) .

(6.22)

x x0

6.6. x = 0 :
) y =

1
x + 1 x 0,
x 2 x 0,
; ) y =
) y =
) y = x 2 .
x 1 x < 0;
1 x = 0;
x

. 6.7

. ) x = 0 y = f (x) (.
. 6.7) ,
f (0).
) x = 0 y = f (x) (. . 6.7)
, f (0)
(f (0) = 1), -

162

Copyright & A K-C

lim f ( x ) ( ,
x 0

lim f ( x) = 1
x 0

lim f ( x) = 1,

x 0 +

x 0 ).
) x = 0 y = f (x) (. . 6.7)

f(0) (f(0) = 1) lim f ( x) = 0,
x 0

: lim f ( x) f (0).
x 0

) x = 0 y = f (x) (. . 6.7) ,

lim f ( x) = f (0) = 0.

x 0

(6.22) x0
:
(6.23)
lim f ( x) = f (lim x) ,
x x0

x x0

..
.

. 6.8

,
( ).
, .
x0 x. y = f (x)
y, -

163

Copyright & A K-C

: y = f ( x0 +x) f ( x0 ) (.
. 6.8).
2. y = f (x)
x0 ,
:
lim y = 0.
(6.24)
x 0

 . (6.22)
x = x0 + x lim f ( x0 + x) = f ( x0 ) , x 0

x x0 x 0.

f ( x0 + x ) = f ( x0 ) + ( x ) ,
( x ) = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = y
x 0, .. lim y = 0 . 
x 0

x0 f (x),
.
: ( x x0 , ) (
). , x0 = 0 . 6.7 , . 6.7 .
, x x0 ,
. , x0 = 0
. 6.7 .
, :
1. f (x) (x) x0 , -

f ( x)
(
( x)
( x0 ) 0) , x0 .

f (x) + (x), f (x)(x)

.
2. y = f (x) x0 f ( x0 ) > 0,
x0 , f (x) > 0.

164

Copyright & A K-C

,
x 0 (6.24) y,
y = f (x) ( x0 x, x0 +x) .
3. y = f (u) u0 ,

u = (x) u0 = ( x0 ),

y = f [(x)] x0 .
, x 0 (6.24)
u = (x)
u 0,
y = f(u) y 0.
3

lim f [ ( x) ] = f lim ( x) ,
x x0
x x0

(6.25)

.. .
y = f(x) X,
.
,
.
6.7. y = cos x.
. lim y = lim (cos( x + x) cos x) =
x 0

= 2 lim cos
x 0

lim sin

x 0

x 0

2 x + x
x
2 x + x
= 0, cos
sin
1,
2
2
2

sin(x 2)
1
sin(x 2)
x 1
lim x =
= lim
x = lim
2 2 x 0 x 2
2 x0 x 2 x 0

1
1 0 = 0 , .. lim y = 0, x 0
2

(6.24) y = cos x
.
. ,

. -

165

Copyright & A K-C

f (x) = [x] ( y x), [x]

x, .. , x (, [2,6] = 2, [2,6] = 3). x =

3
2

3
2

f(x) = [x] , lim f ( x) = f = 1, x = 1

3
x

f(1) = 1, ,
lim f ( x) ( x 1

lim f ( x) = 0

x 1 0

lim f ( x) = 1) (. . 6.9).

x 1+ 0

, f(x) =
= [x]
, ,
, .
, :
1. y = f (x) [a, b],

(. . 6.10).
. 6.9
2. y = f (x) [a, b],
m M ( ) (. . 6.11).

. 6.10

. 6.11

. 6.12

3. y = f(x) [a, b] f(a) f(b) -

166

Copyright & A K-C

, (a, b), ,
f() = 0 ( -) (. . 6.12).

6.8.
3x + 5
3x + 5
sin x
; ) lim
; ) lim
;
x 7 x 5
x 5 x 5
x x

6.8. : ) lim

1
x

) lim x cos .
x 0
. )
x = 7

3x + 5 3 7 + 5
=
= 13.
x 7 x 5
75

, .. lim

) x 5 (3x + 5) 35 + 5 = 20
(.. ), (x 5)
(.. ); ,
, ..

3x + 5
= .
x 5 x 5
sin x
= 0, sin x
) lim
x x
lim

(sin x 1) x ( x )
.

1
= 0, x 0
x
1
1
x ( x 0) cos ( cos 1)
x
x
) lim x cos

.
, , lim cos
x 0

1
x

1

( x 0
x
1
, cos
x

1 1 1 1,
().

167

Copyright & A K-C

:
.
, : , -

( ) 0

( ).

0
[], [0], 1 , [ 0 ], [ 00 ].
6.9. :

2 x2 x 1
x+2 6 x
x 1
; ) lim
; ) lim
.
3
x 1 ( x 1) 2
x2
x 1 x 1
x2 4

) lim

. )
0
(x 1): , x 1 (x 1)
, .

1
2( x + )( x 1)
2x + 1
2
= lim
= .
2
x 1 x 1
( x 1)
0
) 0
2 x2 x 1 0
lim
= = lim
x 1 ( x 1) 2
0 x 1

, ,
:

lim

x2

= lim

x + 2 6 x 0
( x + 2 6 x )( x + 2 + 6 x )
= = lim
=
2
x

x2 4
0
( x 2 4)( x + 2 + 6 x )

2( x 2)

x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2)(

x + 2 + 6 x)
1
2
= lim
= .
x 2 ( x + 2)( x + 2 + 6 x )
8

168

Copyright & A K-C

) 0

t = 6 x ( x = t 3 , 3 x = t 2 ,
x 1, t 1),
:

t3 1
(t 1)(t 2 + t + 1)
x 1 0
= = lim
= lim
=
x 1 x 1
0 t 1 t 2 1 t 1 (t 1)(t + 1)
t2 + t +1 3
= lim
= .
t 1 (t + 1)
2
3x 2 + 2
;
6.10. : ) lim
x 4 x 5 + 3 x + 1
4 9
a x n + b1 x n 1 + + k1 x + l1
x +1
; ) lim
;
) lim 1
m
m

1
x a2 x + b2 x
x x 2 + x
+ + k2 x + l2
2 x +1 + 3x +1
;
) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) , f(x) =
x +
x
2 x + 3x
4 x + sin x
.
) lim
x x cos x

. ) .
lim 3

, x ( 3x 2 4x 5 ),
x5 , .. x
. ,

3
2
+
3
5
3x 2 + 2
0+0

x
x
=
= lim
=
= 0.
lim

3
1
x 4 x 5 + 3 x + 1
x

4
+
0
+
0

+
4+
x 4 x5

) , . , ,

0, n < m,

a1 x n + b1 x n 1 + + k1 x + l1

= = 1 / 2 , n = m,
x a2 x m + b2 x m 1 + + k2 x + l2

, n > m,

P ( x)
0, .. lim n
x Qm ( x)
lim

x , -

169

Copyright & A K-C

n ,
m.
.

) .

n =

9
, 4

m = 2; n > m, ,
. , .
,

lim

4 1+

+1
=
= lim
+ x x 1 +
4
x

x9

x x 2

x9 ,

1
x9 = .
1
4

x7

) x+ ,

, .
3x ,
x

2 x +1 + 3x +1
x + 2 x + 3 x
lim

2
x 3

2
2 + 3
0+3

3
= = lim
=
= 3,
x
0 +1
x+ 2
+1
3

lim = 0.

x , 0
, .
2 x ,
x

2 x +1 + 3x +1
x 2 x + 3 x
lim

3
2 + 3
0
2 = 2 + 0 = 2.
= = lim
x
1+ 0
0 x
3
1+
2
170

Copyright & A K-C

)
x,

sin x
4+
4 x + sin x
x = 4 + 0 = 4,
= = lim
lim
x x cos x
x 1 cos x 1 0
x
sin x
cos x
lim
= 0, lim
= 0 (. 6.8 ).
x x
x x
6.11. :

x 2 1 ); ) lim ( x 2 + 2 + x) ;

) lim ( x 2 + 1
x

2
1

.
x 1 1 x 1 x 2

) lim

. ) [ ]
,

lim ( x 2 + 1 x 2 1 ) = [ ]=

= lim

( x 2 + 1 x 2 1)( x 2 + 1 + x 2 1)
x2 + 1 + x2 1
2

= lim

x2 + 1 + x2 1

=0.

) x [ ],
. 6.11.

( x 2 + 2 + x)( x 2 + 2 x)
lim x 2 + 2 + x =[ ]= lim
=

x
x
x2 + 2 x
= lim

x2 + 2 x

= 0.

, x
, , .

171

Copyright & A K-C

(1 + x) 2
2
2
= [ ] = lim
=

2
x 1 1 x 1 x
x 1 1 x 2
x 1
1
1

0
= lim
= = lim
= .

x 1 (1 x )(1 + x )
2
0 x 1 1 + x
) lim

(6.15) 6.4. .
6.12. : ) lim x sin
x

sin x 6
x
; ) lim(1 x)tg
.
) lim
5
x 0 sin x
x 1
2

1
sin 4 x
; ) lim
;
x 0 sin 8 x
x

1
sin
1
x = 0 = lim sin y = 1
. ) lim x sin = [0] = lim
0 y 0 y
1
x
x
x

x
1

( y =
) lim

sin 4 x

x 0 sin 8 x

; x y 0).

sin 4 x sin 8 x

:
= = lim
= (1:1) = .
2 x 0 4 x
8x 2
2
0

sin x 6 sin x 5
sin x 6 0
5
= = lim x
:
=(01): 1 =0.
x 0 sin 5 x
x 6 x
0 x 0

) lim

) x 1 [0].
1 x = y, x = 1 y x 1 y 0.

lim(1 x)tg
x 1

x
y
y
=[0]= lim y tg
= lim y ctg
=

y 0
2
2
2 2 y 0

sin

y
2
= lim cos
:
y 0
2
y

2

= 1 : 1 =
.
2

0
y
= = lim cos
y

0
0
2

y
sin

2 =
: lim

2 y 0 y
2

1
6.5. ,

172

Copyright & A K-C

,
x

x +1
1
lim
lim = 0 (
= x
x 2 x 1
2
x

x2 2x
1
, 1) lim
lim 1x = 1
= x
x x ( x 2)
2

( ).
1 ,
1 ( 1), .

2x 3

2x 1

6.13. : ) lim
x

) lim [ x (ln(1 + x ) ln x ) ] ; ) lim (1 + 2 x)

x

x 0

4x

sin x
x2

: ) 1 ,

2x 3
= 1, lim (4 x) = .
x 2 x 1
x
lim

2x 3
(2 x 1) 2
2
=
=1
.
2x 1
2x 1
2x 1
2
1 1
y =
; x y 0, x = + .
2x 1
y 2

, (6.19),
(6.25) ,

2x 3
lim

x 2 x 1

4x

= lim (1 + y )

4
+2
y

y 0

= lim (1 + y ) y
y 0

= lim (1 + y )
y 0

4
y

lim (1 + y ) 2 =
y 0

1 = e 4 .

) [0]. ,

1+ x
1

lim [ x(ln(1 + x) ln x)] = lim x ln

= lim x ln 1 + =

x
x
x x
x

= [ 0] = lim ln 1 +
x

1
.
x

173

Copyright & A K-C

(6.25) , ..
x
x

1
1
lim ln 1 + = ln lim 1 + = ln e =1.
x
x
x
x

) 1 , lim (1 + 2 x) =1;
x 0

sin x
sin x 1
= lim
=
x 0 x x
x2
sin x
1
1 , ).
( x 0
x
x
lim

x 0

sin x
2
lim (1 + 2 x) x
x 0

= 1 = lim (1 + 2 x) x
x 0

2 lim

x 0
2
= lim (1 + 2 x) x
x 0

sin x
x

2sin x
x

= e 21 = e 2 .

6.14. y = f(x)
x = 0
:

sin x
sin x

,
; ) y = x
x
1,
) y = 21/ x .

) y =

x 0,
x = 0;

) y =

1
;
1 + 21/ x

. ) x = 0 f (x) , , .

sin x
=1
x 0 x
sin x
sin x
x = 0 , .. lim
= lim
= 1,
x 0 x
x 0 + x
lim

x = 0 .
) . x = 0
, lim f (x) = f (0) = 1, ,
x0

174

Copyright & A K-C

) x = 0 f (x) .
x = 0 , ..

1
1
1
=
= 1, lim
= 0 ( 21/ x
1/
x
0
x
+
1+ 2
1+ 0
1 + 21/ x
x 0 + ), x = 0 f (x) lim =

x0

) x = 0 f (x) :
lim 21/ x = 0, lim 21/ x = .
x0

x0+

,
x = 0 .

, , :

2n 1
=2. 6.16. lim(3 x 4) =11. 6.17. lim ( x 2 3) =1.
n n + 3
x 5
x 2

6.15. lim

2x 7
.
x 8
5x 2 x2 2
.
6.20. lim
1
2x 1
x
x 8

x 5

6.21. lim

x 0

1 + x 3 x3
.
x 1 + x 2 + 3 x3

x2 x
.
x 1
x 1

6.23. lim

6.22. lim

x2 + 1 + x

6.24. lim

x 4

x3 + x x
6.26. lim x( x 2 + 1 x ).
x

6.28. lim

x 0

6.30. lim
x

1 cos 4 x
.
x2
sin( x / 6)

3 / 2 cos x

1
.
x5
1 + x2 1
.
x 2 + 16 4

6.19. lim( x 5)sin

6.18. lim

2 x 3x
.
x 2 x + 3 x

6.25. lim

6.27. lim ( 3 ( x + 1) 2 3 ( x 1)2 ).

x

1
.
x5

6.29. lim ( x 5)sin

x

6.31. lim

x 0

sin 4 x
x +1 1
x

2
6.32. lim 2 x tg x
1 + .
. 6.33. xlim

cos x
x
x
2

175

Copyright & A K-C

5x

6.34. lim 1 +
.
x
x2

x2 + 1
6.35. lim

x x 2 3

1 2x
6.36. lim
.
x 0 x + 1

x3 5

6.37. lim 1 + tg 2 x
x 0

1
2x

x = 1?
:

x2 1
6.38. y =
.
x 1
6.40. y =

1
1 + 21/( x1)

x2 1

,
6.39. y = x 1
2,
1
6.41. y =
.
x 1

x 1,
x = 1.

6.42. , 10% , 6 . . 5
: ) ; ) ; ) .

176

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

7.1. ,
1. . xy y = f (x) M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) (. 7.1).
,
.

,

. 7.1
.
, (1) . 7.2 (2), . (3) .
7.2, (4), , A.
.
x0 x
y = f (x) M 0 ( x0 ; f ( x0 )) M1 ( x0 + x; f ( x0 + x )) .
M 0 M1
(. . 7.1).
y = f (x) M 0

M 0 M1

M0 ,

..

M1

x 0.
. 7.2

,
M 0 , (4.4)
178

Copyright & A K-C

y f ( x0 ) = k ( x x0 ) .
( )

kM1M 0

M 0 M1 N : kM 0 M1 = tg =

(. . 7.1).
k = lim k M 0 M1 = lim

x 0 x

x 0

y
x

(7.1)

.
2. .
s = s(t), s , t
, t0 .
t0 s0 = s (t0 ) ,
(t0 + t ) s0 + s = s (t0 + t ) (. 7.3).
t
vcp =
=

s
. t ,
t

. 7.3

t0 . t0
t0

t0 + t , t 0, ..
v = lim vcp = lim
t 0

t 0

s
.
t

(7.2)

3. . u = u(t)
u t
t0 .
t0 t0 + t u0 = u (t0 )

u0 + u = u( t0 + t );
u
zcp =
. , t
t0 -

179

Copyright & A K-C

t0

t0 + t t 0, ..
u
.
t 0 t

z = lim zcp = lim

t 0

(7.3)

, (7.1)(7.3) . , .

7.2. .


y = f (x) X. x X. x x 0,
y = f (x + x) f (x).
. y = f (x)
( ):

y
f ( x + x) f ( x )
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0
x

y = lim

(7.4)

: y, f (x),

dy df ( x)
,
.
dx
dx

, , ,
, y x .

.
x , . , X, .
.
: f ( x0 ) (
) , y = f (x) x0 , .. k = f ( x0 ) .

180

Copyright & A K-C

y = f (x) x0

(7.5)
y f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) (x x0 ).

: s(t0 )
t0 : v ( t0 ) = s(t0 ) .
, u ( t0 ) t0 .

7.1. y = f (x) (. . 7.4). , f (x) A, B, C, D, E,

.
. B D
45
135, yB = tg 45= 1,

= tg 135= 1.
yD

C Ox ( = 0),
yC = tg 0 = 0. A E . 7.4
x, = 90, tg 90 , .. f (x) ,
: f A = +,

f E = (, , , A f ( x)

( ), E ( ).
7.2. , y = x x = 0.
. ( )

x + x x
y
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0
x

y = lim

181

Copyright & A K-C

, x = 0 ,

0 + x 0
x

x
x

1 x > 0 1 x < 0, ..
x 0 (
, ). -

. 7.5

x = 0 (. 7.5).
. . y = f (x)
x0 , .
 y = f (x) x0 , ..

y
= f ( x0 ) ,
x 0 x
lim

f ( x0 ) , x.

(. 6.3)

y
= f ( x0 ) + (x),
x

(7.6)

(x) x 0
y = f ( x0 ) x + (x)x.

(7.7)

x 0 , y 0 , , (6.24)
y = f(x) x0 . 
, , , ..
, . , , y = x x = 0, lim x = 0 = 0 (. 7.5), ,
x 0

7.2, .
, , .
, .
182

Copyright & A K-C

.
.
X, . (
), .

7.3. .

y = f (x) :
1. x x 0 y + y = f (x + x).
2. y = f (x + x) f (x).
3.
4.

y = lim

x 0 x

y
.
x

x0,

..

( ).

7.3. y = x3 .
. 1. x x 0
y + y = ( x + x )3 .
2. y = ( x + x)3 x3 = x3 +
+3 x 2 x + 3x x 2 + x3 x3 = x (3 x 2 + 3xx + x 2 ).

y
= 3 x 2 + 3xx + x 2 .
x
y
= lim (3 x 2 + 3xx + x 2 ) =
4. y = lim
x 0 x
x 0
3.

= 3 x2 .
, , ( x3 ) = 3 x 2 . (.
7.5), ( ) n
( x n ) = nx n 1 .
(7.8)
n =
n = 1:
183

Copyright & A K-C

( x ) =

(7.9)

1
1
= 2 .
x
x

(7.10)

2 x

7.4. y = x 2 4 x3 .
3

11

. y = x 2 x 4 = x 4 .
(7.8) y =

11 7
x4 .
4

7.5. y =
=

1
x = 1.
x

y
3

.
(7.5)
y = f (x) =

1
x = 1 y f(1) =
x

= f (1)(x 1). (7.10)

f (x) =

1
.
x2

1 1
0

y = 1/x

x+y2=0

x = 1 f (1) = 1.
. 7.6
x = 1 f (1) = 1.
y 1 = 1(x 1) x + y 2 = 0
(. 7.6).
.
1. , ..
c = 0.
,
y = c .
2. 1, ..
x = 1.
(7.8) n = 1.
, u = u(x) v = v(x)
.

184

Copyright & A K-C

3.
, ..
(7.11)
(u + v) = u + v .
4.

, ..
(uv) = u v + uv .

(7.12)

1.
:
(cu) = cu .
(7.13)
2. , :
(uvw) = uvw + uvw + uvw.

(7.14)

5.

u v uv
u
=
v2
v

(7.15)

( , v 0).
 4, ..
(7.12). u = u(x) v = v(x) .
y = uv, , 7.3.
1. x x 0. u
v u + u v + v, y
y + y = (u + u)(v + v).
2.
y = (u + u)(v + v) uv = uv + uv + uv + uv uv =
= uv + uv + uv.

y
,
x
y
u
v
u v
x .
=
v + u
+
x
x
x
x x

3.

185

Copyright & A K-C

4. x 0,

y
u
v
u
v
v + u lim
lim
lim x .
= lim
+ lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0 x x 0 x x 0
lim

,
y = u v + uv + u v 0 y = u v + uv . 

7.6. y = f (x) x = 1:
) y = x3 ( 4 x + 1) ; ) y = 15 ( x 4 1) ; ) y =

x3 1
x

. ) (7.12), (7.11) (7.8)

1

1
4

y = ( x3 )( x 4 + 1) + x3 ( x 4 + 1) = 3 x 2 ( x 4 + 1) + x 3 ( x

13
= x 2 ( 4 x + 3) .
4

3
4

+ 0) =

13
1 + 1) =
4

x = 1 y (1) = 1 (

= 4,25.
) :
y = 15 ( x 4 1) = 15 4 x3 = 60 x3 ; y (1) = 60.
) (7.15)

( x3 1) x ( x3 1)( x )
=
y =
( x )2

3x 2 x ( x3 1)
x

1
2 x = 5 x3 + 1 ;
2x x

y (1) = 3.

7.4.
y u (y = f (u)),
u
x, .. y = f [(x)] (.
5.5).
. y = f (u) u = (x) ,
186

Copyright & A K-C

u,
x, ..
y = f (u)u .
(7.16)
 x x 0. u = (x) y = f (u) u y.
, u 0.
y = f (u)

lim

u 0 u

= f (u),

f (u) , u.

y
= f (u) + (u),
u

(u) u 0,
y = f (u)u + (u)u.

(7.17)

u = 0, , (u = 0) = 0 (.. (u) u = 0).

(7.17) x 0,

y
u
u
= f (u)
+ (u)
.
x
x
x

(7.18)

u = (x) ,
x, , x 0 u 0
(u) 0.
, x 0 (7.18),

u
= f (u)u .
x 0 x

y = f (u) lim

. ,
x 0, u 0,

y y u

=

x u x

x 0. 
(7.16)
: y x = yu u x
187

dy dy du

=
.
dx du dx

Copyright & A K-C

y = x n ( (7.8) (7.10)).

(7.16) y = u n , u = u(x),
(u n ) = nu n 1 u ,
(7.19)

( u ) =

1
2 u

u ,

(7.20)

1
1
= 2 u .
u
u

(7.21)

7.7. :
) y = ( x + 5)3 ; ) y = 3

12
x2 1
; ) y =
.
2
2
x + x +1
x +1

. ) y = u 3 ,
u =

x + 5 . (7.19)

y = 3u 2 u = 3 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 5) =
) y =

u , u =

(7.16) (7.19)

3( x + 5)2
2 x

x2 1
,
x2 + 1

1 2
1 x2 1
y = u 3 u =
3
3 x 2 + 1

2
3

x2 1
x2 + 1 =

1 3 x 2 + 1 2 x( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 1) 2 x
4x
=
.

3 x2 1
( x 2 + 1) 2
3( x 2 + 1) 3 ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 1) 2

) 12
(7.21),

2
1
1

( x + x + 1) =
= 12 2
2
2
x + x +1
( x + x + 1)
12(2 x + 1)
=
.
( x 2 + x + 1) 2
y = 12

.
y = f(x)
X. y 188

Copyright & A K-C

, x , x = (y) (. 5.5) ,
, Y.
. , ,
, ..

xy =

1
.
y x

(7.22)

 y = f (x) y ( x) =
= f (x) 0.
y 0 y,
x x = (y).

x
1
=
.
y
y / x

(7.23)

(7.23) y 0 ,
x 0,

lim

y 0 y

y x

1
1
, .. xy =
.
y x
lim (y / x)

x 0

(7.22) .

y = f (x) Ox, xy
Oy,

(
2
3
) (. 7.7) + =
(
2
+ =

).

1
. tg
1
xy =
.
y x
tg = ctg tg =

189

. 7.7

Copyright & A K-C

7.5. .


.
. ) y = ln x. , 7.3.
1. y+y = ln (x + x).

x + x
x
= ln 1 +
.
x
x

2. y = ln (x + x)ln x = ln

y
1
x
=
ln 1 +
.
x
x
x
y
1
x
ln 1 +
4. y = lim
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0 x
x

x
= y , x = xy

3.

1
1
y = lim
ln(1+y) = lim ln(1 + y ) y .
x 0 xy
x y 0
,
(6.25), ,
(6.19);
y =

1
1
1
1
ln lim (1 + y ) y = ln e = .
x y 0
x
x

,
(ln x) =

1
1
(ln u) = u .
u
x

) y = log a x . y =
=

1
, ..
x ln a

( log a x ) =

ln x
(ln x) =
log
x
=
( a )

=
ln a
ln a

1
1

u .
( log a u ) =
x ln a
u ln a

. ) y = e x ( y = exp x). 190

Copyright & A K-C

, ln y = x. x , ln y ,

y
= 1, y = y, ..
y
( e x ) = e x ( eu ) = eu u .
(7.24)
x
, y = e , -

(7.16) (ln y) = x

: x y = e x ( ) :
e x = tg (. 7.8).
) y = a x .

y = ( a x ) = (eln a ) x = (e x ln a )

(7.16)
y = e x ln a ( x ln a) = a x ln a . ,

(a x ) = a x ln a

. 7.8

(au ) = au ln a u .

(7.25)
.
y = x n n.
, ln y = n ln x. ,

1
1
1
1
y = n , y = ny = n x n = n x n 1 , ..
x
y
x
x
n

1
n
n

1
n

( x ) = nx
(u ) = nu u .
(7.26)

- . y = f(x) ( x ) .
ln y = (x) ln f(x). ,

y
( x) f ( x)

= ( x) ln f ( x) + ( x) [ ln f ( x) ] = ( x) ln f ( x) +
.
y
f ( x)

, y = f(x) ( x ) ,

y = ( x) f ( x)( x ) 1 f ( x) + f ( x)( x ) ln f ( x)( x) ,

(7.27)

.. -
, , (, (u n ) = nu n 1 u (a u ) = a u ln a u ) .
.
(ln y) =

y
.
y
191

Copyright & A K-C

, .
(ln y) =

y

y

.
7.8. : ) y = x x ;
) y =

( x + 1)( x 2 2)
.
3 x

. ) (7.27) , : y = x x x 1 + x x ln x = x x (1 + ln x) .
) , (7.9) (7.15). . ,
ln y =

1
ln( x + 1) + ln( x 2 2) ln(3 x) . ,
2
y 1 1
1
1

( x + 1) +
( x 2 2)
(3 x)
=
2
3 x
y 2 x +1
x 2

y =

1 1
2x
1
y
+
+
.
2
2 x +1 x 2 3 x

y,
y =

x3 4 x 2 3x + 4

(3 x) ( x + 1)( x 2 2)(3 x)

. ) y = sin x.
(. 7.3):
1. y + y = sin (x + x).
2. y = sin (x + x) sin x = 2sin 2sin

y
=
3.
x

2sin

x
x
cos( x + )
2
2 .
x

192

x
x
cos( x + ).
2
2

Copyright & A K-C

x
sin
y
2 lim cos( x + x ) = cos x (
= lim
4. y = lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0
2
2

(6.15)
cos x).
,
(sin x) = cos x (sin u) = cos uu .
(7.28)
) y = cos x.
(cos x) = sin x (cos u) = sin uu
(7.29)
( . ).
) y = tg x.

sin x (sin x) cos x sin x(cos x) cos 2 x + sin 2 x

=
=
=
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
cos x
1
, ..
=
cos 2 x
1
1
u .
(tg u) =
(7.30)
(tg x) =
2
cos x
cos 2 u

y =

) y = ctg x.

(ctg x)=

1
1
u
; (ctg u)=
2
sin x
sin 2 u

(7.31)

( . ).

) y = arcsin x, 1 x 1 /2 y /2.
x = sin y, xy = cos y 0,
/2 < y < /2.

(7.22)

y x =

1
1
1
1
=
=
=
.
xy cos y + 1 sin 2 y
1 x2

x = 1 .
,
(arcsin x) =

1
1

x2

(arcsin u) =

1
1 u2

u .

(7.32)

) y = arccos x, y = arctg x, y = arcctg x.

.
.
193

Copyright & A K-C

y
/

0
14

eu u
au ln a u
1
u
u
1
u
u ln a

15

eu
au

u+v

u +v

16

ln u

uv

u v+uv

17

log a u

uvw

18

sin u

cos uu

cu

19

cos u

sin uu

20

tg u

21

ctg u

22

arcsin u

u vw+uv w+
+uvw
cu

u
v
u
c
c
v

u v uv
v2
u
c
c
v
v2

10

f(u), u=(x)

f (u)u

23

arccos u

11

un

nu n 1u

24

arctg u

12

25

arcctg u

7
8
9

13

1
u

u
2 u
1
u
u2

1
u
cos 2 u
1

u
sin 2 u
1
u
1 u2
1

u
1 u2
1
u
1 + u2
1

u
1 + u2

. , y = f (x). , F(x, y) = 0 (. 5.5).

y, ,
, y
x, y . 194

Copyright & A K-C

y = e x , y = x n , y = f ( x)( x )
7.8 .
7.9. y, x 2 xy + ln y = 2, (2; 1).
. ,
y x, 2x y xy +
y =

y
= 0,
y

2 xy y 2
.
xy 1

x = 2, y = 1 y (2) = 3.
.
f (x) f (x),
. f (x) ,
.
n- (n 1)- .
: f (x) (
), f (x) ( ).
, , f (4) ( x), , f ( n ) ( x) f IV ( x) ..
.
,
s = s(t) ( s , t ), s (t0)
t0 . ,

s ( t0 ) = [ s(t0 ) ] = v(t0 )
t0 .

7.10. n- y = ln x.
. y =

1
1
2
1
1
, y = =
, y =
,
=

x
x2
x
x 2 x3

23
.. , n-
x4
(1) n 1 (n 1)!
=
.
xn

y (4) =
y ( n)

195

Copyright & A K-C

7.6. .

7.2 ,
.
, .
y
x. x , y

y
x 0 x

. y = lim

.
( ) x , (
, ..). , , , ,
.

. (
), , .
, () . , ,

()
(, , , ..). .

1
.
1
. ; ( .
average ). , R , AR .

196

Copyright & A K-C

() r p
q, .. r = pq.
, , . , ,
. , , .. p(q) p = aq + b, a < 0, b > 0. r = (aq + b)q = aq2 + bq
(. 7.9).

rcp =

r
= aq + b, , ..
q

,
rq = 2aq + b (. . 7.9). ,
, ( ) .
,
,
, , , = b.
r = bq
rcp =

r
= b rq = b (. 7.10).
q

, .

. 7.9

. 7.10

197

Copyright & A K-C

.
. E x ( y ) y x x 0:

y x x
y x
: = lim
Ex ( y ) = lim
= y .
x 0 y
x y x0 x y

(7.33)

,
y = f (x) x 1%.
.
(7.33)

Ex ( y) =

x
x
y = tg ,
y
y

tg (, ) (.
. 7.11). , MBN MN = x tg ,
MC = , MBN AMC
() =

MN MB
=
,
MC MA

MB
, .. (
MA

)
.

, ()
(. 7.11), , () (. 7.12).

. 7.11

. 7.12

198

Copyright & A K-C

.
1. x Ty = (ln y) =

y
, ..
y

E x ( y ) = x Ty .

(7.34)

2. ()
() :

Ex (uv) = Ex (u ) + Ex (v) ,

(7.35)

u
E x = E x (u ) E x ( v ) .
v

(7.36)

3. :

Ex ( y ) =

1
.
E y ( x)

(7.37)

. , y x (
x) , (7.33) ,
( ) ( ) 1%.
( )
Ex ( y ) > 1 , , Ex ( y ) < 1 ( ). Ex ( y ) = 1,
.
, , r = pq . , p = p (q)
; , p = p (q) .

q
rq = ( pq)q = pq q + p 1 = p 1 + pq = p 1 + Eq ( p ) .
p

, (7.37)
, ..

Eq ( p ) =

1
, , (q) < 0, E p (q)

199

Copyright & A K-C

1
rq = p 1

E p (q)

(7.38)

, .. (q)< 1,
(7.38) rq ; , .. (q) > 1, rq . ,
, .
,
,
. . 7.9

.
7.11. y x
y = 50x 0,05 x3 (. .).
10 .
. ( -

y
= 50 0,05 x 2 ; x =
x
10 ( ) ycp (10) =
) ycp =

= 50 0,05 102 = 45 (. .).

y ( x ) = 50 0,15 x 2 ; x = 10 y (10) = 50 0,15 102 = 35 (. .).
, 45 . ., , ..
( 10 .), 35 . .

7.12.
y (. .) x (. .)
y = 0,5x + 80. , 60 . .
. (7.33)
200

Copyright & A K-C

0,5 x
x
=
.
0,5 x + 80 x 160
x = 60 E x =60 ( y ) = 0,6 , .. , Ex ( y ) =

60 . ., 1%
0,6%.

7.7.
7.13. :

ln x + 1 + ln( x + 1);

) y =

) y = 5 x3 ln 2 x ; ) y = log 2
) y = arctg

( x 2)5
sin 2 x
; ) y =
;
( x + 3) 2
cos 2 x

x
+ ln x 2 + 3 ; ) y = xsin 2 x ; ) e y + e x + xy = 0.
3

. ) ,
(y = u ),
(u =
= ln x + 1), (y =
= ln u, u =

y =
+

x + 1 ):

1
(ln x + 1) +
2 ln x + 1

x +1 2 x

1
1
1
( x + 1) =
+
x +1
2 ln x + 1 x

1
1
+

2 x x(ln x + 1)

.
x + 1
1

)
3
5x

ln 2 x ,
(y = 5u , u = x3 ; y1 = u13 , u1 = ln x ).

