EXPERIMENT 1

MATERIALS LABORATORY
MEMB221
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
SEMESTER 2, 2014/2015

DATE PERFORMED: 5 December 2014

DATE SUBMITTED: 20 January 2015

NAME:AHMAD HAMZI BIN AZHAR

ID: ME092805
SECTION : 3
GROUP NUMBER : 3

LAB INSTRUCTOR:
Pn. Siti Zubaidah Othman

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE

PAGE

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVE

THEORY

EQUIPEMENT/DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL

APPARATUS
PROCEDURE

DATA & OBESERVATIONS

9
11

ANALYSIS & RESULTS

DISCUSSIONS

14
16

CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

17

Summary/Abstract

Thin-walled pressure vessel provides an important application of the analysis of

plane stress. Since their walls offer litter resistance to bending, it may be assumed that the
internal forces exerted on a given portion of wall are tangent to the surface of the vessel.
The resulting stresses on an element of the wall will thus be contained in a plane tangent
to the surface of the vessel.
In this experiment, we are going to determine the circumferential stress under
open condition, and analysis of combined axial and circumferential stress. We propose to
determine the stresses exerted on a small element of wall with sides respectively parallel
and perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. Because of axis symmetry of the vessel and
its contents, it is clear that no shearing stress is exerted on the element.
It can be seen that all strains are used to calculate stress. As it is not possible to
measure all strains, these have to be computed on the basis of marginal conditions. With
this experiment it is not possible to measure in particular longitudinal strain in the body
and radian strain perpendicular to the surface. Initial stress at the surface must be zero,
longitudinal stress is constant over the radius are the marginal conditions to obtain the
solution.
The average E value we obtain from graph was 64.4 GN/m2. with the help of the
computer, the Poissons ratio, v = 0.357 and the principal strains for the thin cylinder
were also calculated using formulas and the Mohrs circle. For open ends conditions. The
lower principal strains, L1 = -233 , which the upper principal strains, H1 = 629 . For
closed ends conditions, the lower principal strains, L = 107 , which the upper principal
strains H = 519 . We also noted that there was errors occur during the experiment. The
percentage error between the experiment result and the theoretical result is small for open
ends condition but very large for closed ends condition .The possible reason for errors
occur will be discuss at the discussion section.

Statement of Purpose/Introduction/Objective

The objective of this experiment is:

1. To obtain a purely circumferential stress system which is the open ends condition
and determine the value of Youngs Modulus when in this condition.
2. To satisfy a biaxial stress system that is the closed ends condition and calculate
for the principle strains
The objectives of this can be fulfilled by using the Thin Cylinder device and the
specially designed computer program. The Youngs Modulus and the Hoop Strain Open
Ends and Closed Ends conditions can be determined.

Theory

There are two possible conditions of stress obtainable; Open Ends and Closed ends.

i) Open Ends Condition

The cylinder in this condition has no end constraint and therefore the longitudinal
component of stress will be zero, but there will be some strain due to the Poisson effect.
Considering an element of material:
H (Hoop Stress) will cause strains of;
H = H / E
and
L = - H / E
ii) Closed End Condition
By constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as circumferential stress will be imposed
upon the cylinder. Considering an element of material:
H (Hoop Stress) will cause strains of;
H = H / E
and
L = - H / E
iii) To determine a value for Poissons Ratio
Dividing the equations give;
L / H = -
This equation only applicable to the open ends condition.

Equipment/Description of Experimental Apparatus

Figure shows a thin walled cylinder of aluminum containing a freely supported piston.
The piston can be moved in or out to alter end conditions by use of the adjustment screw.
A 0.0 5.0 MN / m pressure gauge is fitted to the cylinder.

Sectional Plan of the Cylinder.

Procedure

i) Determination of Youngs Modulus

1. The determination of Youngs modulus option was selected from the Experiment
Menu.
2. The cylinder was set at zero pressure by letting the pressure relief on the hand
pump to open.
3. The adjustment screw was ensured fully in so the cylinder is in Open Ends
condition.
4. The pressure relief valve on the hand pump was closed by screwing it fully in.
5. F4 was selected to set the pressure and strain signals to zero.
6. F2 was selected to take readings at zero pressure.
7. The pressure was increased in 0.5 MN / m2 steps, allowing a couple of seconds for
the readings to stabilize and F2 was selected to copy the readings to the table data.
Readings were taken until the pressure was 3.0 MN / m2.
8. F6 was selected to draw the stress-strain graph. F7 was selected to print the graph.
9. Finally, F10 was selected to return to the main menu.
ii) Open Ends Condition
1. The cylinder was ensured at zero pressure.
2. The adjustment screw was ensuring at fully in so the cylinder is in Open Ends
condition.
3. The pressure relief valve on the hand pump was closed by screwing it fully in.
4. F4 was selected to zero the pressure and strain signals.
5. The pressure was increased to 3.0 MN / m2, allowing a couple of seconds for the
pressure and strain readings to stabilize and then F2 was selected to copy the
current readings to the data table.
6. F6 was then selected to draw a Mohr strain circle for the open ends condition and
F7 was selected to print it.
7. Finally, F10 was selected to return to the main menu.

