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CHAPTER 3
Topic Scopes:
Stoichiometry and
Solution Concentration
Mole Concept
No. of Moles =
Molarity (M)
Molarity (molar concentration) is the
number of moles of a solute that is
contained in 1 liter of solution
Mass (g)
molar mass (g/mol)
Solution:
(a) Molar mass of NaCl = 22.99 +35.45
= 58.44 g mol-1
Moles of NaCl in 100 mL of saline water
= 2.7g /(58.44 g mol-1) = 0.046 mol
Molarity of saline water = Mol/L
= 0.046 mol /(100/1000)L = 0.46 M
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Chapter 4 Intro1
Solution:
(b) Molar mass of MgCl2
= 24.30 + 2(35.45) = 95.20 g mol-1
Molality (m)
Molality is the number of moles of solute
per kilogram (1000 g) of solvent
Moles of MgCl2 =
Molarity (M) x volume of solution (V)
Weight of MgCl2 in 50 mL of saline water
= (M x V) x MW
= 0.054 mol L-1 x (50/1000)L x 95.20 g mol-1
= 0.26 g
Percent Composition
(Concentration In Percentage)
Example:
A solution contains 118.5 g KI per liter of
solution. Calculate the concentration in (a)
% w/v & (b) % w/w. Given the density of the
solution at 25C is 1.078 g mL-1
(g)
(g)
(ml)
(ml)
Solution:
(a) % w/v = 118.5 g x 100%
1000 mL
= 11.85 % w/v
(g)
(ml)
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Chapter 4 Intro1
Solution:
Molar mass of SO2= 32.06 + 2(16.00) = 64.06 g/mol
56 ppm 56 mg/L
M
13
56 mg
1g
1 mol
1L
1000 mg 64.06 g
8.74 10 4 M
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Stoichiometry
Cl2
The relationship
between the
quantities of
chemical reactants
and products
Depend on the
principle of the
conservation of
matter
PCl3
P4
Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and products and
their relative amounts in a reaction
reactants
products
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Law of The
Conservation of Matter
States that matter can be
neither created nor
destroyed
An equation must be
balanced
It must have the same
number of atoms of the
same kind on both sides
of the equation
Lavoisier, 1788
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Chapter 4 Intro1
Law of The
Conservation of Matter
12 Cl atoms
P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g)
4 P atoms
Unbalanced equation:
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g)
12 Cl atoms
Balanced equation:
2 NH3(g) + 5/2 O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(g)
4 PCl3(l)
Fraction
4 P atoms
OR
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Theoretical Yield
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Actual Yield
The quantity of product that is actually
obtained in laboratory / a chemical plant
Actual yield < theoretical yield
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STEP 1:
Write the balanced chemical equation
NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O
Percentage =
actual yield
x 100%
Yield (%)
theoretical yield
STEP 2:
Convert mass reactant of NH4NO3 (454 g)
moles
Moles of NH4NO3 :
23
454 g
5.68mol
80.04g/mol
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Chapter 4 Intro1
STEP 3:
Convert moles reactant moles product
1 mol NH4NO3 2 mol H2O
Express this relation as the
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR
STEP 4:
Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) moles
product
Moles of H2O
2 mol H2O
=
Moles of NH4NO3 1 mol NH4NO3
Moles of H2O
2 mol H2 O produced
1 mol NH4NO 3 used
Theoretical Yield
Mass of H2O:
18.02 g
= 204 g H2O
1 mol
actual yield
100%
theoretical yield
% yield =
131 g
100% = 52.4%
250. g
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STEP 6:
STEP 5:
Convert moles product (11.4 mol) mass
product
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Mass
Product (B)
x (1 mol A/g A)
Moles
reactant
Stoichiometric
factor
x (g B/mol B)
Moles
product
x (y mol product B)
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(x mol reactant A)
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Chapter 4 Intro1
6
Reactions Involving a
LIMITING REACTANT
PROBLEM:
Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what mass of O2 and
of H2O can be obtained? (Molar mass of
H2O2 = 34.02 g/mol; H2O = 18.02 g/mol)
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Reactants
Products
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PROBLEM:
Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2.
What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?
Molar mass:
Al = 27.00 g/mol, Cl = 35.45 g/mol
Mole of Al =
= 0.200 mol Al
27.00 g/mol
STEP 1:
Write the balanced chemical equation
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
Mole of Cl2 =
8.10 g
70.90 g/mol
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2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
If
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
mol Cl2
3
>
mol Al
2
mol Cl2
3
=
mol Al
2
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If
Theoretical
mole ratio
35
mol Cl2
3
<
mol Al
2
Chapter 4 Intro1
7
PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2.
What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?
This
should be 3/2 or 1.5 if
reactants are present in the
exact stoichiometric ratio
Limiting reactant is
Cl2
Mole of Cl2
mass
Al2Cl6
1 mol Al 2Cl6
3 mol Cl2
moles
Cl2
moles
Al2Cl6
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Mole of Al2Cl6
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
Mass of Al2Cl6
= Mole of Al2Cl6 x molar mass of Al2Cl6
1 mol Al2Cl6
3 mol Cl2
Mass of Al2Cl6=
Mole of Al2Cl6=
39
Problem:
How much of which reactant will remain
when reaction is complete?
40
Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2
0.200 mol
0.114 mol Cl 2
products
0.114 mol = LR
2 mol Al
= 0.0760 mol Al required
3 mol Cl 2
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Chapter 4 Intro1
Chemical Analysis
Chemical Analysis
45
Using Stoichiometry to
Determine a Formula
46
Problem:
Burn 0.115 g of a hydrocarbon, CxHy and
produce 0.379 g of CO2 and 0.1035 g of
H2O.
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Chapter 4 Intro1
Summary
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