3
3
3
3
y = (5 x ) ln 2 x + 5 x (ln 2 x) = 5 x ln 5( x3 ) ln 2 x + 5 x [ 2ln x(ln x)] =
3

= 5 x ln 5 3 x 2 ln 2 x + 5 x 2ln x

1
2
3
= 5 x ln x(3ln 5 x 2 ln x + ) .
x
x

201

Copyright & A K-C

) ,
, :
y = 5log 2 ( x 2) 2log 2 ( x + 3) .

y = 5(log 2 ( x 2)) 2(log 2 ( x + 3)) =

5
( x 2)
( x 2)ln 2

2
1 5
2
3x + 19
( x + 3) =

=
.

ln 2 x 2 x + 3 ln 2( x 2)( x + 3)
( x + 3) ln 2

(sin 2 x) cos 2 x sin 2 x( cos 2 x )

.
( cos 2 x ) 2
, (sin 2 x) = 2sin x(sin x) = 2sin x cos x = sin 2 x ,
1
1
sin 2 x
,
( cos 2 x ) =
(cos 2 x) =
( sin 2 x)(2 x) =
2 cos 2 x
2 cos 2 x
cos 2 x
y =

y =

sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos3 2 x

) y = arctg
y =

x 1
+ ln( x 2 + 3) .
3 2

1
x 1
2

+ 2 x 2 + 3 ( x + 3) =
2
x 3
1+

3
3
1 1
2x
x+ 3

+
=
=
.
x 2 + 3 3 2 ( x 2 + 3)
x2 + 3
1

) -
(7.27)

y = sin 2 x xsin 2 x 1 + xsin 2 x ln x(sin 2 x) .

, (sin 2 x ) = 2sin x(sin x) = sin x cos x = sin 2x,

sin 2 x

y = xsin 2 x
+ ln x sin 2 x .
x

) , y x,
202

Copyright & A K-C

e y y + e x ( x) + xy + xy = 0
e x y
e y y e x + y + xy = 0, y =
.
x + ey
7.14. y =
= f (x) x = /4: ) y = ln 1 + ctg 2 x ; ) y = ln 4 sin x .
. ) ,

1
ln(1 + ctg 2 x) .
2
1
1
1
y =
(1 + ctg 2 x) =
2ctg x(ctg x) =
2
2 1 + ctg x
2(1 + ctg 2 x)
1
1

=
ctg x
= ctg x.
2
(1 + ctg x)
sin 2 x

, y =

,
y =

1 1
ln
= ln sin x .
2 sin 2 x

x = /4:
y (/4) = ctg(/4) = 1.
) y = 4(ln sin x)3 (ln sin x) =
= 4ln 3 sin x

1
4ln 3 sin x cos x
(sin x) =
= 4ln 3 sin x ctg x .
sin x
sin x

x = /4

y (/4) = 4ln 3 sin( 4) ctg ( 4) = 4ln 3 (1

7.15. y =

x2
4

2) 1 = 0,5ln 3 2 .

x .

: ) 3x + 2y 4 = 0;
) ; ) (2; 5).
. ) 1. ,
:

x2

y=
x,
x = 2, x2 = 4,
, 1

4
y1 = 1, y2 = 8.
3x + 2 y 4 = 0

203

Copyright & A K-C

1
x 1 . 2
y (2) = 0, y (4) = 3.
2. y =

3. (7.5) y + 1 = 0 y 8 =
= 3 (x + 4) 3x + y + 4 = 0 (c. 1 2 . 7.13).
) k =

3
, 2

, , k3 = k =

3
1
k4 = =
k
2

2
= . ,
3

, -

. 7.13

1
3

f (x) = x 1 =

2
2
1
2
10
f (x)= x 1 = , x1 = 1 x2 =
. 2
3
3
5

f (1) =
4
5
10
f = . :
9
3
5
3
5 2
10
y = ( x + 1) 6x + 4y + 1 = 0 y + = ( x )
9 3
4
2
3
6x 9y 25 = 0 (. 3 4 . 7.13).

) M 0 x0 ,

x02
x0
4

1
k = f ( x0 ) = x0 1
2
x0 2
1
y
x0 = ( x0 1)( x x0 ) .
4
2

(*)

M1 (2; 5) (. 7.14),

(*), ..

x2
1
5 0 x0 = ( x0 1)(2 x0 ),
4
2
204

Copyright & A K-C

: x02 4 x0 12 = 0

( x0 )1 = 2

( x0 )2 = 6.

f (2) = 3,

f ( 2 ) = 2 f (6) = 3, f ( 6 ) = 2,

(7.5) y 3 = 2 (x+2) y 3 =
= 2 (x 6) y = 2x 1
y = 2x 9 (. 1 2
. 7.14).

7.16. , -

. 7.14

,
s(t) = 4 + 8t 5t 2 , s(t) , t . : )
; )
; ) .
. ) t
s (t), .. v(t) = s (t) = 8 10t; t = 0 v(0) = s(0) = 8 /.
) s(t) = 0, .. 4 + 8t 5t 2 =
= 0, t1 = 2; t2 = 0,4 ( , t > 0).
t = 2 v(2) = s (2) = 8 102 = 12 /
( , t = 2 ).
) s (t) ,
0 , .. v(t) = 8 10t = 0, t = 0,8.
s(t) = s(0,8) = 5 + 80,8
5 0,82 = 8,2 .

7.17. u,

5
6

, u = t 3 +

15 2
t + 100t +
2

+ 50(.), 1 t 8, t . ,
.
205

Copyright & A K-C

5
z(t) = u (t ) = t 2 + 15t + 100 (./),
2

z(t)

Tz (t ) = [ ln z (t ) ] :

z (t) = 5t + 15 (./ 2 ),
Tz (t ) =

2t 6
z (t )
5t + 15
=
(./).
=
z (t ) 5 t 2 + 15t + 100 t 2 6t 40
2

t1 = 1 t2 = 8 1 = 7 : z(1) = 112,5 (./), z (1) = 10 (./ 2 ), Tz (1) =

= 0,09 (./) z(7) = 82,5 (./), z (7) = 20 (./ 2 ), Tz (7) =
= 0,24 (./).
,
; z(t) Tz (t )
,
.
7.18.

q=

p+8
s = p + 0,5, q s p+2

,
, p . : ) ,
.. , ;
) ; ) 5% .
. )
q = s:

p +8
= p + 0,5 , p = 2, .. 2 . .
p+2
206

Copyright & A K-C

) (7.33):

E p (q) =

6p
2p
; E p (s) =
.
( p + 2)( p + 8)
2 p +1

p=2

E p = 2 (q ) = 0,3 ;

E p = 2 ( s ) = 0,8 .
1,
() . , . ,
p 1% 0,3%, 0,8%.
) p 5%
50,3 = 1,5%, ,
3,5%.
7.19.
, 1?
. y y = f (x), x . y -

y
. y .
x
x
y = 1,
Ex(y) = 1, .. (7.33),
y
y
y = . , y = y, ..
x
ycp =

(,
).

:
4

x2 1
.
x2 + 1

7.20. y =

7.21. y = x 4 (8ln 2 x 4ln x + 1) .

207

Copyright & A K-C

7.22. y = 3 x (e3 x 5) .
2

1 3x
.
1 + 3x
7.26. y = 3 x ln(1 x 2 ) .
7.24. y = ln 3

7.28. y = 3

1 e4 x
.
e4 x

7.23. y = 4 1 + e 4 x + 5 .
7.25. y = ln

x(1 + x 2 )

1 x2
7.27. y = x 3 ln 2 x .

7.29. y = ( xe 2 x + 3)5 .

1 x
. 7.31. y = sin( x 2 + 2 x ) .
1+ x
ln cos x
.
= 4e ln x (1 ln x ) . 7.33. y =
cos x
x
= cos 2 x + ln tg . 7.35. y = ln( 1 + e x 1) ln( 1 + e x + 1).
2
1
x
cos x
= e x ln sin x . 7.37. y = ln tg
.
2
2 2sin 2 x
arcctg x
3
2
sin x .
=
7.39. y =
.
+
4x
2 x
cos
cos

1 + x2
x 1
7.41. y = arcctg + ln( x 2 + a 2 ) .
= 1 x2 arccos x.
a 2

7.30. y = ( x 2 1) ln
7.32. y
7.34. y
7.36. y
7.38. y
7.40. y

x = x0 :
7.42. y = 1 + ln 2 x; x0 =1. 7.43. y = ln( x +
7.44. y = sin x ecos x ; x0 =

.
2

x 2 + 12); x0 = 2.

7.45. y = ln 4

1 + tg x
; x0 = 0.
1 tg x

7.46. y =

8
:
4 + x2

) x = 2; ) y.
7.47. y = x 2 2 x . : ) 3x + y 2 = 0;
) .
) (1; 5).
7.48.
y = x2 y = 2x2 + 4x 4.
208

Copyright & A K-C

7.49. s (t ) =

4t + 3
,
t+4

s , t .
t = 6.
, :
7.50. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 6.
7.51. e x sin y e y cos x =0.
n- :
7.52. y = x n .
7.53. y = a x .
7.54. u (. .)
u = t 3 5t 2 + 75t + 425 , t
(). 2
.
7.55. y (.
.) x (.)
y=10x 0,04x3 . , 5 .
7.56. q s p q = 7 p s = p + 1.
: ) ; ) ; ) ( )
5% .

209

Copyright & A K-C

, .

8.1.
. X
y = f (x) x0 ,

, .. f ( x0 ) = 0 .
 y = f (x)
X x0 X (. 8.1).

f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ),

x0 + x X , , y = f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ) 0

x
x.

y
0 x > 0
x

y
0 x < 0.
x

x 0+ ()
x 0 (),

lim

x 0

y
0.
x

y
0
x 0+ x
lim

. 8.1

y = f (x) x0 ,
, x 0

x 0
(

),
..

y
y
= lim
, , f ( x0 ) = 0 .
x 0+ x
x 0 x
lim

210

Copyright & A K-C

, f (x)
x0 . n
:
, X, .

,
.
. y = f (x) :
1) [a, b];
2) (a, b);
3) , ..
f (a) = f (b).

(a, b), :

f () = 0.

 (. 6.7) ,
, M
m . , (.. m = M),
,
[a, b]. .
(.. m < M),

y
. 

(.
. 8.2):
, f(a)
f(b)

;
a
2 b x
(, 0
1
. 8.2 : 1 2 ).
. 8.2
f (a) = f (b) = 0,
:
.

211

Copyright & A K-C

, . , , . 8.3, : . 8.3
[a, b], . 8.3 (a, b), . 8.3
f (a) = f (b).
(a, b),

f () = 0.

)
. 8.3

.
. y = f (x) :
1) [a, b];
2) (a, b).

(a, b),
, ..

f () =

f (b ) f ( a )
.
ba

(8.1)

 g (x) :
g (x) = f (x)

f (b) f (a)
( x a) .
ba

g (x) :
[a, b],
(a, b) :
g (a) = f (a),
g (b) = f (b)

f (b) f (a)
(b a ) = f (a).
ba

212

Copyright & A K-C

, (a, b), , g () = 0
g () = f ()

f (b) f (a )
f (b) f (a )
= 0, f () =
.
ba
ba

(8.1)
:
f (b) f (a) = f ()(b a).
(8.2)

.
f (b) f (a) [a, b];

f (b) f (a )

ba

; . ,
: , ,
.

. 8.4.
AB
,
(a, b),
f (x) AB, AB, ( (4.5) . 8.4

k AB =

f (b) f (a)
,
ba

k = f ()).
. f (x)
X,
.
 X [a, x].
f (x) f (a) = f ()(x a),
a < < x. f () = 0, , f (x) f (a) = 0,
.. f (x) = f (a) = const. 

213

Copyright & A K-C

8.2.
.
( ), .

, ,
0

lim

x x0
( x )

f ( x)
f ( x)
.
= lim
g ( x) x x0 g ( x)

(8.3)

( x )

x x0 .
0
, f (x) g (x),
x0 , lim f ( x ) =
x x0

= f ( x0 ) = 0 lim g ( x) = g ( x0 ) = 0.
x x0

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x)
= lim
.
g ( x) x x0 g ( x) g ( x0 )

f(x) g(x) [x, x0 ],

f (1 )( x x0 )
f (1 )
f ( x)
= lim
= lim
,
x x0 g ( x )
x x0 g (2 )( x x0 )
x x0 g ( 2 )
x < 1 < x0 , x < 2 < x0 .
x x0 f (x) g (x)
f ( 1 ) f ( x0 ) g ( 2 ) g ( x0 ).
lim

, (8.3). 
. ,
(8.3) , .
8.1. :

log a x
x
xk
; ) lim
; ) lim
.
x e x
x a x
x x k

. ) .
) lim

, :

214

Copyright & A K-C

x
x
1

= = lim
= lim
= 0.
x
x
x e
x (e )
x e x

) .
lim

k , k , [k] + 1 , k
( [k] k):

xk
kx k 1
k (k 1) x k 2
= = lim
= = lim
= ==
x a x

x a x ln a x a x ln 2 a
k (k 1) (k [ k ]) x k [ k ]1
= lim
.
x
a x ln[ k ]+1 a
lim

[k] + 1 , .. ( k ; k , ).

xk
= 0.
x a k
1
log a x
(log a x)
1
1
lim
= = lim
= lim x ln a =
= 0.
) lim
k
k
k

1
x kx
x x
k ln a x x k
x ( x )

. , lim

: x n
, log a x , a x ,

xn
ax
= , lim
=.
x log a x
x x n

x n ; , lim
8.2. :

e x + e x 2
; ) lim x ln x .
x 0
x 0
x2

) lim
. )

e x + e x 2 0
(e x + e x 2)
e x e x
= = lim
= lim
.
x 0
x 0
( x 2 )
x2
2x
0 x 0
0
- . 0
lim

215

Copyright & A K-C

e x e x
( e x e x )
e x + e x
= lim
= lim
= 1.
x 0
x 0
x 0
(2 x)
2x
2
lim

) [0].

ln x
,
x 0 + 1
x

lim ( x ln x) = [0] = lim

x 0 +

. ,

1
ln x
= = lim x = lim ( x) = 0.
lim
x 0 + 1
x 0
x 0 + 1
x2
x

. .
8.3. :
) lim

x +1
x 1

x + sin x
.
x x sin x

; ) lim

. ) ,

lim

2 x + 1 = lim x 1 = ,
= = lim

1
x x + 1
x 1 x

2 x 1

x +1

.. ; .
, . ,
.
,

lim

1
x = 1.
= lim
x 1 x
1
1
x
1+

x +1

) , ..

216

Copyright & A K-C

x + sin x
( x + sin x)
1 + cos x

= = lim
= lim
,
x x sin x
x 1 cos x
x ( x sin x)
lim

,
, lim cos x .
x

sin x
1+
x + sin x
x =1 ,
lim
= lim
sin x
x x sin x
x
1
x
sin x
lim
= 0 (. 6.8).
x x
8.3.
(. 5.3), y = f (x) () X,
x1 , x2 X, x2 > x1 f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 )( f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 )).
( ).

X, .
 x1 x2
X. x2 > x1 , x1 , x2 X. , f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ).

f (x) [ x1 , x2 ]
,
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ()( x2 x1 ),

(8.4)

x1 < < x2 , .. , , , f () > 0

(8.3) . f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) > 0

f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ). 
.
( ). X, .
. 8.5.

217

Copyright & A K-C

(. 8.5),
, (. 8.5), .

8.4.

. 8.5

x2

4x + 3.
y=
. y = 2x 4. y > 0 x > 2
y < 0 x < 2, .. (, 2)
(2, +), x0 = 2
.
, . () X, , () : f (x) 0
( f (x) 0), x X, .. .
8.5. y = x3 .
. y = 3x 2 . ,

y > 0 x 0. x = 0 .
(.
. 5.5).

218

Copyright & A K-C

8.4.

. , , , . .
1. x0 -

f (x), x0
f (x) f ( x0 ) (. . 8.6).

2. x1 -

f (x), x1

f (x) f ( x1 )
(.
. 8.6).
x0

x1
.


.
,
,
. 8.6

x0 .
, ,

,
. 8.6 f min ( x2 ) > f max ( x0 ) . ( ) X ,
f (x) ()
(, , ()).
(. . 8.7).

219

Copyright & A K-C

,
y = f (x) ,
. , ,
1, 3,
5, 7, 9.
,

,
y = f (x).

2, 4, 6, 8,
. 8.7

(
, ).
. x0 y = f (x) , (.
8.1), , , , .. f ( x0 ) = 0.
, . , ,
y = x () x = 0,
(. 7.2 . 7.5). 3

x 2 x = 0 (. 8.8),
2
y =
: y (0) = .
3
3 x

y =

y = 3 x2

. 8.8

. 8.9

220

Copyright & A K-C

y = f (x) x0 ,
,
(f ( x0 ) = 0) .
, , .. ,
( 1). ,
.
, - ,
. , , ,
. .
8.6. :
) y = x 2 ; ) y = x3 + 1 ; ) y = 3 x 1 .
. ) y = 2x. x = 0 y (0) = 0
x = 0 y = x 2
(. . 5.6).
) y = x3 + 1 . y = 3x 2 x = 0
, .. y (0) = 0, x = 0 (. . 8.9).
3

x 1 ;
1
y =
x = 1 , .. y (1) =
33 ( x 1)2
) y =

= , (. . 8.10).
y

y = 3 x 1

x
0

. 8.10

x0

. 8.11

1 , , .

221

Copyright & A K-C

, .
, .
. . x0

y = f (x) , x0
y = f (x), ,
.
 , .. (a, x0 ) ( f (x) > 0),
( x0 , b) ( f (x) < 0).

f (x) (a, x0 ) -

( x0 , b), (. . 8.11).

f ( x0 ) > f(x)

x (a, x0 ), f (x) < f ( x0 )

x ( x0 , b), .. f ( x0 ) f (x) x (a, b), -

, x0 y = f (x).
, . 
,
x0 .
, x0 .

. 8.12

, y = f(x) x0
, .. y = f (x):

222

Copyright & A K-C

(. 8.12) (. 8.12)
. , .
y = f (x) .
1. y = f (x).
2. , f (x) = 0 .
3.

.
4. ( ) .
8.7. y = x(x 1)3.
. 1. y = (x 1) 3 +
+ 3x (x 1)2 = (x 1)2 (4x 1).
2. ,
x1 =

1
; x2 = 1 . (,
4

, f (x)
.)
3.
(. 8.13).

. 8.13

1
1
, , x = 0 x =
4
2
1
1
f (0) = 1 < 0 f ( ) =
> 0; , f (x) < 0
2
4
1
1
x < f (x) > 0 ( ; 1).
4
4

x =

, f (x) > 0 (1; +).

x =

1

4

. x = 1 .

223

Copyright & A K-C

1
4

4. f min =

11
27
.
1 =
4 4
256

. .
f (x)
x0 , f ( x0 )
, x0 f (x);
f ( x0 ) , x0 .


f ( x0 ) = 0,

f ( x0 ) > 0.

f (x) = (f (x)) > 0 x0 , ..

f (x) (a, b), x0 .

f ( x0 ) = 0, , (a, x0 ) f (x) < 0,

( x0 , b) f (x) > 0, .. f (x)

x0 , .. x0 .
f ( x0 ) = 0 f ( x0 ) < 0. 

y = f (x) ,
( . 1, 2, 4). 3, : f (x) .
8.8.
p , S(x) = ax + x3 (a < p, > 0).

.
. x.
C(x) = px (ax + x3 ), px
.
1. C (x) = (p a) 3 x 2 .
2. : C (x) = (p a) 3 x 2 = 0,
x1 =

pa
pa
( x2 =

3
3

).
3. C (x) = 6x x1 =

pa
:
3

224

Copyright & A K-C

C x1 =

pa
< 0 ( C (x) < 0
3

x > 0), , x =

pa
C(x) .
3

4. (..
)

Cmax x1 =

p a ( p a) p a
.
=
3
3 3

,
x0 f ( x0 ) 0,
. , , .

.
, , y = x 4 . y = 4x 3 ,
y = 12x 2 . x = 0
. x = 0 ,
. , .
, x0 f ( x0 ) = 0, .

8.5.


, ,

( )
X.
C ( 6.7),
y = f (x) . 8.14
[a, b],
.

225

Copyright & A K-C

,
. , . 8.14
x = b, x1.
:
1. f (x).
2. , f (x) = 0
.
3.
f f.

8.9. -

y = ( x 2) 2 e x [0; 5] .
.
1. f (x) = 2 ( x 2)e x ( x 2) 2 e x = e x ( x 2)( x 4) .
2. f (x) = 0, x1 = 2 x2 = 4.
3. f (2) = 0, f (4) =
f (0) = 4 f (5) =

4
e4

9
. , f = f (0) = 4,
e5

f = f (2) = 0.
. y = f (x) (a, b),
. ,
(a, b) (
), ( )
( ) .
, (1; 2) y = x 2 6 x + 5
ymin = y(3) = 4, ,
y = 4. ,
.

8.6. .
,
. ,
, .
, . 8.15.

226

Copyright & A K-C

. , , , . 8.15 8.15. x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
. , .

x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 .
1. y = f (x)
X, x1 , x2 X

f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x +x
.
f 1 2
2
2

(8.5)

f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x +x
.
f 1 2
2
2

(8.6)

2. 1 X, x1 , x2 X

. 8.15

, ,
. 8.16. , , ,
, (. . 8.16), , (. . 8.16).

1 , .

227

Copyright & A K-C

. 8.16

y=f(x)

y=f(x)

1
0

x1

x2

2
0

. 8.17

x1 x2

. () X
,
().
, f (x)
() X, ()
(. . 8.17, ).
().
, ().
.
() X, () .
 f (x) = (f (x)) > 0, x X, f (x) X, ,
X. f (x) < 0, x X. 
: X, , f (x) 0
( f (x) 0), x X. , y = x 4

228

Copyright & A K-C

, y = 12 x 2 : x = 0 f (0) = 0.
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
( ). f (x) x0
, .. f (x) = 0.
( ). f (x)
x0 , x0
.
(. . 8.18).
x1
, . x2 ,
,

. x0 .
. 8.18
,
,
.
:
1. f (x).
2. , f (x) = 0
.
3.

.
4. .

229

Copyright & A K-C

8.10. y = x ( x 1)3 .
. 1. y = ( x 1) 2 (4 x 1) (. 8.7).

2. y = 2(x 1)(4x 1) + ( x 1) 2 4 =12 x

y = 0 x1 =

1
x2 =1 (. 8.19).
2

. 8.19

3. y > 0 (,

1
(x 1).
2

1
) (1, +), ,
2

; y < 0 -

1
, 1), , ,
2
1
x1 =
x2 = 1 .
2
1
1
4. f ( ) = , f (1) = 0.
2
16

8.7.

. .
.
. y = f (x) , ,
(x, f (x)) .
. 8.20 ,
. 8.20 , . 8.20 . ,
.

230

Copyright & A K-C

)
. 8.20

.
1. y = f (x) x0 (, , )
x x0 0 () x x0 + 0
()

lim

x x0 + 0

..

lim

x x0 0

f ( x) =

f ( x) = . x = x0 -

y = f (x).
, x = x0
, x0 ,

lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ). ,

x x0

x = x0
y = f (x) (a, b), a b
.
2. y = f (x)
x lim f ( x) = b.
x

y = b
y = f (x).
.
lim f ( x) = b lim f ( x) = b, x

x +

y = b y = b
.

231

Copyright & A K-C

, lim f ( x) = , x

.
3. y = f (x)
x

lim

f ( x)
=k
x

lim [ f ( x) kx ] = b. y = kx + b

y = f (x).
 y = kx + b , ,

b
f ( x)
k = 0. lim [ f ( x) (kx + b) ] = 0 lim
x x
x
f ( x)
. lim [ f ( x ) (kx + b) ] = 0, k = lim
x x
x
, k , : b = lim [ f ( x) kx ] . 
x

, ,
.
8.11. -
y =

ax + b
a b
, c 0
0.
c d
cx + d

d
d
. f (x) x .
c
c
ax + b
ax + b
d
a b
=
. ,
0

c d
cx + d c( x + d )
c
c
d
, .. x

c
ax + b
d
= x =
. lim
d
c
x cx + d

x=

b
x =a.
= lim
d c
x
c+
x
a+

232

ax + b
=
x cx + d
lim

Copyright & A K-C

, y =

a

c

. (, 4.5
-

.)
, , y =

3 2x
x +1

x = 1, y = 2 ( . 4.24).

y=

x3
x2 + 1

8.12.

. , ( ),

x3
= ). .
+1
f ( x)
x3
x2
k = lim
= lim
: x = lim
= 1;
x x
x x 2 + 1
x x 2 + 1
x
x3

b = lim [ f ( x ) 1 x ] = lim
x = lim
= 0.
x
x x 2 + 1
x x 2 + 1

( lim

x x 2

, y = x.

8.8.

:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ,
.
5. .
6. .
7. , , , .

233

Copyright & A K-C

, .
8.13. y =

1 + x2
1 x2

.
. 1. (, 1) (1, 1)
(1, +), .. x 1.
2. , f (x) = f (x), .
3.
x = 1. x 10 ()
x 1 + 0 () , ..

1 + x2
=
x 1+ 0 1 x 2
lim

1 + x2
= +, x = 1
x 1 0 1 x 2
lim

. f (x) x = 1
.
4. .

1 + x2
=
x + 1 x 2
lim

1 + x2
= 1, ..
x 1 x 2

= 1. lim

y = 1 .
5. .
y =

2 x(1 x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )(2 x)
4x
=
; y = 0
2
2
(1 x )
(1 x 2 ) 2

x = 0 y x = 1.
x1 = 0 (
x = 1 ). x < 0 f (x) < 0, x > 0 f (x) > 0 (. 8.21),
x = 0 f min = f (0) = 1 .
(, 1) (1, 0) , (0, 1) (1, +) .
6. .

. 8.21
y =

4(1 x 2 )2 4 x 2(1 x 2 )(2 x)

4(1 + 3 x 2 )
=
.
(1 x 2 )4
(1 x 2 )3

234

Copyright & A K-C

, y > 0 (1, 1) . y < 0 (, 1),

(1, +), .
.
7.
. f (0) = 1, .. (0, 1).
f (x) = 0
, ,
.
. 8.22.

. 8.22

8.14. y =

x2
2x e 2

.
. 1. (, +).
2. , f (x) = f (x)
.
3. ,
x.
4. :

(2 x)
2
= lim
= 0.
x + x2
x +
x +
x2
e2
xe 2
e2
lim f ( x) = 0, .. y = 0
lim f ( x) = lim

2x
x2

= = lim
x +

( )

( ) .
5. :
y = 2e

x2
2

+ 2 xe

x2
2

( x) = 2e

x2
2

(1 x 2 ) ;

y = 0 x = 1, .. x1 = 1, x2 = 1.
. 8.23.

235

Copyright & A K-C

, x = 1 ; x = 1

f min = f(1) =
f max = f(1) =

2
e

1,21,

1,21.

. 8.23

(,1) (1, +) (1, 1).

6. :
y = 2e

x2
2

( x)(1 x 2 ) + 2e

x2
2

= 2 xe

x2
2

(3 x 2 );

y = 0 x = 0 x = 3 . . 8.24.
,

. 8.24

( 3 , 0) ( 3 , +) -

(, 3 ) (0,

x2 = 0, x3 = 3 .

3 ), x1 = 3 ,

7. f (0) = 0.
f (x) = 0

x = 0, .. (0; 0).
. 8.25.

. 8.25

8.9.
8.15. :

1 xx
.
x 1 1 x

) lim ( 1 + x 2 3 1 + x3 ) ; ) lim
x

. ) [].

0
1 + x 2 , :
0

236

Copyright & A K-C

1 + x3
lim ( 1 + x 2 3 1 + x3 ) = [] = lim 1 + x 2 1

x
x
1 + x2

1
= lim

1 + x3

1 + x2 = 0 .
0
1

2
1+ x

1
lim

1 + x3
1

1 + x 2
1 + x 2 = lim
.
1
x
1

1 + x2
1 + x2
3

1 + x3

( )

lim

x 1

(1 +

2
x3 ) 3

= 0,

() ( ).

) .
0
:

1 xx 0
(1 x x )
= = lim
= lim( x x ) = lim x x (1 + ln x ) = 1
x 1
x 1 1 x
0 x1 (1 x) x1

lim

( ( x x ) . 7.7).
8.16. 1 .
50% ,
100%,
.
p%. p , ?
. x (. ) , 1 x . (1 x) (1 +

237

50
3 3
) = x,
100
2 2

Copyright & A K-C

, : x (1 +

100
) = 2x. 100

x 2 ( > 1), .. C = 2x x 2 . (2x x 2 )

p
2
(2x x ).
100

p
, .. 100

:
3 3
p
3
p 3

2
A (x) = x + 1
(2x x ) = + 2 1
x
2 2
100
2
100

p 2

1
x ,
100
[0; 1].

p 3
p

2 1
x
100 2
100
p 3

2 1

100 2 .
A (x) = 0 x0 =
p

2 1

100
p

A (x) = 2 1
< 0, ..
100
x0 .
x0 [0; 1],

A (x) = 2 1

0 < 2 1

p 3
p

< 2 1
, p < 25.
100 2
100

, p > 25, .
p < 25, , x = x0
2

p 3

2 1

3 100 2
3
A( x0 ) = +
> = A(0),
p
2
2

4 1

100
.. ,
.

238

Copyright & A K-C

8.17.

y = 1 ln 2 x -

.
. 1.

x > 0,
1 ln 2 x 0,

, e .
e
2. , .
3. .
. -

1
x = e:
e
lim 1 ln 2 x = 0; lim 1 ln 2 x = 0,

x =
x e

1
e

.. .
4. .
x > e x <

1
, e

.
5. .
y =

2ln x

2 x 1 ln 2 x

y = 0 x = 1, .. x = 1. ,

1
e

( , e)

ln x

x 1 ln 2 x

. 8.26

.
. 8.26.
, x = 1
f max = f (1) =1.
6. .
(
)
y =

ln 3 x ln x + 1
.
x 2 (1 ln 2 x)3 / 2

239

Copyright & A K-C

, ln x1 ln 3 x ln x +1 , .. y <0

1
x e
e

. .

. 8.27.

8.18. y = 3 x3 3 x 2
.
. 8.27
. 1.
(, ).
2. ( , ),
f (x) f (x).
3. ,
.
4. :

lim

x3 3x 2 = lim x 3 1
x

3
= .
x

, .
:

f ( x)
k = lim
x x

= = lim
x

x3 1
x

3
x = lim

3 1

3
= 1,
x

b = lim ( f ( x) 1 x) = lim ( 3 x3 3x 2 x ) = [ ] =
x

= lim

x3

= lim

x 3

3x 2
3

x)( 3

( x3 3x 2 )2 + x 3 x3 3x 2 + x 2 )

( x3 3x 2 ) 2 + x 3 x3 3x 2 + x 2

x3 3 x 2 x 3
3

( x3 3 x 2 ) 2 + x x3 3 x 2 + x 2

= 1

( 3x 2 ,
3x 2 ). y = x 1 .
5. :

240

Copyright & A K-C

y =

1 3
x2 2 x
x2
( x 3x 2 ) 3 (3 x 2 6 x) =
=
,
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
( x 3x )
x ( x 3)2

y = 0 x = 2, y x = 0; x = 3, .. x1 = 2, x2 = 0, x3 = 3.
. 8.28.
, x=0

f max = f (0) = 0, x = 2

. 8.28

f min = f (2) = 3 4 ,

x = 3 .
6. .
y =

2
4
5
x 3 ( x 3) 3

.. y = f (x)
x = 0 x = 3. f (x) . 8.29.
,
(;
0) (0; 3), (3; ),
. 8.29
x = 3 .
7. . f (0) = 0, ,
(0; 0). f (x) = 0
x = 0 x = 3. ,
x = 0 x = 3.

y
. 8.30.
5
,
x = 0
3
x = 3
1

0
3

. 8.30

241

Copyright & A K-C

8.10.

. , ,
, ,
, .

.
:
.
x0 -

, MS ( x0 ) = MD ( x0 ), MS , MD .
(x). (x) = D(x) S(x).
, ,
, ..
x0 , (x) ().
(x) = 0. (x) = D ( x ) S ( x ) ,

D ( x0 ) = S ( x0 ), .. MD ( x0 ) = MS ( x0 ).

, .
: .
.
AS (x)

S ( x)
, ..
x

, .
y = AS (x), ..
AS (x) =

S x S
S
= 0, S x S = 0 S = , .. MS(x) =
2
x
x

= AS(x).
.
:
,

242

Copyright & A K-C

(,
..), .
,

y
, x ,
x

y , x. , : y = f(x), , , .

U = U(x), x , U
. , . :

. ,
:
, .
.

, :

x3 + x 2 6 x
.
x x 3 x + 16
ln ( x 2 3)
.
8.21. lim
x 2 x 2 + 3 x 10
e x2 + e x2 2
.
8.23. lim
x 0
x2

x3 + x 2 5 x + 3
.
x 1 x 3 4 x 2 + 5 x 2
x3 1
8.22. lim
.
x 1 ln x

8.19. lim

8.20. lim

, (

0
0

):

1
1

.
x
x 0 x e 1

8.25. lim ( x ln x

8.24. lim

:
8.26. y = x3 2 x 2 7 x + 4 .

8.27. y =

243

x3
.
1 + x2

x + x2 ) .

Copyright & A K-C

8.28. y = x ln 2 x .