iii) Closed End Conditions

1. The cylinder was ensured at zero pressure by letting the pressure relief on the
hand pump to be open.
2. The adjustment screw was ensuring at fully out so the cylinder is in Closed Ends
condition.
3. The pressure relief valve on the hand pump was closed by screwing it fully in.
4. F4 was selected to set the pressure and strain signals to zero.
5. The pressure was increased to 3.0 MN / m2, allowing a couple of seconds for the
pressure and strain readings to stabilize and then F2 was selected to copy the
current readings to the data table.
6. F6 was selected to draw a Mohr strain circle for the closed ends condition and F7
was selected to print it.
7. Finally, F10 was selected to return to main menu.
iv) Calculation of Poissons Ratio
1. Poissons ratio was calculated after the closed end condition procedure had been
done.
v) Calculation of Principle Strains
1. Principle strains were calculated after all the procedures above had been done.

Data and Observation

Data:
Table for Determination of Youngs Modulus
Cylinder Pressure

Hoop Stress

(MN / m2 )

(MN / m2 )

0.01
0.5
1.02
1.54
2.07
2.55
3.04

0.13
7.20
13.60
20.53
27.60
34.00
40.53

Measured Hoop Strain, ()

Gauge No. 1

Gauge No. 6

0
106
203
309
417
517
616

0
110
211
320
431
534
636

Table 1

Table for Open Ends Condition

Cylinder Condition: OPEN ENDS
Reading

Pressure
(MN.m-2)

Direct
Hoop

Gauge

Gauge

Strain
Gauge
Gauge

Gauge

Gauge

Stress

0
106
203
309
417
517
616

0
-37
-74
-112
-152
-188
-222

0
-1
-5
-9
-11
-14
-16

0
37
69
105
142
175
209

0
70
135
205
277
342
408

0
110
211
320
431
534
636

Gauge

Gauge

(MN.m-2)
1
0.01
0.13
2
0.5
7.20
3
1.02
13.60
4
1.54
20.53
5
2.07
27.60
6
2.55
34.00
7
3.04
40.53
Values from actual Mohrs Circle
(at 3 MN.m-2)
Values from theorethical Mohrs
Circle (at 3 MN.m-2)

Table 2

Table for Closed Ends Condition

Cylinder Condition: CLOSED ENDS
Reading

1
2
3

Pressure

Direct

(MN.m-2)

Hoop

Gauge

Gauge

Strain
Gauge
Gauge

Stress

(MN.m-2)
0.00
7.60
14.13

0
97
177

0
14
29

0
35
67

-1
58
108

0
77
142

0
96
180

0.00
0.57
1.06

4
1.54
20.53
5
2.05
27.33
6
2.55
34.00
7
3.08
41.07
Values from actual Mohrs Circle

258
341
429
517

45
61
79
96

100
132
166
202

158
208
263
316

207
273
343
413

264
350
440
532

(at 3 MN.m-2)
Values from theorethical Mohrs
Circle (at 3 MN.m-2)
Table 3

Observation:
1. The stress-strain relationship produces a linear graph for both the Gauge 1 and
Gauge 2.
2. From the Mohr Strain Cycle produced for Open Ends condition, the experimental
values obtained were a bit off from the theoretical values. It is also observed that
the error at the beginning is larger than the end part of the experiment.
3. From the Mohr Strain Cycle produced for Open Ends condition, the experimental
values obtained were also a little bit different from the theoretical values. Only at
the middle part of the experiment the experimental value is almost the same as the
theoretical value.