8.29. y =

8.30. y = ln (2 cos x ) .

8.31. y =

ln 2 x 1 .

ex
.
x

:
8.32. y = 3 x 2 6 x [0; 3].
8.33. y =

1+ x
(1; ].
ln x

8.34.
512 2, .
,
?
8.35. , . , .
:
8.37. y = 2 x 2 + ln x .
8.36. y = 2 x3 3 x 2 + 15 .
8.40. y = e x 2 .

8.38. y = x3 6 x 2 .
8.39. y = x e x .
:

3 4x
.
2 + 5x
3x5
8.44. y =
.
2 + x4

8.41. y =

1 x2
.
1 + x2
2 x3 ln x
8.45. y =
.
x2 + 1
8.42. y =

8.43. y =

1 + x2
.
1 x2

:
8.46. y = x 2 + x .
8.49. y = x3 12 x 2 + 36 x .
8.51. y = (2 + x) e x .

1
( x 1)3
. 8.48. y =
.
( x + 1) 2
x2
27
8.50. y = x +
.
x3
x
3
8.52. y = e x 2 .
8.53. y =
.
ln x
8.47. y = x 2 +

8.54. R(a)

R ( a ) = R 1 + 3 a , R -

. R

?

244

Copyright & A K-C

8.55. ,

C = C0

gr
,
( re r ) + gr

0 , r , g , , re
, . ,
, : r1 = 0,2,
r2 = 0,4, g1 = g2 = g. , re = 0,5. . g ?

245

Copyright & A K-C

9

9.1.

y = f (x) X x X.

y
= f (x).
x 0 x
lim

y
= f (x) + (x),
x

(x) x 0,
y = f (x)x + (x)x.

(9.1)

, y : 1) x; 2) ( , x,
(. 6.3) lim

x 0

(x)x
= lim (x) = 0).
x 0
x

. ,
x ,
dy = f (x)x.
9.1.

(9.2)

2 x2

3 x x = 10 x = 0,1.
y =
.
y = f (x + x) f (x) = [2(x + x)2 3(x + x)] (2x2 3x) =
= x(4x + 2x 3).
dy = f (x)x = (4x 3)x.
x = 10 x = 0,1 y = 3,72 dy = 3,70.
y dy 0,02, 0,5%.

246

Copyright & A K-C

9.2. y = x.
. dy = dx = x x,
dx = x,
..
.


dy = f (x) dx,
(9.3)
f (x) =

dy
dy
. ,
dx
dx

, dy dx.

. 9.1

. 9.2

.
y = f (x) M(x, y).
x x. y = f (x)
y = f (x + x) f (x) (. . 9.1)
y = f (x) M,
Ox, ..
f (x) = tg . MKN
KN = MNtg = x tg = f (x)x,
.. (9.2) dy = KN.
, , y = f (x) , x x.
, dy < y. , . 9.2 , dy > y.

247

Copyright & A K-C

. . :
1. dc = 0.
4. d(uv) = v du + u dv.

u vdu udv
.
=
v2
v

2. d(cu) = c du.

5. d

3. d(u v) = du dv.
,
, .
.
y = f (x) x, ,
dy = f (x)dx. y = f (u),
u = (x) x, ..
y = f [(x)]. y = f(u) u = (x) ,
, 7.4,
y = f (u)u .

dy = f (x) dx = f (u)u dx = f (u) du,
(9.2) u dx = du. ,
dy = f (u) du.

(9.4)

,
, x u.

(.. ) ( ) .
(9.3) (9.4) : (9.3)
, .. dx = x,
(9.4) du u x du u.

9.2.

, y = dy + (x)x, ..
y dy
,

248

Copyright & A K-C

dy = f (x)x. x y dy
f (x + x) f (x) f (x)x,
f (x + x) f (x) + f (x)x.

(9.5)

x, (9.5).
(9.5)
.
9.3. : )

4 16,64

; ) tg 46.

. )
n- . f (x) = n x , -

1 1 1 n x
xn =
(9.5) n x + x n x +
nx
n
n
x x
x
n x + x n x 1 +
+
.
nx
nx

x
4
x + x 4 x 1 +
.
4x
f (x) =

x , 16,64, 4 x , x . , x = 16, x = 0,64 (, ,

0,64

16 1 +
= 21,01 = 2,02.
4 16
1
) f (x) = tg x, f (x) =

cos 2 x
x
(9.4) tg(x + x) tg x +
. , tg46 = tg(45 + 1)=
cos 2 x

= tg +
x =
. tg46= tg +
, x =

4
180
4 180
4 180
1

=1+
= 1 + 0,0349 1,035.
tg +
4 cos 2 180
90
4

x = 9, x = 7,64!). ,

4 16,64

, (9.5)
, < 1:

(1 ) n 1 n ;

1 1

; sin , cos 1

1 , e 1 + , ln(1)
;
n 1

2
..
2

249

Copyright & A K-C

() .

y = f (x) x1 , ,
x x= x x1 .
f ( x1 ) f (x),

, f (x) f ( x1 )= y dy = f (x)x.
y =

y
y

( x) :

y =

y dy
f ( x)x
xf ( x) x

=
=

y
y
f ( x)
f ( x)
x
y = Ex ( y ) x ,

(9.6)

E x ( y ) (. 7.6) (
); x =

x

x

() x.
9.4. y () 100
x (/)
y = 18 0,3x + 0,003 x 2 .
x = 90 /, 5%.
. (
)

xf ( x)
x( 0,3 + 0,006 x)
=
. x = 90 Ex =90 ( y ) = 1,41
18 0,3x + 0,003x 2
f ( x)
(9.6) y = 1,415
Ex ( y ) =

7,1%.

250

Copyright & A K-C

9.5. , 2%?
. x f (x) =
f (x) = 4x 2 , Ex ( f ) =
(9.6) y 3 x = 32 = 6%.

4 3
x . 3

xf ( x)
x 4x 2
=
= 3 4 3
f ( x)
x
3

.
(. 14.3).

9.3.
y = f (x) (9.3)
dy = f (x)dx, .. : x dx.
,
, ,
x. dy x,
.
( ) d 2 y y = f (x) , ..

d 2 y = d(dy).

(9.7)

n- ( n- ) d n y (n1)-
, .. d n y = d( d n 1 y ).
d 2 y . d 2 y = d(dy) =
= d(f (x)dx). dx x, ..
x , dx
, ..
d 2 y = dxdf (x) = dx[f (x)] dx = f (x) (dx)2 .
,
d 2 y = f (x) dx 2 ,
(9.8)

251

Copyright & A K-C

dx 2 = ( dx) 2 ,

d n y = f ( n ) ( x)dx n ,

(9.9)

.. ( n-) (n-) (n- ) .

(9.8) (9.9) ,
f (x) =

d2y
dx 2

f ( n) ( x) =

dny
.
dx n

,

( ) .

x x:
9.6. y = x3 3 x 2 + 3 x , x = 2, x = 0,01.
9.7. y =

1 + x 2 , x = 0, x = 0,01.

, :
6

67,84 .
9.10. e1,03 .

9.9.

9.12. ln(0,1 + 0,12 + 1) .

9.13. arctg

9.8.

255,15 .
9.11. ln(e + 0, 272) .

0,99
.
1,01

9.14. , ,
, 10%?
9.15. , ,
2,13,1 5%.

252

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

10

.
.

10.1.

. F (x) f (x) X, x
F (x) = f (x).

x3

3

x3
f (x) = x 2 , = x 2 .
3
, F (x) =

F (x) y = F (x) x.
f (x)
. 10.1
y = F (x),
x
f (x) (. . 10.1).
, f (x) . ,
,

x3
x3
x3
+1,
5
+ C , C
3
3
3

,
f (x) = x 2 . , F(x)
f (x), , (F (x) + C) = F (x) = f (x),
F (x) + C, C ,
f (x).

254

Copyright & A K-C

,
y = F(x), F (x) = tg = f (x), , , , (
x) (.
. 10.1).
, F (x) + C
f (x).
.
. F1 (x) F2 (x) f (x)
X, C,

F2 (x) = F1 (x) + C.

 ( F2 (x) F1 (x)) = F2 (x) F1 (x) = f (x) f (x) = 0,

, (. 8.1), C, F2 (x) F1 (x) = C F2 (x) = F1 (x)+C. 
, , F (x)
f (x), F (x) + C, C , f (x).
.
f (x) X
f (x)

f ( x) dx,

f (x) , f (x)dx . ,

f ( x) dx = F (x) + C,

(10.1)

F (x) f (x), C .
,
f (x) = x 2 , x 2 dx =

x3
3

x3
+C.
3

,
, x , , , , x ( ,
(10.1) ).

255

Copyright & A K-C

.
. 11 , X
. (,
, (. 7.2).)

10.2. .

.
1. , ..

( f ( x) dx ) = f ( x ).

 (10.1),
:
( f ( x ) dx) = (F(x) + C) = F (x) + C = f (x). 

2. , ..
d( f ( x ) dx) = f (x)dx.

(10.2)

 1

( f ( x)dx ) = ( f ( x)dx ) dx = f ( x ) dx. 

3.
, ..

dF ( x) = F (x) + C,

(10.3)

C .
 F (x) f (x),

f ( x) dx = F (x) + C
(10.2) f (x)dx = dF(x),

dF ( x) = f ( x) dx = F(x) + C. 

2 3, ,
( d

256

Copyright & A K-C

, 3, ,
).
4. , ..

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx ,

(10.4)

.
 g (x) =
g(x) = ( f ( x )dx f ( x )dx )=

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx :

( f ( x)dx ) ( f ( x)dx ) =

= f (x) f (x) = 0 (. 1).

, g (x) =

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx +.

, 4 . 
5. , ..

( f ( x) g ( x) ) dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .

(10.5)

0dx = C,

(10.6)

4.
, 5
.
,
:

x n +1

x n dx = n + 1 +C,

n 1,

dx
= ln x+ C,
x

(10.7)
(10.8)

, x = 0,

ax

a x dx = ln a + C, a > 0, a 1,

(10.9)

e x dx = e x + C,

(10.9)

sin x dx = cos x +C,

cos x dx = sin x +C,

(10.10)

257

(10.11)

Copyright & A K-C

dx

x
+C, a < x < a, a > 0,
a
a2 x2
dx
1
x
a 2 + x 2 = a arctg a +C, a 0,
dx
1
xa
x 2 a 2 = 2a ln x + a +C, a 0,
dx
x 2 + a = ln x + x 2 + a +C, a 0,
= arcsin

(10.12)
(10.13)
(10.14)
(10.15)

dx

cos2 x = tg x + C;
dx

sin 2 x = ctg x + C;
(. ). , (10.7) , -

x n+1
( n + 1) x n
+C =
= x n (10.7)
n +1
n +1

(10.7).

(10.8). x > 0. x = x (ln x+

1
. x < 0, x= x (ln x+) =
x
1
1
=
, ..
= (ln(x) + ) =
x
x

+) = (ln x + ) =

(10.8) . .
10.1. :
)

dx

x4 ;

xdx ; )

dx
.
x

. (10.7) , n.
) n = 4:

x 4 dx =

x 3
1
+C =
+C .
3
3x3

258

Copyright & A K-C

x4 / 3
3
+ C = x4 / 3 + C .
4/3
4
1/ 2
x
+C = 2 x +C .
) n = 1/2: x 1/ 2 dx =
1/ 2
) n = 1/3:

x1/ 3dx =

10.2. :
)

dx

dx

dx

3x ; ) 23 x1 dx ; ) 9 x2 1 ; ) 4 x 2 + 25 ; )

dx
4 x2 + 1

1 1
= (10.9)
. ) ,
3x 3

a = 1/3, :

dx
(1 3) x
1
1
=
dx
=
+C=
+C.
3x 3
x
3 ln 3
ln(1 3)

1
2

) 23 x1 = 23 x 21 = 8 x , (10.4) (10.9)
a = 8,

1 8x

23 x1 dx = 2 8x dx = 2 8x dx = 2 ln 8 +C.
1

9 x2

(10.14) a = 1/3:

dx

9 x2 1 = 9
=

1
1
, (10.4)
2
9 x (1 3) 2

x2

dx
1
dx
=
=
2
2
(1 3)
9 x (1 3) 2

1 3 x 1 3
1 3x 1
+ C = ln
+ C.
ln
9 2 x +1 3
6 3x + 1

) 4 x 2 + 25 = 4( x 2 + (5 2)2 ) , (10.4)
(10.13) a = 5/2,

dx

4 x 2 + 25 = 4
)
a = 1/4:

dx
4x2

+1

x2

dx
1
dx
1
2x
=
= arctg
+C.
2
2
2
10
5
+ (5 2)
4 x + (5 2)

4 x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 + 1/ 4 , (. 10.4) (10.15)

1
dx
1
= ln x + x 2 + 1 4 +C.

2
2
x +1 4 2

259

Copyright & A K-C

, 4
5, .
10.3. , :
)

(2 x + 1)3
x x dx ; )

(sin ( x

x 2 16
x + 2 dx ;

2) + cos ( x 2))2 dx ; )

x2

x 2 + 4 dx .

.
. ) )


:

(2 x + 1)3
8 x3 / 2 + 12 x + 6 x1/ 2 + 1
dx =
dx =
x3 / 2
x x
dx
1
+
= (8 + 12 x 1/ 2 + 6 + x 3/ 2 )dx = 8 dx + 12 x 1/ 2 dx + 6
x
x
2
+C
+ x 3 / 2 dx = 8 x + 24 x + 6ln x
x
)

(. (10.7) (10.8)).
, C,
. ,
.
.
)

x 2 16
( x 2)( x + 2)( x + 4)
dx =
x + 2 dx =
x +2
= ( x3 / 2 + 4 x1/ 2 2 x 8) dx =

= x3 / 2 dx + 4 x1/ 2 dx 2 xdx 8 dx =

2 5/ 2 8 3/ 2
x + x x 2 8 x +C.
5
3

) ,
(sin( x 2) + cos( x 2))2 dx =

= (sin 2 ( x 2) + 2sin( x 2)cos( x 2) + cos 2 ( x 2))dx =

= (1 + sin x) dx = dx + sin xdx = x cos x + C

(c. (10.10)).

260

Copyright & A K-C

) ,

( x 2 + 4) 4
4
x2
=
= 1
.
2
2
2
x +4
x +4
x +4
1
x
x
dx
x2
x 2 + 4 dx = dx 4 x 2 + 4 = x 4 2 arctg 2 +C = x 2arctg 2 +C
(. (10.13)).

10.3.

( ), :

f ( x) dx = f

((t)) (t) dt,

(10.16)

x = (t) ,
.
 t
(10.16):

( f ( x) dx )t = ( f ( x) dx )x xt = f (x) (t),

( f ((t ))(t ) dt )t = f ((t)) (t)

(. 1 ).
x = (t), ,
(10.16)
. , . 
(10.16) , , . , (10.16) .

, ().
10.4.

dx

1 2x .
261

Copyright & A K-C

. t = 1 2x. x =

1 1
t,
2 2

1
1 1 1 1
t = t dt = dt
2
2 2 2 2
(1 2)dt
1 dt
1
1
dx
1 2 x = t = 2 t = 2 ln t = 2 ln 1 2 x + C
dx = d

(. (10.4) (10.8)).
, (

).
10.5.

cos(3x + 2) dx .

. (. 9.1),

dx =

1
1
d(3x) = d (3 x + 2) .
3
3
1

cos(3x + 2) dx = 3 cos(3x + 2) d (3x + 2) =

=

1
1
cos(3 x + 2) d (3x + 2) = sin(3x+2)+C

3
3

(. (10.4) (10.11)).
10.4 10.5 t = kx + b, k b k 0. .
. F (x) f (x).

f (kx + b) dx

1
F (kx + b) + C ,
k

(10.17)

k b , k 0.
 (10.1) f ( kx + b) d ( kx + b) = F (kx + b) + C .

d (kx + b) = ( kx + b)dx = kdx. k

k, (10.17). 
, (10.1) x f (x) F (x) -

262

Copyright & A K-C

(kx + b) , 1/k .
10.6. :
)

3 xdx ; )

dx

4 x + 3 ; ) e2 x+7 dx .

. :
(10.17)
.
) (10.7) (10.17) ,

1 ( kx + b) n +1
+ C , n 1, k 0.
n +1

(kx + b)n dx = k

(10.18)

, n = 1/3, k = 1, b = 3,

3
3 xdx = (3 x) 4 / 3 + C .
4

) (10.8) (10.17) ,

1
ln kx + b + C , k 0.
(10.19)
k
1
dx
k = 4, b = 3,
= ln 4 x + 3 + C .
4x + 3 4
dx

kx + b

) (10.9) (10.17) ,

ekx+b dx = k ekx+b + C .

(10.20)

(10.20) k = 2, b = 7,

e2 x+7 dx = k e2 x +7 + C .

.
10.7.

xe x

dx .

. t = x 2 . 10.4: x
t, dx. . -.

t = x 2 : dt = d( x 2 ) = ( x 2 )dx, .. dt = 2x dx. x dx,

263

Copyright & A K-C

1
2

: x dx = dt .
=

xe x

1
dx = et dt =
2

1 t
1
1
e dt = = et + C = e x 2 + C (. (10.9)).

2
2
2

10.8. :
)

xdx

; )

1
ln x
dx ; )
x
x2

dx ; )

xdx

3 2 x 2 ; ) x 2e3+5x

dx ;

tg x dx .

. ) t = 1 x 2 . dt = d (1 x 2 ) =

1
2

= (1 x 2 ) dx = 2x dx, x dx = dt , ,

1
1 dt
= t 1/ 2 dt = t1/ 2 + C = 1 x 2 + C .
2
2 t
1 x2
1
dx
) t = x . dt = d( x )=
= 2dt
dx ,
x
2 x

xdx

dx = et 2dt = 2 et dt = 2et + C = 2e

+C .

) ,

1
4

x dx = d (3 2 x 2 ) . (
t = 3 2x 2 .)

xdx
1 d (3 2 x 2 )
1 d (3 2 x 2 )
=
=
=

3 2 x2 4 3 2 x2
4 3 2 x2
1
= ln 3 2 x 2 + C.
4

) ,
x 2 dx =
t = 3 + 5x 3 .)

1
d (3 + 5 x3 ) (
15

x2e3+5x dx = 15e3+5x d (3 + 5x3 ) = 15 e3+5x d (3 + 5x3 ) = 15 e3+5x

3

264

+C.

Copyright & A K-C

dx
= d ln x,
x
ln x
2
dx = (ln x)1/ 2 d ln x = (ln x)3 / 2 + C .
3
x

) sin x dx = d cos x,

tg xdx =

(1) d cos x
d cos x
=
= ln cos x + C .
cos x
cos x

.
,
, .
10.9.

x2 + 1

x + 2 dx .

. t = x + 2. dt = d (x + 2) = dx.
x = t 2,

x2 + 1

(t 2)2 + 1
t 2 4t + 5
5
dt =
dt = (t 4 + )dt =
t
t
t
2
2
dt t
x
2 x + 5ln x + 2 + C ,
= tdt 4 dt + 5 = 4t + 5ln t + C1 =
t
2
2

x + 2 dx =

=1 6.

10.4.
u = u(x) v = v(x) .
(. 9.1)

d(uv) = v du + u dv
u dv = d(uv) v du.

(10.5) (10.2),

udv = uv vdu .

(10.21)

(10.21) . (u dv).
(10.21) (
:
du = udx),

265

Copyright & A K-C

(v =

dv +C (. (10.2)).

(10.21) -

, ( ,
).
10.10. :
)

xe2x dx ; ) (2 + 3x) e x / 3dx .

. ) x = 1, e 2x ( (10.20) ),
, u = x, dv = e 2x dx.
(10.21) v du.
u = x, du = dx. (10.3) (10.20) k = 2,
b = 0,
v=

dv = e2x dx = 2 e2 x + C .

,
(10.21),

xe2x dx

1
2

1
2

= x ( e 2 x + C ) ( e 2 x + C ) dx .

, ,
, v. ,

xe2x dx

1 2 x
1 1
xe + Cx + e 2 x Cx + C1 =
2
2 2
1 2 x 1 2 x
= xe
e + C1 .
2
4

. ,
C, v ( dv), .
C, v,
. , v, C = 0, .
) 2 + 3x = u, e x / 3 dx = dv .

du = d (2+3x) = (2+3x)dx = 3dx

266

Copyright & A K-C

v = dv = e x / 3 dx = 3e x / 3

(. (10.20)). ,

(2 + 3x)e x / 3dx = (2 + 3x)3e x / 3 3e x / 3 3dx =

= (6 + 9 x)e x / 3 9 e x / 3dx = (6 + 9 x)e x / 3 9 3e x / 3

= (9 x 21)e x / 3 + C .
10.11. :
)

x ln xdx ; ) ( x3 + 1)ln xdx .

. ) ln x . , u = ln x. dv = x dx. (, f (x) = x ()). du = d ln

x=

dx
x2
v = dv = xdx =
( = 0, .
x
2

10.10), ;

1
x2
x2 1
x2
dx =
ln x
ln x xdx =
2
2 x
2
2
2
2
x
x
=
ln x
+C.
2
4
dx
) u = ln x, dv = ( x3 + 1) dx . du =
v = dv =
x
x4
+ x .
= ( x3 + 1) dx =
4

x ln xdx

x4
dx
x4

+ x ln x + x =
4
4
x

4
4
1
x4
x

=
+ x ln x x3dx dx = + x ln x
x+C .
4
16
4

( x3 + 1)ln xdx =

267

Copyright & A K-C

10.12.

x2 sin xdx .

. u = x 2 , sin x dx = dv. du = dx 2 =
= 2xdx v = dv = sin xdx = cos x (. (10.10)). ,

x 2 sin x dx = x2 cos x ( cos x)2 x dx =

= x 2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx.

, ,
: x , cos x
, .
. , u = x, cos x dx = dv. du = dx,
v = dv = cos x dx = sin x (. (10.11))

x2 sin x dx = x 2 cos x + 2( x sin x sin x dx) =

= x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2cos x + C .
, ,
:

x n eax dx , x n sin mx dx , x n cos mx dx .

x k ln n x dx , x k arcsin x dx , x k arccos x dx ,
x k arctgx dx , xk arcctgx dx ,

1.
2.

a, m, k (k 1), n .
n (
u = x n , dv), n x
, (. 10.10, 10.12).
x k dx = dv ( u). ,

x k ln n xdx

268

Copyright & A K-C

n (
ln x ,
, ).
.
10.13.

ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx .

. : t = 2x + 3.

1
dt . ,
2
1
1
ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx = ln 2 t 2 dt = 2 ln 2 t dt .
1
ln 2 t = u , dt = dv. du = d ln 2 t = 2ln t dt ,
t
v = dv = dt = t , dt = d (2x + 3) = 2dx dx =

, :

ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx = 2 (t ln 2 t t 2ln t t

1
dt ) = t ln 2 t ln t dt .
2

u = ln t,
dv = dt,

ln tdt = t ln t t + C .
1

ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx = 2 t ln 2 t t ln t + t + C =

1
(2 x + 3)ln 2 (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3) ln (2 x + 3) + 2 x + C.
2
10.5.

, n
a0 + a1 x + + an x n , a0 , a1 , , an
an 0, n 0. , 3 + 2x , x 4 +
+ 3x + 2 ..
. ,

3x + 1 2 + x 2 + 4 x3
,
, .
x +1
x2 + 1

. ,

269

Copyright & A K-C

(.. ), .

(. 10.2). ,
.
(., , (10.7) n, (10.8), (10.13), (10.14)).

.
,
, .. ,
. , , ,
,
,
. ,

x3 3 x + 4
6
= x2 + 2x + 1 +
,
x2
x2
4x4 4x + 5
12 x 7
= 4 x 2 + 8 x + 12 +
2
2
x 2x + 1
x 2x + 1

.. (
, . 10.2) .
1,

dx

kx + b , -

(10.19) (. 10.6) t = kx + b (. 10.4).

2, ..

ex + f

ax 2 + bx + c dx ,

(10.22)

a, b, c, e, f , a 0. :

ex + f

ax 2 + c dx ,

(10.23)

, .
c = 0, (10.23)
( ; . ).
c 0. (10.23)

dx

ax 2 + c
270

(10.24)

Copyright & A K-C

xdx

ax 2 + c .

(10.25)

(10.24) ( )
(10.13), ac > 0,
(10.14), ac < 0 (. 10.2, ).
(10.25) t = ax 2 + c ( , , . 10.8). dt = 2ax dx, x dx =

xdx

dt

ax 2 + c = 2at = 2a

xdx

ax 2 + c = 2a ln

dt 1
ln t + C1 .
=
t 2a

ax 2 + c + C1 ,

1
dt
2a

(10.26)

a 0.
(10.22), ,
(10.23),
, () .
10.14. :
)

2x + 1

x +1

8 x

x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx ; ) 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 dx ; ) x 2 4 x + 13 dx .

. ) x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1) 2 , t = x + 1. dt = dx, x = t 1

2x + 1

x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx =

dt
2t 1
1
t 2 dt = 2 ln t + +C =
dt = 2
2
t
t
t

1
+C.
x +1
) 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 = (2 x + 1) 2 4 , t = 2x + 1.
1
1
x = (t 1), dx = dt
2
2
x +1
(1 2)(t 1) + 1 1
4 x 2 + 4 x 3 dx = t 2 4 2 dt =
1 t +1
1 tdt
1
dt
=
+
.
dt =
2
2
2
4 t 4
4 t 4
4 t 4
= 2 ln x + 1 +

271

Copyright & A K-C

(10.26) a = 1, c = 4. (. (10.14)).

1
t2
+C=
ln
16
t+2
1
1
2x 1
ln
+C.
= ln 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 +
8
16
2x + 3
) x 2 4 x + 13 = ( x 2) 2 + 9 , t = x 2.
8 x
6t
dt
tdt

.
dx =
dt = 6
dt = dx, x = t + 2
2
2
2
2
t +9
t +9
x 4 x + 13
t +9

x +1

4 x 2 + 4 x 3 dx = 8 ln

t2 4 +

(. (10.13)), (10.26).

8 x

x 2 4 x + 13 dx = 2 arctg 3 2 ln ( t 2 + 9 ) +C = 2 arctg

1
ln x 2 4 x + 13 +C.
2

x2

,
(
)
: ,
.
.

dx

x 2 a 2 ( -

(10.14)).
:

x2

1
1 1
1
=

.
2
a
2a x a x + a

, (10.19), :

dx

dx

dx

x 2 a 2 = 2a x a x + a = 2a ( ln x a ln x + a )+C =
=

1
xa
ln
+C.
2a
x+a

, , f ( x) g ( x) , g(x)
n, n x1 , x2 , , xn ,

272

Copyright & A K-C

An
A
A2
f ( x)
= 1 +
+ ... +
,
g ( x) x x1 x x2
x xn
1, 2, , n .
.

x2 2x + 2
x3 + 2 x 2 8 x dx .
. x3 + 2 x 2 8 x = x (x + 4)(x + 2),
A
A
A
x2 2x + 2
= 1+ 2 + 3 .
3
2
x + 2 x 8x x x 2 x + 4
A1 , A2 , A3 .

10.15.

,

A1 (x 2)(x + 4) + A2 (x + 4)x + A3 (x 2) x = x 2 2 x + 2 .

x = 0, 8 A1 = 2 A1 = 1/4. x = 2,
12 A2 = 2 A2 = 1/6. x = 4, 24 A3 = 26, .. A3 =

13
.
12

( , A1 , A2 , .)

x2 2x + 2

1 dx 13 dx
1 dx
+
+
=
x 12 x + 4 6 x 2

x3 + 2 x 2 8 x dx = 4
1
4

= ln x +

13
1
ln x + 4 + ln x 2 + C
12
6

(. (10.19)). (
.)

10.6.

,

, 10.5 (.. ).

273

Copyright & A K-C

R(u, v) u, v ,
(, ,
).

u + 3v
..
2 u2
x )dx .

, R(u, v) = u 2 + 2v5 , R(u, v) =

R ( x,

t =

10.16.

dx
x+3x

x.

.
2 3.
2 3 6, R ( x, 6 x ) dx

x =

t6 ,

dx =

6t 5 dt ,

dx

x+3x

= t3 , 3

= t2 .

x = t. -

6t 5
t3
dt = 6
dt .
t3 + t 2
t +1

t + 1 = z. dz = d(t + 1) = dt

dx
x+3x

= 6

dz
( z 1)3
dz = 6 z 2 dz 18 zdz + 18 dz 6 =
z
z

= 2 z 3 9 z 2 + 18z 6ln z + C = 2

( 6 x + 1)

( 6 x + 1)

+ 18

( 6 x + 1) + C =

= 2 x 33 x + 6 6 x 6ln( 6 x + 1) + C ,
C1 = C11.

R ( x,

x ) dx -

- , ..

R x,

ax + b
dx , ad cb 0,
cx + d

t =

274

ax + b
.
cx + d

Copyright & A K-C

1 x dx
.
1+ x 1+ x
1 t2
1 x
. t =
. x =
,
1+ t2
1+ x
4tdt
2
1
1+ t2
=
, 1+x =
,
.
dx =
1+ t2 x +1
2
(1 + t 2 ) 2

10.17.

+ 2

1 x dx
t (1 + t 2 )
4t
t 2 dt
dt = 2
= 2 dt +
=

1+ t2
1+ x 1+ x
2 (1 + t 2 ) 2
1 x
1 x
dt
+ arctg
+C .
=2t + 2 arctg t +C = 2
2
1+ x
1+ x
1+ t

R ( x,

ax 2 + bx + c ) dx .

(. (10.12), (10.15)). (
ax 2 + bx + c .)
10.18. :
)

dx

x2 + 4 x + 5

; )

xdx

8 + 4x 4x2
. , x 2 + 4 x + 5 = ( x + 2)2 + 1 , t = x + 2. (. (10.15)):

dx
x2 + 4 x + 5

dt
t2 +1

= ln x + 2 +

= ln t + t 2 + 1 + C =

x2 + 4 x + 5 + C .

) 8 + 4 x 4 x 2 = 9 (1 2 x)2 , 1 2x = t.

1 t
1
, dx = dt , ,
2
2
xdx
1 (1 t )
1
dt
1
tdt
=
+
dt =
.
4 9 t2
4 9 t2 4 9 t2
8 + 4 x 4 x2

x =

(. (10.12)), (10.7) z = 9 t 2 :

275

Copyright & A K-C

1
t 1 1/ 2

z
dz =
4
3 8
8 + 4x 4x2
1
1 2x 1

8 + 4x 4x2 + C .
= arcsin
4
3
4

xdx

= arcsin

R ( x,

ax 2 + bx + c ) dx .

10.7.

R(sin x, cos x)dx.

t = tg
,

x
, < x < .
2

2tg ( x / 2)
2t
1 tg 2 ( x 2) 1 t 2
=
, cos x =
=
,
1 + tg 2 ( x / 2) 1 + t 2
1 + tg 2 ( x 2) 1 + t 2
2dt
x = 2arctg t, dx =
.
1+ t2
1 t 2 2dt
2t
R(sin x, cos x)dx = R 1 + t 2 , 1 + t 2 1 + t 2 = R1 (t ) dt .
dx
10.19.
.
sin x
x
. t = tg . ,
2
sin x =

t dx sin x, , ,

(1 + t 2 )2dt
dt
x
= = lnt+= ln tg +C.
t
(1 + t 2 )2t
2

R(u, v) u v, .
, R(u, v) ,
u v R(u, v) = R(u, v),
t = cos x.

R(sin x, cos x) dx
276

Copyright & A K-C

10.20.

sin 3 x
cos4 x dx .

. R(u, v) = u 3 v 4 , R(u, v) =
= R(u, v). cos x = t, dt = sin x dx. , , sin 2 x = 1 t 2 ,

sin 3 x

cos 4 x dx =

1 t2
t 3 1
t +C =
dt = t 4 dt + t 2 dt =
3
t4
1 1
1
=

+C .
3
3 cos x cos x

R (u , v ) = R (u , v ) ,

R(sin x, cos x)dx

t = sin x.

10.21.

sin 2 x cos3 xdx .

. R(u, v) = u 2 v3 .
t = sin x. dt = cos x dx , ,

t3

t5

sin 2 x cos3 xdx = t 2 (1 t 2 ) dt = 3 5 + C =

sin 3 x sin 5 x

+C.
3
5
sin x cos x dx,
=

sin x sin x dx,

cos x cos x dx , , .

.
10.22.

sin 3x cos5 x dx .

1
(sin 8 x sin 2 x ),
2
1
1
sin 3x cos5 x dx = 2 sin 8 xdx 2 sin 2 xdx =
1
1
1
1
= sin 8 xd (8 x ) sin 2 xd (2 x) = cos 2 x cos8 x + C .
16
4
4
16

. sin 3x cos5 x =

277

Copyright & A K-C

10.8.
10.23. :
)

e3 x

e2 x + 1dx ; ) x3e x

dx .

. ) e x = t. dx =

e3 x

dt

e2 x + 1dx =

t 3 dt
1
t 2 dt
dt

=
= 1
= t arctg t + C =
dt = dt
2
2
2
t +1
1+ t2
(t + 1)t
t +1
= e x arctg e x + C .
, t = e x R (e x ) dx .
=

) ,
, .
x 2 = t.
=

tet 2dt

1 t
te dt.
2

1
dt = xdx
2

x 3e x

dx = x 2 e x 2 xdx =

t = u, et dt = dv. du = dt, v = et dt = et

1 t
1
1
1
1
1
te dt = tet tet dt = tet et + C = x 2 e x 2 e x 2 + C .
2
2
2
2
2
2

10.24. :
)

1 + x 2 dx ; )

e x sin xdx .

. )
.
u =

1 + x 2 , dv = dx. du =

xdx
1 + x2

v = dv = dx = x J = 1 + x 2 dx = x 1 + x 2
= x 1 + x2

( x 2 + 1) 1
1 + x2

278

dx =

x2
1 + x2

dx =

Copyright & A K-C

= x 1 + x 2 1 + x 2 dx +
= x 1 + x 2 1 + x 2 dx + ln x +

dx
1 + x2

x2 + 1 + C .

J, ..
J = x 1 + x 2 J + ln x +

x2 + 1 + C ,

o
2J = x 1 + x 2 + ln x +
J=
C1 =

x2 + 1 + C ,

1
1
x 1 + x 2 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + C1 ,
2
2

1
C.
2

R ( x,

a 2 + x 2 ) dx ,

x = a tg t.
) .
sin x = u, e x dx = dv . du = cos x dx, v = e x ,
J = e x sin xdx = e x sin x e x cos xdx .
, cos x = u, e x dx = dv . du = sin x dx, v = e x
J = e x sin x (e x cos x + e x sin xdx) + C ,
.. J = e x sin x e x cos x J + C .
(
10.24)
2J = e x (sin x cos x) + C , J =
C1 =

1
C.
2

279

1 x
e (sin x cos x) + C1 ,
2

Copyright & A K-C

eax cos bx dx , eax sin bx dx ,

a b

.
10.25. :

x3 2 x 2 + 4
x 2 + 2 x 3 dx .

. ,

x3
x3

2x2
2x2
4x2
4x2

4 x2

3x
3x + 4
8 x + 12
11x 8

+ 2x 3
x 4

x3 2 x 2 + 4
11x 8
=x4+
.
2
2
x + 2x 3
x + 2x 3

x3 2 x 2 + 4
11x 8
dx = xdx 4 dx +
dx =
x2 + 2 x 3
x2 + 2 x 3
=

x2
11x 8
4x +
dx .
2
2
x + 2x 3

x 2 + 2 x 3 = ( x + 1) 2 4 , t = x+1,
(10.26) (10.14) (. 10.5).

x3 2 x 2 + 4
11(t 1) 8
x2
dt =
dx =
4x +
t2 4
x2 + 2x 3
2
=
=

x2
tdt
dt
=
4 x + 11
19
2
2
2
t 4
t 4

x2
11
19
t2
4 x + ln t 2 4 ln
+C=
t+2
2
2
4

x2
11
19 x 1
4 x + ln x 2 + 2 x 3 ln
+C.
2
2
4
x+3

280

Copyright & A K-C

10.26.

1+ 4 x

x+

dx .

. x = t 4 (. 10.6). dx = 4t 3 dt

1+ 4 x

x+

dx =

1+ t
t 1
t2 + t

dt = 4 1 +
4t 3dt = 4
dt =
t2 +1
t4 + t2
t2 +1
tdt
dt

= 4 dt +

.
t2 +1
t2 +1

. (10.26).

1+ 4 x

x+

dx = 4t + 2ln (t 2 + 1) 4arctg t + C =

= 4 4 x + 2ln(1 + x ) 4arctg 4 x + C.
10.27.

(4 x 2 )3
dx .
x6

. ,

R ( x,

a 2 x 2 ) dx

x = a sin t.
x = 2sin t. dx = 2cos t dt

(4 x 2 )3
(4 4sin 2 t )3
1 cos 4 t
dx =
2cos t dt =
dt =
4 sin 6 t
x6
64sin 6 t

(4 x 2 )5
1 ctg 4t dt
1
1
+C .
= ctg 4t d ctg t = ctg 5t + C =

4 sin 2 t
4
20
20 x5
tg x
dx .
10.28.
1 ctg 2 x
dt
. t = tg x. dx =

1+ t2
tg x
tdt
t 3dt
t 3dt 1 d (t 4 1)
dx
=
=
=
1 ctg 2 x
(1 1/ t 2 )(1 + t 2 ) t 4 1 t 4 1 = 4 t 4 1 =
1
1
= ln t 4 1 + C = ln tg 4 x 1 + C .
4
4

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Copyright & A K-C

, t = tg x
R (tg x )dx .

10.9. ,

,
. , ( ) , .. , . ,
. , e x 2 dx , sin x 2 dx ,

cos x2 dx ,

sin x
dx ,
x

cos x
dx ,
x

dx

ln x

, ..
f (x), f ( x ) = e x 2 , f ( x) = sin x 2 ..
, ,

, .
, ,
.
, ( . 14).

, :
10.29.
10.31.

x 2 3 x2 + 1
dx .
4
x
e3 x + 1
dx .
ex + 1

10.30.

(1 x)3
dx .
x3 x

10.32.

x2 + 3
dx .
x2 1

, :

282

Copyright & A K-C

dx
.
2 5x
xdx
10.35.
.
1 + x2

10.34. x(2 x + 5)10 dx .

10.33.

x3dx
.
x8 2
e x dx
10.38.
.
2 + ex
cos x dx

10.36.

10.37. x 2 e 2 x3 +1dx .
10.39.

ln x dx

1 + ln x

10.40.

1 + sin 2 x

, :

ln x
dx .
x3
10.44. ln 2 xdx .

10.41. x 2 x dx .

10.42.

10.43. x 2 e3x dx .
10.45. x ln

1+ x
dx .
1 x

10.46. x cos x dx .

dx
.
x2 + x 2
2x 3
dx .
10.49.
x2 4
2x + 3
10.51.
dx .
2
x + 3x 10
x2 5x + 9
10.53.
dx .
x2 5x + 6

10.47.

dx

10.48.

5x2 7 .

10.50.

x2 + 2x 3 .

10.52.

x 2 + 3x + 2 .

10.54.

x2 + 4 x + 9 .

dx

xdx
dx

:
10.55.

x2

dx .

2 x
dx
10.57.
.
4
(1 + x )3 x
10.59.

10.61.

dx
3

x+ x
x
dx .
x +1

283

dx

10.56.

1+

10.58.

x
x +1 x 1
dx .
x +1 + x 1

10.60.

1 + x dx

.
1 x 1 x

10.62.

x +1
1 x2

dx .

Copyright & A K-C

1 3x

10.63.

3 + 2 x dx .

10.65.

dx

ex + 1
x
10.67. sin 2 dx .
2
10.69.

x +1 +1
dx .
x +1 1

284

x + ln x
dx .
x

10.64.

10.66.

10.68.

10.70.

x ln (3x + 2) dx .

cos x
x

dx .

2 x 4 + 4 x 2 1
dx .
1 x2

Copyright & A K-C

11

11.1. ,

.
[a, b] y = f (x).
S ,
y = f (x), x = a, x = b y = 0 (. 11.1).
( S y = f (x) [a, b].)
.
, -

. 11.1

. 11.2

y = f (x) [a, b] (. 11.2). (), S

( )
.
y = f (x), S S. ,
. S
S .
.
, , : .
, , .

285

Copyright & A K-C

. [a, b]
y = f (x). [a, b] n
x0 , x1 , , xn : a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn = b.

[ xi 1 , xi ]

xi = xi xi 1 , i = 1, 2, , n.
n

f (i ) xi

(11.1)

i =1

y = f (x) [a, b].

, (11.1)
[a, b] x0 , x1 , , xn ,

1 , 2 , , n [ xi 1 , xi ],
i = 1, 2, , n.
.
y = f (x) [a, b]. f ( i ) xi
(11.1) Si
f ( i ) xi ,

i = 1, 2, , n

(. . 11.3, x0 x1 = x1 , x2 x1 = x2 ..).

, Si y = f ( i )
[ xi 1 , xi ]. (11.1)

S= S1 + S 2 ++ S n
,
[ xi 1 , xi ]

y = f ( i ), (. 11.3).
. [a, b]
max xi i

. 11.3

[ xi 1 , xi ], i = 1, 2, , n.
. (11.1)
max xi ,
i

x1 , x2 , 1 , 2 ,
y = f (x)

286

Copyright & A K-C

f ( x)dx , y = f (x) -

[a, b],

[a, b], ..
b

f ( x)dx =

f (i )xi .

lim

max xi 0 i =1
i

a , b
; f (x) , f (x)dx ,
b

f ( x)dx

f (x) -

[a, b].
, , :
b

f ( x)dx = f ( y )dy = f (t )dt ,

(11.1).
,
:

f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx
a

f ( x)dx

, a < b.

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx .
a

(11.2)

(11.2), , :
.

287

Copyright & A K-C

(11.2) b = a,

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
a

2 f ( x )dx = 0, ..
a

f ( x)dx

= 0.

(11.3)

. , , y = f (x) [a, b], a < b,

b

f ( x)dx

S y = f (x) [a, b]

(. . 11.1). , max xi
i

(. . 11.3)
.
,
,
. ,
1

dx =1,
0

x dx =
0

1
,
2

1 x 2 dx =

..
4

( ; , ;
; .)
, (11.3)
: , ,
, ,
, .
. z = f (t)
. u, [0, T ].
, (f (t) ), -

288

Copyright & A K-C

u,
[t, t + t], u = f (t)t. u = f()t, [t, t + t],
, t.
[0, T ] :
0 = t0 < t1 < t2 << tn = T. ui , [ ti 1 , ti ],

ui = f (i ) ti , i [ ti 1 , ti ], ti = ti ti 1 , i = 1, 2, , n. n

i =1

i =1

u ui = f (i ) ti .
max ti
i

,
u=

f (i )ti .

lim

max xi 0 i =1
i

,
T

u=

f (t )dt ,
0

.. f (t) t,

f (t )dt
0

[0, T ].
(. ) , u , [0, T ],
z = f (t), , T

[0, T ]

f (t )dt .
0

( ). . y = f (x) [a, b], .

.

289

Copyright & A K-C

x2 dx .

11.1.

. ,
, [ xi 1 , xi ] -

xi , 1/n, n -

, [ xi 1 , xi ]

i , .. i = xi =

i
,
n

i = 1, 2, , n. ( y = x 2 ,
1 , 2 , , n
.)
n

i =1

i 1 1 n
f (i )xi = = i 2 .
n3 i =1
i =1 n n

,
n

i2 =
,
1

x2 dx = nlim

i =1

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
.
6

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
1 1
1
= lim 1 + 2 + = .
3
6 n n
n 3
6n

, ,
,
. , . , 11.4.

11.2.

.

290

Copyright & A K-C

, .
1. , ..
b

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx,
a

(11.4)

.
 [a, b] 1 , 2 , , n .
() ,

i =1

i =1

f (i )xi = f (i )xi .
max xi 0 :

lim

f (i )xi = lim

max xi 0 i =1

f (i )xi =

max xi 0 i =1

lim

f (i )xi .

max xi 0 i =1
i

(11.4), . 
2. , ..
b

( f ( x) g ( x) ) dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx.

(11.5)

,
.
2 1.
, .
3. ,

, .. a, b, c:
b

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x )dx .

(11.6)

3. a < c < b
f (x) [a, b]. c

f ( x)dx = S1 ,
a

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Copyright & A K-C

f ( x)dx = S2 (. 11.4),

f ( x)dx = S,

y = f (x) [a, b] (
. 11.4). (11.6) () : S = S1 + S 2 .
a < b < c, y = f(x)
[a, c]. (11.2)
(11.6), ,

( (11.6)

. 11.4
):
b

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx f ( x)dx .

a

(11.7)

(11.7)
()
(. 11.5): S1 = S S 2 , S y = f (x) [a, c].
4. [a,
f (x) g (x),
b

f ( x)dx

b]

g ( x)dx ,

(11.8)

..
.

[a, b] 1 , 2 , ,

. 11.5

n .

f (x) g (x)
:
n

i =1

f (i )xi g (i )xi .
i =1

max xi 0 , (11.8). 
i

292

Copyright & A K-C

. [a, b], m f (x) M,

m M .
b

m(b a)
 4
b

m dx
a

f ( x)dx M(b a).

(11.9)

f ( x) dx

M dx .
a

, 1

m dx = m dx = m (b a)

M dx

= M(b a). 

5. . y = f (x) [a, b] ( a < b), [a, b],

b

f ( x)dx = f ()(ba).

(11.10)

 , , x [a, b] , m f(x) M, m
M [a, b].
, (11.9),
b

1
f ( x)dx M .
b a a

, , , . , ,
[a, b],
b

1
f ( x)dx = f (). 
b a a
f (x) 0 [a, b]. :
[a, b],
y = f (x) [a, b]
. 11.6

f () (b a) (. . 11.6

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Copyright & A K-C

).
. 11.6.

11.3.

, ,

(. . 5). .
y = f (x) [a, b], , , [a, x],
[a, b].

x

( x) = f ( x)dx = f (t )dt ,
a

(11.11)

x [a, b], (x) 1.

f (t) 0 [a, b]. (. 11.1) (x)
x S(x) y = f (t) [a, x] (.
. 11.7). (
.)
,
, -
. 11.7
. x

, (. 11.4)

dt
= ln x , x > 1,
t
1

ln x x S(x) y =

1
[1, x] (. . 11.8).
t

1 (11.11) x ,
.
(x),
, (. 11.1)
, t.

294

Copyright & A K-C

(x) ( , . (11.11)).
1. f (x)
[a, b],
(x)
[a, b].
 x , x + x
[a, b]. (11.1) (11.6),
x +x

(x + x) =

. 11.8

f (t )dt =

x +x

= f (t ) dt +

f (t )dt = (x) +

x +x

f (t )dt .

(. 11.2)
x +x

[x, x + x],

f (t )dt = f ()x , ,

(x + x) = (x) + f ()x.

(11.12)

, , [a, b],
m f () M, m M f (x) [a, b]. ( x f (),
, , .)
(11.12) x 0 ,

lim ( x + x) = ( x) + lim f ()x = (x).

x 0

x 0

, . .
2. f (x) [a, b].
x [a, b] (x)

f (x), ..

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Copyright & A K-C

(x) = f (t )dt = f (x).

(11.13)

( x + x) ( x)
= f ( ) ,
x

(11.14)

 (11.12) 1.

[x, x + x]. (11.14) x 0

, lim f () = f (x) (
x 0

f (x)), (11.13). 
2.
f (t) 0 [a, b].
= (x + x) (x) = SABEF
SABCD = SDCEF (. 11.9), .. (x)
y = f (t) x x + x.
[x, x + x], S DCEF
S DGHF f () x.

= S DGHF = f ()x (11.14). x0

[x, x + x] , f () f (x),
(11.14)
(x).
.
y = f (x) [a, b],

[a, b].
, f (x)
(x),
(11.11).
.
. 11.9
,
( ),
. (11.11), y = f (x), ,
x

(x). ,

e t
0

296

dt ,

Copyright & A K-C

dt

ln t

( .. , ,

. 10.9) , e x 2 ,

1
, ln x

11.4.
, , ,
. .. (. (11.15)).
. y = f (x) [a, b]
F(x) f (x) [a, b]. f (x) [a, b] F(x) , ..
b

f ( x) dx

= F(b) F(a).

(11.15)

 F(x) f (x).
2 (. 11.3) (x),
(11.11), f (x),
10.1 C, F (x) = (x) + C.

F(b) F(a) = ((b) + C) ((a) + C) = (b) (a) =
b

= f ( x) dx f ( x ) dx
(. (11.11) (x)). a

, (11.3)

f ( x) dx = 0. 
a

(11.15) :
,
, F (x) f (x); , . , .

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Copyright & A K-C

F ( x)

= F (b ) F ( a ) .

(11.16)

,
F (x) f (x), ,
C = 0.
1

11.2. : )

x2 dx ; )
0

23 x4 dx .
1

. )

x3
+ C .
3

f (x) = x 2 F(x) =

,
C = 0 (. ).
1

x2 dx

x3 1 13 03 1
=
= ,
3 0 3 3 3

, , , 11.1.
) , (10.9). ,
2

23x4 dx = 3ln 2 23x4 1 = 3ln 2 ( 23x4 ) 1 = 3ln 2 4 2 = 6ln 2 .

1

11.2

( F ( x ) )

b
= F ( x) ,

a
a

(11.17)

.
, (11.2) (11.3) . ,
b

f ( x) dx = F(b) F(a) = (F(a) F(b)) = f ( x) dx

b

f ( x) dx

= F(a) F(a) = 0.

298

Copyright & A K-C

,
,
: .

11.5.



(
, ). , , ,
, .
1. (t) [, ], a = (), b = () f (x) x x = (t), t [, ].

b

f ( x) dx = f ( (t )) (t ) dt .

(11.18)

(11.18)
.
 F (x) (t) f (x) f ((t ))(t ) . . 10 , F ((t)) f ((t ))(t ) .
C,
(t) = F ( (t)) + C, t [, ].
() () = (F( ()) + C) (F ( ()) + C) = F (b) F (a).
() ()
(11.18), F (b) F (a) (11.18). 
, ,
, ().
.

t t
(t) = a (t) = b. , ,

299

Copyright & A K-C

, t = (x)
. t : = (a), = (b).
1

11.3.

x(2 x 2 )5 dx .
0

. t = 2 x 2 .

1
2

dt = d (2 x 2 ) = (2 x 2 ) dx = 2x dx x dx = dt . x = 0,
t = 2 02 = 2, x = 1, t = 2 12 = 1. ,
1

1
1
1
1 5
1 t6
2 )5 dx = t 5 dt =
x
(2

x
t
dt
=

2
2 2
2 6
0
2

1 6 1
1
21
t = (1 26 ) = .
4
12
12 2

, .
2. u = u (x) v = v (x) [a, b].
b

u dv = uv vdu ,
uv

(11.19)

= u (b)v (b) u (a)v (a).

a

(11.19) .
 (uv) = u v + uv , uv u v + uv .
(11.5) :
b

uv = (u v + uv) dx = vu dx + uvdx ,
(11.19), u (x) dx = du v (x) dx = dv. 

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Copyright & A K-C

ln(1 + x) dx .

11.4.

. u = ln(1 + x), dv = dx. du = d (ln(1 + x)) =

= (ln(1 + x))dx =

dx
v = dv = dx = x (. . 10).
1+ x

(11.19),
1

ln(1 + x) dx = x ln (1+x) x

dx
.
1+ x

1 + x = t.
dx = dt, x = t 1 x = 0, t = 1, x = 1,
t = 2. ,
1

= ln2 t + ln t

t 1
dt
=
dt = ln2 dt +
t
t
1
1
1

ln(1 + x) dx = x ln(1+x)

= ln2 (2 1) + ln2 ln1 = ln4 1.

11.6.

. 1.
y = f (x) [a, b].
(.
11.1) S y = f (x) [a, b] (. . 11.1) b

f ( x) dx , ..
a

S = f ( x) dx .
a

11.5. , x =

y , x = 0, y = 4.

. (. . 11.10) ,
S OAB
:
S = SOABC SOBC ,

301

Copyright & A K-C

y = 4,
,

x = y

x= y

, B
y = 4 x = y
(2; 4).
2

SOABC = 4dx = 4 dx = 4 x = 8 ,
2

SOBC = x 2 dx =
0

x3 2
3

. 11.10

8
3

= .

S = 8

8 16
= (.2).
3 3

,
. .

d

( y) dy =
c

lim

(i )yi .

max yi 0 i =1
i

, [c, d]
. 1 , 2 , , n ,
. ,
d

x = (y) 0 [c, d],

( y ) dy

S , x = (y)
x = 0, y = c, y = d (. . 11.11). ( ,

.)
,
, :
4

S =
0

y dy =

2 3/ 2
y
3

2
= (43 / 2 03 / 2 ) =
0 3
4

= 16/3 (. 2 ).

302

. 11.11

Copyright & A K-C

2. y = f (x) [a, b] (.
. 11.12). ,
S
y = f (x) [a, b] b

f ( x) dx .
a

. 11.12
y = f (x) , y = f (x).
y = f (x) [a, b],
[a, b] S (. . 11.13).
b

S = ( f ( x ) dx ) , .. S = f ( x ) dx .
a

,
y = f (x) [a, b],
S y = f (x) [a, b]

(11.20)

f ( x)dx .
a

11.6.
,

. 11.13
y = x 2 , y = x 2, y = 0.
. . 11.14 , S
OAB
OAB [0; 2].
()
.
S = SOAB OAB , A .
S = SOAC + S ABC (. . 11.14). O, A, B
. ( ,
O, A, B (0; 0),
(1; 1) (2; 0),
. 11.14
.)

303

Copyright & A K-C

SOAC = ( x 2 ) dx = x 2 dx =

x3
3

1
0

1
,
3

x2
2 1
S ABC = ( x 2) dx = + 2 x = .
2
1 2
1
S =

1 1 5
+ = (. 2 ).
3 2 6

3. [a, b]
y = f (x) . , ,
y = f (x)
. ,
b

f ( x) dx

. , ,
,
. 11.15. S = S1 + S 2 + S3 , ..
:

. 11.15

S= f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx .
(. 11.2).
(11.10)
b

( f ( x) f () ) dx = 0,
a

.. ,
[a, b],
y = f (x)
f ()
y = f (x) f ()
,

304

. 11.16

Copyright & A K-C

Ox, (,
. 11.16 S1 = S 2 ).
4. ,
.
. [a, b]
y = f1 ( x ) y = f 2 ( x ) , , f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) . S
, y = f 2 ( x ) y = f1 ( x ) , -

[a, b]
b

S=

( f 2 ( x) f1 ( x) ) dx .

(11.21)

. 11.17

.
[a, b].
1. f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) 0 (. . 11.17).
b

S = S aABb SaA1B1b = f 2 ( x ) dx f1 ( x ) dx ,
(11.21).
2. 0 f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) (. . 11.17).
b

S = SaA1B1b SaABb = f1 ( x ) dx f 2 ( x ) dx ,
a

(11.21).
3. f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) , f 2 ( x ) 0, f1 ( x ) 0 (. . 11.17).
b

S = SaABb + SaA1B1b = f 2 ( x ) dx + f1 ( x ) dx ,
a

(11.21).

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Copyright & A K-C

4. (. . 11.17 ) , , [a, b] [a, c], [c, d], [d, b].

11.7. , y = x 2 2 ,
y = x (. 11.18).
. y = x 2 2
y = x, : (1; 1) (2; 2). [1, 2]
x x2 2 .
(11.21),
. 11.18
f 2 ( x ) = x, f1 ( x ) = x 2 2 .
A B
:
2

S=

( x ( x 2 2)) dx =

x2
2

2
1

x3
3

2
1

+ 2x

2
1

1
1
(4 (1) 2 ) (23 ( 1)3 ) + 2(2 ( 1)) = 4,5 (. 2 ).
2
3

. [a, b] y = f (x).
Vx , , y = f (x),
y = 0, x = a, x = b (. . 11.19).

y
y=f (x)
,

f(i )

.
x i-1
xi
[a, b] a
i
b
x
0
: a = x0 < x1 <
< x2 << xn = b
[ xi 1 , xi ] -

. 11.19

i ,

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Copyright & A K-C

i = 1, 2, , n.
n

f 2 (i ) xi ,

(11.22)

i =1

i- (i = 1, 2, , n)
xi = xi xi 1 f ( i ) (.
. 11.19). , Vx ,

xi , Vx

Vx =

f 2 (i ) xi ,
max xi 0
lim

(11.23)

i =1

max xi .
i

, (11.23), ,
(x) = f 2 ( x) , (.
(11.4))
b

Vx = f 2 ( x) dx .

(11.24)

11.8.

, , y = e x , y = 0, x = 0, x = 1
Ox.
.
(11.24)

(. 11.20).
b

Vx = (e x ) 2 dx =
a

1
2

1
1
= 1 1,36 (. 3 ).
0 2 e2

= e 2 x

307

. 11.20

Copyright & A K-C

(11.24) x y, V y ,

:
d

V y = 2 ( y )dy

(11.25)
. 11.21

( . 11.21 ).

11.9. ,
,
y = x 2 , y = x3 .
.
(. 11.22), , V
: V y1 , , x =

y , x = 0, y = 1,

V y 2 , -

y , x = 0, y = 1. (

x =

(11.25) x = (y),
y .) (11.25), :
1

V y1 = ( 3 y )2 dy = y 2 / 3 dy =

3 y5 / 3 1

3
= ,
0 5

5
1

Vy 2 = ( y )2 dy = y dy =

V = V y1 V y 2

y2
2

1
0

.
2

3
1
= = 0,1 (. 3 ).
5
2

. 11.22

11.7.

, (, , )

308

Copyright & A K-C

. ,
( ) , .
. y = f (x)
t

[a, t], .. (t) = f ( x ) dx a

t a.

f ( x) dx -

f (x) [a, +) (t)

t, +, ..
+

f ( x) dx = lim

t +

f ( x) dx .

(11.26)

, (11.26), , ( ), .
(. . 13)
:
) ;
) ,
.
.

, () (. ).
+

11.10.

.
+

dx
.
x2
t

dx
dx
= lim
.
2
t + x 2
x
1

309

Copyright & A K-C

, ,
:
t

x 2 dx =
1

x 1
1

1
=1 .
t
1
t

dx
1
= lim 1 = 1 ,
x 2 t + t

.. 1. , +

, ,

dx
xm

1
, m > 1, ,

m 1

m 1. , y =
y=

xm

1
:
x

,
[1; +) ,
;
y =

1
, x

. 11.23

(. . 11.23).
(11.26)
(, b]:
b

f ( x) dx = lim

f ( x)dx .

(11.27)

f ( x)dx

.
(,
+). a
a

f ( x) dx

f ( x) dx . ,

310

Copyright & A K-C

f ( x) dx =

f ( x) dx +

f ( x) dx ,

(11.28)

f ( x) dx .

, (11.28), +

f ( x) dx -

. ( , a.)
+

11.11.

e x dx .

e x dx

e x dx . ( (11.28) a = 0.)
0

e x dx

= lim

lim (e0 et ) =1,

e x dx = t
t

.. 1.
+

e x dx = lim e x dx = lim (et 1) = + , ..

t +

t +

e x dx

e x dx .

e x

2 2
dx

, .

,
+

e x

2 2
dx

= 2 ,

311

(11.29)

Copyright & A K-C

, S
y =

e x2

1 x2
e
2

y=

(-

) (, +)
1 (. 11.24).

.
. 11.24
: y = f (x) ,
[a, b).
b

f ( x) dx
a

y = f(x) [a, b) lim

0+

> 0, ..

lim
f ( x) dx =
0+

f ( x) dx,

f ( x) dx .

(11.30)

, (11.30), , , .

y = f (x) , (a, b]:
b

f ( x) dx = lim

0 +
1

11.12.

f ( x) dx .

(11.31)

a +

dx
x

dx
x

= lim

0+

x1/ 2 dx .

x 1/ 2 dx = 2 x1/ 2
312

= 2(1 ) .

Copyright & A K-C

dx
x

= lim 2(1 ) = 2 ,
0+

y=

.. , ,
y=

1
x

1
x

x = 1, -

, 2 2. (.
. 11.25).

. 11.25

f (x) x = , c ( a, b ) ,

f ( x)dx
a

.
b

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx

, b

f ( x ) dx
a

. ,

dx
dx
dx
=
+
x 1 x 0 x
1

, (
).

11.8.

(. 11.4). ,
.
, .
,
.

313

Copyright & A K-C

.
[a, b] y = f (x).
, f (x) 0 [a, b].
b

f ( x) dx

y = f (x) -

[a, b]. ,
,
(. 11.1). : n

ba
n
[ xi 1 , xi ] ,
i=1, 2, , n; xi = x0 + i h , h =

y = f (x)
,
(. 11.26).
b

f ( x) dx S1 + S 2 + + S n ,

. 11.26

S1 , S 2 , , S n (
), . 11.26 .

S1 =
b

f ( x0 ) + f ( x1 )
f ( xn 1 ) + f ( xn )
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
h ; ...; Sn =
h ; S2 =
h.
2
2
2

f ( x) dx
a

f ( x0 ) + f ( x1 )
f ( xn 1 ) + f ( xn )
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
h ++
h+
h=
2
2
2

f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )
f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
+
+
+
++
+
.
2
2
2
2
2
2

= h

h, ,
, f ( x0 ) / 2 f ( xn ) / 2 ,
. , h =

314

ba
,
n

Copyright & A K-C

f ( x) dx
a

b a f ( x0 ) + f ( xn )

+ f ( x1 ) + + f ( xn 1 ) , (11.32)

n
2

x0 = a, xi = x0 +i h, i = 1, 2, , n. (11.32) .
y = f (x), ,
.
(,
(11.32)
).
S(n) ,
(11.32).
b

= f ( x) dx S(n)
a

(11.32). M 2

f ( x ) y = f (x)

[a, b], .. M 2 = max

x[ a ,b ]

f ( x) .

(b a ) 3
M2 .
12n 2

(11.33)

11.13. n = 5
1,5

dx
. .
x
. n 5,

b a 1,5 1
=
= 0,1
n
5
xi = x0 +ih, i = 1, 2, , 5, x0 =1, x1 =1,1; x2 =1,2;

x3 =1,3; x4 =1,4; x5 =1,5. f (x) =

(11.32)

315

1
,
x

Copyright & A K-C

1,5

1 1 1 1
dx
1
1
1
0,1 +
+
+
+
+
= 0,4059.

2
1
1,5
1,1
1,
2
1,3
1,
4
x

1
2
. f (x) = =
.
x x3

[1; 1,5],
(.. x = 1). M 2 = f (1) =
(11.33)

2
= 2 13

0,53
2 = 0,84 103 .
12 52

,
1,5

dx
= ln x
x

1,5
1

= ln1,5 ,

0,4059
( ) ln1,5 .
, .

11.9.

, .
.
(. . 15) , , , g (t) = (t + ) e t .
T :
T

Q = (t + )e t dt .
0

316

(11.34)

Copyright & A K-C

11.14. ,
4 , g (t) = (1+t) e3t .
. (11.34) Q

4

Q = (1 + t )e3t dt .
0

1
3

u = t + 1, dv = e3t dt . du = dt, v = e3t dt = e3t .

,
4

4
1
1
1
1 4
Q = (t + 1) e3t e3t dt = (5e12 1) e3t =
3
3
9
0 03
0
1
= (14e12 2) 2,53 105 (. .)
9

y

100(1)
A
( OBA, . 11.27), %()

. B
C

0
100(1) %())x
OA,
. 11.27
OAB OA
,
OAC ( ),
.
11.15.
OBA (. 11.27) y = 1 1 x 2 , x , .
.
. , (.
. 11.27)

317

Copyright & A K-C

k=

SOAB
S
1
= 1 OBAC = 1 2 SOBAC , SOAC = .
2
SOAC
S OAC
1

SOBAC = (1 1 x 2 ) dx = dx 1 x 2 dx = 1 1 x 2 dx .
0

k = 12(1 1 x 2 dx ) = 2 1 x 2 dx 1 .
1

, , x = sin t

1 x 2 dx = /4. , k = 2

1 = 1
4
2

0,57.

k .
,
t () ( ) p, .

.
Kt , t , K () ,
. ,
Kt = K(1 + it), i = p/100 .

K = Kt /(1 + it).

t
t
Kt = K(1 + it) K = Kt /(1 + i) .

f (t) ,
i, . ,
K T :
T

K=

f (t )eit dt .

(11.35)

11.16.
8%, ()
10 .
1 .

318

Copyright & A K-C

. ,
f (t) = 10 + 1t = 10 + t. (11.35) 3

K= (10 + t )e 0,08t dt .
0

11.14),

K = 30,5 . ,
10 13 . 30,5 . , , .
t = t (x), t , x
. tcp , x1 x2 ,
(11.10):

tcp =

1
x2 x1

x2

t ( x) dx .

(11.36)

x1

t = t (x),
t = ax b ,

(11.37)

a , b
.
11.17. ,

x1 = 100

x2 = 121 , (11.37) a = 600 (),

b = 0,5.
. (11.36),
121

1
600
600 x 1/ 2 dx =
tcp =
2 x

21
121 100 100

319

121
100

400
57,2 ().
7

Copyright & A K-C

11.10.
11.18. :
5

ln 3

x dx

1 + 3x

dx
e x e x ; )
ln 2

; )

( x3 + 1) dx
x2 4 x2

. ) :
t = 1 + 3x .
x =

t2 1
2
dx = t dt . x = 0, t = 1 , x = 5,
3
3

t = 4. ,
5

4
x dx
2 2
2 t3
= (t 1) dt =
9 3
1 + 3x 9 1

4
2 64 1

t
4 + 1 = 4 .
=

9 3
1
1

0
t2 1
, x =
, ,
4
4

t [4; 1]. 1 11.5 ,

5

2
9

t 2 = t,

4 2
4
x dx
(t 1)2t dt 2
2 4 t 3
= (1 t 2 ) dt = t
=
9 1
9 1 3
1 + 3x 1 3(t )3

= 4 + 1

1
( (4)3 (1)3 ) = 4 .
3

) t = e x . x = ln t, dx =

dt
x = ln 2,
t

t = 2, x = ln 3, t = 3. ,
ln 3

dt
dt
dx
1 t 1
e x e x = t (t t 1 ) = t 2 1 = 2 ln t + 1
ln 2
2
2

3
2

1 3
ln .
2 2

) x = 2 sin t, , dx = 2cos t dt x [1;

3 ],

( ) t ; .
6 3
3

( x3 + 1) dx
x2 4 x2

= 2cos t

/3

/3

/3

8sin 3 t + 1
1
dt
4sin 2 t dt = 2 sin t dt + 4 sin 2 t =
/6
/6
/6

1
ctgt
6 4

3 1 3
7
2 2 4 3 3 = 2 3 1 .