Analysis and Results

Results:
Stress-Strain Relationship

10

Graph 1

Longitudinal Strain vs Average Hoop Strain

Graph 2

Calculation for Hoop Stress and Longitudinal Stress

H =

11

H =
H = 43 MN/m2
L =
L =
L= 21.5 MN/m2

Calculation of Poissons Ratio

Using equation 24 from the SM1007 manual:
- = L1 / H1
where,
L1 = actual strain from gauge 2
H1 = average actual strain from gauge 1 to 6
Therefore,
- = -222 / 626
= 0.355
Calculation of Principal Strains (Open Ends Condition)
From equation 16 in the SM1007 manual:
H1 = H / E
where,
H = 40.53 MN / m-2 from table 2
E = 64.4 GN / m2 from graph 1
Therefore,
H1 = 629
12

From equation 17 in the SM1007 manual:

L1 = - H / E
where,
= 0.355 from previous value for Poisson Ratio
Therefore,
L1 = -233
Calculation of Principal Strains (Closed Ends Condition)
From equation 22 in the SM1007 manual:
H = ( H - L) / E
where,
H = 41.07 MN / m2 from table
L = 21.5 MN / m2 from equation 15
Therefore,
H = 519
From equation 23 in the SM1007 manual:
L = ( L - H) / E
Therefore,
L = 107

Discussions

13

From this experiment, it is determined that the relationship of hoop stress and
hoop strain is use to find the Youngs modulus. The graph produced is linear and the
average value for Youngs Modulus value is 64.4 GN / m2.
Next, the difference between Open Ends condition and Closed Ends condition
was determined and the Mohr Cycles were produced. For the Open Ends condition, the
lowest error recorded for the actual strain value is from Gauge ___ with only ______
differences between the actual and theoretical value. The highest error between the actual
and theoretical strain value is recorded from Gauge ____ with _____ differences.
From the Mohr Cycle produced it can be clearly seen that the earlier part of the cycle
recorded higher error compare to the end part of the cycle.
For the Closed Ends condition, the lowest error recorded for the actual strain
value is from Gauge ____ with only ____ differences between the actual and
theoretical value. The highest error between the actual and theoretical strain value is
recorded from Gauge _____ with ____ differences. From the Mohr Cycle produced it
can be clearly seen that the only part of the cycle which has the lowest error is at the
middle part of the cycle.
The difference between Open Ends and Closed Ends is when in the Open Ends
condition the cylinder has no end constrain and therefore the longitudinal component of
stress will be zero. Still, there is some strain in this direction due to the Poisson effect and
this brings the cylinder in the longitudinal direction to be in compression. Closed Ends
condition is due by constraining the ends. A longitudinal as well as circumferential stress
will be imposed upon the cylinder. That makes it to have both strain of longitudinal and
horizontal and the principal strains are combination of the values emitted by the stresses.
Therefore, compression and tension are the effects.

14

For the Poissons ratio, this equation is only applicable to Open Ends condition
and the value obtained is 0.357. Calculating the Principle of Strains for both Open Ends
and Closed Ends condition, it is calculated that the Principle of Strains is -223 for
Open Ends and 107 for Closed Ends. These strains are from their longitudinal strain
and it can be seen that the value for Closed Ends are larger.
Error Analysis:
There may be errors in this experiment. For the Open Ends condition it is
supposed to take the strain values at 3.00 MN / m2 cylinder pressure but during the
experiment the cylinder pressure was 3.04 MN / m2. This will obviously affect the strain
values obtained. The reading on the pressure gauge was also slightly off from the value
displayed on the computer monitor screen. This could also cause the errors.

Conclusions

15

The experiment performed has successfully fulfilled the given objectives. The
principles of thin cylinder testing by using the Thin Cylinder device have been
successfully understood. The Youngs Modulus, Principle of Strains and Poisson Ratio
values were successfully obtained.
It is determined that the Hoop Stress-Hoop Strain relationship produces a linear
graph. The average Youngs Modulus is 64.4 GN / m 2. The Principle of Strains for the
Open Ends condition is -223 and for the Closed Ends condition is 101 . The
Poissons Ration is 0.357. The errors that occur in this experiment can be reduced if the
experiment is done carefully with extreme caution and taking every little consideration
into account.

References

16

1.

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, John T. DeWolf. 2004. Mechanics of

Material. 3rd edition. Mc Graw Hill. Page 209-217.

2.

William D. Callister Jr. 2003. Material Science and Engineering an Introduction.

6th edition. John Wiley and Sons Pte Ltd. Page 118-120.

3.

Rosdi Abd Manan, 2000, Static and Dynamics testing of Materials Using
Instron Universal Testing Machine Model 8516; B.Eng Thesis, University
Tenaga Nasional. Page 43-58.

17