= 2

320

Copyright & A K-C

11.19.

xe x dx .
0

.
(11.19): u = x, e x dx = dv. du = dx,
v = dv = e x dx = e x

xe x dx = xe x
0

1
0

(e x ) dx =
0

= e 1 + e x dx = e 1 e x
0

1
0

e2
.
e

11.20.
,
y = 4 x 2 , y = x 2 2 x (. 11.28).
. 11.28
.
y = 4 x 2 y = x 2 2 x
: (1; 3) (2; 0).
(. 11.7), ,
, ; [1; 2]
f 2 ( x ) = 4 x 2 f1 ( x ) = x 2 2 x .
(11.21),
2

S=

(4 x2 ( x2 2 x)) dx = (4 2 x 2 + 2 x) dx =

= 4x

2
1

2
x3
3

2
1

+ x2

2
1

2
4(2 ( 1)) (23 ( 1)3 ) + 22 ( 1) 2 =
3
= 9(. 2 ).
11.21.
,

1
y = , y = x 2 , y = 4
x

. 11.29

(. 11.29)
. , , A (1/4; 1),
B (2; 4), C (1; 1) (. 11.29). A, B, C -

321

Copyright & A K-C

(. 11.7), , S ABC
ABHE ACFF
CBHF: S = S ABHE ( S ACFE + SCBHF ) . :
2

S ABHE =

4dx = 4x

1/ 4

S ACFE =

1
xdx = ln x
1/ 4
2

SCBHF = x 2 dx =
1

, S = 7 ln 4 +

2
1 4

= 4(2 1 4) = 7,

= ln1 ln1/4 = ln 4,

1 4

x3 2 1 3 3 7
= (2 1 ) = .
3
3 1 3

7 14
2
= ln 4 3, 28 (. ).
3 3

11.22.
,
y = ln x, x = 0, y = 0, y = 1.
. (. 11.30)
y (. 11.5). y= ln x
x = f (y), x = e y .
1

S = f ( y ) dy = e y dy = e y
0

. 11.30

= e 1 1,72 (. 2 ).

,
.
11.23. ,
,
x = y2 2, y = x.
. (. 11.31,
ABC).
,
,

322

. 11.31

Copyright & A K-C

OBC.
: Vx = VBCD VOCD ,
VBCD ,
BCD,
VOCD ,
OCD.
y = f (x) (11.24),
2

2
x2
2
x + 2 dx = ( x + 2) dx = + 2 x
= 8,
2
2
2
2
2
x3 2 8
8
16
VOCD = x 2 dx =
(. 3 ).
= , Vx = 8 =
3
3
3
3
0
0

VBCD =

11.24. ,

, y = x 2 2 x , y = 0.
. (. 11.32)
, V y : V y = VABCO VBCO,

VABCO VBCO , ABCO BCO . 11.32

. (11.25). OB AB x = f (y).
, x 2 2 x y = 0,
x, y : x1,2 = 1 1 + y .
x = 1 + 1 + y AB x = 1 1 + y
OB. (11.25),
0

V y = (1 + 1 + y ) 2 dy (1 1 + y ) 2 dy =
0

= (1 + 1 + y ) 2 (1 1 + y ) 2 dy =
1

= 4

1 + ydy =

8
(1 + y )3 / 2
3
323

0
1

8
(. 3 ).
3

Copyright & A K-C

:
8

11.25.

3
( 2 x + x ) dx .

11.26.

11.27.

0
3/ 2

11.29.

25 + 3 x

11.28.
11.30.

sin 2 x cos x dx .

11.32.

ln(1 +

x ) dx .

11.41.

11.36.

x +1

1+
0

11.38.

dx

x 2 3x + 2 .
3

dx .

dx
2x + 1

x sin x dx .

xe x dx .

0
4

x dx

0
1

dx

x 2 + 3x + 2 .

x 1+ 3 x

11.34.

x 2 ln x dx .
1
1

11.39.

ln 5

0
2

11.37.

1 + ex

11.35.

dx

ln 3
64

11.33.

dx

x ln x .

e
ln 8

4x + 3
dx .
( x 2)3

11.31.

1+ y
dy .
y2
1

e2

dx

1
/2

11.40.

8 x 2 dx.

2 2

11.42.

x dx
.
4x + 5

, :
11.43. y =

x , y = 2 x, y = 0.

11.44. y = 1/x, y = x, x = 2.

11.45. y = x 2 2 x + 3 , y = 3x 1. 11.46. y = x 2 , y = 1 +
11.47. y = 2 x , y = x 2 5 2 .
11.48. y = x 2 + 2 , y = 1 x 2 , x = 0, x = 1.
11.49. y = x 2 , y = 2e x , x = 0, x = 1.
11.50. y = 4 x 2 , x = 1, y = x 1.

324

3 2
x .
4

Copyright & A K-C

x , y = 4 3x , y = 0. 11.52. y = ln x, x = e, y = 0.

11.51. y =

, Ox
y , :
11.53. y = 4 x 2 , y = 0, x = 0, x 0.
11.54. y = e x , x = 0, x = 1, y = 0.
11.55. y = x 2 + 1 , y = 0, x = 1, x = 2.
11.56. y = x3 , y = 1, x = 0.
( ):

dx
.
11.57.
x3
1

1/ 2

11.58.

0
1

11.59.

e2 x dx .

0
3

11.61.

dx

( x 1)2 .

11.60.

dx

3x .
0
6

11.62.

dx
.
x ln 2 x

dx

3 (4 x)2 .
2

11.63. z(t) = 0,00625 t2 + 0,05t + 0,5 (. ./),

t , 0 t 8.
u = u(t), ( ) .
11.64.
( ) f ( x ) =

10
(. ./).
x+2

20 .

325

Copyright & A K-C

12

12.1.

, ,

.
, , . (
).
F (x)
f (x) (. . 10),
F (x),
F (x) = f (x).

(12.1)
G (x, y, y , , y ( n ) ) = 0,
G n + 2 , n 1,
n , , .
,
,

x 2 ( y ) 4 x ( y )5 + 8 = 0
..
n- ,

y ( n ) = F ( x, y, y , , y ( n 1) ) ,
F n + 1 .
(12.1)
y = y (x), . , y = sin x y + y = 0, (sin x) + sin x = 0 x.

326

Copyright & A K-C

.
.
12.1. y = x.
. y =

dy
,
dx

: dy = xdx.
, y =

x2
+ C1 ,
2

C1 . , -

x2

+ C1 dx . , 2

3
y = x 6 + C1 x + C2 , C2 .
dy =

,
. , . ()
,
, ,
. (
, , .
x .) ,
, y(0) = 1 y (0) = 2,
y = x 3 6 + 2 x + 1 . , n-
, , n .
(12.1) n-

y = ( x, C1 , ..., Cn ),
(12.2)
x n
C1 , C2 , , Cn . ( -
.)

327

Copyright & A K-C

,
C1 , C2 , , Cn .

12.1 y = x 3 6 + C1 x + C2 , y =

= x 3 6 + 2 x + 1 y = x.
,
(12.2), (12.2) n , , y x,
(12.2) C1 , C2 , , Cn .
12.2. y = (C1 + C2 x) e x .
. , ,
y = C2 e x + y , y = 2C2 e x + y .

C2 ,

y 2y + y = 0.
, , , .. .
12.3. ,
k1 k2 . . ( .)
. y = y (t) t. y t , ..

y = k1 y t k2 y t

y
= ky,
t

k = k1 k2 . t 0,
y = ky,
(12.3)

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Copyright & A K-C

(. 12.4 12.8),
y = Ce kt ,

(12.4)

C ,
( ).
12.4. ,
, , .
. M(x, y)
; y = kx + b
M; A(, 0) B(0, b)

(. . 12.1).
AM = BM b = 2y
y kx = 2y. , .. k = y ,
. 12.1

y =

y
,
x

(12.5)

(. 12.5),
y = C/x,
(12.6)
C .

12.2. .


, , .. ,
y = f (x, y),
(12.7)
f .
xy, f (x, y) ,
, . (

329

Copyright & A K-C

,
.)


(12.7). y

( )
y = y (x)
x. , (12.7)
(x, y) Oxy
tg = f (x, y)

y = y (x), . ,
(12.7) . 12.2
(. . 12.2).
(12.7) , .

, . (
. . 15.)
. (12.7)
f (x, y)

f

y

Oxy. :
1. ( x0 , y0 )
y = y (x) (12.7),

y0 = y ( x0 );
2. y = y1 (x)

y = y2 (x) (12.7)

x = x0 , ..

y1 ( x0 ) = y2 ( x0 ),
x, .
. 12.3

, ( x0 , y0 )

(12.7) (. . 12.3).

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Copyright & A K-C

(12.7),
y ( x0 ) = y0 .

12.5.
y = y.

. f (x, y) = y,

(12.8)

f
= 1 y

x y, , ,
Oxy.

,
y = Ce x ,

(12.9)

C , (12.8).
, (12.8)
C. y = y (x) (12.8), x = x0 ,
, y0 = y ( x0 ). C = y0 e x0 . y = y (x)

y = Ce x = y0 e x0 e x = y0 e x x0 (12.8)
x = x0 ,
. 2 .
, , ..
xy, .
y = y 2 / 3 . ,

. 12.4

x
y = 0 y = ,
3
(0; 0) (. . 12.4).

12.3.

(12.7) ,
f y, ..

331

Copyright & A K-C

y = f (y).

(12.10)

(, (12.8) .)
. , , , , (12.10) x
(., , 12.3).
, f (y) , (12.10)
y, .. , f (y) y (. 12.2). , ,
f (y) ( f (y) = 0) , .. ,
.
, (12.10) Oy,
( x ).
y . (12.10)

.
f (y). , f (a) = 0 y0 = a,
x
( y). ( .) ,
, y = a (12.10). y = a = const ,
. f (y) .
a, b, c, f (y). y = a, y = b,
y = c, ... ,
. , .
f (y) , (12.10) y
. ,
, ,
.

332

Copyright & A K-C

12.6.
(12.8).
.
f (y) = y
y = 0.
y = 0
0
(). (12.8) (12.9). C = 0 y = 0,
. C > 0
, C < 0 (. . 12.5).
. 12.5
, , y = Ce x , C > 0.
Ce x x0 = C1e x , C1 = Ce x0 > 0,
, .
y = C1e x y = C2 e x C1 > 0, C2 > 0.
x0 = ln (C2/C1) , .
,

y = C2 e x x0 = C2 eln(C1 / C2 ) e x =

C2C1 x
e = C1e x .
C2

,
.
, y = 0,
,
.

, ,
12.6, .
, ,

. , ,

333

Copyright & A K-C

(12.10). , y = y (. 12.6)
. 12.6.

: (; 0), (0; +)
. 12.6
y = 0.
12.7. y = 1 y 2 .
. 1 y 2 = 0, : y = 1. :
(; 1), (1; 1), (1; +) y = 1.
, y > 1 y < 1,
y < 0, y = y (x) , , , ().
1 < y < 1, y > 0, . . 12.7.
. (.
. 12.7),
y = 1,
. 12.7
y = 1.
. , y = 1,

y = 1.
. 12.8

.

. (, y = 0
y = y 2 (. . 12.8)
y = 0
y = y 4 y 2 (. . 12.9).
. 12.9

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Copyright & A K-C

12.4.
.

(12.7) , f x,
y. .

dy
= f (x).
dx
dy = f (x) dx, y = f ( x) dx .
1. y = f (x)

2.

y = f (y).

(12.11)

x = x (y), .. ,
y , x . ( y =

dy
, (12.7)
dx

dy
= f (x, y)
dx

, , x y .) (12.11)

dy
= dx
f ( y)
x =

dy
.
f ( y)

(12.12)

12.8. (12.8):
y = y.
. x = x (y). ,
y 0 (12.8) (12.12), x =

X = ln y+ C1 ,

dy

y
(12.13)

y= e C1 e x y = e C1 e x . ,
C = e C1 , y = Ce x . (, -

335

Copyright & A K-C

C = 0 y = 0, .)

,

dy
= f (x)g (y)
dx

(12.14)

M(x)N(y) dx + P (x)Q (y) dy = 0,

(12.15)

f (x), M (x), P (x) x; g (y),

N(y), Q (y) y.

, x , y . . , (12.14) ,

dy
= f (x) dx
g ( y)

dy

g ( y ) = f ( x) dx .

, (12.14).

y 2 + 1 dx = xy dy.

12.9.

y2 + 1

dx
=
x

. ,

y dy
y2 + 1

dx
=
x

x 0),

y dy

(12.16)

y2 + 1

ln x = y 2 + 1 + C1

(12.17)

( (12.16) ,
, ,

y 2 + 1 = t,
= t + C1 =

y 2 + 1 = t 2 , 2y dy = 2t dt

y 2 + 1 + C1 ).

336

y dy
y2 + 1

t dt
= dt =
t

Copyright & A K-C

(12.17) x = eC1 e
x = Ce

y 2 +1

y 2 +1

, C = eC1 .

y = f (ax + by),

(12.18)

a b , z = ax + by
(

z = ax + by + , c ).
12.10.
(x + 2y)y = 1.

(12.19)

. z = x + 2y. z = 1 + 2y ,
y =

1
(z 1)
2
1
z(z 1) = 1,
2

. , z ,

z =
, ,

z+2
z

z dz
= dx .
z+2

z dz

dx = z + 2 x = z 2ln z +2+ C1
(

z dz

dz

z + 2 = 1 z + 2 dz = dz 2 z + 2 = z 2ln z +2+ C1 ).

,
x = x + 2y 2ln x + 2y + 2 + C1

y ln x + 2y + 2 = C,
(12.20)

1
2

C = C1 .
,
(12.20) (12.19).

337

Copyright & A K-C

12.5.


,
y = g (y/x),

(12.21)

g ( ).
, y =

y
y
cos ln .
x
x

. y = f (x, y)
k ( x y),
f (x, y) = k f (x, y).

(12.22)

12.11. , :

2x + 3y
; ) f (x, y) = xy + 1.
x y
. ) f (x, y) = (x ) 2 (x)(y) =
= 2 (x 2 xy ) = 2 f (x, y), ) f (x, y) = x 2 xy ; ) f (x, y) =

2.
) f (x, y) =

2(x) + 3(y )
2x + 3y
=
= 0 f (x, y),
x y
x y

0.
) f (x, y) = 2 xy + 1 k (xy + 1)
k, .
f (x, y) 0,
y = f (x, y)

(12.23)

. ,

1
1
x, y =
x
x

= 1/x. (12.22) k = 0 f (x, y) = f

= f (1, y/x). , g (y/x) = f (1, y/x),

(12.23) (12.21).

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Copyright & A K-C

,
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0,

(12.24)

M(x, y) N(x, y) k,
,
(12.24)

dy
M ( x, y )
,
=
dx
N ( x, y )

, , 0.

(12.21). ,
z x ( ) z = y/x . , y = zx,
y = zx + z, (12.21)
,

z x + z = g (z),
dz
dx
=
.
g ( z) z
x

(12.25)

12.12.

x + 2y
.
(12.26)
x
x + 2y
.
= 1 + 2y/x, (12.26)
x
(12.21) g (y/x) = 1 + 2y/x. z = y/x.
g (z) z = 1 + 2z z = 1 + z , (12.25),
dx
dz
=
.
x
1+ z
y =

,
ln 1 + z = ln x + C1,

1 + z = eC1 x 1 + z = Cx, C = eC1 .

, 1 +
y = (Cx 1) x.

339

y
= Cx,
x

Copyright & A K-C

12.6.


,
y + f (x)y = g (x),

(12.27)

f (x) g (x) ()
x. , g (x) , , .
(12.27): y = u (x)v (x) ( u (x) v (x), , (12.27).
y = u v + uv , (12.27) u v + uv + f (x)uv = g (x)

vu + u(v + f (x)v) = g (x).

(12.28)

- v = v (x)
v + f (x)v = 0.

(12.29)

(. (12.28)) u = u(x)
vu = g (x).

(12.30)

(12.27)
(.
(12.29) (12.30)).
12.13.
xy 2y = 2 x 4 .

(12.31)

. (12.31) x,
:
y

2
y = 2x 3 .
x

340

Copyright & A K-C

y = uv, .. y = u v + uv , (12.31) -

2
uv = 2 x3
x
2
u v + u (v v ) = 2x3 .
x

u v + uv

(12.32)

2
dv
2
dv
dx
= v ,
=2
.
v = 0
dx
v
x
x
x

, -
, , C = 0 ln v = 2ln x v = x 2 .
v = x 2 (12.32) u x 2 = 2x 3 ,

du
= 2x. dx
,

u = x 2 + C.

y = uv = ( x 2 + C) x 2 = x 4 + Cx 2 .

12.7.
,


( , ).

y = f (x),
(. 12.1).
y (x),
..
G(x, y , y ) = 0,
, z = y .
12.14. xy + y = 0.
. z = y . y = z
x z + z = 0.

341

Copyright & A K-C

dz
dx
.
=
z
x

z = C1 x . ,
C dx
y = C1 x , dy = 1 , , x
y = C1 ln x + C2 .

x, ..
G(y, y , y ) = 0,

,
y, z = z (y) = y .
12.15. 2y y = (y ) 2 + 1.
. z = z(y) = y. y =

dz dz dy
= z z,
=

dx dy dx

2yzz = z 2 + 1 .
:

2 zdz dy
=
z2 + 1 y

d ( z 2 + 1) dy
=
. ,
z2 + 1
y
ln( z 2 + 1) = ln y + C
,

C = ln C1 ,

z = C1 y 1 . z = y , y (x)

dy
= dx.
C1 y 1

, C1 y 1 =

C1 y 1 =

C12
( x + C2 ) 2 .
4

C1
( x + C2 )
2

12.8.


y + py + qy = r (x),
(12.33)

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Copyright & A K-C

p, q , r (x)
. r (x) 0,
y + py + qy = 0
(12.34)
; r ( x ) 0 (12.33) .
, (12.33), y ( x0 ) = z1 ,
y ( x0 ) = z2 , x0 , z1 , z2 () .

(12.34) c .
, y1 (x)

y2 (x) C1 C2
C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x).
C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) ,
C1 C2 , y1 y2 ,
.
12.16. :
) e1x e 2 x , 1 2 ; ) e x xe x ; ) ex sin x
ex cos x , 0.

. ) C1e 1x + C2 e 2 x 0, C1 C2 e( 2 1 ) x ,
1 2 , , , , C2 = 0 ,
, C1 = 0.
) C1ex + C2 xex 0 ,
C1 + C2 x , C1 = C2 = 0.
) , C1ex sin x + C2 e x cos x 0.

C1 sin x + C2 cos x 0. -

C1 C2 , x, (, x = 0 x =
, C1 = C2 = 0.

343

).
2

Copyright & A K-C

(12.34), ,
, , : y1 (x) y2 (x) (12.34),
(12.35)
y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 ,
C1 C2 , . , (12.35)
(12.34),
y + py + qy = C1 y1 + C2 y2 + p ( C1 y1 + C2 y2 ) + q ( C1 y1 + C2 y2 ) =
= C1 ( y1 + p y1 + q y1 ) + C2 ( y2 + p y2 + q y2 ) = C1 0 + C2 0 = 0.

, (12.35)
(12.34) .
: (12.34) ,
? .
1. y1 (x) y2 (x)
(12.34), , ..
(12.35) C1 C2 .
, (12.34),
y1 y2 .
(12.34)
y = e x ,

(12.36)

() ( ). ( ex ) + p ( e x ) + q ex = ( 2 + p + q) ex , (12.36) (12.34),

2 + p + q = 0,

(12.37)

(12.34).

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Copyright & A K-C

(12.34) ,
(12.37)
,
. .
2. 1. (12.37)
(12.34) 1 2 ,

1 2 . (12.34)
y = C1e1x + C2 e 2 x ,

(12.38)

C1 C2 .
2. (12.37)
( 2), (12.34)
y = C1ex + C2 xex ,

(12.39)

C1 C2 .
3. (12.37) , (12.34)
y = C1e x sin x + C2 e x cos x ,

(12.40)

= p/2, = q p 2 4 , C1 , C2 .
 1 , 12.16, ,
,
. , , ,
(12.34) . e1x
e 2 x . e x . (12.36) (.
).
. 
12.17. :
) y 3y + 2y = 0, y (0) = 3, y (0) = 4;
) y 2y + y = 0, y (0) = 1, y (0) = 0;
) y 2y + 2y = 0, y (0) = 1, y (0) = 1.

345

Copyright & A K-C

. )

2 3 + 2 = 0 , 1 = 1, 2 = 2.
y = C1e x + C2 e 2 x .
C1 C2 ,
. y (0) = C1 + C2
y (0) = C1 + 2 C2 , C1 C2 ,

C1
C
1

+ C2
+ 2C2

= 3,
= 4.

C1 = 2, C2 = 1.

(12.33)

y = 2e x + e 2 x .
) 2 2 + 1 = 0 , 1 = 2 = 1. . 2 2 (12.34) y = (C1 + C2 x )e x .
y (0) = 1, C1 = 1 , y = y + C2 e x y (0) = 0,

C2 = 1. , -

y = (1 x )e x .
) 2 2 + 2 = 0
. . 3 2

y = C1e x sin x + C2 e x cos x ( = = 1).
y (0) = 1, C2 = 1. y = (C1 C2 )e x sin x +
+ (C1 + C2 )e x cos x . , y (0) = 1, C1 = 0. , y = e x cos x .
(12.33) .
, , , .
y = C1 y1 + C2 y2
(12.34), ,
(12.33).
(12.33) y = C1 ( x ) y1 + C2 ( x ) y2 , .. -

346

Copyright & A K-C

, C1 C2 -

x. C1 ( x ) C2 ( x )

C1 y1

C1 y1

+ C2 y2
+ C2 y2

= 0,
= r.

(12.41)

12.18.
y 3 y + 2y = e x .

(12.42)

.
y 3 y + 2y = 0.
(. 12.17 ),

(12.43)

y = C1e x + C2 e 2 x .
, C1 C2 x, , (12.41)

C1e x + C2 e 2 x = 0,
C e x + C 2e 2 x = e x .
2
1
C1 = 1, C2 = e x .

. , C1 = x + C3 , C2 = e x + C4 , C3 , C4
. ,

y = ( x + C3 ) e x + ( e x + C4 ) e 2x =
= C3 e x + C4 e 2x + (x 1) e x .

. (12.43),
(12.42). , , (12.42).
, .. .
3. (12.33) (12.34) (12.33).
, , -

347

Copyright & A K-C

, 3. , , (12.34),
(12.33). (12.33),

.
.
1. (12.33) m, ..
r (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + mxm,
a0, a1, ..., am am 0.
(12.33)
u (x) = (C0 + C1x + ... + Cmxm) xs,
.. m s,
s = 0, q 0 (. (12.37)), s = 1, q = 0 p 0 s = 2,
q = p = 0. ( , s
= 0
(12.37).)
12.19.
y" 3y' = 1 + 6x.
(12.44)
. (12.44)
(12.45)
u(x) = (C0 + C1x) x.
C0 C1
u(x). (12.45),
u' (x) = C0 + 2C1x, u" (x) = 2C1.
u() (12.44), C0
C1 , u" 3u' = 1 + 6x, ..

2C1 3 (C0 + 2C1x) = 1 + 6x

(2C1 3C0) 6C1x = 1 + 6x,

, .. .
(12.46)

2C1 3C0 = 1,
6C = 6.
1

348

(12.46)

Copyright & A K-C

, , 0 = 1 = 1 , ..
(12.44)
u(x) = x x2.

2. (12.33)
r (x) = Aex,
.
(12.33)
u(x) = C0 xs ex,
s
(12.37).

(12.47)
=

12.20. :
) y" 3y' + 2y = 2e3x;
) y" 2y' + y = 6ex.

) y" 3y' + 2y = e2x;

. ) = 3
(1 = 1, 2 = 2)
2 3 + 2 = 0, s = 0. , () u = C0e3x.
u' = 3C0e3x, u" = 9C0e3x.

u", u', u (),

9C0e3x 9C0e3x + 2C0e3x = 2e3x

2C0e3x = 2e3x,

. C0 = 1
u = e3x.
) = 2
(1 = 1, 2 = 2) . s = 1, () u = C0xe2x.
u e (),
( ) u = xe2x.
) = 1. 2 2 + 1 = 0 ()
1 = 2 = 1 (.. = 1 2).
s = 2, ()
u = C0 2e2x.

349

Copyright & A K-C

u (), u = 32ex.
3. (12.33)
r (x) = a cos x + b sin x,
a, b, 0.
(12.33) :
u(x) = xs(C0 cos x + C1 sin x),

s = 1,

=0

(. 12.37), q > 0, = q , s = 0 . ( s = 1 ,
r (x) , 1 i
(12.33).)
12.21.
y" 3y' + 2y = sin x.
(12.48)
.
u = C0 cos x + C1 sin x.
u' = C0 sin x + C1 cos x, u" = C0 cos x C1 sin x.
u", u', u (12.48),
(3C1 + C0) cos x + (C1 + 3C0 + 2C1) sin x = sin x,
.
, sin x 0 cos x + 1 sin x, :

3C1 + C0 = 0
C1 + 3C0 = 1,

0 = 0,3, 1 = 0,1 , ,
u = 0,3 cos x + 0,1 sin x.

(12.33)
r (x) = ex (f (x) cos x + g (x) sin x),

(12.49)

f (x), g (x) ( );
, () .

1 . 16.

350

Copyright & A K-C

, (12.33)
(12.49)
u = xsex (v (x) cos x + w (x) sin x),

(12.50)

s + i (12.37); v (x), w (x) ,

f (x) g (x) (12.49). v(x) w(x)
, (12.50) (12.33).
. r (x) (12.33)
, ..
r (x) = r1(x) + r2(x) + ... + rk(x),
ui (x)
y" + py' + qy = ri(x), i = 1, 2, ..., k, ..
u (x) = u1(x) + u2(x) + ... + uk(x).
12.22.
y" 3y' + 2y = 2e3x + e2x + sin x.
(12.51)
. y" 3y' + 2y = 0. (. 12.18) y = C1ex + C2e2x. (. ), u (12.51)

y" 3y' + 2y = 2e3x, y" 3y' + 2y = e2x, y" 3y' + 2y = sin x,
12.20 (, ), 12.21, ..
u (x) = u1(x) + u2(x) + u3(x) = e3x + xe2x + 0,3 cos x + 0,1 sin x.
3

y = y + u = C1ex + C2e2x + e3x + xe2x + 0,3 cos x + 0,1 sin x.

12.9.


, ,
.

351

Copyright & A K-C

() .
1. y (t) ,
t. ,

p, ..
. t Y(t) = py(t).
I (t) ,
. ,
() , ..
y' (t) = lI (t).

(12.52)

( , .. , .)
, I (t) ,
I (t) = mY(t) = mpy (t),

(12.53)

m ( ) , 0 < m < 1.
(12.53) I (t) (12.52),

y' = ky,
(12.54)
k = mpl.
(. 12.4). , y (t ) = y0 e k (t t0 ) , y0 = y (t0).
, (12.54) ( , . 12.1),
,
.
.
, .. p y p = p (y) (
).

352

Copyright & A K-C

y' = mlp (y) y,

(12.55)

- .
(12.55)
, y' > 0, y (t). y (t) . , (12.55) ,

dp

y = mly
y + p .
dy

, (

p dy
E p ( y) =
(. 7.6). y dp

y"

y = mly p
+ 1
E p ( y)

y" = 0 Ep (y) = 1.
, , .. |Ep(y) | >1
Ep(y) < 1, y" > 0 y (t) ; , , .. |Ep(y) | < 1, 1 < p(y) < 1,
y" < 0 y (t) .
12.23. y = y (t), , p(y)
p(y) = 2 y, 1/l = 2,
m = 0,5, y(0) = 0,5.
. (12.55)
y' = (2 y)y

dy
= dt .
(2 y ) y

ln

y2
= 2t + C1
y
y2
= Ce 2t ,
y

353

(12.56)

Copyright & A K-C

C = eC1 .
, y(0) = 0,5, , = 3. y
(12.56),

y=

2
.
1 + 3e 2t

. 12.10.


E p ( y ) =

E p ( y) =

y2
y

. 12.10

p dy y 2
=
,
y dp
y

, y = 1.
, . 12.10, .
(), ,
.

2. Y(t), t , I(t)
C(t), ..
Y(t) = I(t) + C(t).

(12.57)

, , , ..
bY' (t) = I(t),
(12.58)
b (
(12.52)
l =1/(pb)).
Y(t)
C (t).
C (t) : C (t) = (1 m)Y(t), m (. 1).
(12.57) (12.58)

Y =

m
Y,
b

(12.54) p = const.

354

(12.59)

Copyright & A K-C

C(t) ( ).
12.24. Y = Y(t), , = 2t;

b = 1/2,
Y (0) = 2.
. (12.57) (12.58)

1
Y (t ) = Y (t ) + 2t ,
2

..
.
, 12.6:
Y(t) = u(t) v(t).
u(t) = 2te2t + e2t + C, v (t) = e2t. : Y(0) = u (0)v (0) = 2,
= 1. Y(t) = 2t + e2t + 1.

:
12.26. y 2 = 2Cx .
12.25. y = Cx 2 .
12.27. x 3 = C ( x 2 y 2 ) .

12.28. y = C1e 2 x + C2 e x .

:
12.30. y x y = 1 + x 2 y .
12.29. xy y = y 3 .
12.31. xy y = 1 x 2 .
12.33.

y 2 + 1 dx = xy dy.

12.35. y y + x = 1.

12.32. xy dx + (x + 1) dy = 0.
12.34. 2x 2 yy + y 2 = 2.
12.36. y = 10 x + y .

, :
12.37. y y = 2x 3.
12.38. (2x y)dx + (4x 2y + 3) dy = 0.
:

y
1.
12.40. (x y)y dx x 2 dy = 0.
x
12.41. ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx 2 xy dy = 0.
12.42. y dx + (2 xy x) dy = 0.

12.39. y =

12.43. y dy + (x 2y)dx = 0.

12.44. y = x(y

355

e y ).

Copyright & A K-C

dy y

= x.
dx x
12.47. y 2 dx (2xy + 3) dy = 0.

12.45.

2y
= x3 .
x
12.48. y y = e x .
12.46. y +

, :
12.50. x(y + 1) + y = 0.
12.49. y = e 2x .
, :
2

12.51. yy = ( y ) ( y ) , y (0) = 1, y (0) = 2.

12.52. 2y(y ) 3 + y = 0, y(0) = 0, y (0) = 3.
:
12.53. y 5 y + 6y = 0.
12.54. y + 2 y + y = 0.
12.55. y y = 3 y .
12.56. y + 4 y + 13y = 0.
:
12.58. y + 2 y + y = e 2x .
12.57. y 4 y + 4y = x 2 .
12.59. y 8 y + 7y = 14.
12.60. y y = e x .
, :
12.61. y 2 y + y = 0, y(2) = 1, y (2) = 2.
12.62. y + y = 4 e x , y(0) = 4, y (0) = 3.
12.63. y 2 y = 2 e x , y(1) = 1, y (1) = 0.
12.64. y + 2 y + 2y = xe x , y(0) = y (0) = 0.
12.65. 30 50%
. 1%
?
. :
, , , .
12.66.
y = y(t) t = 2, ,
p(y) = 3 2y, 1/l = 1,5,
m = 0,6, y(0) = 1.

356

Copyright & A K-C

Copyright & A K-C

13

, ,
, .
,
. .

13.1. .
. u1 , u2 , , un , :

u1 + u2 + + un + = un .

(13.1)

n =1

u1 , u2 , , un , , un

n- .
(13.1) ,
un = f ( n) ( n = 1, 2, ), .. f (n) . ,

un =

(1)n 1

n 2 (n + 1)

1
1
1
(1)n 1

+
+
+ .
2
2
2 2 3 3 4
n 2 (n + 1)

12

: . , .
13.1. :
)

2
5

4
9

6
13

+ ; )

3 8 15 24
+
+ .
5 10 17 26
358

Copyright & A K-C

. , )
un =

(1) n1 ( n + 1) 2 1
2n
, ) un =
.
4n + 1
(n + 1) 2 + 1

S1 = u1 ,

S2 = u1 + u2 , ,

Sn = u1 + u2 + + un .

n S n n-

.
. ,
, ..

lim Sn = S .

(13.2)

S .

u1 + u2 + + un + = un = S .

(13.3)

n =1

, .
13.2. ,
.. ,

a + aq + aq 2 + aq n1 + = aq n1.

(13.4)

n =1

. ,
q (13.4)
.
, n
, .. n-
q 1

Sn =

a(q n 1)
.
q 1
359

(13.5)

Copyright & A K-C

:
1) q < 1, lim q n = 0,
n

a
a
, ..

lim Sn = lim
=
n
n q 1 q 1 1 q
a
S=
;
1 q
aq n

2) q > 1, lim q n = , , lim Sn =

n

;
3) q = 1, (13.4) a + a + + a + ,

+
a
+ ... +a = na lim S n = lim na = ,
n- S n = a

n

.. ;
4) q = 1, (13.4) a a + a a +
+ + (1) n1 a + Sn = 0 n Sn = a n , , lim Sn , .
n

, S =

a
1 q

q < 1 q 1.
13.3.

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
+ .
1 2 2 3 3 4
n( n + 1)

(13.6)

. n-

Sn =

1
1
1
1
1
1
. ,
+
+
+ +
=1 ,
1 2
2
1 2 2 3 3 4
n( n + 1)

1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
=
,
= ,
= , ,
2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4
n(n + 1) n n + 1

1
1
n
1 1 1 1 1
1
Sn = 1 + + + +
.
=
=1
n +1 n +1
2 2 3 3 4
n n +1
n
= 1, .. S = 1.
lim S n = lim
n
n n + 1
360

Copyright & A K-C

. 1. u1 + u2 + + un +

S, u1 + u2 + + un + ( ) S .
2. u1 + u2 + + un + v1 + v2 + + vn +

S1

(u1 + v1 ) + (u2 + v2 ) + + (un + vn ) +

S2 ,

) , S1 + S2 .
1 2 .
3. , ,
( ) .
 (13.1) n (
,
). ,

un +1 + un + 2 + + un + m + ,

(13.7)

m = un +1 + un + 2 + + un + m ,
.
, Sn + m = Sn + m . , n

lim Sn + m

, lim m .
m

, (13.7) . 
(13.7), n , n- .
n- rn , ..

rn = un +1 + un + 2 + + un + m + = lim m ,
m

(13.8)

(13.1)

S = Sn + rn .

(13.9)

4.
4. (13.1) , , n , ..

lim rn = 0.

361

Copyright & A K-C

(. 6.3).
() Sn lim S n ( 13.2,
n

13.3) - Sn ( n ).

, .

13.2. .

( ). , un n , ..

lim un = 0.

 n- n ( n 1) ,
..

un = Sn Sn 1. ,

lim Sn = S

lim S n 1 = S .

lim un = lim ( Sn Sn 1 ) = lim Sn lim Sn 1 = S S = 0. 

13.4. (13.6).
. (. 13.3),
(13.6) ,

1
= 0, ..
n n( n + 1)

lim un = lim

.
. (13.1)
n , .. lim un 0, .
n

 , .. (13.1) .
lim un = 0,
n

, , ..
(13.1) . 
362

Copyright & A K-C

13.5.
.

4n + 3 4
= 0,
lim un = lim
5
n
n 5n 7

4n + 3

5n 7 .

n =1

..

, , .
. ,
,
. lim un = 0, ,
n

1+

1 1
1
+ ++ + ,
2 3
n

(13.10)

.
:

1
= 0. , , , n n

lim un = lim

.
 .
2n n :

S2n = 1 +

1 1
1
1
1
+ ++ +
++ ,
n n +1
2 3
2n

Sn = 1 +

1 1
1
+ ++ .
n
2 3

S2n Sn =

1
1
++ .
n +1
2n

1
,
2n

S2n Sn >

1
1
1
1 1
+ +
= n
= S2 n Sn > .
2
2n 
2
2n 2
n

n

363

Copyright & A K-C

, .. , lim S n = lim S2 n = S , n

(. 6.5), , S S

1
1
0 .
2
2

, , , .. . 
.

13.3.
( ). :

un (1)

n =1

vn (2),

n =1

, .. n

un vn .

(13.11)

: ) 2, 1; ) 1, 2.
 ) 1 2 sn Sn . 2 , , lim S n = S Sn Sn S , S, 2 n

. sn 1. : (
n n )
( sn Sn (13.11), ..

sn Sn S ).

, (. 6.5) sn , .. 1
.
) . , 2 . 1, ; ..
2 . 
.
, (13.11)
364

Copyright & A K-C

n. , , n = k ,
un vm + n , m
.
13.6.

1+

1
1
1
+
+ +
+ .
2
23 33
n 3n 1

. 1 +

1 1
1
1
+ ++
+ ( q = < 1 ).
2
n
1
3 3
3
3

, ,

1
1
1
1
<
< ,
2
2
3

3
3
2

3
3

1
1
<
,
n 3n 1 3n 1

.
13.7.

1
2 1

1
3 2

+ +

1
n(n 1)

+ .

. 1 +

1
+
2

1
1
+ + + + , , 1
3
n

(, , ).

1
1
> ,
2 1 2

2 1 < 2 = 22 ,

1
1
> ,
3 2 3

n(n 1)

>

1
n

3 2 < 3 = 32 , ... n(n 1) < n = n 2 ), ..

, .
, :
365

Copyright & A K-C

aq n1

1)

q < 1, -

n =1

q 1;
2)

n =1

3)

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n +

(13.12)

n =1

> 1, 1 ( .
13.10; , < 1
(13.12) ,

n =1

n,

= 2

n =1

(13.12) (13.6)).
, , (13.11),
(,
, ..).
.
( ).

un

n =1

vn

n =1

un
= k 0,
n vn

lim
.

un
= k ,
n vn
(. 6.1) > 0  lim

366

Copyright & A K-C

N, n > N

un
k < un kvn < vn , (k )vn < un < (k + )vn .
vn

vn ,

n =1

(k + )vn ,

n =1

un ;

n =1

un ,

n =1

vn .

(k )vn

n =1

n =1

. . 
13.8.

2n 2 + 5
.
n3
n =1

( -

n =1

, n

u
2n 2 + 5 2
). lim n =
3
n vn
n
n

2n 2 + 5
2n 2 + 5 1
: = lim
= lim
= 2 0, ,
n
n3
n n n 2
, .

.
( ).

un

n =1

(n + 1)-

un +1
= l. , l < 1, n un
; l > 1, ; l = 1, n- lim

.
367

Copyright & A K-C

 ,
> 0 N, n > N

un +1
u
l < l < n +1 < l + .
un
un

1) l < 1. ,

q = l + < 1, ..

un +1
< q un +1 < qun .
un

n > N , ..

n = N + 1, N + 2, :
u N + 2 < qu N +1 ,

u N +3 < qu N + 2 < q 2u N +1 , , u N + k < qu N + k 1 < < q k 1u N +1.

, u N + 2 + u N +3 + + u N + k +
qu N +1 + q 2u N +1 + +
+ q k 1u N +1 + , q < 1. , -

, ,

( n + 1) .

un ,

n =1

2) l > 1. , l > 1. -

un +1
u
> l , n +1 > 1. ,
un
un
, N + 1,

, .. , . 
13.9. :
)

1 2
n
+
+ +
+ ; )
2
2 2
2n

3n n !
.
n
n =1 n

un +1
n +1 n
= lim
:
n un
n 2n +1 2 n

. ) lim

n +1 1
= < 1, .
n 2n
2
3n +1 (n + 1)! 3n n!
u
:
) lim n +1 = lim
=
n un
n ( n + 1) n +1
nn

= lim

368

Copyright & A K-C

3n 3n!(n + 1) n n
n
= lim
= 3 lim
=
n
n
n ( n + 1) ( n + 1)3 n !
n n + 1

3
1
lim 1 +
n
n

3
> 1,
e

un +1
= , .
n un
u
2. lim n +1 = l = 1, ,
n un
1. lim

, ,
.
( ).

un ,

, ..

n =1

u1 u2 un , f ( x), x 1,

f (1) = u1 , f (2) = u2 , , f (n) = un , .

un

(13.13)

n =1

f ( x)dx.
1


2

n +1

f ( x)dx + f ( x )dx + +

f ( x )dx + .

(13.14)

n-
2

n +1

Sn = f ( x)dx + f ( x )dx + +

369

f ( x )dx =

n +1

f ( x )dx. (13.15)

Copyright & A K-C

(13.14) (13.15), ..

f ( x)dx,

lim Sn = lim

n +1

f ( x) dx = f ( x)dx. 1

f ( x) [ n, n + 1] f (n) f ( x) f ( n + 1) ,
(13.13),

un f ( x) un+1.

(13.16)

(13.16) [ n, n + 1] ,
n +1

un dx

un

un

n +1

f ( x)dx

n +1

n +1

un+1dx,
n

f ( x)dx un +1.

(13.17)

n =1

(13.17) (13.14),

f ( x)dx.

, -

f ( x)dx,

.. (13.14),

(13.17)

un+1 = u2 + u3 + + un + un+1 + ,

n =1

un = u1 + u2 + u3 + + un + .

n =1

13.10.

n .

n =1

370

Copyright & A K-C

1
. f ( x) x > 0 (
x

. f ( x) =

, x 1 ) (
).

= 1, I = lim ln x
1,

dx
dx
dx
. I =
= lim .

b x
x
x
1
1
b
1

= lim ( ln b ln1) = .
b

x +1 b
1
1 ( 1) > 1;
=
I = lim
lim ( b1 1) =

< 1.
b + 1 1 1 b

, > 1 1.

13.4.
. , ,
: u1 u2 + u3 u4 + + ( 1) n1 un + , un > 0.
( ).
u1 > u2 > > un >
n , .. lim un = 0,
n

, : S u1.

n = 2m :

S2 m = (u1 u2 ) + (u3 u4 ) + + (u2 m 1 u2m ).

(

n = 2m ) ( , S2m -

S2 m = u1 (u2 u3 ) (u4 u5 ) (u2 m 2 u2 m 1 ) u2 m ,

, S 2 m < u1 ). (. 6.5) S2m
lim S2m = S .
m

371

Copyright & A K-C

, ,

S2 m < u1 m , , S u1.

n = 2m + 1. , S 2 m +1 =

= S2 m + a2 m +1; , , lim S2 m +1 = lim S 2 m + lim a2 m +1 = S + 0 = S .

m

, n ( ) lim S n = S , ..
n

. . 13.1 S n S
n
n. 
. 13.1
S , : m

S2 m S S2 m +1.

13.11.

1
1
(1)n 1
+ ++
+ .
n2
22 32

. 1 >

1
1
1
>
> >
> ,
2
2
2
3
n2

1
= 0, n n 2

lim

.
.
lim un = 0, u1 > u2 > > un > . , n

1
1
1
1

++

+
2 1
2 +1
n 1
n +1
, lim un = 0, . -

, (
)
372

Copyright & A K-C

2 +1+

2
2
1
1 1

++
+ = 2 1 + + + +
+ ,
3
n 1
n 1
2 3

.. .
.
,
, .
 (13.9) n n- , ..
S = Sn + rn . S Sn, , rn. n n- un +1 un + 2 + , , rn
un +1 , .. rn un+1. n n-
un+1 + un+2 ... rn < 0, , ,
n
rn un +1 . 
(13.18)
13.12.

( 1)n +1

2
n =1 n

, 0,001?
. rn < 0,001.
(13.18),

1
0,001, (n + 1)2 1000
(n + 1) 2
n 1000 1, n 30,6 , ..

un +1 0,001

31 .

. u1 + u2 + + un + -

(13.1), un
, .
(
). , (13.1)
u1 + u2 + + un +
(13.19)
, .
 S n+ S n
(13.1), .
373

Copyright & A K-C

Sn1 = Sn+ Sn , ,

Sn2 = Sn+ + Sn . (13.19) , ,

lim S n2 = S .
n

S n+ S n (

n Sn+ Sn ) ( S n+ S , S n S ), , lim Sn+

n

lim Sn , -

lim Sn1 = lim Sn+ lim Sn , .. (13.1) . 

n

, .
(13.19) , (13.1) . ,

1 1
(1)n 1
+ +
+ ,
2 3
n
1 1
1
1 + + + + +
2 3
n

( ) .
.
1. ,
, ,
.
2. ,
, , , .
,
,

(1) n 1
2
n =1 n

(1) n 1
.
n
n =1

, : ,
,
, .
. 374

Copyright & A K-C

, , , .
.
, , 1

1 1 1
(1) n 1
+ + +
+ . 2 3 4
n

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + + + .
2 4 3 6 8 5 10 12

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

+ + + = 1 + + + ,
2 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 6 8 10 12

..
2 .
( ), ,
, .

13.5.
13.13.
.

3
5
7
+
+
+ ,
1 4 4 9 9 16

. , un =

2n + 1
n 2 (n + 1)2

3
5
7
2n + 1
+
+
+ +
=
2
1 4 4 9 9 16
n ( n + 1) 2
4 1 9 4 16 9
( n + 1) 2 n 2
=
+
+
+ +
=
1 4 4 9 9 16
n 2 ( n + 1) 2
Sn =

1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + +
= 1
.

( n + 1) 2
4 4 9 9 16
n 2 ( n + 1) 2
n S n

, ,

1
S = lim Sn = lim 1
= 1.
n
n
(n + 1)2
375

Copyright & A K-C

13.14. :
a)

lg n
ln n + 2 ; )
n =1
)

sin

n =1

; )
2n

4 4 7 4 7 10
+
+
+ ; )
2 2 6 2 6 10

n =1

n +1 n
;
n
1

ln(n + 1) .

n =1

. ) , :

lg n

= .
n ln n + 2

lim un = lim

, . (n) (x)1, -

1
lg x
(lg x)
1
= lim
= lim x ln10 =
0,
lim un = lim
1
n
x ln x + 2
x (ln x + 2) x
ln10
x

, .
) , ,

> 0, 0 <
< n.
n
2
2n 2

sin

q =

0< x<

< 1, .. sin
<
(
2
2n 2n

sin x < x ), .

un =

n +1 n
1
=
. n
n( n + 1 + n )

, 1

, lim f ( x ) ( x

), lim f ( n ) .
n

376

Copyright & A K-C

(13.12) =

3
> 1.
2

un
n1 2
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
:

n vn
n n( n + 1 + n ) n3 2 n
n +1 + n
lim

= lim

1+

1
+1
n

1
, ,
2

, , .
) , ,

4 7 10 (3n + 1)
.
2 6 10 (4n 2)
4 7 10 (3n + 1)(3n + 4)
un +1 =
2 6 10 (4n 2)(4n + 2)
u
3n + 4 3
= <1, .. .
lim n +1 = lim
n un
n 4n + 2
4
un un =

) :

lim

un +1
1
1
ln( n + 1)
= lim
= 1,
:
= nlim
n

ln( n + 2)
un
ln(n + 2) ln( n + 1)

.. .
( -

1
= 0, ..
n ln( n + 1)

): lim un = lim
n

, -
.

. , , .

un
1
1
n
: = lim
= lim
= , .. n vn
n ln( n + 1) n n ln( n + 1)
u
. ( lim n = 0
n vn
u
lim n = ) n vn
lim

377

Copyright & A K-C

(. 13.3)1. , , .
,

1 1
1
+ + +
+ .
2 3
n +1
1
1
> ,
(
ln 2 2
1
1
1
1
>
,
>
ln 3 3
ln(n + 1) ( n + 1)
ln x < x ), .

13.15. :

(1) n n7
; )
)
6
n =1 7 n + 3

(1) n ln n
2n 1 ; )
n =1

n =1

(1)n cos
n2 + 1

n
3.

. )

(1)n n 7
(1)n
= , = lim
3
n 7 n 6 + 3
n 7
+
n n7

lim un = lim

, , 1 ( n) 1 ( n). ,
, .
) , ,

ln 2 ln 3
ln n
>
> >
>
3
5
2n 1
ln n
= 0 ( ,
lim
n 2n 1

, ), 1 , ,

dx

- , ln( x + 1)
1
(.. ).

378

Copyright & A K-C

ln n

2n 1 ,

n =1

, ,
,

1
ln n
1
1
>
> . , :
2 2n 1 2n 1 2n

.
) ,
, ,
(13.12) = 2 > 1 :

(1)n cos
n2

+1

n
3

1
1
< , + 1 n2

n2

, .

:
13.16.

4 7 10 13
3 8 15 24
+ + + + . 13.17. + + +
+ .
3 4 5 6
5 10 17 26

, , :
13.18.

1
1
1
+
+ +
+ . 13.19.
1 3 2 4
n(n + 2)

(3n 2)(3n + 1) .

n =1

, :
13.20.

5n + 6

100n 1 .

13.21.

n =1

n =1

n3 25
n + 50

:
13.22.

n =1

13.24.

1
n(1 + n 2 )

tg n + 2 .

n =1

.
13.25.

13.23.

n +1

n =1

n3

1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ .
3
5
1 2 3 2
52
7 27

379

Copyright & A K-C

13.26.

3n 2 + 2n
n3 + 5n 5 .
n =1

13.27.

ln 1 + n2 .

n =1

:
13.28.

n(n + 1)
.
3n
n =1

13.29.

n3
.
13.30.
n =1 ( n + 1)!

13.31.

n!

10n .

n =1
n
n

n! .

n =1

:
13.32.

(1)n n 2
.
3
n =1 n + 2

13.33.

n =1

( 0,01) :
13.34.

(3) n

(4n + 1)n .

(1) n +1
(3n)2 .
n =1

13.35.

(1)n +1
.
n!
n =1

( ,
):
13.36.

(1)n n

n3 + 4 .

13.37.

n =1
2
n

+ n 1
.
13.38.
3
n =1 n n + 3
13.40.

13.39.

n =1

ln n + 5 .

n =1

1
1
1
+
+
+ . 13.41.
2
2
1 5 1 7 1

32

n =1

n
3 .
3
2 n +1

( 1)n sin

(2n 1)(1) n+1

.
4n
n =1

+ 4 tg + .
13.43. tg + 2 tg + 3tg
4
8
16
32

n!
13.44. .
13.45.
n
n =1 8
13.42.

(2n 1)22n1 .

380

(1)n 10n
.
n
n =1 n + 2

Copyright & A K-C

14

,
, .. .
, ,
c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + + cn x n + ... .
(14.1)
, c0, c1, , cn
.

14.1.
x, (14.1)
, .
14.1.
1 + x + x2 + + xn + .
. q = x, q=
= x< 1. 1 < x < 1, ..
(1; 1).
.
. 1)
x = x0 0 ( ), , , x , x< x0 . 2) x = x1 , x , x > x1 .
 1) (14.1) x = x0 0, , lim un =
n

= lim

cn x0n

= 0 . , Cn x0n
381

Copyright & A K-C

, .. M > 0, n

cn x0n < M.

(14.2)

, (14.1)

cn x0n ,

n =0

c0 + c1 x0

x
x
+ + cn x0n
x0
x0

+ .

(14.3)

(14.3) (14.2)
M+M

x
x
++ M
x0
x0

+ ,

, ,
q =

x
< 1 , .. x< x0 , ,
x0

(14.1) .
2) (14.1) x = x1 . ,
x,
x> x1 . , ..
x> x1
(14.1) . x1 ( x1 < x), . -

, x , x > x1 , (14.1) . 
(. . 14.1) , R 0, x < R , x > R
.
R ,
(R; R)

.

. 14.1

, .. x = R x = R, ,
(. . 14.1).
382

Copyright & A K-C

(14.1) . ,

c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + + cn x n + ,

(14.4)

cn ,
n, .
(14.4) ,

lim

un +1
c x n +1
c
= lim n +1
= x lim n +1
n
n cn x
n cn
un

1, ..

x lim

cn +1
c
< 1 x < lim n .
n

cn
cn +1

, (14.1), ..

cn
.
cn +1

R = lim

(14.5)

. ,
(R = 0), Ox (R = ).
14.2.

1+

2x
32 3

4x2
52 32

++

2n x n
(2n + 1) 2 3n

+.

.
(14.5)

R = lim

cn
2n
2n +1
:
= lim
=
cn +1 n (2n + 1) 2 3n [ 2(n + 1) + 1]2 3n +1
=

3
(2n + 3)2
3
lim
=
,
2 n (2n + 1) 2
2

..

383

3
3
;
.
2
2

Copyright & A K-C

3

2
1
1
( 1) n
+
+
+ ;
1
32 52
( 2n + 1)2

. x =

. x =
1 +

1
1
1
+
++
+ ,
2
2
3
5
(2n + 1)2

(13.12) = 2,
. = 2 > 1,
.
, x =

3
2

(. 13.4), , , ..

(2n + 1)2 ,

n =1

3
3
;
.
2
2

.
,
lim

un +1
= l =1
un

; (, , ..).
14.3. :
) 1 + x +

x 2 x3
xn
+
+ +
+ ; ) 1 + x + 22 x 2 + + n n x n + .
2! 3!
n!
384

Copyright & A K-C

. ) (14.5)

R = lim

cn
(n + 1)!
= lim
= lim (n + 1) = , .. n
cn +1 n n!

(; +).
) . , , x 0 lim un = lim n n x n 0 , ..
n

, .
,
x = 0.

14.4.

(3x)n2 = 1 + 3x + 34 x 4 + 39 x9 +

n =0

. (14.5)
, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 .. .
.
, lim

un +1
< 1 , ,
un

un +1
> 1 .
n un

lim

un +1
(3 x)( n +1)2
2 n +1 , 3 x > 1;
= lim
= lim 3x
=
2
n un
n (3 x ) n
n
0, 3x < 1.
1
1
, < x <
3
3
1 1
; .
3 3
lim

x=

1

3

x =

1

3

(1)n2 =

1 1 + 1 1 + ,

n =0

(1)n2 = 1 + 1 + 1 + , .. -

n =0

385

Copyright & A K-C

, .

1 1
.
3 3

, ;

. f (x) , .. f (x) =

cn x n .

n =0

,
():
[a, b], (R; R), f (x) , ,
:
b

f ( x) dx = c0 dx + c1 x dx + + cn x n dx + .

, :
f (x) = c1 + 2c2 x + 3c3 x 2 + + ncn x n 1 + .

R.

14.2.
, f (x), n x = 0, , ,

f (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x3 + c4 x 4 + + cn x n + .
f (x). f (x), n :
f (x) = c1 + 2c2 x + 3c3 x 2 + 4c4 x3 + + ncn x n1 + ,

f (x) = 2c2 + 3 2c3 x + 4 3 c4 x 2 + + n( n 1)cn x n 2 + ,

f (x) = 3 2c3 + 4 3 2c4 x + + n( n 1)( n 2)cn x n 3 + ,

f ( n ) ( x) = n(n 1)(n 2) ... 3 2 2cn +

386

Copyright & A K-C

x = 0, f (0) = c0 ,

f (0) = c1 , f (0) = 2 1 c2 = 2!c2 , f (0) = 3 2c3 = 3!c3 , ..., f ( n ) (0) = n !cn ,

f (0)
f (0)
f ( n ) (0)
, c3 =
, ..., cn =
.
2!
3!
n!
c0 , c1 , c2 , c3 , , cn ,

c0 = f (0) , c1 = f (0) , c2 =

f ( x) = f (0) + f (0) x +

f (0) 2 f (0) 3
f ( n ) (0) n
x +
x + +
x + , (14.6)
2!
3!
n!

.
,
. , , f (x),
f (x).
, f (x) (13.9)
f (x) = S n ( x ) + rn ( x ) ,
S n (x) n- ; rn ( x) n-
.
4 (. 13.1)
.
. f (x), , n
, ..

lim rn ( x) = 0

(14.7)

x .
, f (x) , .
.
:
f(x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) +

f ( x0 )
f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 )2 + +
( x x0 )n +
2!
n!

x0 = 0.
387

Copyright & A K-C

:
f (x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) +

f ( x0 )
( x x0 ) 2 + +
2!

f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 )n + Rn ( x) ,
n!

Rn ( x) :

Rn ( x) =

f ( n +1) ()
( x x0 ) n +1 ,
(n + 1)!

( x0 , x) ( (x, x0 )), .
, (14.7) rn ( x)

Rn ( x) .

1. y = e x .
f (x) = f (x) = f (x) = = f ( n ) ( x ) = e x ;
f (0) = f (0) = f (0) = = f ( n ) (0) = e0 =1.
(13.6)

ex = 1 + x +

x 2 x3
xn
+
+ +
+ .
2! 3!
n!

(14.8)

(; ) (. 14.3).
2. y = sin x.
f (x) = sin x; f (x) = cos x; f (x) = sin x; f (x) = cos x;
f (4) ( x) = sin x, f (0) = 0; f (0) = 1; f (0) = 0; f (0) = 1;

f (4) (0) = 0 ..
, f (2 n ) (0) = 0 ,
f (2 n 1) (0) = (1) n 1 , n = 1, 2, .
(14.6)
sin x = x

x3 x5
(1)n 1 x 2 n1
+
+ +
+ .
3! 5!
(2n 1)!

(14.9)

(; +).
3. y = cos x. ,
cos x = 1

x2 x4
(1)n x 2 n
+
+
+ .
2! 4!
(2n)!

(; +).
388

(14.10)

Copyright & A K-C

4. y = (1 + x) m , m .
f (x)= (1 + x) m , f (x) = m(1 + x) m 1 , f (x) = m(m 1) (1 + x) m 2 ,
f(x) = m (m 1)(m 2)(1 + x)m2, , f ( n ) ( x) = m (m 1) (m n + 1)
(1 + x)mn.
x = 0 f(0) = 1, f (0) = m, f (0) = m(m 1), f (0) = m(m 1)
(m 2), , f ( n ) (0) = m(m 1)(m n + 1). (14.6)

(1 + x) m = 1 + mx +
+

m(m 1) 2 m(m 1)(m 2) 3

x +
x ++
2!
3!

m( m 1)...( m n + 1) n
x +
n!

(14.11)

(1; 1) (
x = 1 m).
(14.11) . m ,
, n = m + 1 m n + 1 = 0, n-
, .. ,
.
5. y = ln(1 + x).
,
(14.6) .

1
= 1 x + x 2 x3 + + (1)n x n +
1+ x

(14.12)

q = x, q= x < 1,
.. 1< x < 1, f (x) =

a
1
=
.
1 q 1+ x

(14.12) (0; x),

x

| x< 1, ,

ln (1 + x) = x

dx
1 + x = ln 1 + x
0

x
0

= ln (1 + x) ,

x 2 x3
(1)n x n +1
+
+
+
2
3
n +1
389

(14.13)

Copyright & A K-C

(
) (1; 1].
, , (14.8)
(14.13), , .
(14.6) (14.8) (14.13).
14.5. : ) y =
) y = ln

1+ x
.
1 x

. ) (14.8) e x = 1 + x +
, x ( x 2 ),

1 e x2
;
x2

x2
xn
++
+ ,
2!
n!

x4
(1) n x 2 n
+ +
+ ,
2!
n!
x4
(1) n +1 x 2 n
+ +
+
1 e x2 = x 2
2!
n!
e x2 = 1 x 2 +

, ,

1 e x2
x2
(1) n +1 x 2 n 2
=1
++
+ .
x2
2!
n!
(; +).
) ln (1+x) = x
x (x);
ln (1x) = x

x 2 x3
( 1) n 1 x n
+
+
+ 2
3
n

x 2 x3
xn

.
n
2
3

ln

1+ x
x 2 x3
x 2 x3
= ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) = ( x
+ ) ( x
) =
1 x
2
3
2
3
3
5
2
n

1
x
x
x
+
++
+ ) .
= 2( x +
(14.14)
3
5
2n 1
(1; 1).
390

Copyright & A K-C

14.3.

.
, ,
, .
14.6.

0,0001:
)

1
5 3
e

; ) ln 0,8; )

36 ; ) sin 20; )

x e x dx .

. )
(14.8) x =

1
5 3
e

=e

3
5

3
, (; +):
5

3
5 =1

3
32
33
(1) n 3n
+

++
+ =
5 52 2! 53 3!
5n n !

= 1 0,6 + 0,18 0,036 + 0,0054 0,000648 + 0,0000648 .

, (. 13.4) rn , ( ), ..
| rn 0,0000648 < 0,0001.
,

1
5 3
e

1 0,6 + 0,18 0,036 + 0,0054 0,000648 = 0,548752

0,5488.

391

Copyright & A K-C

) ln 0,8 (14.13) x = 0,2,

(1; 1]:
ln 0,8 = 0, 2

0, 22 0, 23
0, 2n

= (0,2 + 0,02 +
2
3
n
+ 0,00266 + 0,0004 +).

ln 0,8 ,
rn =

0, 25 0, 26
0, 2n
0, 25 0, 26
0, 2n
+
++
+ <
+
++
+ =
5
6
5
5
5
n

0, 25
0, 25
1
(1 + 0, 2 + + 0, 2n5 + ) = 5 (1 0, 2) = 0,00008 < 0,0001.
5
( ,

a
1
=
.) ,
1 q 1 0, 2

ln 0,8 (0,2 + 0,02 + 0,00266 + 0,0004) = 0,22306 0,2231.

,
(14.14),
(14.13). , ln

1+ x
1
= ln 0,8, x =

9
1 x

(14.14)

1
(1)2 n 1

+ =
3
2
n

1
9
(2n 1)
9 9 3

ln 0,8 = 2

= (0,22222 + 0,00091 + 0,000007 +),

.. ln 0,8 0,0001
. (14.14) , (14.13)
, (0; 2].
1

36

1 5
36 = 32 + 4 = 2 1 + .
8

392

Copyright & A K-C

1

8
1
1
(1; 1), x = , m = , (14.11),
8
5
x =

11
11 1

1
1 n + 1

1 1 5 5 1
5 5 5
1 + =
5
+ ... +
36 = 2(1 + +
2
5 8
2!
8
8n
n!
= 2 + 0,05 0,0025 + 0,000188 0,000016 + 2,0477.
(
4 , rn 0,000016 <
< 0,0001.)
) sin 20= sin
x=

(14.9)
9

, (; +):
9
3

sin

1
1
(1) n 1
= + +

9 9 3! 9 5! 9
(2n 1)! 9

2 n 1

+ =

= 0,34907 0,00709 + 0,00004 .

( ,
| rn 0,00004 < 0,0001). , sin 20 = 0,34907 0,00709 0,3420.
) , . x (x) (14.8), -

x2
(1)n x n
+
+ .
2!
n!
x

e x = 1 x +

xe x = x1/ 2 e x = x1/ 2 x3 / 2 + +
393

(1) n x n + 1/ 2
+
n!

Copyright & A K-C

(0; 1), (; +),

1

xe x dx =

(1)n x n +1/ 2
dx + =
n
!
0

x1/ 2 dx x3 / 2 dx + +

2
2
1
xn+3/ 2 1
2 2
(1)n 2
= x3/ 2 x5/ 2 ++

+= ++
+ =
3
3 5
(2n + 3) n!
3 n! 0
0 5
0
n +
2
1

= 0,66667 0,40000 + 0,14286 0,03704 + 0,00758 0,00128 +

+ 0,00018 0,37897 0,3790. , ), ) ).

14.4.
14.7.

3n + (2) n
n ( x + 1)n .
n =1

(14.15)

. (14.15),
(x a) = (x (1)),
(14.5);

R = lim

cn
3n + (2) n 3n +1 + ( 2) n +1
=
= lim
:
cn +1 n
n
n +1

3n + (2) n
n +1

=
n
n
n 3 3 2( 2)
n

= lim

1 + (2 / 3) n
n +1
1+ 0
1
lim
1 = ,
=
n 3 2( 2 / 3) n n n
3
3 20

= lim

.. R = 1/3. (14.15)
R < x a < R R < x < a + R. 394

Copyright & A K-C

1 1/3 < x < 1 + 1/3

(4/3; 2/3).
(14.15) . x = 4/3
n

3n + (2) n 1
(1) n 1 2
n 3 = n + n 3 ,
n =1
n =1
n =1

.. . ,

(1)n
, () (. 13.4),
n =1 n

12
n 3 n =1

1 2 n +1 1 2 n 2
un +1
n
2
= <1,
= lim
: = lim
n un
n n + 1 3
n 3 3 n n + 1 3

lim

.. , , (14.15)
x = 4/3.
x = 2/3 (14.15)

3n + (2)n 1
1 1 2
n 3 = n + n 3 .
n =1
n =1
n =1

,
, , . , (14.15)
x = 2/3 . (

3n + (2) n 1
> 0 n N
3n
n

, n > 1
, 1/3:
395

Copyright & A K-C

2
n 1+
3n + (2) n 1
1
3
=
> .)
n
3n
n
3

, (14.15) [4/3;
2/3).

14.8.

y = sin 2 x .
. . (14.6).
n-
x = 0:
f (x) = sin 2 x ; f (x) = 2sin x cos x = sin 2 x ; f (x) = 2cos2x;
f (x) = 22 sin 2x ; f (4) ( x ) = 23 cos 2 x ; f (5) ( x ) = 24 sin 2 x ..
x = 0 f (x) :
f (0) = 0; f (0) = 0; f (0) = 2; f (0) = 0; f (4) (0) = 23 ; f (5) (0) = 0
..
(14.6)

sin 2 x = 0 + 0 +

2 2
23
25
x + 0 x 4 + 0 + x 6 +
2!
4!
6!

1
2
(1)n1 22n1 2n
sin 2 x = x2 x4 + x6 +
x + .
3
45
(2n)!
. , sin 2 x =

(14.16)

1 1
cos 2 x ,
2 2

(14.10) cos x ( x 2x),

1
1
, .
2
2

1
1 (2 x) 2 (2 x) 4
( 1) n (2 x) 2 n
cos 2 x = 1
+
+
+
2
2
2!
4!
(2n)!

396

Copyright & A K-C

sin 2 x =

1 1
1 1 (2 x) 2 (2 x) 4
( 1) n 1 (2 x) 2 n
cos 2 x = +

++
+
2 2
2 2 2 2! 2 4!
2 (2n)!
1
(1) n 1 22 n1 x 2n
+,
sin 2 x = x 2 x 4 + +
3
(2n)!

.. (14.16).
. y = sin 2 x
.
x = 0

f ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + + an x n + ,
( x) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x 2 + + bn x n + ,

f ( x) ( x) = a0b0 + (a0b1 + a1b0 ) x + ( a0b2 + a1b1 + a2b0 ) x 2 + +

+ (a0bn + a1bn1 + + anb0 ) x n + .
, f (x) = (x)
:

f 2 ( x) = a02 + 2a0 a1 x + (2a0 a2 + a12 ) x 2 +

+ (2a0 a3 + 2a1a2 ) x3 + (2a0 a4 + 2a1a3 + a22 ) x 4 + . (14.17)

f (x) = sin x , (14.9), ..

sin x = 0 + x + 0

1 3
1
1
x + 0 + x5 + 0 x 7 +,
3!
5
7

(14.17)

1
sin 2 x = 02 + 2 0 1x + (2 0 0 + 12 ) x 2 + (2 0 + 2 1 0) x3 +
3!
1
(1)n1 22n1 x2n
1
+ (2 0 0 + 2 1 + 02 ) x4 + = x2 x4 + +
+,
3
(2n)!
3!
.. (14.16).
397

Copyright & A K-C

, ,
(; +).
1

14.9. 0,0001

xe x dx .

. 14.6:
1

xe x dx =

2 2
2
2
2
+ +
+
+ +
+ . (14.18)
3 5 7 2! 9 3!
(2n + 3)n !

14.6,
, ,
.
. , n ( n = 0).

rn =

2
2
2
+
+
+
(2n + 3)n! (2n + 5)( n + 1)! (2n + 7)( n + 2)!

2n + 5 > 2n + 3, 2n + 7 > 2n + 3,
(n + 1)! = n!(n + 1) > n!n, (n + 2)! = n!(n + 1)(n + 2) > n! n 2 ,
,

rn <

1 +

2
2
2
2
+
+
+=

(2n + 3)n !
(2n + 3)n! (2n + 3) n!n (2n + 3) n!n 2
1 1
2
2
1

=
,
+
+ =
2
1
(2
n
+
3)(
n
1)!(n 1)
n n
(2n + 3)n! 1

(13.5) a = 1, q =
398

1
.
n

Copyright & A K-C

n = 7

rn <

2
0,00003 < 0,0001.
17(1 2 3 4 5 6) 6

( , n < 7 rn > 0,0001.)

, 7 :
1

xe x dx 0,66667 + 0,40000 + 0,14286 + 0,03704 + 0,00758 +

+ 0,00128 + 0,00018 = 1,25561 1,2556.

:
14.10. x +

x 2 x3 x 4
+
+
+ .
2
3
4

14.11.

(2)n x 2n .

n =1

14.12. 1 + 2! x + 3! x 2 + 4! x3 + .

14.13.

3n x n
2n

n =1

14.14.

(1) n 1 ( x 4) 2 n 1
.

2n 1
n =1

14.15.

(n!) 2

(2n)!x n .

n =1

x :
14.16. y =

ex 1
.
x

14.17. y = x ln (1 + x 2 ).
14.19. y =

14.18. y = cos 2 x .

x + ln (1 x)
.
x2

0,0001:
14.20.

1
60 7
e

14.21. ln 1,1.

14.22. sin 0,4.

14.23.
399

130 .

Copyright & A K-C

14.24. ln 3.

14.25.

cos

xdx .

,
,
:
12

14.26.

12

dx
1+

x4

14.27.

e x
0

400

dx .

Copyright & A K-C

401

Copyright & A K-C

15

. , ,
.
, .

15.1.
. n ,
(x1 , x2 , , xn ) X
z. , z = f ( x1 , , xn ).
, z = x12 x2 z

: x1 ( ) x2 ().
x1 , , xn , z , f . X . , n .
15.1. :
) z =

1 x12 x22 ; ) z =

1
.
x1 x2

. ) :

1 x12 x22 0 x12 + x22 1, .. .

402

Copyright & A K-C

) x1 0, x2 0, ..
Ox1x2 Ox1
Ox2.
.
1. z = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn + b , a1 , , an , b
, . n x1 , , xn .
2. z =

1 n
bij xi x j ( bij ) 2 i , j =1

. , .. .
3. 5.6 .
z = f ( x1 , , xn ),

n .
:
) z =

ai ln (xi ci ) ,
i =1

ai > 0, xi > ci 0 -

;
) z =

1 ib ( xi ci )1bi .
i =1

ai > 0, 0 < bi < 1; xi > ci 0.

.
4. n (. 5.6), x1 ,

x2 , , xn .
(z , x1 , x2 ), n = 2:
)

z = b0 x1b1 x2b2 ;
403

Copyright & A K-C

) :

z = e0 e1 x1 + e2 x2

(n = 2),
, n = 2, n > 2.

.

z = f (x, y). X
Oxy.
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) X , -

M 0 (. . 15.1).
, .

. :
z = f (x, y)

x = x0

z = f ( x0 , y) y = y0 z = f (x, y0 ).

,
z = f (x, y0 )

. 15.1

z = f ( x0 , y)
, .

, , z = K 0 1 +

x
, 100

y x%. ,
x y.

404

Copyright & A K-C

z = f (x, y)
(x, y, z), z
x y
z = f (x, y).
z = f (x, y), ,
1.
z = f (x, y) z = f (x, y0 ) z = f ( x0 , y),
z = f (x, y) ,
Oxz Oyz, .. y = y0 x = x0 .
15.2. z = x 2 + y 2 2 y .
. z = x 2 + y 2 2 y = x 2 +

+ ( y 1)2 1

Oyz Oxz,

(, x = 0
z = ( y 1) 2 1, y = 1

z = x 2 1 ..).
Oxy, .. z = 0,
x2 + (y 1)2=
= 1.
-

. 15.2

, (. . 15.2).
,
, .
,
1

n > 2.
(n+1)- . .

405

Copyright & A K-C

. , .

, . .
. z = f (x, y)
, ,
.
C .
. 15.3 ,
C = 1 C = 2.
, L1
. L2 .

. ,


. . 15.3
. 15.10

.

,
.
15.3.

z = x2 + y2 2 y .

. 15.4
.
z = C Oxy,
x 2 + y 2 2 y = C x 2 + ( y 1) 2 = C + 1. -

(0; 1)

406

C + 1 (. 15.4).

Copyright & A K-C

(0; 1) , z = 1, (0; 1). , z = C,

. ,
. 15.2.

15.2.
 , , .
. A z = f (x, y)
x x0 y y0 ( ( x0 , y0 )),
> 0 > 0 ( , = ()), ,
(x, y), ( x0 , y0 ) ,
, 1 (.. 0 < < ),
f (x, y) A< .
:
lim f ( x, y ) = A.
x x0
y y0

15.4.

lim

ln (1 x 2 y 2 )

x 0
y 0

x2 + y 2

x 2 + y 2 = . x 0, y 0

, 0.

, (3.5) ( x0 , y0 )

(x, y) = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2 .

407

Copyright & A K-C

lim

x 0
y 0

ln(1 x 2 y 2 )
x2 + y2

(ln(1 2 ))
ln(1 2 ) 0
=
= = lim
0

0 0

= lim

1
(2)
1 2
= 0.
= lim
0
1
, . ,
,
,
(. 6.2).
, .
15.5. , lim

x 0
y 0

2 xy
.
x2 + y2

. (0; 0)
y = kx.

2 xy
2k
2 x(kx)
= lim
=
.
x 0 x 2 + y 2
x 0 x 2 + ( kx ) 2
1+ k2

y = kx, lim

y 0

, . (x; y) (0; 0) (, y = 2x y = 5x),

.

. z = f (x, y)
( x0 , y0 ), : 1) ( x0 , y0 ); 2) x x0 y y0 ; 3)
( x0 , y0 ), .. lim f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ).
x x0
y y0

:
( x0 , y0 ) , .

408

Copyright & A K-C

15.3.
x x, y y. z
f (x + x, y + y). z = f (x + x, y + y) f (x, y) (x; y).
x
y,
x z = f (x + x, y) f (x, y) y z = f (x, y + y) f (x, y) .
, , , ..
z x z + y z.
15.6. z = xy.
. x z = (x + x)y xy = yx; y z = x(y + y) xy =
= xy. z = (x + x)(y + y) xy = xy + yx + xy.
,
z x z + y z .
.

(
).
: z x , z y

z
z
,
,
x
y
f y ( x, y ) .

f x ( x, y ) ,
. 15.5

409

Copyright & A K-C

, z = f (x, y)

x z
f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y )
= lim
,
x 0 x
x 0
x

z x = lim
z y = lim

y 0

yz
y

= lim

y 0

(15.1)

f ( x, y + y ) f ( x, y )
.
y

(15.2)

z = f (x, y) ( x0 , y0 ) . 15.5.
z = f (x, y)
P. y = y0 x .
z x -

x , ( x0 , y0 ), ..

z x ( x0 , y0 ) = tg , x.
z y ( x0 , y0 ) = tg .

(15.1), (15.2) ,
z x (x, y)
y, z y (x, y) x.

. 7 .
15.7. :
) z = x ln y +

y
; ) z = x y .
x

. a) x,
y . , z x =

1
x

y
. , y,
x2
, .. z y = x (ln y) +

= ln y + y = ln y

1
x 1
y = + .
x
y x

) y x.
, z x = yx y 1 . x
y z y = x y ln x .

410

Copyright & A K-C

z=

15.8. z

x2
, x , y y

. .
. z x =

2x
, y

. z y =

x2
, y2

15.4.
9.1 y = f (x)
, x, , f (x)x.

, .
. , ..
dz = z x x + z y y.

(15.3)

, f (x, y) = x, g (x, y) = y
(15.3) df = dx = x; dg = dy = y, (15.3)

dz = z x dx+ z y dy
(15.4)

dz =

z
z
dx + dy .
x
y

. z = f (x, y) (x, y),

z = dz + x + y,
(15.5)
dz , = (x, y), = (x, y)
x 0, y 0.

411

Copyright & A K-C

, ,
, , x y, .
, z

z = f (x, y), dz
z = f (x, y) , x y x y (. . 15.6).
,

y = f (x) f (x)

(9.1), ..
y = dy + (x)x,

,

1.

. 15.6

: ,
.
.
. z x (x, y) z y (x, y)
(x, y) (x, y), z = f (x, y) .

15.5.
.
z = f (x, y) M(x, y), l , -

1 , . 7
y = f (x) .

412

Copyright & A K-C

e = (cos ; cos ), e = cos 2 + cos 2 = 1,

+ = /2 ( 3/2); cos , cos ,

e .
l M(x, y)
M1 (x + x, y + y) z l z = f (x + x,
y + y) f(x, y),
z
l (. 15.7).
MM1 = l , , ,
x = l cos ; y = l cos ,
l z = f (x +
,
+ l

. 15.7

cos ; y + l cos ) f (x, y).

. zl
l
z = f (x, y)

l
, ..

zl = lim

l 0

l z
.
l

(15.6)

zl
l.
, z x

z y , x y.
,

zl = z x cos + z y cos .

(15.7)

z = f (x, y).
. z z = f (x, y)
( z x , z y ).

413

Copyright & A K-C

(. 3.1)

z = ( z x , z y ) e = (cos ; cos ).

(z, e ) = z x cos + z y cos .

(15.8)

(15.7) (15.8), , zl = (z, e ),

.. z , l.
(. 3.1), , . , z .
,
. ,
.
. z = f (x, y)
M( x0 , y0 ) . , .
 Lc f (x, y) = C (

C = f ( x0 , y0 )). , -

y, .. y = g (x) Lc ( ,
x
).
,
(1, g (x)). dx, ,
(dx, g (x)dx), .. (dx, dy), Lc (.
. 15.8).
f (x, y) = const, .. df | Lc =0,
z x dx + z y dy = 0 Lc . z x dx + z y dy
( z x , z y ) (dx, dy),

Lc , .. . 

414

Copyright & A K-C

. 15.8

. 15.9

, (. . 15.9).
,
( x0 , y0 ).
.
,
.

.

( x1 , y1 )
.
,
( ) .

. 15.10

15.6.
, z = f (x, y)
, . .
. M( x0 , y0 )
() z = f (x, y),
M, , (x, y)

f ( x0 , y0 ) f (x, y)

415

Copyright & A K-C

(f ( x0 , y0 ) f (x, y)).
. 15.10 A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) .

( ) ,
( x0 , y0 ).
.
. ( x0 , y0 )
z = f (x, y). f x ( x0 , y0 ) f y ( x0 , y0 ) .
 M( x0 , y0 ) .
, y, y = y0 . z1 = f (x, y0 ), , -

, x = x0 .

z1 ( x0 ) = f x (x, y0 ) = 0. ,
f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0. 

, z = f (x, y), .. z x z y
, .
: .

.

416

Copyright & A K-C

, .
. 15.11

M( x0 , y0 ).

f x ( x0 , y0 )

f y ( x0 , y0 )

, , ,
M( x0 , y0 ) .
. 15.11

.
, . ,
.
, .
z x = f x (x, y) z y = f y (x, y)
,
, .
z x = f x (x, y), -

(x, y) z yx = f yx
(x, y). z xx = f xx

z y = f y (x, y),

(x, y) z xy = f xy (x, y).

z yy = f yy
, z = f (x, y) ( x0 , y0 ),

( x0 , y0 ) = f yx
( x0 , y0 ).
f xy

.
( ). z = f (x, y): )

( x0 , y0 ),

f x ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0;

417

Copyright & A K-C

) ( x0 , y0 ) = B;
( x0 , y0 ) = A; f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx
f xx

( x0 , y0 ) = C. , = AC B 2 > 0,
f yy
( x0 , y0 ) z = f (x, y) , A < 0
, A > 0 . = AC B 2 < 0,
z = f (x, y) . = AC B 2 = 0,
.
:
1. z x z y .
2. z x = 0, z y = 0 .
3. ,
.
4. ( ) .
15.9.

z=

2( x + y )(1 + xy )
.
(1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )

. 1.

z x =

2(1 x 2 )
2(1 y 2 )
, z y =
.
(1 + x 2 )2
(1 + y 2 ) 2

2. :

2(1 x 2 )
(1 + x 2 ) 2
2(1 y 2 )

(1 + y 2 )2

= 0,
= 0,

(1; 1), (1; 1), (1; 1) (1; 1).

418

Copyright & A K-C

3. :

z xx =

4 x ( x 2 3)
(1 + x 2 ) 2

; z xy = z yx = 0; z yy =

4 y ( y 2 3)
(1 + y 2 ) 2

.
, (1; 1) = z (1; 1) = 1; B = 0; C = 1.
= AC B 2 = (1)2 0 = 1 > 0 A = 1 < 0, (1; 1) .
, (1; 1) ,
(1; 1) (1; 1), = AC B 2 < 0, . .
4. zmax = z (1; 1) = 2, zmin =

= z(1; 1) = 2.

15.7.
(.. ) , 1 ,
, , .
15.10.
z =

1
1
+
1 2
1+ x
1 + y2

.
. 1.

z x =

2x
2y
; z y =
.
2
2
(1 + x )
(1 + y 2 )2

2. z x = 0,

z y = 0, x = 0, y = 0; ..
(0; 0).

1 ,
() , .. , , .

419

Copyright & A K-C

3.
, x 2 + y 2 = 1.

y 2 = 1 x 2 z = z(x, y), 1
1
3
+
=
, x [1; 1].
z =
2
2
1+ x
2 x
2 + x2 x4
2 x(2 x 2 1)
z =

(2 + x 2 x 4 )2
, : x1 = 0,

x2,3 =

1
2

4. z = f (x, y)

z = (0; 0) = 2

1
1 4
z
= z
= , 2 3
2

[1; 1]
z(1) =
= z(1) =

3

2
x ,

-
. 15.12

, z = z(0, 0) = 2

1
1
1
1
1
1
,
,
,
z = z
= z
= z
=
2
2
2
2
2

2
1 4
1
,
= z
= (. 15.12).
2
2 3

,
.
,
.
. D n- , A B, -

420

Copyright & A K-C

D, , , D.
, , . 15.13, , . 15.13 .

. 15.13

, , x 0, y 0, z 0.
. z = f (x, y), D, ,
( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 )

x1 + x2 y1 + y2 f ( x1 , y1 ) + f ( x2 , y2 )
,
,

2
2
2

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,

2
2
f ( x1 , y1 ) + f ( x2 , y2 )

.
2
f

, ,
. 15.14.
,

,
. 15.11.
,
. 15.14

, . , , .. ,
, , .

421

Copyright & A K-C

. .

.

, ,
,
, ()

. 15.15
.

15.8. .

,
, , , .
z = f (, ),
g (, ) = , .
. (, ) (),
, (, ) , g (, ) = ,
f (0, 0) f (, ) (f (0, 0) f (, )).
. 15.15 (0, 0).
,
z = f (, ) ( . 15.15 (1, 1)).

422

Copyright & A K-C

.
g (, ) =
, : = ().
,

z = f (, ) = f (, ()), .. . z
= f (, ).
15.11. z = 2 + 22 3 +2 = 11.
. 3 +2 = 11

2

11 3 x
11 3x
z. z = x 2 + 2

2
2
11
z = ( x 2 6 x + 11) .
2
11 3x0
= 1.
0 = 3. y0 =
2
y=

, (3; 1) ().
g (, ) = , .
.
.
L(, , ) = f (, ) +
+ (g (, ) ).
, . .
. (0, 0) z = f (, ) g (, ) = C, 0 , (0, 0, 0)
L(, , ).
,
z = f (, ) g (, ) =

423

Copyright & A K-C

L = f x ( x, y ) + g x ( x, y ) = 0,
x
Ly = f y ( x, y ) + g y ( x, y ) = 0,

L = g ( x, y ) C = 0.
.

grad f = grad g,
.. f (, )
g (, ) .
. 15.16 . g (, ) = , g (, ) = Q
z = f (, ) .
. 15.16 ,
z = f (, )
g (, ) = .
15.12.
z = 2 + 22
3 + 2 = 11, .
. 15.16
.

L = 2 + 2 2 + (3 + 2 11).
,

2 x + 3 = 0,

4 y + 2 = 0,
3x + 2 y 11 = 0.

( = 3, = 1, = 2). , (3; 1). , z = f (, ) .

, , .
.

. , -

424

Copyright & A K-C

,
.

, , . ( . 15.11).

15.9. .


.
x y , .
, ..
x
y

x1

x2

y1

y2

xi

yi

xn

yn

x y, ..
y x,
, .
y = f(x).
,
, .

.
y = f (x), .. , , ,
- .

425

Copyright & A K-C

, ,

( ( xi , yi )

). , ,

(. . 15.17).

, . 15.17

,
. , , . 15.17, I II.
, .. x y.
.
( . 15.17 ), , .
.
, y = f (x) , ,
( ,
..).
,
y = f (x) . .
f (x) ,
i ,
f ( xi ), y = f (x),
yi , ..
n

i =1

i =1

S = i2 = ( f ( xi ) yi )2

426

(15.9)

Copyright & A K-C

(. 15.18).

. 15.18

, S ( xi , yi ) y = f (x)

n

i =1
n

i =1

i = ( f ( xi ) yi )

i = ( f ( xi ) yi ) .
i =1

i =1

i=1

, i .
n

i=1

, .
y = f (x)
y = ax + b a b, (15.9)
n

S = ( axi + b yi ) 2
i =1

. ,
S = S(a, b) a b ,
, (

427

Copyright & A K-C

) , xi , yi
, .
, ,
,

n
2(axi + b yi ) xi
= 0,

i =1n
= 0,

2( axi + b yi )

i =1

Sa
S
b

= 0,
= 0.

:
n
n 2
( xi ) a + ( xi )b =
i =1
i =1
n
( x )a +
nb
=
i

i =1

xi yi ,
i =1
n

yi .

(15.10)

i =1

(15.10) .
,

A=

i =1
n

i =1

xi2 xi
xi

= n
i =1

xi2

n
xi 0
i =1

(15.11)

i =1

( A > 0,
n 2).
, (15.10)
S = S(a, b).
n

i =1

i =1

= 2 xi2 = A ; Sab
= 2 xi = B ; Sbb
= 2n = C .
Saa
= AB

i =1

i =1

= 4 ( n xi2 ( xi ) 2 ) > 0
n

A = 2

xi2 >

0, ,

i =1

428

Copyright & A K-C

(15.10). , S = S(a, b)
, ( ).
15.13.
x (. .) y (. .).
17,28
537

x
y

17,05
534

18,30
550

18,80
555

19,20
560

18,50
552

, x y , y = ax + b,
.
.
n

xi ,
i =1

i =1

i =1

i =1

yi , xi yi , xi2 .

xi
17,28
17,05
18,30
18,80
19,20
18,50
109,13

yi

xi yi

537
534
550
555
560
552
3288

9 279,36
9 104,70
10 065,00
10 434,00
10 752,00
10 212,00
59 847,06

xi2
298,5984
290,7025
334,8900
353,4400
368,6400
342,2500
1988,5209

(15.10)

1988,5209a + 109,13b = 59847,06,

109,13a
+
6b
=
3288.

a = 12,078, b = 328,32 :
y = 12,078x + 328,32. ,
1 . . 12,08 .

429

Copyright & A K-C

15.10.
,
.

.
:
.

(. 11.1).
D Oxy (
). (. . 15.19).
. 15.19 D,
. ,
,
,
..
( ,
). i, j (i = 1, , n;
j = 1, , m), i

( ), j
. 15.19
( ). xi y j
ij .
xi 0 y j 0
D , ,
: D D, D
D, .
ij ( i ; j ).
z = f (x, y) D n m

S = f (i , j )xi y j .
i =1 j =1

430

Copyright & A K-C

d , .. ( d = xi2 + y 2j ).
. z = f (x, y)
D, I D d 0.
I z = f (x, y)
D.
:
I = f ( x, y ) dx dy .
D

. I
D (
), ( i ; j ) .
,

n m

f ( x, y ) dx dy = lim f (i , j ) xi y j .
d 0 i =1 j =1

. f (x, y) D,

f ( x, y) dx dy

(),
D

z = f (x, y). f (x, y) 1 (x, y) D,

dx dy
D

D.

431

Copyright & A K-C

.

.
D Oxy
Ox,

g (x) h (x),
[a, b]
, g (x) h(x),
x = a
x = b (. 15.20).
. 15.20
, .
. z = f (x, y)
D,

b h( x)

f ( x, y ) dx dy = f ( x, y ) dy dx .

a g ( x)

(15.12)

, (15.12),
b

h( x )

g ( x)

I = dx

f ( x, y ) dy .

15.14.

( x + y 3 ) dx dy , D
D

, . 15.21.
. D .
a = 0, b = 1, g (x) 0 h(x) = + 1 x 2 . ,
:

( x +
D

y 3 ) dx dy

1 x 2

= dx

1
y4
( x + y 3 ) dy = ( xy +
4

432

1 x2
0

dx =

Copyright & A K-C

(1 x 2 )2
1

= x 1 x2 +
dx = 1 x 2 d (1 x 2 ) +

20
4

0
+

1
(1 2 x 2 + x 4 ) dx =
4 0
3

1 (1 x2 ) 2
=
3
2
2
=

x5 1
1 2
+ x x3 + =
3
50
0 4

1 1 2 1 7
+ 1 + = .
3 4 3 5 15

. 15.21

, , .

15.11.

.
,
z = f (x, y). , .
x y f(x,y)=Q
, z = f (x, y)
, x
y. . 15.22
f (x, y) = Q ,
, , . 15.22
-

433

Copyright & A K-C

, ..

, . , , . ,
x y .
.
z = g (x, y) , ,
x y (

:
g (x, y) = p x x + p y y , px p y x y).
. 15.20.
f (x) g (x)

x y. , , ( x1 , y1 )

, ( x2 , y2 ), , .
( x0 , y0 )
.
(
) (. 5.6)

( )
(. . 15.23).
x, y
. 15.23 .
( x0 , y0 )

.
.
. 15.23

.
( -

434

Copyright & A K-C

) r ( ,
).
(, r),
D (.
. 15.24).
,
. ,

U =U (, r)

. ,
D,
. 15.24
.
1952 .
.

. 7.6 E x (y).
z = f ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) xi :

x z x
E xi (z) = lim i : i
xi 0
xi
z

xi
= z xi .
z

, ,
(. 15.1) z = b0 xb1 y b2 , , E x (z) = b1 , E y (z) = b2 ,
.. b1 b2 ,
x y 1%.
u x , u y . M u x , M u y . , -

435

Copyright & A K-C

a1 1b
a
x 1 + 2 y1b2 .
1 b1
1 b2
Mu x = a1 x b1 , Mu y = a2 x b2 , ..
u(x, y) =

, b1 b2
.
q , p r, .. q = f (p, r), Ep (q) =
=

p
qp Er (q) =
q

r
qr . , , Er (q) > 0 q

Er (q) < 0 ,
, .
, 1, .. q = f (p, p1, r),
, E p1 ( q) =

p1
qp
q 1

1%. ,
E p1 (q ) > 0,

. Ep1(q) < 0,
.
,
.
z = f (x, ) MP(x) =
= f x ( x, y ), MP( y ) = f y ( x, y ) , -

436

Copyright & A K-C

x
x
d ln
y
y
= lim
=
.
P ( x)
P( x)
x 0
d ln
y 0 ln
P ( y )
P ( y )
ln

xy

t
ln t =

t
, t

. , , ,
, ()/() (/) 1%.
15.1
. . . z = f (x, y) , dz = f xdx + f y dy

. .

()dx + ()d

0.

dy P ( x )
=
, .. z dx P ( y )

dy
, dx

, .

dy
d ln
1
dx .
,
=
y
xy
d ln
x
dy
,

dx
y
(, ),
x
OM (, ) (. . 15.25).

437

Copyright & A K-C

xy

, ..
.
tg
tg ,

xy

. 15.25
(. 7.6).

. , 8.10,

.

15.12.
15.15.

z = b0 xy 2 , x y p1 = 1, p2 = 2.

. ( x0 , y0 ), x y,
3

z = x + 2y b0 xy 2 = C (. 15.11).
2

C 3
y=
.
b0 x
1
x + 2y = A, k = .
2
,

438

Copyright & A K-C

C
1

b x = 2 ,
0

x0

y0 =

2 2
5
3 C5

2
5

2
5
b0

x0 =

45 C 5

3 2
5 5
3 b0

, x, y 4 : 3.
15.16. x y :
x
y

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1,61 3,05 5,50 8,96 13,42 19,00 25,20 33,78 41,96 51,62

, y x
y = ax 2 + b , a b
, .
. S, (15.10),

n

S=

(axi2 + b yi )2 .
i =1

i =1

i =1

Sa = 2( axi2 + b yi ) xi2 , Sb = 2( axi2 + b yi ) .

Sa Sb , S :

xi4 a + xi2 b =
i =1
i =1
n

=
x2 a +
nb
i
i =1

439

xi2 yi ,
i =1
n

yi .
i =1

(15.13)

Copyright & A K-C

10

n = 10

xi2 =

385,

i =1

10

10

10

i =1

i =1

i =1

xi4 = 25 333, yi = 204,1, xi2 yi = 13 183,65,

:

25 333a + 385b = 13 183,65,

385a + 10b = 204,1,

a = 0,5067, b = 0,905, .. y = 0,5067x + 0,902.

:
15.17. z =

2
1
x .
y
x

15.18. z =

xy
.
ln x
15.21. z = x e x y .

x 2 (1 + y )
.
1 y

(1 + ln x) y
.
x
15.22. z = x 2 + ln y ln x .

15.19. z =

15.20. z =

:
15.23. z = x3 y 2 2 xy 3 .
15.24. z = ln( x 2 + 2 y 3 ) .
15.25. z = (1 + x 2 ) y .
15.27. z = ln

x + y2 + 1
y + x2 + 1

15.26. z = ( x

1 x2 y
)e
.
y

15.28. z = ln x y .

:
15.29. z = ( y x ) 2 + ( y + 2)2 .

( x + 2 y 16) 2
.
5
15.32. z = x e x y .
15.31. z = 2 xy 4 x 2 y .

15.30. z = x 2 + y 2 +

15.33.

z = x 2 + y 3
.

440

Copyright & A K-C

15.34.

z = x + y (0; 0), (0; 1)

(1; 0).
15.35. A (0; 1),
B (3; 4), C (5; 2) ,
.
:
15.36. z =

1
.
x2 + y 2 + 1

15.37. z = x 2 y 2 .

15.38. z = ln (1 + x 2 + y 4 ) .
15.39.
y = ax + b , :
x
y

0,5
0,7

1,0
1,7

1,5
1,6

2,0
3,1

2,5
3,6

3,0
4,6

.
15.40.
y = ax + b , :
x
y

0,2
3,2

0,2
2,9

0,4
1,8

0,6
1,6

0,8
1,2

1,0
0,7

. y = ax + b
y x = 0,1.
15.41. u (r, ) = r 2 ( r
, ), D
(. . 15.23) r = a + b.
.
15.42. : r 1 r 2 .
: r =

441

r1 + r2
2

Copyright & A K-C

1
(r 1 r ) 2 + ( r 2 r ) 2 ,
2

.
?
( r , ) .
.
15.43.
.

442

Copyright & A K-C

16

. , , , .

. , .

16.1.
.
z = x + iy,
x y , i .
z Re(z) ( . reele ), y
z Im(z) ( . imaginaire ), .. x = Re(z), y = Im (z).
z = x + iy y = 0. z = x + iy,
, .. y 0,
, x = 0 y 0, .. z = iy .
z = x + iy z = x iy .
z1 = x1 + iy1 z2 = x2 + iy2
, , ..
z1 = z2, Re(z1) = R(z2), Im(z1) = Im(z2). , z = 0,
Re(z) = 0 Im(z) = 0.

.
1. ( )
z1 z2 = x1 x2 + i(y1 y2).

443

(16.1)

Copyright & A K-C

2.
z1z2 = (x1x2 y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1).

(16.2)

,
i 2 = (0 + i1)(0 + i1) = (0 1) + i(0 + 0) = 1,
.. , 1.
3.

z1 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 x1 y2 )
=
( z2 0).
z2
x2 2 + y2 2

(16.3)

,
(16.1) (16.3)
x1 + iy1 x2 + iy2, i 2 = 1. ,
(16.2)
z1z2 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 + i 2y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1)=
= (x1x2 y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1).
16.1. z1 = 12 + 5i, z2 = 3 4i.
z1 z2, z1z2,

z1/z2.

. z1 + z2 = (12 + 5i) + (3 4i) = 15 + i,

z1 z2 = (12 + 5i) (3 4i) = 9 + 9i.
z1z2 = (12 + 5i) (3 4i) = 36 + 15i 48i 20i 2 = 56 33i
(, i 2 = 1).

z1 12 + 5i
.
=
z2 3 4i
3 + 4i ,

z1 (12 + 5i )(3 + 4i) 36 + 15i + 48i + 20i2

=
=
=
z2 (3 4i )(3 + 4i)
9 16i2
=

16 + 63i
= 0,64 + 2,52i.
25

444

Copyright & A K-C

Oxy.
, z = x + iy
z(x, y),

. 16.1
(. 16.1).
, z = x + 0i = x
z = 0 + iy = iy,
.

16.2.

z (x, y)

- Oz , r z z (. . 16.1):

r = z = x2 + y 2 .

(16.4)

, - Oz , z Arg z.
= Arg z arg z,
< arg z . , arg 5 = 0,
arg (3i) = /2, arg (1 i) = /4.
(. . 16.1),
x = r cos , y = r sin .

(16.5)

, z = x + iy
z = r (cos + i sin ).
(16.6)

445

Copyright & A K-C

(16.6), r = z 0,
= Arg z, .

.
1. ()
() .
. 16.2
. 16.2 - z1 z2, z1 + z2
z1 z2.
2. ()
() ,
() , ..
z = z1z2, z = r1r2 = z1z2,
Arg z = 1 + 2 = Arg z1 + Arg z2;
z =

(16.7)

z
r
z1
( z2 0) , z = 1 = 1 (r 2 = z2 0),
z2
r2 z2
Arg z = 1 2 = Arg z1 Arg z2.

(16.8)

z1 z2 - r1 ( r2) r2 ( r1)
2
( 1).
16.2. z1 = 1+i, z2 = 3 + i
z1z2 z1/z2.
. (16.4)
z1:

r1 = z1 = (1)2 + 12 = 2, (16.5)

cos = 1

2 , sin = 1

2 z1 (

): 1 = arg z1 = 3/4, .. z1 = 2 cos

446

3
3
+ i sin .
4
4

Copyright & A K-C

r2 = z2 =
.. 2 = arg z2 = /6

( 3)

+ 1 = 2, cos 2 = 3 2, sin 2 = 1/2,

z2 = 2 cos + i sin .
6
6

(16.7) (16.8)

3
3
z1 z2 = 2 2 cos + + i sin + =
4 6
4 6
11
11

= 2 2 cos
+ i sin
,
12
12

z1
2 3
3
=
cos + i sin =

z2
2 4 6
4 6
=

2
7
7
+ i sin .
cos
2
12
12

(16.7) (16.8) , ,
n, :
[r (cos + i sin )]n = r n (cos n + i sin n ).

(16.9)

16.3. (1+i)20.
. 16.2 , 1 + i =

= 2 cos + i sin . (16.9)

4
4

20

3
3
( 1 + i ) = 2 cos + i sin =
4
4

20
3
3

= 2 cos 20 + i sin 20 =
4
4

20

( )

= 1024 ( cos15 + i sin15 ) = 1024 ( 1 + 0i ) = 1024.

.

447

Copyright & A K-C

z = ( cos + i sin ) .

,
(16.9),

z =
( cos + i sin )

= n

( cos n + i sin n )

r ( cos + i sin ) = n ( cos n + i sin n ) .

,
n = r n = + 2k, k Z.
, = n r =
n

+ 2k
, k Z , ..
n

+ 2k
+ 2 k

z = n r ( cos + i sin ) = n r cos

+ i sin
,
n
n

(16.10)

k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n1.
k = n, n + 1, ... .
, n- (
) n .
16.4.

1 + i .

. 16.2

3
3

z = 1 + i = 2 cos + i sin . (16.10)

4
4

3 4 + 2k
3 4 + 2k

1 + i = 3 2 cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2,
3
3

z1 =

( 3 1 + i )1 = 6 2 cos 4 + i sin 4 ,

z2 =

( 3 1 + i )2 = 6 2 cos 1112 + i sin 1112 ,

z3 =

( 3 1 + i )3 = 6 2 cos 1912 + i sin 1912 .

448

Copyright & A K-C

z1, z2, z3,

2 (. 16.3).

1.
e i = cos + i sin .
. 16.3

:
z = re

(16.11)

(16.12)

r = |z|, = Arg z.
, ,
, , , ,
.

16.5. z1 =512i, z2 =6+8i.

z1 +z2, z1 z2, z1z2, z1 /z2.
16.6. z1 = 1 i, z2 = 3 i
z1z2, z1 /z2.
16.7. z =

(1 + i )100

3 i

50

16.8.

.
4

1.

1
.

449

Copyright & A K-C

1. . / . .. .
: , 1993.
2. .. . .:
, 1985.
3. .., .., ..
. .: , 1997.
4. .., .. . .: , 1978.
5. .., .. : 2 .
.: , 1971. . 1; 1993. . 2.
6. . : . . .: , 1975.
7. / . .. .
.: , , 1997.
8. .., .., .. . .: , 1982. . 1 2.
9. .., .., .. .
.: , 1987.
10. .., .., ..
. .: , 1987.
11. .. . .:
-, 1997.
12. .., .. .
.: , 1985.
13. .. - .
.: , 1987.
14. .., .. .
. . . .: , 1986.
15. .., .. . .:
, 1990.
16.
/ . .. .. .
.: , 1989.
17. . : . . .: , , 1992.
18. .., .., .. . .: , 1998. . 1.
19. ., . ., . : . . .:
-. 1997.

450

Copyright & A K-C

1.14. 28 000. 1.15.

22

1 0 10
13
2 0
6 3 15 .
.
1.16.
.
1.17.
0 3
9
34 0 82

7 0 0
1.18. 0 7 0 . 1.19. 40. 1.20.
0 0 7

12
17 43
1
1.22.
7 11 24 . 1.23.
13 1 4 4

160. 1.21. 0.

5 2 0
6 8 2 . 1.24. {8; 1} . 1.25. 2.
4 0 5

1.26. 2. 1.27. 3. 1.28. 4. 1.29. 2.

2
2.11. (1; 2; 3). 2.12. (1; 2; 0). 2.13. (2; 1; 1). 2.14. (3; 0; 2).
2.15. (1; 1; 1). 2.16. (1; 1; 2; 0). 2.17. (1; 1; 1). 2.18. . 2.19. (14c; 21c; c; c), c .

1
1
c2 ; c1 2c2 + 2; c1; c2 ), c1; c2 2
2
6 26
7 1 5
1 .
. 2.22. X = 0
. 2.21. X =

1 4
15 2 3

40 50 43
2.23. X =
. 2.24. (3/5; 14/5; 0), (19; 0; 14), (0;
29 36 31
2.20. (c1 +

19/7; 3/7). 2.25. (5/2; 7/2; 0; 0), (5/2; 0; 7/2; 0), (3/4; 0; 0;
7/8), (0; 3/2; 0; 5/4), (0; 0; 3/2; 5/4). 2.26. (1; 1; 2; 0), (1; 0;
2; 1). 2.27. (4; 4; 1; 0), (4; 0; 1; 2). 2.28. 25%, 20%, 15%.
2.29. X = (945, 6; 691, 2).
451

Copyright & A K-C

3.14. 40. 3.15. OC = (1; 2; 1), AB = (1; 4; 1); OC = 6 ,

AB = 3 2 . 3.16. = arccos(19/21) 25. 3.17. 90. 3.18. .

3.19. . 3.21. d = (2; 2; 1). 3.22. (x, y) = 4, x= 6 ;

0 0 1
0 0 . 3.24. 6e1 19e2 . 3.25. 4e1 + 7e2 + 7e3 .
0 1 0

y= 15 . 3.23. 1

3 14
. 3.27. (4c; c), 1 = 1; ( c1 ; c1 ), 2 = 2, c 0,
8

3.26.
3

c1 0. 3.28. (2c; c; c), 1 = 1; (0; c1 ; c1 ), 2 = 3; (6 c2 ; 7 c2 ;

1 0
1 0
. 3.30.

.
5
0 4
2 2 3 x1
1 1 2,5

x . 3.32. 1
3.31. L= ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 2 3 5
4 0,5 .
3 5 1 x2
2,5 0,5 1

3
2
3.33. L= ( y1 , y2 ) = 19 y1 2 y2 10 y1 y2 . 3.34. 5 c2 ), 3 = 3, c 0, c1 0, c2 0. 3.29.
0

. 3.35. . 3.36. 15 : 10 : 6.
4
4.14. y 2 = 8( x 2) . 4.15. ) y = 3; ) x = 2; ) y = x + 1.
4.16. ) 3x 2y 7 = 0; ) x = 3; ) y = 1. 4.17. A (2; 1), B (1; 3),
C (2; 4). 4.18. x y = 0; x + y 2 = 0. 4.19. 10 ; 3x + y 11 = 0.
4.20. x/2 y/3 = 1 x/4 + 2y/3 = 1. 4.21. AE: 2x 5y + 4 = 0;
AD: x 2y + 2 = 0; 29 . 4.22. AC: 2x y + 6 = 0; BC: x 4y 4 = 0;
CM = 2x 3y + 2 = 0. 4.23. x y + 2 = 0; x 5y 6 = 0;
x + y = 0, x 2y = 0. 4.24. 2x y = 0;

5 6 . 4.25. x 2 36 + y 2 4 = 1 .

4.26. a = 6, b = 4; F1 (2 5; 0) , F2 (2 5; 0) ; = 5 3 . 4.27. a = 2,
b= 3;

F1 ( 7; 0) ,

F2 ( 7; 0) ;

= 7 2;

y = ( 3 2)x .

4.28. x 2 16 y 2 9 = 1. 4.29. (1; 5), (0; 4) (2; 6), x = 1,

y = 5. 4.30. y 2 = 9x; x 2 = y. 4.31. y 2 = x, x = 1/4. 4.32. 1
452

5.

Copyright & A K-C

5
5.8. X = (2,5; +). 5.9. X = (; 0) (0; 1). 5.10. X = [1; 0,5].
5.11. Y = [2; 2]. 5.12. Y = [0,5; 0,5]. 5.13. . 5.14. . 5.15. . 5.16. . 5.17. T = . 5.18. T = 2.

6
6.18. . 6.19. 0. 6.20. 1,5. 6.21. 4. 6.22. 3. 6.23. 1. 6.24. 1.
6.25. 1. 6.26. 0,5. 6.27. 0. 6.28. 8. 6.29. 1. 6.30. 2. 6.31. 8. 6.32. 2.
6.33. e 2 . 6.34. 1. 6.35. . 6.36. 1/ e . 6.37. e . 6.38. x = 1
. 6.39. . 6.40. x = 1
. 6.41. x = 1
. 6.42. ) 9,663 .; ) 9,832 .; ) 9,892 .

16 x( x 2 1)3
e3 x (9 x + 1) 5
. 7.21. 32 x 3 ln 2 x . 7.22.
.
2
5
( x + 1)
33 x 2
4
2 x 4 3x 2 1
e4 x
. 7.24.
. 7.25.
.
7.23.
4 (1 + e 4 x )3
9 x2 1
x( x 4 1)
7.20.

7.26. 3 ln(1 x 2 )

7.28.
7.30.
7.33.
7.36.
7.39.

2x2
. 7.27. x 2 ln x (3ln x + 2) .
1 x 2

. 7.29. 5e 2 x ( xe 2 x + 3) 4 (2 x + 1) .
(1 e 4 x ) 2 e 4 x
1 x
x ln
+ 1 . 7.31. (2 x + 2 x ln 2) cos ( x 2 + 2 x ) . 7.32. 2e
1+ x
sin x(ln cos x 1)
1 sin x sin 2 x
1
. 7.34.
. 7.35.
.
2
cos x
sin x
1 + ex
1
8 3cos 4 x
e x (ctgx + ln sin x) . 7.37.
. 7.38.
.
sin 3 x
cos5 x

1 + x arcctg x
x
arccos x .
. 7.40. 1 +

2
2
3
1 x
(1 + x )

33

453

ln x

Copyright & A K-C

xa
ln x
1
. 7.42.
; 0. 7.43.
; 0,25.
2
2
2
+a
x 1 + ln x
x + 12
1
7.44. ecos x (cos x sin 2 x) ; 1. 7.45.
; 0,5. 7.46. ) x + 2y
2cos 2x

7.41.

x2

4 = 0; ) y = 2. 7.47. ) y + 1 = 0, 6x + y + 4 = 0; ) 12x + 4y + 1 = 0,
12x 36y 49 = 0; ) 4x y 9 = 0, 4x + y + 1 = 0. 7.48. 4x
y 4 = 0, 12x + 9y + 4 = 0. 7.49. 0,13 /; 0,026 / 2 .
7.50.

2x + y
e x sin y + e y sin x
. 7.51.
. 7.52. n ! 7.53. a x (ln a) n .
x + 2y
e x cos y + e y cos x

7.54. 43 ./. 7.55. 9 . .; 7 . . 7.56. ) 3 . .;

) E p ( q ) = 0,75; E p ( s ) = 0,75; ) +1,25%.

8
8.19. 1. 8.20. 4. 8.21. 4/7. 8.22. 3. 8.23. 0. 8.24. 1/2. 8.25. .
8.26. ymax ( 1) = 12, ymin (7 3) = 304 27 . 8.27. .
8.28. ymax (e 2 ) = 4/ e 2 , ymin (1) = 0. 8.29. .

8.30. ymax [ (2k + 1)] = ln 3, ymin (2k) = 0. 8.31. ymin (1) = e.

8.32. y . (3) = 9, y . (1) = 3. 8.33. y . ;
y . = 1 + e . 8.34. 16 32 . 8.35. r = h = p/(4 + ), r
, h . 8.36. (1/2; 29/2); (; 1/2),
(1/2; +). 8.37. (1/2; 1/2 ln2);
(0; 1/2), (1/2; +). 8.38. (2; 16); (; 2),
(2; +). 8.39. (2; 2 e 2 ); (; 2), (2; +). 8.40.
(1/ 2 ; e 1/ 2 )

(1/ 2 ; e 1/ 2 );

(1/ 2 ; 1/ 2 ) (; 1/ 2 )
(1/ 2 ; +). 8.41. x = 2/5; y = 4/5. 8.42. y = 1. 8.43. x = 1,
x = 1,
y = 1.
8.44.
y = 3x.
8.45.

.
8.46. ymin (1/ 2) = 1/4, (; 1/2), (1/2; +), (; +). 8.47.
454

Copyright & A K-C

x = 0; ymin (1) = 2, ymin (1) = 2, (; 1)

(0; 1), (1; 0) (1; +). (
; 0) (0; +). . 8.48. x = 1,
y = x 5; ymax (5) = 27/2, (; 5)
(1; +), (5; 1). (; 1)
(1; 1), (1; +). (1; 0).
8.49. ymax (2) = 32, ymin (6) = 0, (; 2)
(6; +), (2; 6). (; 4),
(4; +). (4; 16). 8.50. x = 0,
y = x; ymin (3) = 4, ymax (3) = 4, (;
3) (3; +), (3; 0) (0; 3).
(; 0), (0; +). .
8.51. y = 0; ymax (1) = e,
(; 1), (1; +).
(; 0), (0; +). (0; 2).
8.52. ymin (0) = 1, (; 0), (0; +).
(; 2 /4) ( 2 /4; +),
( 2 /4; 2 /4) . ( 2 /4;

e ) ( 2 /4;

e ).

8.53. x = 1; ymin (e) = e, (0; 1)

(1; e), (e, +). (0; 1)
(1; +). (2, /2). 8.54. R > 27.
8.55. g = 6 4 0,61.

9
9.6.

y = x 3( x 2 + ( x 1)x (2 x 1)) + x 2 ;

dy = 3(x 1) 2 x;

x = 2, x = 0,01 y = 0,030301, dy = 0,03.

9.7. y = 1 + ( x + x) 2 1 + x 2 ; dy = x x/ 1 + x 2 ; x = 0,
x = 0,01 y = 0,00005, dy = 0. 9.8. 2,02. 9.9. 3.03. 9.10. 1,03e 2,8.
9.11. 1 + 0,272/e 1,1. 9.12. 0,1. 9.13. /4 0,005 0,78.
9.14. 5%. 9.15. 15,5%.
455

Copyright & A K-C

10

4 4
24 12 5 4 4 3
x x
x x +
x +C .
5
17
3
3 3
3
1
1 2x
e ex + x + C .
1 + x x 2 + x3 + C . 10.31.
10.30.
3
2
2
5
8
x

x 1
2
2 5x + C .
10.32. x + 2 ln
+ C . 10.33.
5
x +1

10.29.

10.34.
10.36.

1 (2 x + 5)12 5(2 x + 5)11

1
2

+ C . 10.35. 2 ln (1 + x ) + C .
4
12
11

1
8 2

ln

x4 2
1
+ C . 10.37. e 2 x3 +1 + C .
6
x4 + 2

2
( 2 + ln x ) 1 + ln x + C .
3
x ln 2 + 1
+C .
ln (sin x + 1 + sin 2 x ) + C . 10.41.
2 x ln 2 2
ln x
1
e3 x
(9 x 2 6 x + 2) + C .

+ C . 10.43.
27
2x2 4x2
1 x2 1 + x
x ln 2 x 2 x ln x + 2 x + C . 10.45. x
ln
+C .
2
1 x
1
x 1
x sin x + cos x + C. 10.47. ln
+C .
3
x+2

10.38. ln(2 + e x ) + C . 10.39.

10.40.
10.42.
10.44.
10.46.
10.48.

1
2 35

ln

7 5x

3 2 x
+ C . 10.49. ln x 2 4 ln
+C.
4 2+ x
7 + 5x

1 x 1
ln
+ C . 10.51. ln x 2+ ln x + 5 + C.
4 x+3
1 ( x 2 + 3x + 2)( x + 2)3
+ C . 10.53. x + 3lnx 3 3lnx2 + C.
10.52. ln
2
( x + 1)3
10.50.

2
1
x+2
arctg
+ C . 10.55. (32 + 8 x + 3x 2 ) 2 x + C .
15
5
5
2
4
10.56. 2 x ln (1 + x ) + C . 10.57.

+C .
(1 + 4 x) 2 1 + 4 x

10.54.

456

Copyright & A K-C

x2 x x2 1 1

+ ln x + x 2 1 + C .
2
2
2
10.59. 2 x 33 x + 6 6 x 6ln ( 6 x + 1) + C .
10.58.

1+ x
1+ x
2arctg
+ C . 10.61. x 2 x + ln ( x + 1) 2 + C .
1 x
1 x
3
11
10.62. arcsin x 1 x 2 + C . 10.63. x + ln 3 + 2 x + C .
2
4

10.60. 2

10.64. 2 x +

ln 2 x
+ C . 10.65. ln
2

10.66. 2sin x + C . 10.67.

10.68.

ex + 1 1
ex + 1 + 1

+C.

1
( x sin x) + C .
2

2 3
1
x 1
x 2 x ln
+C.
x +1
3
2

10.69. x + 4 x + 1 + 4ln

x + 1 1 + C .

x2 x
x2 2
ln (3 x + 2)
+ +C .
4 3
2 9

10.70.

11

1
3

11.25. 33 . 11.26. 7/4. 11.27. 2/3. 11.28. ln 2. 11.29. 12,5.

11.30. ln3/2. 11.31. 1/3. 11.32. 6 3/2 + 6 arctg 2. 11.33. 1/2.
11.34. (4 ln5)/5. 11.35. (8/3) ln 2 7/9. 11.36. . 11.37. ln (9/8).
11.38. ln (4/3). 11.39. 2ln 2 1. 11.40. /6 + 1 3 / 2 .11.41. 2 ln
2. 11.42. 17/6. 11.43. 7/6 (.2). 11.44. 3/2 ln 2 (.2). 11.45. 9/2
(.2). 11.46. 8/3 (.2). 11.47. (15 16 ln 2)/4 (.2). 11.48. 5/3
(.2). 11.49. (6e 5)/3 (.2). 11.50. 3/2 (.2). 11.51. 8/9 (.2). 11.52. 1
(.2). 11.53. 256/15; 8 (.3). 11.54. (e 2 1) /2; 2 (.3).
11.55. 178/15; 21/2 (.3). 11.56. 6/7; 3/5(.3). 11.57. 1/2.
11.58. 1/ln2. 11.59. 1/2. 11.60. 3/2. 11.61. .
11.62. 6 3 2 . 11.63. 4,53 . . 11.64. 23,98 . .

457

Copyright & A K-C

12
12.25. xy 2y = 0. 12.26. y 2xy = 0. 12.27. 3y 2 x 2 = 2xyy .
12.28. y y 2y = 0. 12.29. x =

Cy
1+

y2

. 12.30. y = 1 +

Cx
.
1+ x

12.31. x 2 + y 2 = ln (Cx 2 ) . 12.32. y = (x + 1) e x .

12.33. ln x = C +

y 2 + 1 , x = 0. 12.34. y 2 2 = Ce1/ x .

12.35. y 2 + x 2 2 x = C . 12.36. y = lg (C 10 x ).
12.37. 2x + y 1 = Ce x . 12.38. 5x + 10y + = 3ln 10x 5y + 6.

c
. 12.40. x = x/y; y = 0; 12.41. ( x C ) 2 y 2 = C 2 .
x
x y + ln y = C , y = 0. 12.43. x = (y x) lnC (y x), y = x.

12.39. y = x ln
12.42.

12.44. ey/x + ln Cx. 12.45. y = x + x 2 . 12.46. y =

12.47. x = Cy 2 1 y . 12.48. y = (x + C) e x .

1 4
x + C / x2 .
6

12.49. y = e 2 x 8 + C1 x 2 + C2 x + C3 . 12.50. y = C1 ln x

1
ln y = x + 1. 12.52. y 3 y = 3x .
2
12.53. y = C1e 2 x + C2 e3 x . 12.54. y = (C1 + C2 x)e x .

x2
+ C2 .
4

12.51. y

11
11
x + C2 sin
x) .
6
6
12.56. y = e 2 x (C1 cos3 x + C2 sin 3 x) .
1
12.57. y = (C1 + C2 x )e 2 x + (2 x 2 + 4 x + 3) .
8
1
12.58. y = (C1 + C2 x )e x + e 2 x . 12.59. y = C1e x + C2 e7 x + 2 .
9
1
12.60. y = C1e x + C2 e x + x e x . 12.61. y = (73x) e x 2 .
2
12.62. y = 2cos x 5sin x + 2 e x . 12.63. y = e 2 x 1 2e x + e 1 .
12.64. y = e x ( x sin x) .12.65.
x(t) = x(0) e t 20 ; x(t) = 0,01x(0) t = 60/lg 2 200 .
12.55. y = e x / 6 (C1 cos

12.66. y = 3e1,2t/(1 + 2e1,2t); y(2) 1,43.

458

Copyright & A K-C

13
13.16. un =

3n + 1
(n + 1) 2 1
. 13.17. un =
. 13.18. 0,75. 13.19. 1/3.
(n + 1)2 + 1
n+2

13.20. . 13.21. . 13.22. . 13.23. . 13.24. . 13.25. . 13.26. .

13.27. . 13.28. . 13.29. . 13.30. . 13.31. . 13.32. . 13.33. . 13.34. 0,09. 13.35. 0,63. 13.36. . 13.37. . 13.38. . 13.39. .
13.40. . 13.41. . 13.42.
. 13.43. . 13.44. . 13.45.
.

14
14.10. [1; 1). 14.11. (1
14.13. ( 2 3;

2; 1

2 ). 14.12. {0} .

2 3) . 14.14. [3; 5]. 14.15. (4; 4). 14.16.

x n1 / n!

n =1

14.17.
14.19.

n =1

n =1

(1)n1 x 2n+1 / n . 14.18. 1 + (1)n 22n1 x2n

(1)2n1 xn2

(2n)! .

n . 14.20. 0,8899. 14.21. 0,0953. 14.22. 0,3894.

n =1

14.23. 5,0658. 14.24. 1,0986. 14.25. 0,7635.

= 0,00008. 14.27. 0,24479; = 0,000005.

14.26.

0,5031;

15
15.17. y = 2x/( x 2 + Cx + 1) . 15.18. y = (C x 2 ) / (C + x 2 ) .
15.19. y = C(ln x)/x. 15.20. y = Cx/(1 + ln x). 15.21. y = (x ) e x .
15.22. y = xeC x 2 . 15.23. z x = 3x 2 y 2 2 y 3 , z y = 2 x3 y 6 xy 2 .
459

Copyright & A K-C

15.24. z x = 2 x /( x 2 + 2 y 3 ) , z y = 6 y 2 ( x 2 + 2 y 3 ).
15.25. z x = 2 xy (1 + x 2 ) y /(1 + x 2 ), z y = (1 + x 2 ) y ln (1 + x 2 ).
15.26. z x = e x 2 y (1 2 x 2 y + 2 x ) , z y = e x 2 y ( x 2 y x3 + 1 y 2 ).
15.27. z x =

z y =

(x +

y x2 + 1 x y 2 + 1 + 1

y 2 + 1 ( y x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 1)

y x2 + 1 x y 2 + 1 1
( y + x 2 + 1)( x y 2 + 1 + y 2 + 1)

. 15.28. z x = (ln x y ) ln ln y ,

z y = x ln x 1 y y . 15.29. (2; 2) . 15.30. (8/5;

16/5) . 15.31. (1; 2), . 15.32.
. 15.33. z . = 1 (0; 1) (1; 0), z . = 1
(0; 1). 15.34. z . = 5/4 (3/4; 1/4), z . = 0
(0; 0). 15.35. (8/3; 7/3). 15.36. .
15.37. . 15.38. .
15.39. y = 1,525x 0,12. 15.40. y = 2,186x + 2,92; y (0,1) = 2,7014.

z = 2r + 2r 2 2 2.

15.41. = (b )/2 . 15.42.

(1; 0) c. 15.43. 1.

16

16.5. 1 4i; 11 20i; 66 + 112i; 1,26 + 0,32i. 16.6. 2 2

+ i sin (11 12 ) ) ; 1
16.7. 1 2 +

2 ( cos ( 7 12 ) + i sin ( 7 12 ) ) .

3 2 i. 16.8. 1

)
(1 2 ) (1 i ).

2 (1 + i ) ;

(1 2 ) ( 1 + i ) ; (1 2 ) ( 1 i ) ;

460

) ( cos (11 12 ) +

Copyright & A K-C

-
125, 126
6
6
20
166
126, 402
440, 445
230233
231, 232
231, 232
231233
109

17
72
48, 50, 51
35
35
5660
, 57
, 57
, 57
, 58
, 57
, 58
, 58
, 57
,
57
151,
153, 154

0, 151, 152
,
152, 153
, 153, 154
148,
149

151
151
151
0, 148
, 149151
, 153, 154
151
19
389
389
422
63
63, 69, 71
n- 68
64
11
11
69
126
126
113
109
107

461

Copyright & A K-C

8
227

447
15
397
,
217
, 218
128
195
251

158159
227
227, 228, 421
227, 228, 421
420
,
228
, 228
, 229
5
6
108112
, 108
111
110
,
109
405
225, 419, 421
225, 419, 421
413, 414
127
405

430433
, 431
7

444
11, 19
19
431
113
318
246248
251
, 247
, 248
n- 252
246
, 250
,
248, 249
, 248
411
,
412

177253, 402429

326355
331
341351
, 341, 342
342351
343,
346351
343346
326
335, 336
329342
,
330
340, 341

462

Copyright & A K-C

338, 339
336, 337
, 327
326
,
326
, 326, 327
180
, 184
, 194

180182
63, 66, 67, 77
, 77
125
7, 8

434
434
434

7678
- 126

75

182, 183
327

425429
331
178179

160162
179
285, 286

179, 180
328, 329

447449
433, 434, 437
19
7
. . .
327
286
, 286
254326,
430433
256
260, 261

262
261265,
269, 276, 277, 281, 299, 300
273276
265268, 278, 279, 300,
301, 321
269273

276277
, 289
287
125
125
382
138, 139
139
138, 139
138
138

463

Copyright & A K-C

138
422
, 233236,
239241
179, 180
8588
, 88
, 86

89
, 89, 90
89
, 89, 90
114, 115
143
143
63
445
, 445
, 445
443449
, 443
, 449
,
446
443
,
445
133
65, 73
95
95
317

381
312
317

137, 434
104

58, 59
89, 90
221, 416
( ) 9092
70
33
343
78
78
69, 70
70, 72
33, 34
343
70
34
343
7880

137
406, 407, 433
6
354
219, 416

49
219, 415
196
5
, 5, 6
7
6
7

328, 329
6

464

Copyright & A K-C

10
27
12
11, 22
11
86
()
27
12
26
, 28, 29
,
27, 28
79
74
27
58, 59
86
39
46
13
27
11
39
39
31
11
16
22
10

346, 347
4447, 49
,
45
, 49
6
6
422424

425429,
439, 440
41, 42, 43, 53,
54
219, 415
20
k- 29
444
443
133
124
125
419
125
125
330
124
125
125
432
423

352
5659
( ) 9092
, 91
,
92

352, 353
351
355
63
445
125
128
226, 419

465

Copyright & A K-C

226, 419
226, 227
, 226
226
225, 226
419, 420
63
413
121
160
n- 358
128
426

x 83
7, 8
7, 8
152, 312
254285
, 282
, 256, 257
,
257, 258
.
160

163167
, 164, 165
167, 168
166
408
77
77
308313
, 310

312, 313

309312
309
309
128
n-
72
n- 68
, 68
127, 129131
132, 296,
297
77
119
n- 361, 373
142
358
127,
129131
127, 129
131
79

110
132, 140
100, 101
, 100, 101

142
358
124
338
126, 404
,
104, 105
128

192
78
78

466

Copyright & A K-C

80
80
285287
, 287
, 301306, 321323
, 306
308, 322, 323
316319
, 318
,
317
316, 317
319
, 288
,
289

294297
, 287

313315
,
391, 394395
, 290294
, 288,
289
1727
22
17
n- 20
, 2226
17
18
22

25
40
77

77
77
125
126
113
,
113
,
114
405
137
158,
159
254, 255
126
126
48
48
48
48
124
19
7476
128
128

5
6
5
432
161
29
124
81
255, 287
255,
287
330
124

467

Copyright & A K-C

124
133

109
109
107
215218
64
64
64
17, 18
64
17, 18
143146, 155161, 167
175
145,
147
, 146
, +
147
147149
,
147, 148
407, 408

0 148
0 + 0 148

143145
, 145
, 168175, 236237
196
196
437,
438
196
196, 435
196, 242, 243
196
196, 197, 240, 241

196
78
134, 135

157, 158
362
367369, 377
373,
374
369371
371373, 378
, 373
362, 363, 376,
378
361, 362
364365, 376, 379
364, 365, 375
63,
69

80
80
1214
11, 12
181207
196
, 196
196201, 205, 207
, 242, 243
, 243
,
242
, 242
, n- 196
, 181
191, 192
190
, 181

468

Copyright & A K-C

194
187190
413
190, 191
186188
183, 184,
191, 192
- 191
, 183

192, 193
, 182, 197
.
136,
403, 433, 434
125
o 79
160
160, 161
68
443
10
124
() 33
P 137, 206, 207

39
- 438
442
65
124
10
7274
73
386
388, 393, 394
2931, 33, 34
89

79

67, 95, 117, 407
103, 104
386390
388
sin 388
cos 388
ln (1+ ) 389
387
. .

69, 71
13
69
125
417
7, 143

38
, 40, 41
38, 39, 40,
48
39,
4143
,
38
, 48, 49
, 38
38
38
38
, 38
, 38
38
,
52, 53

469

Copyright & A K-C

51, 52
, 51, 52
, 52
, 52
428, 439

66, 76
, 76
, 76
67
64
443
12
133

() 84

() 82, 83
, n
m 49
127
207, 242
197
221, 416
381399
389
, 382
,
387
, 381386
, 391394, 398,
399
, 382383
, 386
128
64, 69
80
12, 13

358, 359, 375

133
358
, 361, 362
190
381, 382
167
166
41, 42
48
212, 213
21, 22
375
211, 212
210, 211
, 242


72, 73

81

89
,
c
84, 85
255

31
414
376


88

295297
187, 188

470

Copyright & A K-C

186, 187

73, 74
34, 35

149
293, 294, 304, 305
n-
78

52
e
329, 330

347, 348
154156
419
219
219
124
229, 230
, 229
, 229
103
419
164
164
164
164
15, 16
,
217
, 218
128
96
67, 68

101
13
, 14, 15
12
444
397
181, 184,
203205
95
120
,
120
99
,
98
99
97
98
422

120, 121
121
120
101, 102

101, 102
120
422
422
422425
332
334
113
109
107

52
447

471

Copyright & A K-C

297
161
388
,
388
315
449
40, 41, 43
126, 127
133
,
127
136
136
183
,
127
402425
, 409
, 409
127
- 111
136
134
403, 435
- 183
423
130, 403
136
136,
402425
403
403

403
404
132
, 127, 140, 141
130

136, 403, 434

136
136
136
136, 403, 404,
433
136
132
136
, 127
136
129
, 127
134
133
132
137

131
130, 131

() 83


344346
() 83
166
409, 410
417
, 409,
410
127, 129131
313
() 125
142
143

472

Copyright & A K-C

143
160, 161
160
358380
374,
379
363, 364
359, 360
373375
371373

366
359
,
361
359

364371
374, 379
443

39
429
161, 192
161
219225

, 224
415419
,
417, 418
, 416,
417
, 418
, 220
221
,
222, 223
, 223
417420
109
107
437, 438
436, 437
198200
, 199
435, 436
133
106, 107
, 106,
107
, 107
425

473

Copyright & A K-C

I.

1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.

10
10
12
17
22
26
29
36

2.
2.1.
2.2. n n .

2.3.
2.4. m n
2.5. .

2.6.
2.7.
( )

38
38

3.
3.1.
3.2. n-
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
474

63
63
68
70
74
76

40
44
47
51
53
56
60

Copyright & A K-C

3.6.
3.7.

3.8.
3.9.

78
82
85
90
92

4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.

119
121

II.

123

5.
5.1.
5.2. .

5.3. .
5.4.
5.5. . .

5.6. .

5.7.

124
124

6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5. .

142
142
144
148
151

475

95
95
96
101
104
108
115

125
126
129
132
135
139
141

154

Copyright & A K-C

6.6. .

6.7.
6.8.

157
162
167
175

III.
7.
7.1. ,
7.2. .

7.3. .

7.4.
7.5. .

7.6. .

7.7.

177
178
178

8.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.

8.6. .
8.7.
8.8.

8.9.
8.10.

210
210
214
217
219

9.
9.1.
9.2.

9.3.

476

246
246

180
183
186
190
196
201
207

225
226
230
233
236
242
243

248
251
252

Copyright & A K-C

IV.

253

10.
10.1.
10.2. .

10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9. ,

254
254

11.
11.1. ,
11.2.
11.3.

11.4.
11.5.

11.6.

11.7.
11.8.

11.9.

11.10.

12.
12.1.

285

477

256
261
265
269
273
276
278
282
282

285
290
294
297
299
301
308
313
316
320
324
326
326

Copyright & A K-C

12.2. .

12.3.

12.4.
.
12.5.

12.6.

12.7. ,

12.8.

12.9.

329
331
335
338
340
341
342
351
355

V.

357

13.
13.1. .
13.2. .

13.3.
13.4.
13.5.

358
358

14.
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.

VI.

381
381
386
391
394
399
401

15.

402

15.1.

402
478

362
364
371
375
379

Copyright & A K-C

15.2.
15.3.
15.4.
15.5.
15.6.
15.7.
15.8.
15.9.

.


.
.

15.10.
15.11.

15.12.

407
409
411
412
415
419
422
425
430
433
438
440
443

16.
443
16.1. .

443
16.2.
445

449

479

450
451
461

n +1

x
+C
n +1

dx
x = ln x + C
e dx = e + C
a
a d x = ln a + C

x dx =

)+C
,

( n - 1)

dF (x ) = F (x ) +C

F(x)+C2

F(x)

F(x)+C1

.. F (x)
f (x)

d f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx ;

= F (x

F''(x) = f(x);

f (x ) d x
y

c o s x d x = sin x +
dx
c o s x = tg x +
dx
sin x = - c tg x +

sin x d x = - c o s x +

f (x ) dx = F (b ) - F (a )

a
a

S =

i =1

x -a

x 2 + a 2 = a arctg a +
dx
x
a 2 - x 2 = arcsin a +

dx

dx

x 2 - a 2 = 2a ln x + a + C
dx
x 2 + a = ln x + x 2 + a + C

f (x) dx = 0

x [a , b ]

y = f (x ) 0,

f (x i ) D x

f (x ) dx

max
D xi 0

f ( x ) d x = lim

f (x) dx =- f (x) dx;

Copyright & A K-C